WO2009085699A1 - Power transmission fluid compositions and preparation thereof - Google Patents
Power transmission fluid compositions and preparation thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2009085699A1 WO2009085699A1 PCT/US2008/086839 US2008086839W WO2009085699A1 WO 2009085699 A1 WO2009085699 A1 WO 2009085699A1 US 2008086839 W US2008086839 W US 2008086839W WO 2009085699 A1 WO2009085699 A1 WO 2009085699A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- pour point
- power transmission
- base oil
- transmission fluid
- composition
- Prior art date
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- C10M2203/10—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/74—Noack Volatility
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/04—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives
- C10N2040/042—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives for automatic transmissions
Definitions
- the invention relates generally to power transmission fluids, and more specifically to power transmission compositions comprising Pour Point Reducing Blend Component materials as a pour point depressant.
- Power transmission fluid is defined as any lubricant used in contact with gears involved in the transmission of mechanical energy in devices including, but not be limited to, automatic transmissions, manual transmissions, continuously variable transmissions, automated manual transmissions, transfer cases, axles, differentials, and combinations thereof as used in mobile applications, i.e., automotive and commercial vehicle services. Power transmission fluid can also be used for stationary gearing applications. Power transmission fluid properties are typically adjusted to meet automotive / commercial vehicle manufacturers' specific requirements, guaranteeing safe power transfer and shift performance at low and high sliding speeds. Basic property requirements include high thermal and oxidation resistance, low temperature fluidity, high compatibility, foam control, corrosion control, anti-wear properties, and friction properties at high sliding speeds.
- power transmission fluids such as automatic transmission fluids (ATF 's) preferably have a kinematic viscosity (cSt) between 30-60 at 4O 0 C, and between 4 to 10 at 100 0 C; Brookfield viscosity of below 20000 mPas at -4O 0 C, flash points (COC) between 150 - 22O 0 C; and pour point between -36 to -48 0 C.
- ATF automatic transmission fluids
- Power transmission fluid compositions in the prior art typically employ a Group I, II, III, a synthetic PAO (for poly ⁇ -olefin) or mixtures thereof as a base oil stock.
- the groups are broad categories of base stocks developed by the American Petroleum Institute (API) for the purpose of creating guidelines for base oils.
- API American Petroleum Institute
- the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products can be obtained by well-known processes such as, for example, the commercial SASOL® Slurry Phase Fischer-Tropsch technology, the commercial SHELL® Middle Distillate Synthesis (SMDS) Process, or by the non-commercial EXXON® Advanced Gas Conversion (AGC-21) process. Details of these processes and others are described in, for example, EP-A- 776959, EP-A-668342; U.S. Patent Nos. 4,943,672, 5,059,299, 5,733,839, and RE39073 ; and US Published
- the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis product usually comprises hydrocarbons having 1 to 100, or even more than 100 carbon atoms, and typically includes paraffins, olefins and oxygenated products.
- Fischer Tropsch is a viable process to generate clean alternative hydrocarbon products.
- an intermediate feed or product may be fractionated by atmospheric or vacuum distillation.
- the bottoms material collected from the vacuum distillation column comprises a mixture of high boiling hydrocarbons.
- a power transmission fluid composition comprising (a) a base oil; (b) at least one of an additive package, a friction modifier, a dispersant, an antioxidant, an anti-foamant, an antiwear agent, an antifoam agent, a metal-based detergent, and a viscosity index improver; and (c) a sufficient amount of a Pour Point Reducing Blend Component for the power transmission fluid to have a Brookfield viscosity at -4O 0 C. of less than or equal to 16,000 cP. In one embodiment, this sufficient amount of a Pour Point Reducing Blend Component for the power transmission fluid to have a Brookfield viscosity at -4O 0 C. of less than or equal to 16,000 cP is between 0.5 to 15 wt. %.
- a method to improve the Brookfield viscosity characteristic of a power transmission fluid including the step of mixing: (a) a base oil; (b) at least one of an additive package, a friction modifier, a dispersant, an antioxidant, an anti-foamant, an antiwear agent, an antifoam agent, a metal-based detergent, and a viscosity index improver; with (c) a sufficient amount of a Pour Point Reducing Blend Component for the power transmission fluid to have a Brookfield viscosity at -4O 0 C. of less than or equal to 16,000 cP.
- Power transmission fluid may be used interchangeably with “automatic transmission fluid,” or “ATF,” referring to a composition to lubricate gears involved in the transmission of mechanical energy of mobile applications as well as stationary gearing applications.
- ATF automatic transmission fluid
- Fischer-Tropsch derived means that the product, fraction, or feed originates from or is produced at some stage by a Fischer-Tropsch process.
- Fischer-Tropsch base oil may be used interchangeably with “FT base oil,” “FTBO,” “GTL base oil” (GTL: gas-to-liquid), or “Fischer-Tropsch derived base oil.”
- FT base oil FTBO
- GTL base oil GTL: gas-to-liquid
- Fischer-Tropsch derived base oil isomerized base oil refers to a base oil made by isomerization of a waxy feed.
- a "waxy feed" comprises at least 40 wt% n-paraffins. In one embodiment, the waxy feed comprises greater than 50 wt% n-paraffins. In another embodiment, greater than 75 wt% n-paraffins. In one embodiment, the waxy feed also has very low levels of nitrogen and sulphur, e.g., less than 25 ppm total combined nitrogen and sulfur, or in other embodiments less than 20 ppm.
- waxy feeds examples include slack waxes, deoiled slack waxes, refined foots oils, waxy lubricant raffinates, n- paraffin waxes, NAO waxes, waxes produced in chemical plant processes, deoiled petroleum derived waxes, microcrystalline waxes, Fischer-Tropsch waxes, and mixtures thereof.
- the waxy feeds have a pour point of greater than 50 0 C. In another embodiment, greater than 60 0 C.
- Pour Point Reducing Blend Component refers to an isomerized waxy product with relatively high molecular weights and a specified degree of alkyl branching in the molecule, such that it reduces the pour point of lubricating base oil blends containing it.
- Examples of a Pour Point Reducing Blend Component are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,150,577 and 7,053,254, and Patent Publication No. US 2005-0247600 Al.
- a Pour Point Reducing Blend Component can be: 1) an isomerized Fischer-Tropsch derived bottoms product; 2) a bottoms product prepared from an isomerized highly waxy mineral oil, or 3) an isomerized oil having a kinematic viscosity at 100 0 C of at least about 8 mm 2 /s made from polyethylene plastic.
- the "10 percent point" of the boiling range of a Pour Point Reducing Blend Component refers to the temperature at which 10 weight percent of the hydrocarbons present within that cut will vaporize at atmospheric pressure.
- the 90 percent point of the respective boiling ranges refers to the temperature at which 90 weight percent of the hydrocarbons present within that cut will vaporize at atmospheric pressure.
- the boiling range can be measured using the standard analytical method D-6352-04 or its equivalent.
- the boiling range distributions in this disclosure can be measured using the standard analytical method D-2887-06 or its equivalent.
- Viscosity index (VI) is an empirical, unit-less number indicating the effect of temperature change on the kinematic viscosity of the oil. The higher the VI of an oil, the lower its tendency to change viscosity with temperature. Viscosity index is measured according to ASTM D 2270-04.
- CCS VIS Cold-cranking simulator apparent viscosity
- mPa.s to measure the viscometric properties of lubricating base oils under low temperature and low shear.
- CCS VIS is determined by ASTM D 5293-04.
- the boiling range distribution of base oil, by wt%, is determined by simulated distillation (SIMDIS) according to ASTM D 6352-04, "Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Distillates in Boiling Range from 174 to 700°C by Gas Chromatography.”
- Noack volatility is defined as the mass of oil, expressed in weight %, which is lost when the oil is heated at 25O 0 C. with a constant flow of air drawn through it for 60 min., measured according to ASTM D58OO-O5, Procedure B.
- Brookfield viscosity is used to determine the internal fluid-friction of a lubricant during cold temperature operation, which can be measured by ASTM D 2983- 04.
- "Pour point" is a measurement of the temperature at which a sample of base oil will begin to flow under certain carefully controlled conditions, which can be determined as described in ASTM D 5950-02.
- consecutive numbers of carbon atoms means that the base oil has a distribution of hydrocarbon molecules over a range of carbon numbers, with every number of carbon numbers in-between.
- the base oil may have hydrocarbon molecules ranging from C22 to C36 or from C30 to C60 with every carbon number in-between.
- the hydrocarbon molecules of the base oil differ from each other by consecutive numbers of carbon atoms, as a consequence of the waxy feed also having consecutive numbers of carbon atoms.
- the source of carbon atoms is CO and the hydrocarbon molecules are built up one carbon atom at a time. Petroleum-derived waxy feeds have consecutive numbers of carbon atoms.
- PAO poly-alpha-olefin
- the molecules of an isomerized base oil have a more linear structure, comprising a relatively long backbone with short branches.
- the classic textbook description of a PAO is a star- shaped molecule, and in particular tridecane, which is illustrated as three decane molecules attached at a central point. While a star-shaped molecules is theoretical, nevertheless PAO molecules have fewer and longer branches that the hydrocarbon molecules that make up the isomerized base oil disclosed herein.
- Molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality mean any molecule that is, or contains as one or more substituents, a monocyclic or a fused multicyclic saturated hydrocarbon group.
- Molecules with monocycloparaffinic functionality mean any molecule that is a monocyclic saturated hydrocarbon group of three to seven ring carbons or any molecule that is substituted with a single monocyclic saturated hydrocarbon group of three to seven ring carbons.
- Molecules with multicycloparaffinic functionality mean any molecule that is a fused multicyclic saturated hydrocarbon ring group of two or more fused rings, any molecule that is substituted with one or more fused multicyclic saturated hydrocarbon ring groups of two or more fused rings, or any molecule that is substituted with more than one monocyclic saturated hydrocarbon group of three to seven ring carbons.
- Oxidator BN measures the response of a lubricating oil in a simulated application. High values, or long times to adsorb one liter of oxygen, indicate good stability. Oxidator BN can be measured via a Dornte-type oxygen absorption apparatus (R. W. Dornte "Oxidation of White Oils," Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 28, page 26, 1936), under 1 atmosphere of pure oxygen at 34O 0 F., time to absorb 1000 ml of O 2 by 100 g. of oil is reported. In the Oxidator BN test, 0.8 ml of catalyst is used per 100 grams of oil. The catalyst is a mixture of soluble metal-naphthenates simulating the average metal analysis of used crankcase oil. The additive package is 80 millimoles of zinc bispolypropylenephenyldithiophosphate per 100 grams of oil.
- Molecular characterizations can be performed by methods known in the art, including Field Ionization Mass Spectroscopy (FIMS) and n-d-M analysis (ASTM D 3238-95 (Re-approved 2005) with normalization).
- FIMS Field Ionization Mass Spectroscopy
- ASTM D 3238-95 Re-approved 2005
- the base oil is characterized as alkanes and molecules with different numbers of unsaturations.
- the molecules with different numbers of unsaturations may be comprised of cycloparaffins, olefins, and aromatics. If aromatics are present in significant amount, they would be identified as 4- un saturations. When olefins are present in significant amounts, they would be identified as 1 -unsaturations.
- the total of the 1 -unsaturations, 2-unsaturations, 3-unsaturations, 4- unsaturations, 5-unsaturations, and 6-unsaturations from the FIMS analysis, minus the wt % olefins by proton NMR, and minus the wt % aromatics by HPLC-UV is the total weight percent of molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality. If the aromatics content was not measured, it was assumed to be less than 0.1 wt % and not included in the calculation for total weight percent of molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality.
- the total weight percent of molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality is the sum of the weight percent of molecules with monocyclopraff ⁇ nic functionality and the weight percent of molecules with multicycloparaffinic functionality.
- Molecular weights are determined by ASTM D2503-92(Reapproved 2002). The method uses thermoelectric measurement of vapour pressure (VPO). In circumstances where there is insufficient sample volume, an alternative method of ASTM D2502-04 may be used; and where this has been used it is indicated.
- VPO vapour pressure
- Density is determined by ASTM D4052-96 (Reapproved 2002). The sample is introduced into an oscillating sample tube and the change in oscillating frequency caused by the change in the mass of the tube is used in conjunction with calibration data to determine the density of the sample.
- Weight percent olefins can be determined by proton-NMR according to the steps specified herein.
- the olefins are conventional olefins, i.e. a distributed mixture of those olefin types having hydrogens attached to the double bond carbons such as: alpha, vinylidene, cis, trans, and tri-substituted, with a detectable allylic to olefin integral ratio between 1 and 2.5. When this ratio exceeds 3, it indicates a higher percentage of tri or tetra substituted olefins being present, thus other assumptions known in the analytical art can be made to calculate the number of double bonds in the sample.
- TMS Tetram ethyl si lane
- the instrument used to acquire the spectrum and reference the chemical shift has sufficient gain range to acquire a signal without overloading the receiver/ADC, with a minimum signal digitization dynamic range of at least 65,000 when a 30 degree pulse is applied.
- the intensities of the proton signals in the region of 0.5-1.9 ppm (methyl, methylene and methine groups), 1.9-2.2 ppm (allylic) and between 6.0-4.5 ppm (olefin) are measured.
- the average molecular weight (estimated by vapor pressure osmometry by ASTM D 2503-92[re-approved 2002]) of each distillate range paraffin feed, the following can be calculated: (1) the average molecular formula of the saturated hydrocarbons; (2) the average molecular formula of the olefins; (3) the total integral intensity (i.e. the sum of all the integral intensities); (4) the integral intensity per sample hydrogen (i.e. the total integral intensity divided by the number of hydrogens in the formula; (5) the number of olefin hydrogens (i.e. the olefin integral divided by the integral per hydrogen); (6) the number of double bonds (i.e.
- Weight percent aromatics in one embodiment can be measured by HPLC- UV.
- the test is conducted using a Hewlett Packard 1050 Series Quaternary Gradient High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) system, coupled with a HP 1050 Diode-Array UV-Vis detector interfaced to an HP Chem-station.
- HPLC Hewlett Packard 1050 Series Quaternary Gradient High Performance Liquid Chromatography
- HP 1050 Diode-Array UV-Vis detector interfaced to an HP Chem-station.
- Identification of the individual aromatic classes in the highly saturated base oil can be made on the basis of the UV spectral pattern and the elution time.
- the amino column used for this analysis differentiates aromatic molecules largely on the basis of their ring- number (or double-bond number). Thus, the single ring aromatic containing molecules elute first, followed by the polycyclic aromatics in order of increasing double bond number per molecule.
- Weight percent aromatic carbon (“Ca”), weight percent naphthenic carbon (“Cn”) and weight percent paraffinic carbon (“Cp”) in one embodiment can be measured by ASTM D3238-95 (Reapproved 2005) with normalization. ASTM D3238-95
- the normalization process consists of the following: A) If the Ca value is less than zero, Ca is set to zero, and Cn and Cp are increased proportionally so that the sum is 100%. B) If the Cn value is less than zero, Cn is set to zero, and Ca and Cp are increased proportionally so that the sum is 100%; and C) If both Cn and Ca are less than zero, Cn and Ca are set to zero, and Cp is set to 100%.
- HPLC-UV Calibration can be used for identifying classes of aromatic compounds even at very low levels, e.g., multi-ring aromatics typically absorb 10 to 200 times more strongly than single-ring aromatics. Alkyl -substitution affects absorption by 20%. Integration limits for the co-eluting 1-ring and 2-ring aromatics at 272nm can be made by the perpendicular drop method. Wavelength dependent response factors for each general aromatic class can be first determined by constructing Beer's Law plots from pure model compound mixtures based on the nearest spectral peak absorbances to the substituted aromatic analogs.
- Weight percent concentrations of aromatics can be calculated by assuming that the average molecular weight for each aromatic class was approximately equal to the average molecular weight for the whole base oil sample. [039] NMR analysis. In one embodiment, the weight percent of all molecules with at least one aromatic function in the purified mono-aromatic standard can be confirmed via long-duration carbon 13 NMR analysis. The NMR results can be translated from % aromatic carbon to % aromatic molecules (to be consistent with HPLC-UV and D 2007) knowing that 95-99% of the aromatics in highly saturated base oils are single-ring aromatics.
- the standard D 5292-99 (Reapproved 2004) method can be modified to give a minimum carbon sensitivity of 500:1 (by ASTM standard practice E 386) with a 15-hour duration run on a 400-500 MHz NMR with a 10-12 mm Nalorac probe.
- Acorn PC integration software can be used to define the shape of the baseline and consistently integrate.
- Extent of branching refers to the number of alkyl branches in hydrocarbons.
- Branching and branching position can be determined using carbon-13 ( 13 C) NMR according to the following nine-step process: 1) Identify the CH branch centers and the CH 3 branch termination points using the DEPT Pulse sequence (Doddrell, D.T.; D. T. Pegg; M.R. Bendall, Journal of Magnetic Resonance 1982, 48, 323 ff.). 2) Verify the absence of carbons initiating multiple branches (quaternary carbons) using the APT pulse sequence (Patt, S. L.; J. N. Shoolery, Journal of Magnetic Resonance 1982, 46, 535ff.). 3) Assign the various branch carbon resonances to specific branch positions and lengths using tabulated and calculated values known in the art (Lindeman, L. P., Journal of
- the average carbon number is determined by dividing the molecular weight of the sample by 14 (the formula weight of CH 2 ). 6) The number of branches per molecule is the sum of the branches found in step 4. 7) The number of alkyl branches per 100 carbon atoms is calculated from the number of branches per molecule (step 6) times 100 / average carbon number. 8) Estimate Branching Index (BI) by 1 H NMR Analysis, which is presented as percentage of methyl hydrogen (chemical shift range 0.6-1.05 ppm) among total hydrogen as estimated by NMR in the liquid hydrocarbon composition.
- % in chloroform-dl are excited by 30 degrees pulses followed by a 1.3 seconds (sec.) acquisition time.
- the broadband proton inverse-gated decoupling is used during a 6 sec. delay prior to the excitation pulse and on during acquisition.
- Samples are doped with 0.03 to 0.05 M Cr (acac) 3 (tris (acetylacetonato)-chromium (III)) as a relaxation agent to ensure full intensities are observed.
- the DEPT and APT sequences can be carried out according to literature descriptions with minor deviations described in the Varian or Bruker operating manuals.
- DEPT is Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer.
- the DEPT 45 sequence gives a signal all carbons bonded to protons.
- the power transmission fluid composition comprises optional additives in a matrix of base oil or base oil blends comprising a sufficient amount of at least a Pour Point Reducing Blend Component as a pour point depressant.
- the power transmission fluid contains a major amount of at least a base oil (or blends thereof) in an amount ranging from 70 to 90 wt. % in one embodiment, from 75 to 80 wt. % in a second embodiment, and from 75 to 85 wt. % in a third embodiment.
- the base oil has a viscosity 100 0 C of 2 to 15 cSt.
- the base oil has a viscosity of less than 10 cSt at 100 0 C.
- Base oils suitable for use in formulating transmission fluid compositions are selected from any of the synthetic or natural oils or mixtures thereof, e.g., any of the base oils in Groups I-V as specified in the American Petroleum Institute (API) Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines.
- oils examples include animal oils and vegetable oils (e.g., castor oil, lard oil) and mineral lubricating oils such as liquid petroleum oils and solvent treated or acid-treated mineral lubricating oils of the paraffinic, naphthenic or mixed paraffinicnaphthenic types. Oils derived from coal or shale are also suitable. Further, oils derived from a gas-to-liquid process are also suitable.
- animal oils and vegetable oils e.g., castor oil, lard oil
- mineral lubricating oils such as liquid petroleum oils and solvent treated or acid-treated mineral lubricating oils of the paraffinic, naphthenic or mixed paraffinicnaphthenic types.
- Oils derived from coal or shale are also suitable. Further, oils derived from a gas-to-liquid process are also suitable.
- synthetic oils for use include hydrocarbon oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (e.g., polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene isobutylene copolymers, etc.); polyalphaolef ⁇ ns such as poly(l-hexenes), poly-(l- octenes), poly(l-decenes), etc.
- hydrocarbon oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (e.g., polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene isobutylene copolymers, etc.); polyalphaolef ⁇ ns such as poly(l-hexenes), poly-(l- octenes), poly(l-decenes), etc.
- alkylbenzenes e.g., dodecylbenzenes, tetradecylbenzenes, di-nonylbenzenes, di-(2-ethylhexyl)benzenes, etc.
- polyphenyls e.g., biphenyls, terphenyl, alkylated polyphenyls, etc.
- the synthetic oil for use in the power transmission fluid is selected from the group of alkylene oxide polymers and interpolymers and derivatives thereof where the terminal hydroxy! groups have been modified by esterification, etherification, etc.
- examples include oils prepared through polymerization of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide, the alkyl and aryl ethers of these polyoxyalkylene polymers (e.g., methylpolyisopropylene glycol ether having an average molecular weight of about 1000, diphenyl ether of polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of about 500-1000, diethyl ether of polypropylene glycol having a molecular weight of about
- mono- and polycarboxylic esters thereof for example, the acetic acid esters, mixed C 3-8 fatty acid esters, or the Cn Oxo acid diester of tetraethylene glycol.
- the synthetic oil is selected from esters of dicarboxylic acids (e.g., phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acids, alkenyl succinic acids, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acid, alkyl malonic acids, alkenyl malonic acids, etc.) with a variety of alcohols (e.g., butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoether, propylene glycol, etc.).
- esters of dicarboxylic acids e.g., phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acids, alkenyl succinic acids, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, l
- Examples include dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, dieicosyl sebacate, the 2-ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer, the complex ester formed by reacting one mole of sebacic acid with two moles of tetraethylene glycol and two moles of 2-ethylhexanoic acid and the like.
- esters useful as synthetic oils also include those made from C 5 to Ci 2 monocarboxylic acids and polyols and polyol ethers such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, tripentaerythritol, etc.
- the base oil is a poly-alpha-olefin (PAO).
- PAO poly-alpha-olefin
- the poly-alpha-olefins are derived from monomers having from about 4 to about 30, or from about 4 to about 20, or from about 6 to about 16 carbon atoms.
- useful PAOs include those derived from octene, decene, mixtures thereof, and the like, e.g., 4 cSt at 100° C poly-alpha-olefins, 6 cSt at 100° C poly-alpha-olefins, and mixtures thereof.
- the base oil comprises mixtures of mineral oil with the foregoing poly-alpha-olefins.
- the base oil or blends thereof comprises at least an isomerized base oil which the product itself, its fraction, or feed originates from or is produced at some stage by isomerization of a waxy feed from a Fischer-Tropsch process ("Fischer-Tropsch derived base oils").
- the base oil comprises at least an isomerized base oil made from a substantially paraffinic wax feed (“waxy feed”).
- Fischer-Tropsch derived base oils are disclosed in a number of patent publications, including for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 6080301 , 6090989, and 6165949, and US Patent Publication No. US2004/0079678A1, US20050133409, US20060289337.
- the Fischer-Tropsch process is a catalyzed chemical reaction in which carbon monoxide and hydrogen are converted into liquid hydrocarbons of various forms including a light reaction product and a waxy reaction product, with both being substantially paraffinic
- the isomerized base oil has consecutive numbers of carbon atoms and has less than 25 wt% naphthenic carbon by n-d-M with normalization.
- the amount of naphthenic carbon is less than 10 wt. %.
- the isomerized base oil made from a waxy feed has a kinematic viscosity at 100 0 C between 1.5 and 3.5 mm 2 /s.
- the isomerized base oil is made by a process in which the hydroisomerization dewaxing is performed at conditions sufficient for the base oil to have: a) a weight percent of all molecules with at least one aromatic functionality less than 0.30; b) a weight percent of all molecules with at least one cycloparaffinic functionality greater than 10; c) a ratio of weight percent molecules with monocycloparaffinic functionality to weight percent molecules with multicycloparaffinic functionality greater than 20 and d) a viscosity index greater than 28 x Ln (Kinematic viscosity at 100 0 C.) + 80.
- the isomerized base oil is made from a process in which the highly paraffinic wax is hydroisomerized using a shape selective intermediate pore size molecular sieve comprising a noble metal hydrogenation component, and under conditions of 600 - 75O 0 F. (315 - 399°C.) In the process, the conditions for hydroisomerization are controlled such that the conversion of the compounds boiling above 700 0 F (371 0 C.) in the wax feed to compounds boiling below 700 0 F (371 0 C.) is maintained between 10 wt % and 50 wt%.
- a resulting isomerized base oil has a kinematic viscosity of between 1.0 and 3.5 mm 2 /s at 100 0 C. and a Noack volatility of less than 50 weight %.
- the base oil comprises greater than 3 weight % molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality and less than 0.30 weight percent aromatics.
- the isomerized base oil has a Noack volatility less than an amount calculated by the following equation: 1000 x (Kinematic Viscosity at 100 0 C) " 27 .
- the isomerized base oil has a Noack volatility less than an amount calculated by the following equation: 900 x (Kinematic Vicosity at 100 0 C.) "2 8 .
- the isomerized base oil has a Kinematic Viscosity at 100 0 C.
- the isomerized base oil has a kinematic viscosity at 100 0 C. of less than 4.0 mm 2 /s, and a wt% Noack volatility between 0 and 100.
- the isomerized base oil has a kinematic viscosity between 1.5 and 4.0 mm 2 /s and a Noack volatility less than the Noack volatility calculated by the following equation: 160 - 40 (Kinematic Viscosity at 100 0 C).
- the isomerized base oil has a kinematic viscosity at 100°C in the range of 2.4 and 3.8 mm 2 /s and a Noack volatility less than an amount defined by the equation: 900 x (Kinematic Viscosity at 100 0 C) '2 8 -15).
- 900 x Kinematic Viscosity at 100 0 C
- 160- 40 Kinematic Viscosity at 100 0 C
- the isomerized base oil is made from a process in which the highly paraffinic wax is hydroisomerized under conditions for the base oil to have a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of 3.6 to 4.2 mm 2 /s, a viscosity index of greater than 130, a wt% Noack volatility less than 12, a pour point of less than -9°C
- the isomerized base oil has an aniline point, in degrees F, greater than 200 and less than or equal to an amount defined by the equation: 36 x Ln(Kinematic Viscosity at 100 0 C, in mm 2 /s) + 200.
- the base oil as an AIT of greater than 329 0 C. and a viscosity index greater than 28 x Ln (Kinematic Viscosity at 100 0 C, in mm 2 /s) + 100.
- the isomerized base oil has a relatively low traction coefficient, specifically, its traction coefficient is less than an amount calculated by the equation: traction coefficients.009 x Ln (kinematic viscosity in mm 2 /s) -0.001, wherein the kinematic viscosity in the equation is the kinematic viscosity during the traction coefficient measurement and is between 2 and 50 mm 2 /s.
- the isomerized base oil has a traction coefficient of less than 0.023 (or less than 0.021) when measured at a kinematic viscosity of 15 mm 2 /s and at a slide to roll ratio of 40%.
- the isomerized base oil has a traction coefficient of less than 0.017 when measured at a kinematic viscosity of 15 mm 2 /s and at a slide to roll ratio of 40%. In another embodiment the isomerized base oil has a viscosity index greater than 150 and a traction coefficient less than 0.015 when measured at a kinematic viscosity of 15 mm 2 /s and at a slide to roll ratio of 40 percent.
- the isomerized base oil having low traction coefficients also displays a higher kinematic viscosity and higher boiling points.
- the base oil has a traction coefficient less than 0.015, and a 50 wt% boiling point greater than 565°C (1050 0 F).
- the base oil has a traction coefficient less than 0.01 1 and a 50 wt% boiling point by ASTM D 6352-04 greater than 582 0 C. (1080 0 F).
- the isomerized base oil having low traction coefficients also displays unique branching properties by NMR, including a branching index less than or equal to 23.4, a branching proximity greater than or equal to 22.0, and a Free Carbon Index between 9 and 30.
- the base oil has at least 4 wt% naphthenic carbon, in another embodiment, at least 5 wt% naphthenic carbon by n-d-M analysis by ASTM D 3238-95 (Reapproved 2005) with normalization.
- the isomerized base oil is produced in a process wherein the intermediate oil isomerate comprises paraffinic hydrocarbon components, and in which the extent of branching is less than 7 alkyl branches per 100 carbons, and wherein the base oil comprises paraffinic hydrocarbon components in which the extent of branching is less than 8 alkyl branches per 100 carbons and less than 20 wt % of the alkyl branches are at the 2 position.
- the base oil comprises greater than 10 wt. % and less than 70 wt. % total molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality, and a ratio of weight percent molecules with monocycloparaffinic functionality to weight percent molecules with multicycloparaffinic functionality greater than 15.
- the isomerized base oil has an average molecular weight between 600 and 1100, and an average degree of branching in the molecules between 6.5 and 10 alkyl branches per 100 carbon atoms. In another embodiment, the isomerized base oil has a kinematic viscosity between about 8 and about 25 mm 2 /s and an average degree of branching in the molecules between 6.5 and 10 alkyl branches per 100 carbon atoms.
- the isomerized base oil is obtained from a process in which the highly paraffinic wax is hydroisomerized at a hydrogen to feed ratio from 712.4 to 3562 liter H 2 /liter oil, for the base oil to have a total weight percent of molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality of greater than 10, and a ratio of weight percent molecules with monocycloparaffinic functionality to weight percent molecules with multicycloparaffinic functionality of greater than 15.
- the base oil has a viscosity index greater than an amount defined by the equation: 28 x Ln (Kinematic viscosity at 100 0 C.) + 95.
- the base oil comprises a weight percent aromatics less than 0.30; a weight percent of molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality greater than 10; a ratio of weight percent of molecules with monocycloparaffinic functionality to weight percent of molecules with multicycloparaffinic functionality greater than 20; and a viscosity index greater than 28 x Ln (Kinematic Viscosity at 100 0 C.) + 1 10.
- the base oil further has a kinematic viscosity at 100 0 C. greater than 6 mm 2 /s.
- the base oil has a weight percent aromatics less than 0.05 and a viscosity index greater than 28 x Ln (Kinematic Viscosity at 100 0 C.) + 95.
- the base oil has a weight percent aromatics less than 0.30, a weight percent molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality greater than the kinematic viscosity at 100 0 C, in mm 2 /s, multiplied by three, and a ratio of molecules with monocycloparaffinic functionality to molecules with multicycloparaffinic functionality greater than 15.
- the isomerized base oil contains between 2 and 10 wt% naphthenic carbon as measured by n-d-M.
- the base oil has a kinematic viscosity of 1.5 - 3.0 mm 2 /s at 100 0 C. and 2-3 wt% naphthenic carbon.
- a kinematic viscosity of 3 - 6 mm 2 /s at 100 0 C. and 2.7 - 5 wt% naphthenic carbon In a fourth embodiment, a kinematic viscosity of 10 - 30 mm 2 /s at 100 0 C. and between greater than 5.2 % and less than 25 wt% naphthenic carbon.
- the isomerized base oil has an average molecular weight greater than 475; a viscosity index greater than 140, and a weight percent olefins less than 10.
- the base oil improves the air release and low foaming characteristics of the mixture when incorporated into the power transmission fluid composition.
- the power transmission fluid composition employs a base oil that consists of at least one of the isomerized base oils described above.
- the composition consists essentially of at least a Fischer-Tropsch base oil.
- the composition employs at least a Fischer-Tropsch base oil and optionally 5 to 95 wt. % of at least another type of oil, e.g., conventionally used mineral oils, synthetic hydrocarbon oils or synthetic ester oils, or mixtures thereof depending on the application.
- the isomerized base oil is a FT base oil having a kinematic viscosity at 100°C. between 3 cSt and 5 cSt; a kinematic viscosity at 4O 0 C.
- the power transmission fluid composition further comprises a sufficient amount of at least a Pour Point Reducing Blend Component for the Brookfield viscosity at -4O 0 C. to be less than or equal to 16,000 cP.
- the composition further comprises a sufficient amount of at least a Pour Point Reducing Blend Component for the Brookfield viscosity at -4O 0 C to be less than or equal to 13,000 cP. The amount added depends on the base oil(s) used in the power transmission fluid to be blended.
- this sufficient amount of Pour Point Reducing Blend Component is between 0.5 to 15 wt. %. In a second embodiment, this sufficient amount is between 0.5 to 10 wt. %. In a third embodiment, this amount is less than 8 wt. %. In a fourth embodiment, from 2 to 6 wt. %.
- the Pour Point Reducing Blend Component is an isomerized Fischer-Tropsch derived vacuum distillation bottoms product, which is a high boiling syncrude fraction which has been isomerized under controlled conditions to give a specified degree of alkyl branching in the molecule.
- Syncrude prepared from the Fischer-Tropsch process comprises a mixture of various solid, liquid, and gaseous hydrocarbons.
- the Fischer-Tropsch waxes are converted into Fischer-Tropsch base oils by various processes, such as by hydroprocessing and distillation, the base oils produced fall into different narrow-cut viscosity ranges.
- the bottoms that remains after recovering the lubricating base oil cuts from the vacuum column is generally unsuitable for use as a lubricating base oil itself and is usually recycled to a hydrocracking unit for conversion to lower molecular weight products.
- the pour Point Reducing Blend Component is an isomerized Fischer-Tropsch derived vacuum distillation bottoms product having an average molecular weight between 600 and 1 100 and an average degree of branching in the molecules between 6.5 and 10 alkyl branches per 100 carbon atoms.
- the higher molecular weight hydrocarbons are more effective as Pour Point Reducing Blend Component s than the lower molecular weight hydrocarbons.
- a higher cut point in a vacuum distillation unit which results in a higher boiling bottoms material is used to prepare the Pour Point Reducing Blend Component .
- the higher cut point also has the advantage of resulting in a higher yield of the distillate base oil fractions.
- the Pour Point Reducing Blend Component is an isomerized Fischer-Tropsch derived vacuum distillation bottoms product having a pour point that is at least 3 0 C. higher than the pour point of the distillate base oil it is blended with.
- the 10 percent point of the boiling range of the Pour Point Reducing Blend Component that is a vacuum distillation bottoms product is between about 85O 0 F - 1050 0 F (454 - 565 0 C).
- the Pour Point Reducing Blend Component is derived from either Fischer-Tropsch or petroleum products, having a boiling range above 95O 0 F. (51O 0 C), and contains at least 50 percent by weight of paraffins.
- the pour point reducing blend component has a boiling range above 1050 0 F.
- the Pour Point Reducing Blend Component is an isomerized petroleum derived base oil containing material having a boiling range above about 1050 0 F.
- the isomerized bottoms material is solvent dewaxed prior to being used as a pour point reducing blend component. The waxy product further separated during solvent dewaxing from the pour point reducing blend component were found to display excellent improved pour point depressing properties compared to the oily product recovered after the solvent dewaxing.
- the pour Point Reducing Blend Component has an average degree of branching in the molecules within the range of from 6.5 to 10 alkyl branches per 100 carbon atoms. In another embodiment, the Pour Point Reducing Blend Component has an average molecular weight between 600 - 1 100. In a third embodiment, between 700 - 1000. In one embodiment, the Pour Point Reducing Blend Component has a kinematic viscosity at 100 0 C. of 8 - 30 mm 2 /s, with the 10% point of the boiling range of the bottoms falling between about 850- 1050 0 F. In yet another embodiment, the Pour Point Reducing Blend Component has a kinematic viscosity at 100 0 C. of 15- 20 mm 2 /s and a pour point of -8 to -12°C.
- the pour Point Reducing Blend Component is an isomerized oil having a kinematic viscosity at 100 0 C of at least about 8 mm 2 /s made from polyethylene plastic.
- the Pour Point Reducing Blend Component is made from waste plastic.
- the Pour Point Reducing Blend Component is made from a process comprising: pyrolysis of polyethylene plastic, separating out a heavy fraction, hydrotreating the heavy fraction, catalytic isomerizing the hydrotreated heavy fraction, and collecting the Pour Point Reducing Blend Component having a kinematic viscosity at 100 0 C of at least about 8 mm 2 /s.
- the Pour Point Reducing Blend Component derived from polyethylene plastic has a boiling range above 1050 0 F. (565°C), or even a boiling range above 1200 0 F (649 0 C).
- pour point depressant additives can also be added in an amount from 0.5 to 10 wt. % to usefully optimize the low temperature fluidity of the composition.
- examples include C 8 -Ci 8 dialkylfumarate vinyl acetate copolymers, wax naphthalene condensation products, maleic anhydride-styrene copolymers, polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, polyacrylamides, condensation products of haloparaffin waxes and aromatic compounds, vinyl carboxylate polymers, and terpolymers of dialkylfumarates, vinyl esters of fatty acids, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, alkyl phenol formaldehyde condensation resins, alkyl vinyl ethers, olefin copolymers, and mixtures thereof.
- the power transmission fluid contains additives such as viscosity index improvers, friction modifiers, corrosion inhibitors, oxidation inhibitors, friction modifiers, demulsifiers, anti foamant, anti wear agents, pour point depressants, seal swellants, dyes, markers, biocides, antistatic additives, drag-reducing agents, demulsifiers, dehazers, anti-icing additives, anti-knock additives, anti-valve-seat recession additives, lubricity additives, combustion improvers, cold flow improvers, antirust additives, metal deactivators, air expulsion additives, and other additives known in the art. Some of these additives can provide a multiplicity of effects, e.g., a dispersant-oxidation inhibitor.
- the additional component is a viscosity index (VI) improver in an amount of 1 to 15 wt. %. of the final weight of the power transmission fluid.
- VI improver(s) are present in sufficient amounts so that the transmission fluid composition has the viscometric properties of one or more of the sets of specified viscometric performance.
- viscosity index improvers examples include poly alkyl (meth) acrylates of low Brookfield viscosity and high shear stability, functionalized poly alkyl (meth) acrylates with dispersant properties of high Brookfield viscosity and high shear stability, polyisobutylene having a weight average molecular weight ranging from 700 to 2,500, and mixtures thereof.
- the first poly alkyl (meth) acrylate having a weight average molecular weight of about 125,000 to 225,000, a shear stability index of 15 or less, a Brookfield viscosity at -4O 0 C. of between about 200,000 to 600,000 cP.
- the second poly alkyl (meth) acrylate viscosity index improver has a weight average molecular weight in the range 50,000 to 150,000, a shear stability index of about 10 or less, and a Brookfield viscosity at -4O 0 C. of between about 10,000 to 30,000 cP.
- the viscosity index improver is a graft copolymer comprising a polymer backbone which has been grafted by reacting the polymer backbone with a reactant comprising N-p-diphenylamine,l,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalimide; 4-anilinophenyl methacrylamide; 4-anilinophenyl maleimide; 4-anilinophenyl itaconamide; an acrylate or methacrylate ester of 4-hydroxydiphenylamine; a reaction product of p-aminodiphenylamine or p-alkylaminodiphenylamine with glycidyl methacrylate; a reaction product of p-aminodiphenylamine with isobutyraldehyde, a derivative of p-hydroxydiphenylamine; a derivative of phenothiazine; a vinylogous derivative of diphenylamine.
- a reactant comprising N-p-dipheny
- the additives are incorporated as a "performance additive package.”
- performance additive package means any combination of additives listed above for power transmission fluid compositions.
- the performance additive package is a commercially available package, added in an amount from about 1% to about 15% by weight of the finished composition.
- the power transmission fluid comprises a performance additive package designed for improved friction durability, comprising a borated dispersant, a succinimide, and a phosphorus-containing antiwear component.
- the succinimide is prepared from an alkenyl succinic acid or anhydride and ammonia.
- the phosphorus-containing antiwear component may consist essentially of an organic ester of phosphoric acid or phosphorous acid.
- the performance additive package is a commercially available manual transmission fluid additive package, added in an amount from about 1% to about 10% of the weight of the finished power transmission fluid composition.
- An example of a package is Infineum T4804 from Inf ⁇ neum, which contains anti-foamant, antioxidant, rust inhibitor, magnesium sulfonate detergent, seal swellant, amine phosphate antiwear additive, borated polyisobutenyl succinimide dispersant and friction modifier, each present in customary amounts so as to provide their normal attendant function.
- the performance additive package is an automatic transmission fluid (ATF) additive package, which comprises from about 1 to about 20% of the weight of the finished power transmission fluid composition.
- ATF additive package typically consists of ashless dispersants; anti-wear agents; anti -oxidants; corrosion inhibitors; friction modifiers; seal swell agents; anti-foamants and sometimes viscosity modifiers.
- Examples of commercially available automatic transmission fluid additives include but are not limited to: Lubrizol 6950; Lubrizol 7900; Lubrizol 9614 from the Lubrizol Corporation; Hitec 403; Hitec 420; Hitec 427 from the Ethyl Corporation and Infineum T4520, Infineum T4540 from Infineum.
- the power transmission fluid composition further comprises at least a friction modifier.
- the friction modifier is selected from the group of succinamic acid, succinimide, and mixtures thereof.
- the friction modifier is selected from an aliphatic fatty amine, an ether amine, an alkoxylated aliphatic fatty amine, an alkoxylated ether amine, an oil- soluble aliphatic carboxylic acid, a polyol ester, a fatty acid amide, an imidazoline, a tertiary amine, a hydrocarbyl succinic anhydride or acid reacted with an ammonia or a primary amine, and mixtures thereof.
- Corrosion inhibitors also known as anti-corrosive agents, can be added to reduce the degradation of the metallic parts contained in the power transmission fluid.
- Illustrative of corrosion inhibitors are zinc dialkyldithiophosphate, phosphosulfurized hydrocarbons and the products obtained by reaction of a phosphosulfurized hydrocarbon with an alkaline earth metal oxide or hydroxide, preferably in the presence of an alkylated phenol or of an alkylphenol thioester, and also preferably in the presence of carbon dioxide.
- Phosphosulfurized hydrocarbons are prepared by reacting a suitable hydrocarbon such as a terpene, a heavy petroleum fraction of a C 2 to C 6 olefin polymer such as polyisobutylene, with from 5 to 30 wt % of a sulfide of phosphorous for 1/2 to 15 hours, at a temperature in the range of 15O 0 F. to 600 0 F.
- a suitable hydrocarbon such as a terpene
- a heavy petroleum fraction of a C 2 to C 6 olefin polymer such as polyisobutylene
- Metal detergents can also be added to the power transmission fluid composition, including a detergent selected from one or more of a neutral sodium sulfonate, an overbased sodium sulfonate, a sodium carboxylate, a sodium salicylate, a sodium phenate, a sulfurized sodium phenate, a lithium sulfonate, a lithium carboxylate, a lithium salicylate, a lithium phenate, a sulfurized lithium phenate, a magnesium sulfonate, a magnesium carboxylate, a magnesium salicylate, a magnesium phenate, a sulfurized magnesium phenate, a potassium sulfonate, a potassium carboxylate, a potassium salicylate, a potassium phenate, a sulfurized potassium phenate, a zinc sulfonate, a zinc carboxylate, a zinc salicylate, a zinc phenate, and a sulfurized zinc phenate.
- a detergent selected from one or more of a neutral sodium s
- Oxidation inhibitors / antioxidants can be added to reduce the tendency of the base oils in the power transmission fluid to deteriorate in service, which deterioration is evidenced by the products of oxidation such as sludge and varnish-like deposits on the metal surfaces.
- Examples include phenyl naphthyl amines, see U.S. Pat. No. 3,414,618; compounds such as phenylene diamine, phenothiazine, diphenyl amine, diarylamine.
- antioxidants are selected from phenyl-alphanaphthylamine, 2,2'-diethyl- 4,4'-dioctyl diphenylamine, 2,2'diethyl-4-t-octyldiphenylamine, and mixtures thereof; which antioxidants further function as corrosion inhibitors.
- Other suitable antioxidants which also function as antiwear agents include bis alkyl dithiothiadiazoles such as 2,5- bis-octyl dithiothiadiazole.
- oxidation inhibitors are used, including alkaline earth metal salts of alkylphenol thioesters, having C 5 to Ci 2 alkyl side chains, e.g., calcium nonylphenol sulfide, barium t-octylphenol sulfide, zinc dialkylditbiophosphates, dioctylphenylamine, phenylalphanaphthylamine, phosphosulfurized or sulfurized hydrocarbons, etc.
- alkaline earth metal salts of alkylphenol thioesters having C 5 to Ci 2 alkyl side chains, e.g., calcium nonylphenol sulfide, barium t-octylphenol sulfide, zinc dialkylditbiophosphates, dioctylphenylamine, phenylalphanaphthylamine, phosphosulfurized or sulfurized hydrocarbons, etc.
- Dispersants maintain oil insolubles, resulting from oxidation during use, can be added in suspension in power transmission fluids, thus preventing sludge flocculation and precipitation.
- Suitable dispersants include succinimide dispersant derived from a polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride (PIBSA), high molecular weight alkyl succinates, the reaction product of oil-soluble polyisobutylene succinic anhydride with ethylene amines such as tetraethylene pentamine and borated salts thereof.
- PIBSA polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride
- ethylene amines such as tetraethylene pentamine and borated salts thereof.
- the power transmission fluid further comprises an anti-foamant of the polysiloxane type, e.g., silicone oil and polydimethyl siloxane, for foam control.
- the anti-foamant is a mixture of polydimethyl siloxane and flurosilicone.
- the power transmission fluid further comprises an acrylate polymer anti-foamant, with a weight ratio of the fluorosilicone antifoamant to the acrylate anti-foamant ranging from about 3: 1 to about 1 :4.
- the power transmission fluid comprises an anti-foam- effective amount of a silicon-containing anti-foamant such that the total amount of silicon in the power transmission fluid is at least 30 ppm to reduce or eliminate the whining noise that may occur in high-pressure pumps used to circulate transmission fluids in vehicles.
- the silicon-containing antifoam agent is selected from the group consisting of fluorosilicones, polydimethylsiloxane, phenyl-methyl polysiloxane, linear siloxanes, cyclic siloxanes, branched siloxanes, silicone polymers and copolymers, organo-silicone copolymers, and mixtures thereof.
- Anti-wear agents can also be added to reduce wear of transmission parts.
- suitable antiwear agents are zinc dialkyldithiophosphate, zinc diaryldilhiophosphate and magnesium sulfonate.
- the composition further comprises seal swellants include mineral oils of the type that provoke swelling and aliphatic alcohols of 8 to 13 carbon atoms such as tridecyl alcohol, with a preferred seal swellant being characterized as an oil-soluble, saturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon ester of from 10 to 60 carbon atoms and 2 to 4 ester linkages, e.g., dihexylphthalate, as are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,974,081.
- Additives used in formulating the compositions can be blended into the base oil matrix individually or in various sub-combinations.
- all of the components are blended concurrently using an additive concentrate (i.e., additives plus a diluent, such as a hydrocarbon solvent).
- an additive concentrate i.e., additives plus a diluent, such as a hydrocarbon solvent.
- the use of an additive concentrate takes advantage of the mutual compatibility afforded by the combination of ingredients when in the form of an additive concentrate.
- the power transmission fluid composition is prepared by mixing the base oil and the pour point depressant with the separate additives or additive package(s) at an appropriate temperature, e.g., 6O 0 C, until homogeneous.
- the power transmission fluid composition serves a multitude of purposes and for a number of power transmitting applications including but not limited to mobile and / or stationary applications, e.g., automatic transmissions, manual transmissions, dual clutch transmissions, continuously variable transmissions, automated manual transmissions, transfer cases, axles and differentials in automotive and commercial vehicle services. In one embodiment, it is used to lubricate one or more of a slipping torque converter, a lock-up torque converter, a starting clutch, and one or more shifting clutches. In another embodiment, it is for use in a belt, chain, or disk-type continuously variable transmission. [096] Among other things, power transmission fluid composition cleans, cools, lubricates, transmits force, transmits pressure, inhibits varnish build-up and protects the transmission of automotive and commercial vehicles on a day-to-day basis.
- Viscometrics is an important lubricant parameter that governs the successful operation of the transmission.
- the power transmission fluid composition has an excellent Brookfield viscosity with its base oil blend comprising the Pour Point Reducing Blend Component. The blend gives a Brookfield viscosity lower than the arithmetic mean one would have expected from simply blending of the materials in the base stock, permitting a wider range of more readily available and cheaper base oil materials to achieve a desired result.
- the composition has a Brookfield viscosity at 4O 0 C of 20,000 cp or less. In a second embodiment, a Brookfield viscosity at 4O 0 C of 16,000 cp or less. In a third embodiment, a Brookfield viscosity at 4O 0 C of 13,000 cp or less.
- the power transmission fluid composition has a kinematic viscosity at 100 0 C between 5 and 9. In a second embodiment, a kinematic viscosity at 100 0 C between 6 and 8. In a third embodiment, a kinematic viscosity at 100 0 C between 6.5 and 7.5.
- the composition has a high shear stability, with the shear stability index of about 30 or less.
- the power transmission fluid composition has a shear stability index of about 20 or less.
- Shear stability can be expressed by a shear stability index (SSI), which is a measure of the tendency of power transmission fluid compositions to degrade and lose their ability to thicken and maintain viscosity, when subjected to shearing. Shearing can occur in pumps, gears, engines, etc.
- SSI shear stability index
- the power transmission fluid exhibits excellent service life of up to 150,000 miles in passenger cars and trucks before a necessary drain interval. Furthermore, the power transmission fluid maintains its viscosity with less than or equal to 5% viscosity over the life of the fluid.
- FTBO base oils (FTBO-I to FTBO-4) are from Chevron Corporation of San Ramon, CA. The properties of the FTBO base oils used in the examples are shown in Table 1.
- Fischer-Tropsch derived bottoms - FTBO-5 also from Chevron Corporation, with the properties are as listed in Table 1.
- Group III plus base stock is a commercially available base oil.
- Infineum IDN3190 is an additive package from Infineum USA LLC
- Viscoplex 1-300 is a polyalkylmethacrylate additive from Rohm & Haas
- Multicycloparaffin functionality 1 6 1 1 1 0 1 3 1 3
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Abstract
Description
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US12/132,820 US20090163391A1 (en) | 2007-12-20 | 2008-06-04 | Power Transmission Fluid Compositions and Preparation Thereof |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN101903506A (en) | 2010-12-01 |
SG187388A1 (en) | 2013-02-28 |
US20090163391A1 (en) | 2009-06-25 |
KR20110099160A (en) | 2011-09-07 |
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