WO2009080219A1 - Prediction of genotoxicity - Google Patents
Prediction of genotoxicity Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009080219A1 WO2009080219A1 PCT/EP2008/010530 EP2008010530W WO2009080219A1 WO 2009080219 A1 WO2009080219 A1 WO 2009080219A1 EP 2008010530 W EP2008010530 W EP 2008010530W WO 2009080219 A1 WO2009080219 A1 WO 2009080219A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/48—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving transferase
- C12Q1/485—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving transferase involving kinase
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
- G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
- G01N33/5014—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics for testing toxicity
- G01N33/5017—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics for testing toxicity for testing neoplastic activity
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2500/00—Screening for compounds of potential therapeutic value
- G01N2500/04—Screening involving studying the effect of compounds C directly on molecule A (e.g. C are potential ligands for a receptor A, or potential substrates for an enzyme A)
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to the field of toxicology. More particularly, the invention relates to methods for predicting genotoxicity, and methods for screening compounds for potential genotoxicity.
- micronucleus test is a common assay in the pharmaceutical industry routinely used to detect chromosome damage.
- a micronucleus forms when whole chromosomes or chromosome fragments do not incorporate into the daughter nuclei following the completion of mitosis.
- Aneugens and clastogens, chemicals which cause chromosomal loss/gain and breakage, respectively, will cause significant increases in micronuclei formation and can be detected using the assay.
- micronuclei are biomarkers of chromosome damage and the micronucleus assay is a sensitive method to detect chemicals which are aneugens and/or clastogens.
- the micronucleus assay is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as evidence of genotoxicity (or lack thereof).
- micronucleus assay is laborious and time consuming, false positive results can occur when testing at cytotoxic doses, and large amounts of supplies (cells, reagents for cell-line maintenance, and compound) are required to perform the assay.
- kinases are enzymes responsible for phosphorylating substrates and disseminating inter- and intracellular signals, including the initiation, propagation, and termination of chromosome replication during mitosis. Kinases are often targeted for inhibition by pharmaceutical companies because many signaling cascades have known roles in a variety of diseases. Small molecule kinase inhibitors (SMKIs) often are developed to competitively bind to the kinase ATP binding pocket, blocking the ability of the enzyme to phosphorylate substrates. SMKIs often inhibit many kinases in addition to the desired target due to the highly conserved nature of the ATP binding pocket within the kinome, thus toxicities associated with off-target kinase inhibition is a concern for this pharmaceutical class of compounds.
- SMKIs Small molecule kinase inhibitors
- the invention provides a method for quickly determining the likelihood that a given compound will exhibit genotoxicity in an MNT assay by examining the interaction between the compound and a number of kinases (kinase binding and/or inhibition). As kinase inhibition and/or binding can be determined quickly, and by using automated methods, the method of the invention enables high-throughput screening of compounds for genotoxicity (or lack thereof).
- binding and inhibition can be determined using methods known in the art. See, for example, M.A. Fabian et al., Nature Biotechnol (2005) 23:329-36, incorporated herein by reference in full.
- One aspect of the invention is a method for predicting the genotoxicity of a compound, the method comprising providing a test compound; and determining the ability of the compound to inhibit the kinase activity of at least ten of kinases selected from the group consisting of CDK2 (Seq. Id. 1), CLKl (Seq. Id. 2), DYRKlB (Seq. Id. 3), ERK8 (Seq. Id. 4), GSK3A (Seq. Id. 5), GSK3B (Seq. Id. 6), PCTKl (Seq. Id. 7), PCTK2 (Seq. Id. 8), STKl 6 (Seq. Id.
- TTK (Seq. Id. 10), CLK2 (Seq. Id. 1 1), ERK3 (Seq. Id. 12), and PRKR (Seq. Id. 13), or the group consisting of. CDK2, CLKl, DYRKlB, ERK8 (MAPK15), GSK3A, GSK3B, PCTKl, PCTK2, STK16, TTK, CDK7 (Seq. Id. 64), CLK4 (Seq. Id. 68), and PCTK3 (Seq. Id. 69), wherein inhibition of at least five of said kinases by at least 50% indicates a likelihood that said test compound will demonstrate genotoxicity.
- test compound is tested at a concentration of about 10 ⁇ M.
- the ability of the compound to inhibit the kinase activity of at least twelve kinases selected from said group is tested. In another embodiment the ability of the compound to inhibit the kinase activity of all 13 kinases in said group is determined.
- additional kinases in addition to the groups of thirteen kinases described above, at least one of the following additional kinases can also be tested. High affinity of a compound for one or more of these additional kinases (in addition to a majority of the thirteen identified kinases) correlates with a higher likelihood of genotoxicity.
- the additional kinases are: MKNK2 (Seq. Id. 14), SgK085 (Seq. Id. 15), PIM2 (Seq. Id. 16), TNNI3K (Seq. Id. 17), KIT (Seq. Id. 18), MELK (Seq. Id. 19), AURKA (Seq. Id. 20), CLK3 (Seq.
- PRKD3 (Seq. Id. 35), AURKC (Seq. Id. 36), ERK5 (Seq. Id. 37), STK17A (Seq. Id. 38), MST4 (Seq. Id. 39), CDK3 (Seq. Id. 40), MYLK (Seq. Id. 41), CDC2L1 (Seq. Id. 42), QIK (Seq. Id. 43), CDKI l (Seq. Id. 44), PLKl (Seq. Id. 45), PDGFR ⁇ (Seq. Id. 46), PRKCM (Seq. Id. 47), MAPK4 (Seq. Id.
- PIP5K2B (Seq. Id. 49), CSNKlD (Seq. Id. 50), RPS6KA1 (KDl) (Seq. Id. 51), CDK5 (Seq. Id. 52), PLK3 (Seq. Id. 53), BIKE (Seq. Id. 54), PLK4 (Seq. Id. 55), CAMK2A (Seq. Id. 56), STK3 (Seq. Id. 57), CSNK2A1 (Seq. Id. 58), STK17B (Seq. Id. 59), CDK8 (Seq. Id. 60), MAP2K6 (Seq. Id.
- Another aspect of the invention is the method for screening candidate compounds for potential genotoxicity, comprising providing a plurality of compounds; and determining the ability of each compound to inhibit the kinase activity of a number of kinases selected from the group consisting of CDK2, CLKl, DYRKlB, ERK8, GSK3A, GSK3B, PCTKl, PCTK2, STK16, TTK, CLK2, ERK3, and PRKR, or the alternate group consisting of CDK2, CLKl, DYRKlB, ERK8 (MAPKl 5), GSK3A, GSK3B, PCTKl, PCTK2, STKl 6, TTK, CDK7, CLK4, and PCTK3, wherein inhibition or specific binding of at least five of said kinases by at least 50% indicates a likelihood that said test compound will demonstrate genotoxicity.
- this method further comprises rejecting compounds that demonstrate a likelihood of genotoxicity.
- binding affinity of a compound for a given kinase correlates well with the ability of the compound to inhibit the activity of that kinase, so that binding affinity is a reliable substitute for inhibitory activity.
- the ability of the compound to inhibit the kinase activity is hence determined by measuring the binding affinity of the compound for said kinases. Binding affinity may be determined by a variety of methods known in the art; for example by competitive assay using an immobilized kinase (or an immobilized test compound, or an immobilized competing ligand, any of which may be labeled).
- Compounds and kinases can be immobilized by standard methods, for example by biotinylation and capture on a streptavidin- coated substrate.
- a test substrate having, for example, a plurality of immobilized kinases, preferably comprising the thirteen kinases identified herein: CDK2, CLKl, DYRKlB, ERK8 (MAPKl 5), GSK3A, GSK3B, PCTKl, PCTK2, STKl 6, TTK, CLK2, ERK3, and PRKR (or the alternate identified kinases).
- immobilized kinases preferably comprising the thirteen kinases identified herein: CDK2, CLKl, DYRKlB, ERK8 (MAPKl 5), GSK3A, GSK3B, PCTKl, PCTK2, STKl 6, TTK, CLK2, ERK3, and PRKR (or the alternate identified kinases).
- the kinases can be immobilized directly (i.e., by adsorption, -A- covalent bond, or biotin-avidin binding or the like) to the surface, or indirectly (for example by binding to a ligand that is tethered to the surface by adsorption, covalent bond, biotin-avidin or other linkage).
- the kinases are then contacted with the test compound(s), and the affinity (or enzyme inhibition) determined, for example by measuring the binding of labeled compound or loss of labeled competitor.
- the kinase affinity of each compound is measured against at least ten of the identified or alternate identified kinases, and most preferably against all thirteen: use of a larger number of kinases (up to thirteen) results in a prediction of genotoxicity with higher confidence.
- a compound with high total activity (for example, demonstrating high affinity for at least five of the thirteen kinases, preferably eight or more) has a high likelihood of genotoxicity: this compound is predicted to test positive for genotoxicity in the MNT.
- a compound having low total activity (for example, showing only low affinity for the identified kinases, or showing high affinity to only 1 -4 identified kinases) is predicted to test negative in the MNT.
- Candidate drugs that test positive in the assay of the invention are generally identified as “genotoxic” or “potentially genotoxic”, and rejected or otherwise dropped from further development.
- such compounds can be flagged as toxic (for example, by the software managing the system in the case of an automated high-throughput system), thus enabling earlier decision making.
- a plurality of compounds e.g., 50 or more
- the method of the invention is fast and easily automated, it enables the bulk screening of compounds that would otherwise not be possible or practical.
- Environmental pollutants and the like can also be identified using the method of the invention, in which case such compounds are typically identified for further study into their toxic properties.
- genotoxicity refers to compounds that produce chromosomal aberrations, including breakage (clastogens) or abnormal copy number (aneugens).
- clastogens breakage
- aneugens abnormal copy number
- genotoxicity refers to a positive result in a micronucleus test.
- a "likelihood of genotoxicity” means specifically that the compound in question is predicted to demonstrate genotoxicity in an MNT with at least 75% confidence.
- test compound refers to a substance which is to be tested for genotoxicity.
- the test compound can be a candidate drug or lead compound, a chemical intermediate, environmental pollutant, a mixture of compounds, and the like.
- kinase refers to an enzyme capable of attaching and/or removing a phosphate group from a protein or molecule.
- “Inhibition of kinase activity” refers to the ability of a compound to reduce or interfere with such phosphatase activity.
- binding affinity of a small molecule for a given kinase correlates well with the ability of said molecule to inhibit the kinase activity
- binding affinity is considered synonymous with kinase activity herein, and high binding affinity is considered equivalent to high kinase inhibitory activity.
- the correlation between binding affinity and kinase inhibition is described by M. A. Fabian et al., Nature Biotechnol (2005) 23:329-36, incorporated herein by reference in full.
- the term “identified kinases” refers to the following set of kinases: CDK2 (Seq. Id. 1),
- CLKl (Seq. Id. 2), DYRKlB (Seq. Id. 3), ERK8 (Seq. Id. 4), GSK3A (Seq. Id. 5), GSK3B (Seq. Id. 6), PCTKl (Seq. Id. 7), PCTK2 (Seq. Id. 8), STKl 6 (Seq. Id. 9), TTK (Seq. Id. 10), CLK2 (Seq. Id. 11), ERK3 (Seq. Id. 12), and PRKR (Seq. Id. 13).
- Alternate identified kinases refers to the set of kinases consisting of CDK2, CLKl, DYRKlB, ERK8 (MAPKl 5), GSK3A, GSK3B, PCTKl, PCTK2, STK16, TTK, CDK7, CLK4, and PCTK3.
- Preferred kinases are human kinases stated in the sequence listing. However, it is also possible to use kinases from any other organism in this method. All patents and publications identified herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
- SMKIs small molecule kinase inhibitors
- the in vitro micronucleus assay has been described in detail previously (M. Fenech, Mutation Res (2000) 455( 1 -2): 81 -95).
- compounds were tested up to 500 ⁇ g/mL, and at least 12 concentration levels were tested.
- the top dose for evaluation was generally selected to observe acceptable toxicity (decrease of the relative cell count (RCC) below 50%) or clear signs of precipitation in the aqueous medium. If the compound was soluble and non-toxic, a maximal dose level of 5000 ⁇ g/mL was set.
- a compound is considered to possess clastogenic/aneugenic activity if one or more concentrations show at least a 2-fold increase in the number of micronucleated cells in comparison to the concurrent negative control.
- Fifty-four compounds were selected for inclusion in the training set, based on a number of criteria including selective kinase inhibition profiles, minimization of redundancy, and chemical diversity. From an internal database of SMKIs, only compounds that had selective kinase inhibition profiles were considered, where a selective compound was considered to be one that inhibited six or fewer kinases at single point inhibition values greater than 95%, and eleven or fewer kinases at values greater than 85%.
- Kinase inhibition was determined using the method set forth in M. A.
- Pre-processing was first performed across the set of all inhibition profiles to remove uninformative or biased kinases.
- Kinases with no variance across the set of 54 compounds were removed, as they were not informative.
- JNK and p38 isoforms were removed to reduce the bias of the large number of compounds in the training set that were developed to target those kinases.
- we performed an additional analysis whereby we considered only those training set compounds not developed for these kinase targets, and found that none of the JNK and p38 isoforms were correlated with MNT results.
- Feature selection (FS) and pattern recognition (PR) were performed in several phases in order to build the model.
- cross validation was used to assess the model performance over several trials. Each trial randomly split the initial data into a training set and a test set; the training set was used to build the temporary model, and the test set was used to predict results and then verify performance.
- Feature selection methods were used to determine which kinases, or "features”, were likely to correlate most with MNT result.
- the inhibition values against the features chosen were used as input for a pattern recognition method, which then predicted the positive or negative result.
- FSl large input data set
- FS2 methods that performed better with less data
- PR Different combinations of FSl, FS2, and PR were tested over several trials using 10 five-fold cross-validations.
- This combination includes a Kolmogorov-Smirnov/T-test hybrid algorithm for FS 1 , Random Forests for FS2, and Support Vector Machines for PR (T. Hastie et al., "The Elements of Statistical Learning” (2001, Springer- Verlag); R.O.
- the chosen combination of methods from the first phase were tuned for optimal performance.
- Several parameters were optimized, including the number of kinases to be used in the model.
- the tuning process showed that within several trials, the mean error rate was lowest when the number of kinases chosen as significant after FSl and FS2 was 13.
- the model was adjusted with the optimal parameters, then specified to choose the 13 most significant features as input for PR.
- the accuracy of the model using this combination of feature selection and pattern recognition methods, number of features, and optimal tuning parameters was then assessed by performing 50 five-fold cross-validations. Importantly, the feature selection and pattern recognition was performed within each cross-validation fold. The resulting model had an accuracy of 80% ⁇ 4%: that is, the model on average correctly predicted MNT results 80% of the time. The 50 five-fold cross-validations were also used to determine the kinases correlated with
- the model consists of single point kinase inhibition profiles against the following 13 kinases: CDK2, CLKl, DYRKlB, ERK8 (MAPKl 5), GSK3A, GSK3B, PCTKl, PCTK2, STK16, TTK, CLK2, ERK3, and PRKR. Additionally, an in vitro MNT assay result at the concentration in which the kinase screen was performed is included.
- a second model based upon quantitative binding constants consisted a second (overlapping) set of thirteen kinases: CDK2, CLKl, DYRKlB, ERK8 (MAPK15), GSK3A, GSK3B, PCTKl, PCTK2, STK16, TTK, CDK7, CLK4, and PCTK3.
- the kinases selected for the two models are highly similar, demonstrating the robustness of the single point kinase inhibition model.
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CA2708311A CA2708311A1 (en) | 2007-12-20 | 2008-12-11 | Prediction of genotoxicity |
JP2010538419A JP2011505847A (en) | 2007-12-20 | 2008-12-11 | How to predict genotoxicity |
CN2008801205410A CN101903774A (en) | 2007-12-20 | 2008-12-11 | Prediction of genotoxicity |
EP08864122A EP2225558A1 (en) | 2007-12-20 | 2008-12-11 | Prediction of genotoxicity |
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US1529107P | 2007-12-20 | 2007-12-20 | |
US61/015,291 | 2007-12-20 |
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WO2009080219A1 true WO2009080219A1 (en) | 2009-07-02 |
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PCT/EP2008/010530 WO2009080219A1 (en) | 2007-12-20 | 2008-12-11 | Prediction of genotoxicity |
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JP (1) | JP2011505847A (en) |
CN (1) | CN101903774A (en) |
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WO2006050124A2 (en) * | 2004-10-29 | 2006-05-11 | Novartis Ag | Evaluation of the toxicity of pharmaceutical agents |
WO2007084968A1 (en) * | 2006-01-18 | 2007-07-26 | Invitrogen Corporation | Methods for measuring kinase activity |
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- 2008-12-11 JP JP2010538419A patent/JP2011505847A/en active Pending
- 2008-12-11 EP EP08864122A patent/EP2225558A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2008-12-11 CN CN2008801205410A patent/CN101903774A/en active Pending
- 2008-12-11 WO PCT/EP2008/010530 patent/WO2009080219A1/en active Application Filing
- 2008-12-11 CA CA2708311A patent/CA2708311A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (2)
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WO2006050124A2 (en) * | 2004-10-29 | 2006-05-11 | Novartis Ag | Evaluation of the toxicity of pharmaceutical agents |
WO2007084968A1 (en) * | 2006-01-18 | 2007-07-26 | Invitrogen Corporation | Methods for measuring kinase activity |
Non-Patent Citations (5)
Title |
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FABIAN MILES A ET AL: "A small molecule-kinase interaction map for clinical kinase inhibitors", NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY, NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP, NEW YORK, NY, US, vol. 23, no. 3, 1 March 2005 (2005-03-01), pages 329 - 336, XP002448864, ISSN: 1087-0156 * |
FENECH, M.: "The in vitro micronucleus assay", MUTATION RESEARCH, vol. 455, 2000, pages 81 - 95, XP002519311 * |
OLAHRASKI, A.J., ET AL: "Using kinase selectivity profiles to predict in vitro micronucleus assay results", THE TOXICOLOGIST, vol. 102, no. 1, March 2008 (2008-03-01), pages 463 - 463, XP002519312, ISSN: 1096-6080, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:www.toxicology.org/ai/pub/Tox/2008Tox.pdf> * |
VAN DELFT ET AL: "Discrimination of genotoxic from non-genotoxic carcinogens by gene expression profiling", CARCINOGENESIS, IRL PRESS, LONDON, GB, vol. 25, no. 7, 1 February 2004 (2004-02-01), pages 1265 - 1276, XP002388887, ISSN: 0143-3334 * |
WIDMANN C ET AL: "MEK kinase 1, a substrate for DEVD-directed caspases, is involved in genotoxin-induced apoptosis", MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY, AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY, WASHINGTON, US, vol. 18, no. 4, 1 April 1998 (1998-04-01), pages 2416 - 2429, XP002108367, ISSN: 0270-7306 * |
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CA2708311A1 (en) | 2009-07-02 |
EP2225558A1 (en) | 2010-09-08 |
JP2011505847A (en) | 2011-03-03 |
CN101903774A (en) | 2010-12-01 |
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