WO2009061555A1 - Procédés pour identifier des composés utiles pour la production d'huiles lourdes à partir de réservoirs souterrains - Google Patents

Procédés pour identifier des composés utiles pour la production d'huiles lourdes à partir de réservoirs souterrains Download PDF

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WO2009061555A1
WO2009061555A1 PCT/US2008/076529 US2008076529W WO2009061555A1 WO 2009061555 A1 WO2009061555 A1 WO 2009061555A1 US 2008076529 W US2008076529 W US 2008076529W WO 2009061555 A1 WO2009061555 A1 WO 2009061555A1
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property
compound
molecular model
bond
starting compound
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PCT/US2008/076529
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Geza Horvath Szabo
Michael Longpre
Fuenglarb Zabel
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Schlumberger Technology Corporation
Schlumberger Canada Limited
Services Petroliers Schlumberger
Schlumberger Holdings Limited
Schlumberger Technology B.V.
Prad Research And Development Limited
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Publication of WO2009061555A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009061555A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/26—Oils; Viscous liquids; Paints; Inks
    • G01N33/28—Oils, i.e. hydrocarbon liquids
    • G01N33/2823—Raw oil, drilling fluid or polyphasic mixtures

Definitions

  • SAGD steam assisted gravity drainage
  • CCS Huff and Puff and cyclic steam stimulation
  • the underperforming regions may be identified by measuring the temperature distribution along the injection wells with distributed temperature sensing (DTS) systems. These regions can then be treated with targeted coiled tubing (CT) delivery of chemicals. Optimally, the CT delivery should be performed during steam injection, although treatment in the steam interruption periods can also be considered. Integrated CT services may be delivered, which include both the recognition and chemical mitigation of problems stemming from reduced permeability or poorer quality reservoirs.
  • the oil can also be trapped when there are narrow passes in the capillaries, even in case of a water-wet reservoir. This is due to the Laplace pressure difference. High oil-water interfacial tension can also prevent the release of the organic phase from dead-capillary ends.
  • the reduced O/W IFT and the altered reservoir wetting during SAGD or CSS operations improve the useful transport processes within the steam chamber and in the water condensation region. These techniques, when applied locally, provide a number of advantages, including increased water flux through the solid matrix, homogeneous temperature distribution along the horizontal well, and homogeneous steam input into the formation along the horizontal well. When applied globally in a reservoir, an increase in oil production rate and steam chamber dimensions can be achieved, resulting in a reduced number of wells. Additionally, the life cycle is reduced and less residual oil remains in the reservoir after the total life cycle of the operation. [0005] It follows from the above that the reduction of the O/W IFT is an important consideration for increasing efficiency. Surfactants can be used to reduce interfacial tension.
  • Described herein are methods for identifying compounds useful for producing heavy oil from an underground reservoir.
  • the methods facilitate the development of chemicals with improved physicochemical properties.
  • the method generally involves first identifying a physicochemical property of a compound that needs to be improved in order to increase the efficiency of heavy oil removal from underground reservoirs.
  • the physicochemical property is calculated by molecular modeling using semi- empirical or ab-mitio calculations. By modifying the molecular model of the compound, the targeted physicochemical property can be optimized. After a suitable compound has been identified, the compound can be synthesized and evaluated.
  • Figure 1 shows a flow diagram for a process for optimizing a physicochemical property of a compound.
  • Figure 2 shows the geometrically optimized 3D model of the neutral sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) molecule.
  • Figure 3 shows the structurally optimized 3D model of neutral sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) molecule.
  • Figure 4 shows the temperature distribution after 240 days of steam injection during a SAGD recovery process, where the horizontal color-bar makes it possible to read the temperatures at different locations of the steam chamber in 0 C.
  • Figure 5 shows the flow rate distribution of the water phase in the vertical direction after 240 days of steam injection during a SAGD recovery process. The positive value of flow rate indicates downward flow toward the producing well while the negative value of flow rate indicates upward flow from the injection well.
  • Figure 6 shows the air/aqueous interfacial tension of SDBS solutions at 2O 0 C and atmospheric pressure as a function of solute mole fraction (X).
  • Figure 7 shows the air/aqueous interfacial tension of SDBS solutions at 2O 0 C and atmospheric pressure as a function of solute mole fraction (X).
  • Figure 8 shows the air/aqueous interfacial tension of SDS at 2O 0 C and atmospheric pressure as a function of solute mole fraction (X).
  • Figure 9 is a flow diagram showing the recursive improvement of multiple physicochemical properties.
  • Optional or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not.
  • Techniques for producing heavy oils include, but are not limited to, steam foams, foams formed with noncondensable gas. steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD). cyclic steam stimulation (CSS). or steam flooding processes. However, other applications such as enhanced oil recovery or flow assurance can also be considered. In general, the compounds will be used under harsh conditions ⁇ e.g., high temperature and pressure). Thus, compounds possessing physicochemical properties that are compatible with these techniques can be useful in increasing the removal efficiency of heavy oils.
  • the method comprises: selecting a starting compound useful in producing heavy oil from an underground reservoir and a physicochemical property of the starting compound to be improved; constructing a molecular model of the starting compound; constructing a combined property associated with the physicochemical property of the starting compound using one or more sub-properties of a sub-property set of the starting compound; calculating the combined property of the molecular model of the starting compound; altering the molecular model of the starting compound to produce a modified molecular model; calculating the combined property of the modified molecular model; comparing the combined property of the modified molecular model with the combined property of the molecular model of the starting compound: and determining if the combined property of the modified molecular model is improved relative to the combined property of the molecular model of the starting compound.
  • the first step involves selecting a starting compound useful in a process for producing heavy oil that has at least one physicochemical property that can be improved upon. By improving at least one physicochemical property of the starting compound, the efficiency of heavy oil removal is ultimately increased.
  • a number of different types of compounds are used to remove heavy oils from underground reservoirs. For example, surfactants, polymers, emulsifiers. demulsificrs. corrosion inhibitors, asphaltene inhibitors, gas hydrate inhibitors, foam forming compounds, and any combination thereof can be injected into a reservoir.
  • the starting compound can be modified and evaluated in order to determine if one or more physicochemica! properties of the modified compound have improved.
  • the term "physicochemical property *" is defined herein as any inherent property of a compound that can be altered by modifying the compound.
  • the selection of the physicochemical property can vary depending upon the end use of the compound.
  • the physicochemical property of the compound of interest ⁇ e.g., a surfactant or polymer
  • the physicochemical property is the performance of the compound.
  • the term ''performance is defined herein as the ability of the compound to improve oil recovery. In the case when the compound is a surfactant, there are different ways to measure the improved recovery.
  • improved oil recovery occurs when the surfactant increases the total recovered oil ⁇ i.e., integrated recovery) over time compared to the absence of surfactant.
  • the increase of the oil recovery rate in the presence of surfactant can be measured.
  • core flooding experiments in the presence and absence of surfactant can be performed and the total amounts of recovered oil can be compared.
  • Other physicochemical properties include, but are not limited to, (1) increasing the solubility of molecules belonging to a specific molecular class; (2) improving the dielectric permittivity of molecules; (3) improving the interfacial activity of surfactants; (4) improving the oil solubilization capability of surfactants; (5) improving the emulsion breaking capabilities of demulsifiers; (6) improving the corrosion inhibition capability of corrosion inhibitors; (7) increasing the adsorption of molecules on solid/liquid, liquid/liquid, or liquid/gas interfaces, (8) improving the performance of gas hydrate inhibitors ⁇ i.e., capability to prevent gas hydrate formation or deposition), (9) improving the performance of asphaltene inhibitors ⁇ i.e., prevent asphaltene association, precipitation or deposition), (10) improving the thermal stability and/or foam stability of steam or noncondensable gas foams, ( I I ) increasing the viscosity of foams.
  • a molecular model of the starting compound is produced.
  • a model is selected to define the intra- and inter- molecular interactions in the system.
  • the two most common models that are used in molecular modeling are quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics.
  • the selection of the molecular modeling program can be based partially on the physicochemical property and sub-property of the physicochemical property to be evaluated.
  • the physicochemical property to be evaluated is thermal stability
  • the sub-property associated with thermal stability that can be evaluated may be, but is not limited to, decomposition energy, decomposition rate, enthalpy of formation, enthalpy of decomposition, flash point, bond dissociation energy of the bond having the smallest bond order, hydrolysis energy of the bond having the smallest bond order, hydrolysis energy in the presence of silica of the bond having the smallest bond order, hydrolysis energy in the presence of clays of the bond having the smallest bond order, or any combination thereof.
  • the molecular modeling program evaluates the sub-property.
  • the term "evaluate” as used herein involves qualitatively and/or quantitatively determining the sub-property. For example, if the physicochemical property is thermal stability, and the sub-property is bond dissociation energy, the bond dissociation energy of several bonds in the starting compound can be provided by the molecular modeling program. Moreover, if the physicochemical property is thermal stability, the sub-property set may include the reaction rate and/or the activation energy of the decomposition reaction. One can approach these terms by considering the energy changes during the decomposition process. Spontaneous processes have a negative free energy (G) change.
  • the free energy change ⁇ G ⁇ H - T ⁇ S (where ⁇ H is the enthalpy change, T is the absolute temperature, and ⁇ S is the entropy change).
  • ⁇ G calculated for the difference between the reactants and product is negative, the chemical reaction is naturally occurring without outside intervention. Therefore, it is crucial to know the free energy change to decide whether or not a reaction will proceed spontaneously.
  • a molecule is thermally unstable if the G of the (assumed) decomposition products is smaller than the G of the original molecule.
  • a molecule is thermally unstable, it is important to know the reaction rates of the decomposition.
  • the decomposition rates are important because, although a selected molecule could be thermodynamically unstable, its application is still feasible if the decomposition rate is low enough. There may be a considerable difference between the decomposition rates of two molecules having the same decomposition ⁇ G.
  • the reaction energy path determines reaction rates. The reaction should overcome the activation energy barrier. The higher the barrier, the slower is the reaction. The activation energy barrier is associated with the energy of the activated complex.
  • the reaction rates are also dependent on temperature, because for a chemical reaction to have a significant rate there must be a noticeable number of molecules with the energy equal or greater than the activation energy. The most common way to increase the population of higher energy molecules is to increase the temperature. One can calculate the activation energy from the structure of the activated complex using molecular modeling software.
  • the physicochemical property may comprise prevention of asphaltene association, precipitation, or deposition, and the sub-property set will comprise the association energy between asphaltene molecules and the association energy between the asphaltene inhibitor and asphaltene molecules.
  • two or more sub-properties can be used to evaluate a physicochemical property.
  • the P( I ), ... , P(N) sub-property set could be the solute-solute interaction energy (Euu) " solvent-solvent interaction energy (Ew).
  • P(combined) can be expressed by the following equation: (n V ⁇ j x Evu) - (iivv x Ew) - (iimi x Euu)- where n V u is the number of solvent molecules in the first solvation layer surrounding the solute: and iiw and nuu are the coordination numbers in the pure solvent and solute, respectively. If the solute is an electrolyte, then the Born energy is also included in the sub-property set. [0032] In another aspect, when the physicochemical property is the frequency dependent dielectric permittivity, then the P(I), ...
  • P(N) sub-property set can be the molar volume, dipole moment, and the rotational diffusion coefficient.
  • P(combined) can be calculated based upon these sub-properties.
  • the sub- property includes the Hydrophile-Liphophile Balance (HLB) number (i.e., balance between the oil soluble and water soluble moieties in a surface active molecule), adsorption enthalpy, and critical micelle concentration (CMC) value (i.e., the concentration above which the formation of micelles is observable) of the surfactant.
  • HLB Hydrophile-Liphophile Balance
  • CMC critical micelle concentration
  • the molecular model of the starting compound is modified.
  • the modification of the starting compound is intended to improve the selected sub-property of the starting compound.
  • the term "improve " ' is defined herein as any enhancement of the sub- property of the modified compound relative to the starting compound.
  • the bond dissociation energy of a selected bond in the modified compound can be higher when compared to the same or similar bond in the starting compound.
  • the bond dissociation energy of the weakest bond in the modified compound can be higher when compared to the bond dissociation energy of the weakest bond of the starting compound.
  • the improvement can also be the reduction of a desired property.
  • the modified compound can exhibit reduced hydrophilicity compared to the starting compound (i.e., increased hydrophobic ity).
  • the methods described herein can be applied sequentially to improve more than one physicochemical property. During the improvement of the second physicochemical property, the first one might be altered. In the event this occurs, a recursive application of the design process can be introduced as depicted in Figure 9. For example, when a surfactant is evaluated, the F(j) physicochemical property of the surfactant can be thermal stability and the F(j+1) physicochemical property is the ability of the surfactant to remove heavy oil from the reservoir (i.e., performance).
  • Step 9 in Figure 1 After the physicochemical property(ies) of the modeled compound have been optimized, the modeled compound is synthesized and the physicochemical properties are evaluated experimentally. In the case when it is not feasible or economic to synthesize the modified compound (Step 9 in Figure 1), Step 5 in Figure 1 can be repeated by modifying the starting compound differently to produce a modified compound that is easier to synthesize. In the case when the modeled compound is commercially available, it is not necessary to synthesize the compound. When experimentally evaluating the modeled compound, it is desirable to reproduce the conditions in the underground reservoir. For example, when evaluating the thermal stability of the compound, SAGD process conditions can be used.
  • reaction conditions e.g., component concentrations, desired solvents, solvent mixtures, temperatures, pressures, and other reaction ranges and conditions that can be used to optimize the product purity and yield obtained from the described process. Only reasonable and routine experimentation will be required to optimize such process conditions.
  • reaction conditions e.g., component concentrations, desired solvents, solvent mixtures, temperatures, pressures, and other reaction ranges and conditions that can be used to optimize the product purity and yield obtained from the described process. Only reasonable and routine experimentation will be required to optimize such process conditions.
  • EXAMPLE 1 Improve the Thermal Stability of Surfactants Useful in SAGD
  • sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant is CC and the physicochemical property (F(J)) is thermal stability.
  • T) Construct a molecular model of CC (MM-CC).
  • P( I) enthalpy of formation, P(2) - flash point, etc.
  • P(combined) bond dissociation energy of the bond having the smallest bond number
  • P(coinbined + 1 ) hydrolysis energy
  • P(combined + 2) hydrolysis energy in the presence of silica, etc.
  • the bond dissociation energy of the S39-O38 sulfur-oxygen bond in SDS is 32.73 kcal/mol. This is smaller than the bond dissociation energy of the S38-C46 sulfur-carbon bond in SDBS. which is 81 .24 kcal/mol. Consequently, it is more difficult to break the weakest bond in SDBS than in SDS.
  • SDBS is an industrially produced surfactant
  • the synthesis of the new molecule is feasible and economic.
  • the feasibility of synthesizing the new compound will be evaluated.
  • F(J) was defined in Step 1 of Figure 1 as the thermal stability of the chemical compound ⁇ CC). The thermal stability and the actual thermal conditions of the SAGD process for evaluating the thermal stability were evaluated. a) Thermal stability
  • Thermal instability of a compound can be characterized by the decomposition rate of the compound under the given conditions. This rate is temperature dependent. Sophisticated instrumentation is necessary to measure reaction rates. It is easier to measure the percentage of the activity decay of the chemical compound after holding the material at a specified temperature for a given time i.e , after heat treatment. The surface activity decrease of the compound is the most relevant, because this property is related to the intended usage of surfactants in the SAGD process for the removal of heavy oil.
  • the surface activity of the surfactant by i ⁇ tcrfacial tension measurements was characterized.
  • the air-water inlerfacial tension as a function of the natural logarithm of the mole fraction of the surfactant was plotted. From this plot, the Gibbs adsorption excess can be calculated. This plot is also instrumental in obtaining the critical micellar concentration (CMC) from the break point of the curve.
  • CMC critical micellar concentration
  • the shift of the CMC value of the heat treated material as compared to the original one is related to the amount of the missing (decomposed) surfactant molecules (i.e., it is only possible to plot the apparent concentration of the surfactant since the amount of the decomposed fraction is not known).
  • the CMC (original surfactant) / CMC (partially decomposed surfactant) ratio is equivalent to the concentration of the active (non-decomposed) compound in the heat treated compound / total concentration of the initially present compound.
  • the ratio quantitatively characterizes the amount of decomposed surfactant and, thus, the thermal stability. There is no decomposition if the ratio is 1 , with increasing decomposition as the ratio decreases.
  • the concentration shift of any pre-selected interfacial tension (IFT) value can be used to characterize the thermal stability, because the decomposition is equivalent to a transformation (division with a constant) of the concentration axis.
  • Other experimental techniques such as, for example, the determination of the dissolved number of moles by osmometry, can also be used to detect the thermal decomposition. However, this technique is qualitative. Thus, CMC (original surfactant) / CMC (partially decomposed surfactant) was used to evaluate FG)(N-CC).
  • thermal strain ttie surfactant experiences when it is used under SAGD conditions was determined. There are two components of the thermal strain: the temperature and the time the material is exposed to this temperature. Reservoir simulation was used to obtain these parameters at different stages of the production. The ECLIPSE reservoir simulation program, available from Schliimberger Technology Corporation of Sugar Land, Texas, USA. was used for the calculations.
  • Figure 4 show 1 ; the temperature distribution fifter ? ⁇ 0 days of stefim injection during a SAGD recovery process.
  • Figure 5 shows the flow rate distribution of the water phase in the vertical direction after 240 days of steam injection during a SAGD recovery process.
  • Table 3 shows the residence times of a water soluble material in the steam chamber of the SAGD process along with the corresponding temperatures at different stages of production. The residence times together with the corresponding temperatures determine the thermal strain. The results indicate that the injected surfactant should survive about 25O 0 C for 1 day at least.
  • the reaction vessel such as a Parr 4791 25 ml reactor was thoroughly cleaned to prevent contamination. If there was any discoloration/oxidation present from previous heating on the interior of the vessel, the metal was exposed with a mild abrasive such as Scotch-Brite pads. The entire interior of the vessel was first cleaned with warm water, concentrated laboratory soap, and a soft brush. Care must be taken to vigorously rinse the vessel to remove all traces of soap. The interior of the vessel was then rinsed with high purity de-ionized (DI) water (resistivity of 18.2 M ⁇ ) to remove any contamination from the tap water. Finally, a high purity volatile water soluble solvent such as HPLC Grade acetone was used to remove excess water in the vessel. Solvent that does not completely evaporate is removed by using compressed nitrogen.
  • DI de-ionized
  • the reactor is loaded with the sample in an oxygen-free environment, such as a nitrogen atmosphere glovebox, to simulate downhole conditions.
  • Oxygen-free high purity DI water was used to make solutions and limit the amount of oxygen present.
  • Oxygen-free water was made by boiling water for 30 minutes in an oxygen-free environment.
  • the container must be sealed after boiling to prevent oxygen in the atmosphere from dissolving back into the water.
  • the glovebox has all of the components necessary to charge the vessel before nitrogen purging begins. This includes the reaction pressure vessel, tools to seal the vessel, oxygen-free water, pipettes to transfer water, and the surfactant sample.
  • the surfactant sample having a known mass between 0.5 - 1.5 grams is placed in a sealed container of known mass.
  • the oxygen free DI water was added to the reactor.
  • the solubility of each surfactant in water at 20 0 C should be checked prior to charging so that enough oxygen free DI water is added to the vessel to ensure that the surfactant powder completely dissolves.
  • the liquid volume in the pressure vessel does not exceed more than half of the total volume of the vessel to allow for expansion.
  • the surfactant powder is slowly added to create a solution. Once the components were added, the reactor was sealed with the appropriate tools and removed from the glovebox. The mass of the empty container that held the surfactant was measured again to determine the residual mass of surfactant, and accordingly the mass of surfactant added to the reactor.
  • the reaction vessel was heated with an apparatus such as a heating jacket that is coupled with a controller to regulate the fluid temperature, which is measured by a thermocouple inside the vessel.
  • the interior of the vessel is at atmospheric pressure before heating.
  • the pressure inside the vessel is approximately equal to the vapor pressure of pure water at the temperature of the fluid.
  • Insulation such as aramid tape, was wrapped around the reaction vessel to prevent excessive heat loss at higher temperatures. The time that the fluid takes to reach the temperature setpoint and the time that the fluid remains at the setpoint was recorded. Once the desired time interval at the setpoint was reached, the power to the heater was disengaged, any insulation was removed, and the vessel was left to cool unaided.
  • the mass concentration (grams surfactant / grams total) was determined using the recorded surfactant powder mass in the vessel and the total mass of solution. The mass of DI water and surfactant required was considered in advance so that the rinsed solution is not too dilute for the forthcoming air/aqueous interfacial tension measurements.
  • CMC critical micelle concentration
  • SDBS was tested by thermally treating the compound at various time intervals and temperatures. The thermal stability of the compound was evaluated by comparing the plot of the air/aqueous interfacial tension as a function of the molar fraction of surfactant in solution on a logarithmic scale. Figures 6 and 7 show the air/aqueous interfacial tension of SDBS as a function of solute mole fraction after thermal treatment at various temperatures. There was no evident shift in the CMC after the SDBS was thermally treated at three different temperatures for varying time intervals, which indicates that there was no decomposition during thermal treatment. 12) Experimental measurement of either the physicochemical property (F(J)), or measurement and calculation of P(combined).
  • Step 1 1 the thermal stability of SDS under SAGD process conditions was evaluated.
  • Figure 8 shows the Air/Aqueous Interfacial Tension of SDS at 2O 0 C and atmospheric pressure as a function of Solute Mole Fraction (X).
  • CMC original surfactant
  • CMC partially decomposed surfactant
  • SDBS has improved thermal stability when compared to SDS and may be suitable for producing heavy oil using SAGD process conditions.
  • Various modifications and variations can be made to the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein. Other aspects of the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein will be apparent from consideration of the specification and practice of the compounds, compositions and methods disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary.

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Abstract

L'invention porte sur des procédés pour identifier des composés utiles pour produire de l'huile lourde à partir d'un réservoir souterrain. Les procédés facilitent le développement de produits chimiques avec des caractéristiques physicochimiques améliorées. Les procédés consistent généralement dans un premier temps à identifier une propriété physicochimique d'un composé nécessitant d'être amélioré dans le but d'augmenter le rendement du retrait d'huile lourde de réservoirs souterrains. Ensuite, la propriété physicochimique est calculée par modélisation moléculaire à l'aide de calculs semi-empiriques ou ab-initio. Par la modification du modèle moléculaire du composé, la propriété physicochimique cible peut être optimisée. Une fois qu'un composé approprié a été identifié, le composé peut être synthétisé et évalué.
PCT/US2008/076529 2007-11-05 2008-09-16 Procédés pour identifier des composés utiles pour la production d'huiles lourdes à partir de réservoirs souterrains WO2009061555A1 (fr)

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US12/015,229 US20090114387A1 (en) 2007-11-05 2008-01-16 Methods for identifying compounds useful for producing heavy oils from underground reservoirs
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