WO2009063104A1 - Système de production d'hydrogène et d'énergie électrique à partir d'énergie photovoltaïque - Google Patents

Système de production d'hydrogène et d'énergie électrique à partir d'énergie photovoltaïque Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2009063104A1
WO2009063104A1 PCT/ES2008/000680 ES2008000680W WO2009063104A1 WO 2009063104 A1 WO2009063104 A1 WO 2009063104A1 ES 2008000680 W ES2008000680 W ES 2008000680W WO 2009063104 A1 WO2009063104 A1 WO 2009063104A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
hydrogen
energy
photovoltaic
production system
fuel cell
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/ES2008/000680
Other languages
English (en)
Spanish (es)
Inventor
Rubén BENEITO PÉREZ
Valentín PÉREZ HERRÁNZ
Manuel Molto Paya
José Antonio MOLINA TORTOSA
Rafael Navarro Berbegal
Joaquín Vilaplana Cerda
Original Assignee
Solar Iniciativas Tecnológicas, S.L.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Solar Iniciativas Tecnológicas, S.L. filed Critical Solar Iniciativas Tecnológicas, S.L.
Publication of WO2009063104A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009063104A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M16/00—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
    • H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
    • H01M8/0656—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants by electrochemical means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/28—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy
    • H02J3/32—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy using batteries with converting means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
    • H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • H02J7/35—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering with light sensitive cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/56—Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • the present invention refers to a system for the production of hydrogen and electrical energy from photovoltaic energy whose purpose is to provide an independent energy source that can be used as a means of provision in isolated sites of commercial electricity distribution networks, or as a means of support when failures occur in the commercial network; further facilitating by means of the invention the improvement in the production efficiency of electric energy from photovoltaic energy and its availability, due to the use of hydrogen as an intermediate storage energy vector.
  • the main objective of the invention is to facilitate the development of plants for generating electricity and producing, storing and using hydrogen, making use of what is known as the solar hydrogen cycle.
  • the current energy system is based on the use of fossil hydrocarbons, which has a series of problems associated with it.
  • Hydrogen and electricity can become two complementary and interchangeable energy carriers that, depending on the type of energy demand and the place of final energy supply, can offer lower or no pollutant emissions (renewable hydrogen and electricity).
  • the complementarity of hydrogen and electricity is based on the existence of electrolysers, which consume water and electricity producing hydrogen and oxygen, and fuel cells that produce electricity from hydrogen and oxygen in the air.
  • the main components of an electrochemical reactor to carry out water electrolysis are separators and electrodes.
  • the separators that can be used are of three types: diaphragms, polymeric membranes and ceramic membranes.
  • electrolysers to carry out the electrolysis of water to obtain hydrogen will depend on the nature of the electrodes, the nature of the separator and the type of electrolyte used. Thus, these electrolysers can be divided into several types depending on the type of separator used and the degree of development achieved: Alkaline electrolysers. - PEM type electrolysers.
  • Alkaline electrolysers refer to those that use sodium or potassium hydroxide as an electrolyte, since these solutions pose less corrosion problems than acid solutions.
  • the electrolyte is formed by a solution of the base at concentrations close to 40%, which have the maximum conductivity at the working temperature that is normally of the order of 80 ° C.
  • the cells are constructed in carbon steel, being cooled by water that dissipates the heat generated.
  • the electrodes are located in two compartments separated by a diaphragm made of ceramic material.
  • the anode material is nickel, while the cathode is usually made of stainless steel.
  • bipolar cells two of them are connected in series through a nickel separator, which is made in an anode cell and in the adjacent cathode, thus achieving a significant reduction in the volume of the apparatus.
  • This process can be carried out at atmospheric pressure or at elevated pressure, of the order 30 bars in order to eliminate the compression stage of the gases formed for storage.
  • PEM type electrolysers can operate at low temperatures and pressures.
  • the operation of this type of electrolysers is inverse to that of PEM type fuel cells.
  • the advantages of PEM type electrolyzers over alkalis are mainly focused on using higher current densities (referred to the surface of the electrodes) which, together with the reduced membrane thickness (0.25 mm) allows a substantial decrease in volume of the team.
  • solid oxide electrolysers With respect to solid oxide electrolysers, they operate at very high temperatures, of the order of 1000 ° C, so electrolysis is carried out on water vapor.
  • FCs fuel cells
  • FCs are electrochemical devices that allow the chemical energy contained in the reagents to be transformed into electrical energy, water and a certain amount of heat.
  • FCs lack moving parts and therefore their operation is silent.
  • FCs do not use corrosive substances such as lead acid batteries, which reduces the risks of handling.
  • FCs that use hydrogen as fuel
  • water so these constitute systems with zero pollutant emissions.
  • High efficiency > 50%.
  • the efficiency of the FC in the production of electric power it is superior to that of the internal combustion engines of gasoline and diesel.
  • batteries that operate at high temperatures > 600 ° C
  • the total efficiency, generation of electrical energy plus heat exceeds 70%.
  • PEMFC proton exchange polymeric membrane fuel cells
  • AFC alkaline fuel cells
  • PAFCs phosphoric acid fuel cells
  • MCFC molten carbonate fuel cells
  • SOFC solid oxide fuel cells
  • PEMFC, AFC, PAFC low temperature fuel cells
  • Fuel cell devices require a source of hydrogen.
  • the spectacular boom in efficiency experienced by fuel cells in the last decade has significantly boosted research on accumulation of H 2 . This is a problem that far from being trivial has been described by the High Level Group for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells of the European Union as the current bottleneck towards a hydrogen-based economy.
  • the solution of the problem of how to accumulate H 2 efficiently is therefore of great importance.
  • H 2 liquid Adsorption on high effective surface compounds (activated carbon, zeolites, etc).
  • Conventional metal hydrides LaNi 5 , Mg
  • Complex hydrides AlNaH 4 , NaBH 4 , etc
  • photovoltaic solar energy systems convert energy that comes from the sun directly into electrical energy.
  • the simplest and most extended way of harnessing the sun's radiant energy to generate electricity is based on the photovoltaic effect that takes place when the light strikes a device specially designed to favor said conversion and called a solar cell.
  • a solar cell is the element that converts photons that come from the sun into an electric current that circulates through another element called a charge; the most efficient solar cells being solid state devices made of semiconductor materials.
  • the invention consists of a system for producing hydrogen and electrical energy from photovoltaic where PV is obtained with at least one module 'of photovoltaic cells from of solar radiation.
  • said module feeds an electrolyser that generates hydrogen from water electrolysis and which has hydrogen storage media produced; including at least one fuel cell that allows the generation of electrical energy from the stored hydrogen; so that the improvement in the production performance of electric energy from photovoltaic energy and its availability is facilitated, when hydrogen is used as an energy storage intermediate vector.
  • said photovoltaic cell module has a solar tracking device.
  • the Electrolyzer is preferably low temperature (alkaline or PEM).
  • Said fuel cells are preferably of low temperature (PEMFC, AFC, PAFC).
  • the H 2 storage system is sized for a period of at least three days.
  • the system has an additional reserve of hydrogen stored as a gas under pressure.
  • the system of the invention can be made with components of easy portability, as well as having a control subsystem for monitoring and remote control via an Internet connection or through a local network; It may include sending alarms about the status of the system and / or failures in the system through GSM text messages or similar.
  • the system thereof can be structured in an energy production plant whose functional blocks consist of the photovoltaic cell module connecting with a DC / AC inverter for conventional or electric power production.
  • the electrolyzer generating hydrogen that will be stored and consumed in the fuel cell, generating electricity; feeding that inverter to water pumps and air compressors of the plant, while electrovalves and flowmeters of the same are fed by the photovoltaic module itself through DC / DC converters.
  • the electrolyser is powered by the photovoltaic module directly or by DC / DC converters or by a rectifier that connects to the conventional mains or to the photovoltaic module through a DC / AC inverter.
  • the connection to the photovoltaic modules or to the commercial network is made through a photoelectric switch.
  • the system of the invention has the main advantage that it allows to obtain an improvement in the energy efficiency of the corresponding photovoltaic installation, guaranteeing the continuous availability of energy.
  • the invention facilitates the integration and optimization of an autonomous-portable hydrogen and electricity generation system from renewable energy such as photovoltaic solar, optimizing the production of hydrogen by electrolysis, and integrating this system with a fuel cell that allows the stationary generation of electricity, controlling and optimizing consumption.
  • renewable energy such as photovoltaic solar
  • the invention provides a novel system that allows solving the current problem of photovoltaic energy in its discharge to the electricity grid, which is considerably destabilized, also solving problems of adaptation between the hours of maximum production and consumption hours, since generally those hours of maximum production coincide with the hours of consumption in the valley.
  • Figure 1. Represents a functional block diagram of a hydrogen and electrical energy production system from photovoltaic energy made according to the present invention.
  • Figure 2. Represents a scheme of components used in the system of the previous figure 1.
  • Figure 3. Represents a flow chart of the system of the previous figures in regard to the generation of hydrogen.
  • Figure 4. Represents a flow chart of the system of Figures 1 and 2 in regard to electricity generation.
  • the hydrogen and electrical energy production system from photovoltaic energy of the present example has a photovoltaic cell module 1 that feeds an electrolyzer 3 capable of generating hydrogen from water electrolysis and which has means of storage of the hydrogen produced, for example in the form of metal hydrides, also including a fuel cell 2 that allows the generation of electricity from the stored hydrogen.
  • the system of the present example is structured in an energy production plant whose functional blocks can be seen in Figure 1 and which are interconnected as seen in said figure and as described below.
  • the photovoltaic cell module 1 connects to a DC / AC inverter 4 for conventional energy production and also to power the electrolyzer for the production of H 2 that will be used by the fuel cell to generate electricity.
  • Said inverter 4 feeds water pumps 6 and air compressors 7 of the plant, while solenoid valves 8 and flow meters 9 thereof are fed by the photovoltaic module 1 itself through DC / DC 5 converters.
  • the electrolyzer 3 is fed through other DC / DC converters 5, by the photovoltaic module 1 and by a rectifier 11 that connects with the conventional electrical network 12 and with said module 1 through a photoelectric switch 10.
  • FIG. 2 shows all the components of the energy production plant in this example, with reference to them in a more detailed description set forth below.
  • the plant is autonomous from the point of view of its operation, since during the day the solar panels provide enough energy to supply the needs for which the plant has been designed, to obtain hydrogen through an electrolyser and to the operation of all plant components.
  • the energy is supplied by the fuel cell that runs on the hydrogen generated from the electrolysis of the water and that is stored, for example, in the form of metal hydrides, the system having (fuel cell-metal hydrides) an autonomy of three days.
  • the system having (fuel cell-metal hydrides) an autonomy of three days.
  • there is a reserve of hydrogen stored in the form of pressurized gas whose autonomy can be variable and will depend on the specific characteristics of the place where the plant is going to be implemented.
  • the plant that is the object of the patent is completely portable, which makes it especially applicable for supplying electricity in remote locations and without access to commercial distribution networks, although it can be used in combination with them.
  • the plant has a control system that allows remote monitoring and control through a connection to
  • the main source of energy is the photovoltaic solar energy that is used during the day to generate the electricity necessary for the application in question and to power an electrolyzer that is used to produce hydrogen from the electrolysis of water. Hydrogen produced during the day is stored and consumed in a fuel cell at times when there is no sunlight, or excessive peaks occur, in energy demand.
  • the system includes the following components:
  • Solar panels can be sized to operate in two ways. One possibility is to use a part of the set of photovoltaic panels to generate the electrical energy necessary for the consumption of the application by converting AC using an inverter, and another part of the set would be used to directly feed the electrolyser, in direct current (DC ) without going through the inverter.
  • DC current DC
  • AC alternating current
  • the photovoltaic field is formed by a set of photovoltaic panels connected in series / parallel combinations.
  • the photovoltaic field produces electrical energy in the form of direct current, from the solar radiation that affects it.
  • Each photovoltaic panel generates a voltage and current, at the point of maximum power that depends on the panel model used.
  • This invention admits the use of any type of crystalline silicon, amorphous, organic or other silicon photovoltaic panel, as long as it allows its interconnection with others in series or in parallel, so that the final voltage and current can be adjusted.
  • connection of photovoltaic panels in series or in parallel allows to increase the total voltage or current of the photovoltaic field.
  • a voltage is generated that is the sum of the individual voltages of each panel, while the resulting current corresponds to that of a single panel of the photovoltaic field.
  • the current resulting from the field is the sum of the individual currents produced by each panel, while the final voltage corresponds to a single panel.
  • the photovoltaic field of the plant object of the present invention is sized and calculated according to the mode of operation, the energy needs of the application, and the specifications imposed by the hydrogen generator electrolyzer in terms of voltage and working current .
  • the serial / parallel connection of the photovoltaic field is optimized although, if necessary, a DC / DC converter can also be used between the photovoltaic field and the electrolyzer
  • An inverter that allows the transformation of the energy produced by the photovoltaic field or the fuel cell, in both cases in the form of direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) to feed the needs of the specific application, as well as the Compressor motors, pumps and the computerized monitoring and control system.
  • the power of the inverter is sized according to the energy demands of the specific application. The investor will be incorporated a PFC
  • the hydrogen generation system consists of an electrolyzer (EL) and a compressor (CP).
  • the electrical energy is used to carry out the electrolysis of the water in such a way that hydrogen is obtained in the cathode and oxygen in the anode.
  • the electrolyzer can be alkaline type or proton exchange membrane (PEM type).
  • PEM proton exchange membrane
  • high temperature electrolysers have been ruled out for safety reasons and due to the greater ease of operation of electrolysers operating at low temperature.
  • the water source to carry out the electrolysis comes from a storage tank (H 2 O).
  • the electrolyte can be a solution of sodium hydroxide NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH) that can be stored in the storage tank (H 2 O) or inside the electrolyzer itself, in which case in the tank storage
  • the electrolyser (EL) can operate with the electricity supplied directly from the solar photovoltaic panels (MF) or through the electrical energy coming from the commercial network. If it is fed from the solar panels it is necessary that they have the appropriate series / parallel configuration to provide the DC voltage that the electrolyser needs, or use a DC / DC converter to adapt the output voltage of the photovoltaic solar panels (MF ) with the working voltage of the electrolyzer (EL). In the event that the electrolyser (EL) is supplied with electricity from the commercial network, it will be necessary to use a current rectifier.
  • the output of the photovoltaic panels is connected to the input of a photoelectric switch.
  • This switch is connected to another input that is coupled to the current rectifier which in turn is connected to the commercial distribution network.
  • This switch allows the electrolyser to operate from the energy supplied by the photovoltaic panels (MF) or from the commercial network, if available, when there is no sun.
  • the direct current leaving the photoelectric switch is fed to the electrolyser to carry out the electrolysis of the water.
  • the position of the switch depends on the energy that comes from the photovoltaic panels (MF).
  • the switch is in the "Off” position while the electrical energy that arrives from the photovoltaic panels (MF) is not sufficient for the correct operation of the electrolyser (MF) the photoelectric switch goes to the "On” position, the electrolyser operating with the energy provided by the network, in case there is a connection to said network.
  • the water is removed from the hydrogen and it passes to the compressor (CP-H).
  • the compressor (CP-H) is put into operation when the hydrogen pressure at the outlet of the purification system (SP) reaches the appropriate value and compresses the gas to the pressure at which the pressure tanks are charged.
  • a pressure sensor (S-I) and a mass flow controller (CF-1) are used to control the operation of the compressor.
  • the mass flow controller (CF-I) will allow you to evaluate the performance of the electrolyzer (EL).
  • the electrolyser (EL) operates at a pressure high enough to be able to directly load the metal hydride tanks (HYDRAINS) the compressor (CP-H) will not be used. In this case, the hydrogen generated in the electrolyzer passes to the purification system (SP) and from it to the storage tanks.
  • HIDRUROS metal hydride tanks
  • a type of metal hydride has been chosen that allows hydrogen storage at low recharge pressure up to 10 Bars.
  • any type of metal hydride that needs a pressure of major recharge allows in some cases the direct storage of hydrogen produced by the electrolyser (depending on the pressure reached by the electrolyser), without the need for a compression stage, to the time that guarantees the safety in the operation of the plant.
  • Hydrogen stored in metal hydride tanks can be consumed in a fuel cell (FUEL BATTERY) when photovoltaic solar panels (MF) do not generate the required energy.
  • the storage capacity of the metal hydride tanks (HYDRATIONS) is measured by the pressure sensor (S-I). In hours of sunlight, if the pressure of the metal hydride tanks is less than a predetermined value, the electrolyzer (EL) and the compressor (CP-H) are started and the valve (EV-I) is opened with that the metal hydride tanks (HYDRATIONS) are loaded.
  • the metal hydride tanks (HYDRIDES) have reached the maximum loading pressure, or when the fuel cell (PILA) is put into operation
  • valve (EV-I) the valve (EV-I) is closed, the compressor (CP-H) and the electrolyser (EL) are stopped and the valve (EV-4) is opened that allows hydrogen to escape from the metal hydride tanks
  • the fuel cell (FUEL BATTERY) produces electrical energy from the stored chemical energy in a fuel like H 2 .
  • the fuel H 2 is fed into the anode, where it oxidizes producing electrons and
  • H + pass to the cathode through an electrolyte (typically polymeric membrane) where they combine with the O 2 ions resulting from oxygen reduction
  • the electrons generated in the anode are circulated to the cathode through an external circuit, in which a charge is placed, to close the system.
  • the type of fuel cell used in this invention is a low temperature fuel cell, which can be of the PEMFC, AFC, PAFC and other types, provided that H 2 is used as fuel.
  • the hydrogen that is supplied to the fuel cell comes from that which is stored in the metal hydrides (HYDRIDES) or in case of failure or prolonged periods with no sun, which is stored in the form of compressed gas in the compressed gas system. reserve (HYDROGEN).
  • the hydrogen flow that is fed to the fuel cell is a function of the power demanded and is controlled with the mass controller (FI) in the same way, the pressure of the H 2 that is fed to the battery is controlled by a proportional solenoid valve (P-2) and a pressure sensor (S-2).
  • the system is calculated and sized so that the necessary hydrogen is fed at all times, depending on the power demanded by the fuel cell. If necessary, hydrogen can be purged by opening the solenoid valve (EV-7). The oxygen needed to complete the electrochemical reaction that occurs in the fuel cell
  • the air is generated in a compressor (CP-A), passes through a filter (F) and is fed to the fuel cell through a tube and solenoid valve (EV-8).
  • the amount of air to be fed to the fuel cell (FUEL BATTERY) is variable and depends on the power required of it.
  • the air flow is controlled with the mass controller (F-2) and the pressure at which the air is fed, is controlled with the working regime of the compressor (CP-A).
  • the optimum working temperature of the fuel cell in our case, being low temperature fuel cells, is around 60 ° C.
  • a cooling circuit consisting of a water tank (DS), a booster pump (B-2), a heat exchanger (I -1), and two temperature sensors (at the entrance and exit of the battery).
  • the water is driven from the tank (DS) through the cooling circuit, by the pump (B-2), then passing to the heat exchanger (I -1) in which its temperature is adapted to the optimum input to the fuel cell (FUEL BATTERY). Subsequently, it enters the fuel cell in which it dissipates the necessary thermal power depending on the electrical power demanded and returns to the tank (DS).
  • the plant has a safety system to stop its operation in the event of hydrogen leaks. After stopping the system, all the pipes through which hydrogen circulates, as well as the fuel cell (FUEL BATTERY) are filled with nitrogen.
  • the control system closes the solenoid valves (EV-I) or (EV-
  • Figure 4 shows the mode of operation of the plant from the point of view of energy needs, while that in the scheme of Figure 3 its mode of operation is represented from the point of view of obtaining hydrogen. From the point of view of the system's energy demand, the plant operates as follows:
  • the plant object of the patent would work as support and / or replacement of the commercial network when there is a failure in it, while when the commercial network operates correctly the energy supplied by the Photovoltaic panels during the hours of sunlight or by the fuel cell, can be introduced into the commercial network once converted into alternating current by means of the DC / AC inverter.
  • the electrical energy coming from the commercial network will be used for the consumption of the needs of the application in question and to generate hydrogen by means of the electrolyser in the event that the tanks of hydrides are not full.
  • the fuel cell generates DC electricity from the reaction between a fuel, which in the case of the present application is hydrogen and an oxidant which in this case is the oxygen in the air.
  • a fuel which in the case of the present application is hydrogen
  • an oxidant which in this case is the oxygen in the air.
  • the battery In order for the battery to function properly and generate the desired energy, it must be supplied with the necessary hydrogen and air flow rates at the appropriate pressure. Therefore, for the fuel cell to be put into operation, it is first checked whether the hydrogen pressure in the storage system, whether they are hydride tanks, or pressure bullets, is correct.
  • the hydrogen production and storage system is checked, while the pressure of Hydrogen is correct, the flow rate and pressure of the air coming from the air compressor (CP-A) are checked;
  • the compressor is fed with an intermediate starting system (supercapacitors, etc).
  • the air flow is determined from the power demanded from the fuel cell (FUEL BATTERY) from the application and is regulated by the mass flow controller (F-2) while the air pressure is regulated from the Compressor speed (CP-A) using a PID controller designed for this application.
  • the DC electric current generated by the fuel cell is sent to the DC / AC inverter where it is converted into AC electric current that is used in the application in question.
  • the fuel cell tends to heat up when it is running. To avoid excessive heating and to achieve maximum performance of the fuel cell it is necessary to control the operating temperature of the fuel cell, by means of a cooling system.
  • FUEL is carried out using a circuit that uses water and consists of a water storage tank (DS), a recirculation pump (B-2) and a heat exchanger (I -1).
  • DS water storage tank
  • B-2 recirculation pump
  • I heat exchanger
  • the fuel cell temperature is controlled by regulating the water flow through the pump (B-2) depending on the operating temperature of the fuel cell (FUEL BATTERY). Hydrogen production can be followed by the scheme presented in Figure 3.
  • Hydrogen is obtained from the electrolysis of water in the electrolyzer (EL). Hydrogen production needs are determined from the pressure of the hydride tanks (HYDRAINS) that are measured by means of the pressure sensor of the availability of energy to power the electrolyser (EL) and the operation of the fuel cell (PILA).
  • HYDRAINS the pressure of the hydride tanks
  • HE hydride tanks
  • EL electrolyzer
  • EV-4 hydride tanks
  • HYDRID hydride tanks
  • Hydrogen will be obtained using energy from a commercial network if it is available.
  • the electrolyser (EL) will be put into operation when the DC voltage generated by the photovoltaic panels (MF) is adequate, while if the energy from a commercial network is used, the electric current AC will be transformed into DC and the electrolyzer voltage (EL) will be adapted using the rectifier.
  • the electrolyser (EL) works by producing hydrogen from the electrolysis of water as long as the maximum storage pressure of the hydride tanks (HYDRAUR) is not reached.
  • the hydrogen storage pressure in the hydride tanks (HYDRATIONS) is continuously recorded by the pressure sensor (SI). If the pressure at which the hydrogen is produced inside the electrolyzer (EL) is sufficient to recharge the hydride tanks (HYDRAUR) it would not be necessary to use a hydrogen compression system and the recharge of the hydride tanks would be carried out directly .
  • a compressor would be needed to compress the hydrogen that exits the electrolyzer (HYDRAUR) to the refill pressure of the hydride tanks (HYDRAUR) .
  • the hydrogen compressor (CP-H) would be put into operation when the pressure of the electrolyzer (EL) is necessary for its correct operation.
  • the pressure at which the electrolyzer (EL) supplies the hydrogen is continuously recorded by the pressure sensor integrated in the electrolyzer itself.
  • the valve (EV-I) would be opened and the compressor (CP-H) would be put into operation.
  • the hydride tanks (HYDRID) are full, which is detected by the pressure sensor (S-1), the compressor (CP-H) and the electrolyzer (EL) would stop and the valve (EV- I).
  • a plant monitoring and control system has been developed that allows the monitoring of the values of all the variables that define the behavior of the plant and the control of the plant. same.
  • the monitoring and control of the plant can be carried out in situ or remotely by means of a computer program that has been developed specifically for the patent application.
  • the program consists of 3 main stages: an initialization stage; a monitoring and control stage that runs continuously while the plant is running, and a completion stage.
  • the initialization stage the working conditions are indicated from the point of view of obtaining hydrogen and from the point of view of the generation of energy for the application in question.
  • a data acquisition and control system with several analog input and output modules to whose channels the measuring devices and actuators are connected respectively.
  • a set of temperature, pressure sensors, mass flow controllers, solar radiation and hydrogen sensors that allow monitoring the behavior of the plant.
  • a set of actuators such as valves and pumps, which allow to control the operation of the plant from the point of view of obtaining hydrogen and the energy needs of the application.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un système comprenant au moins un module de cellules photovoltaïques (1) alimentant un électrolyseur (3) qui génère de l'hydrogène et comprenant des moyens de stockage de l'hydrogène produit. Ledit système est pourvu d'au moins une pile à combustible (2) permettant de générer de l'énergie électrique à partir de l'hydrogène stocké. L'invention permet d'améliorer le rendement de la production d'énergie électrique à partir d'énergie photovoltaïque et facilite sa disponibilité grâce à l'utilisation de l'hydrogène comme vecteur énergétique de stockage intermédiaire.
PCT/ES2008/000680 2007-11-13 2008-11-04 Système de production d'hydrogène et d'énergie électrique à partir d'énergie photovoltaïque WO2009063104A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ESP200702993 2007-11-13
ES200702993A ES2325848B1 (es) 2007-11-13 2007-11-13 Sistema de produccion de hidrogeno y de energia electrica a partir de energia fotovoltaica.

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2009063104A1 true WO2009063104A1 (fr) 2009-05-22

Family

ID=40638362

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/ES2008/000680 WO2009063104A1 (fr) 2007-11-13 2008-11-04 Système de production d'hydrogène et d'énergie électrique à partir d'énergie photovoltaïque

Country Status (2)

Country Link
ES (1) ES2325848B1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2009063104A1 (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2021072429A1 (fr) * 2019-10-07 2021-04-15 Elektrikgreen, Inc Système de production d'électricité autonome
EP4060084A1 (fr) * 2021-03-18 2022-09-21 Siemens Energy Global GmbH & Co. KG Procédé et système d'électrolyse
US11697882B2 (en) 2021-06-03 2023-07-11 Analog Devices, Inc. Electrolyzer system converter arrangement

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
PL241425B1 (pl) * 2019-02-08 2022-09-26 Droździk Radosław Felicitas A-C Kontenerowa stacja wytwarzania i dystrybucji wodoru
ES1273894Y (es) * 2021-06-13 2021-10-19 Hernandez Angel Horacio Lagrana Lagrana Dispositivo con control inteligente distribuido para la generacion y recuperacion de energia mediante radiacion solar e hidrogeno
IT202100028289A1 (it) * 2021-11-08 2023-05-08 Comandu Angelo "sistema di accumulo a cella combustibile"

Non-Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
"Solar Energy", vol. 78, 12 March 2005, ELSEVIER LTD., article SHERIF ET AL.: "Wind energy and the hydrogen economy-review of the technology.", pages: 647 - 660 *
"Solar Energy", vol. 79, November 2005, ELSEVIER, ISSN: 0038-092X, article SHAPIRO, D. ET AL.: "Solar-powered regenerative PEM electrolyzer/futhe cell system.", pages: 544 - 550 *
HOLLENBERG, J.W. ET AL.: "Development of a photovoltaic energy conversion system with hydrogen energy storage.", INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY., vol. 20, no. 3, March 1995 (1995-03-01), pages 239 - 243 *
SZYSZKA, A.: "Ten years of solar hydrogen demonstration project at Neunburg vorm Wald", INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY., vol. 23, no. 10, October 1998 (1998-10-01), GERMANY., pages 849 - 860 *

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2021072429A1 (fr) * 2019-10-07 2021-04-15 Elektrikgreen, Inc Système de production d'électricité autonome
US11552317B2 (en) 2019-10-07 2023-01-10 ElektrikGreen, Inc. Autonomous power generation system
EP4060084A1 (fr) * 2021-03-18 2022-09-21 Siemens Energy Global GmbH & Co. KG Procédé et système d'électrolyse
US11697882B2 (en) 2021-06-03 2023-07-11 Analog Devices, Inc. Electrolyzer system converter arrangement

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2325848A1 (es) 2009-09-21
ES2325848B1 (es) 2010-06-25

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CN111139493B (zh) 一种太阳能光伏光热高温电解水制氢系统及制氢方法
Zoulias et al. A review on water electrolysis
JP6072491B2 (ja) 再生可能エネルギ貯蔵システム
US20080138675A1 (en) Hydrogen generation and storage method for personal transportation applications
JP5618952B2 (ja) 再生可能エネルギ貯蔵システム
AU2010245500A1 (en) Combined plant
BR112012026923B1 (pt) dispositivo de estocagem e de restauração de energia elétrica
US20140079593A1 (en) Renewable energy storage system
ES2325848B1 (es) Sistema de produccion de hidrogeno y de energia electrica a partir de energia fotovoltaica.
KR102434620B1 (ko) 외부 전력 없이 독립적으로 구동되는 태양광을 이용한 수소 생산 및 저장 시스템
Smolinka Water electrolysis: status and potential for development
Souleymane et al. Efficient utilization of waste heat from molten carbonate fuel cell in parabolic trough power plant for electricity and hydrogen coproduction
Zhang et al. Review on integrated green hydrogen polygeneration system——Electrolysers, modelling, 4 E analysis and optimization
CN113278987B (zh) 一种soec和ael电解耦合固体循环储放氢系统
CN115084580A (zh) 基于可逆固体氧化物电池可再生能源就地储能系统及方法
DK1984972T3 (en) REVERSIBLE FUEL CELL
KR20190066857A (ko) 태양광-수소 기반의 소형 전력 발생 장치 및 그 방법
CN116544470A (zh) 用于质子交换膜燃料电池电堆稳定性测试系统
CN217922341U (zh) 一种含热管理的集装箱式一体化电氢联产装置
CN215209640U (zh) 基于光伏电池的质子交换膜电解制氢装置
Krumdieck et al. Solid oxide fuel cell architecture and system design for secure power on an unstable grid
CN114725428A (zh) 一种以氨气为载体的零碳排放固体氧化物燃料电池与可再生能源联合发电系统
KR102387117B1 (ko) 열 및 신재생에너지를 이용한 발전 시스템
JPH04115470A (ja) 電力貯蔵発電装置
CN208585106U (zh) 带有太阳能发电装置的新能源汽车

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 08849751

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase

Ref document number: 08849751

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1