WO2009060166A1 - Contrôle du pas de réseau dans des cristaux photoniques - Google Patents

Contrôle du pas de réseau dans des cristaux photoniques Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009060166A1
WO2009060166A1 PCT/GB2008/003310 GB2008003310W WO2009060166A1 WO 2009060166 A1 WO2009060166 A1 WO 2009060166A1 GB 2008003310 W GB2008003310 W GB 2008003310W WO 2009060166 A1 WO2009060166 A1 WO 2009060166A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
particles
lattice
photonic crystal
crystal
tuneable
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2008/003310
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Christopher Bower
David Snoswell
Brian Vincent
Jeremy Baumberg
Original Assignee
Eastman Kodak Company
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Eastman Kodak Company filed Critical Eastman Kodak Company
Publication of WO2009060166A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009060166A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/19—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on variable-reflection or variable-refraction elements not provided for in groups G02F1/015 - G02F1/169
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
    • G02F1/133509—Filters, e.g. light shielding masks
    • G02F1/133514—Colour filters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/165—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
    • G02F1/1685—Operation of cells; Circuit arrangements affecting the entire cell
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B2006/12083—Constructional arrangements
    • G02B2006/1213—Constructional arrangements comprising photonic band-gap structures or photonic lattices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F2202/00—Materials and properties
    • G02F2202/32—Photonic crystals
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F2202/00—Materials and properties
    • G02F2202/36—Micro- or nanomaterials
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F2203/00—Function characteristic
    • G02F2203/34—Colour display without the use of colour mosaic filters

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of photonic crystals, in particular to the rapid control of the lattice spacing between the particles in solution based crystals.
  • photonic crystals have a wide variety of applications in optoelectronics, lasers, metamaterials, flat lenses, sensors, wavelength filters and display devices.
  • a common route to fabrication of photonic crystals is to use self-assembly of colloids into colloidal crystals. This self- assembly process can be achieved by a range of different methods such as sedimentation, centrifugation, filtration, shear alignment or evaporative deposition.
  • electric fields can be used to assemble close packed arrays of colloids. For example see (Electrophoretic assembly of colloidal crystals with optically tunable micropatterns R. C. Hayward, D. A. Saville & I. A.
  • Arsenault et al used a similar approach to create a tunable display element that uses a solvent swellable polymer matrix with an embedded photonic crystal to create an electrically tunable display element, see Arsenault, A. C; Puzzo, D. P.; Manners, I.; Ozin, G. A. Nature Photonics 2007, 1, 468.
  • the lattice spacing of the crystal is determined by the diameter of the close packed, monodisperse spheres, and remains fixed once the crystal structure has formed.
  • the range over which the lattice spacing can be tuned within previous systems is limited by the flexibility of the polymer matrix, which restricts the wavelength range over which a device might operate. Furthermore, the speed with which the lattice spacing can be changed is also dependent upon how rapidly the polymer matrix can be compressed or extended. Typically times in the order of 0.5 — Is are required which makes the photonic crystal in a polymer matrix arrangement unsuitable for a wide range of electro-optical devices, such as optical switches and displays for video-rate applications that require response times in the order of milliseconds or less.
  • WO 02/091028 describes such an embodiment in which the colloidal particles used to form the crystal are constrained by parallel plates with a separation of less than twice the particle diameter. Although this avoids some of the issues with unwanted flows the confinement to 2D crystals reduces the efficiency of the filter since there is only a single layer of particles available to diffract the incident light. A more efficient filter device should ideally have a number of such layers so as to form a 3D diffraction grating.
  • metamaterials can be used to create metamaterials, since a metamaterial in the broadest sense is a material that is structured with features much smaller than the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation of interest and results in material properties that cannot be achieved by conventional materials.
  • a metamaterial in the broadest sense is a material that is structured with features much smaller than the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation of interest and results in material properties that cannot be achieved by conventional materials.
  • C Luo, S Johnson, J Joannopoulos, J Pendry "Negative refraction without negative index in metallic photonic crystals” Optics Express, 2003.
  • a further method to create negative index materials has been demonstrated by D. R. Smith, W. Padilla, D. C. Vier, S. C. Nemat-Nasser, and S.
  • a limitation with the methods described in the prior art is the speed with which the crystal lattice spacing can be tuned.
  • the methods that utilise a polymer matrix are limited to the speed with which the polymer matrix can be deformed or swelled. This therefore limits the applications for which these methods are suitable, since for example, in order to create a tunable display element for use in displaying video images, the tuning rate must be on the order of a few milliseconds to avoid blurring of the images.
  • the aim of the invention is to provide a method of rapidly controlling the lattice spacing of particles in a liquid suspension that does not suffer from the problems and limitations of the methods known in the prior art.
  • the present invention uses an electric field to interactively control the spacing of a photonic crystal in liquid suspension.
  • a method of controlling the particle spacing of a regular lattice of substantially monodisperse particles in a solution based photonic crystal by use of a high frequency alternating electric field, the lattice being formed between parallel plate electrodes with a separation of at least twice the particle diameter, at least one of the electrodes being largely transparent.
  • the present invention allows the rapid, dynamic, reversible control of particle spacing within crystals. As the particles are charged electrostatic forces prevent the surfaces from touching. However the particles are held in a hexagonal close packed (HCP) pattern by temporary dipoles induced by the electric field. Since the separation of the particles within the crystal is controlled by the electric field changing the field intensity can change the lattice spacing. The changes to the lattice spacing are reversible and rapid, occurring within a few milliseconds.
  • the present invention allows rapid, accurate, reversible, dynamic positioning of the particles in a suspension.
  • the spacing can be controlled in a rapid, reversible and reproducible manner.
  • the invention allows for a greater separation of the electrodes thereby increasing the number of layers in the photonic crystal structure which leads to improved optical properties of the device.
  • Figures Ia and Ib are schematic overhead and side views respectively of the layout of the electrodes used in an embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 2 is a graph illustrating switching speed of the photonic crystal structure
  • Figure 3 is a graph illustrating tuning of the diffraction peak
  • Figure 4 is a graph also illustrating tuning of the diffraction peak, for a more concentrated colloid solution
  • Figure 5 is a schematic side view of a display device with a panchromatic light source.
  • Figure 1 illustrates the layout of the parallel plate electrodes used to demonstrate the method of the invention.
  • Two electrodes 1, 2 are arranged parallel to each other with a liquid suspension 7 of particles situated in the gap therebetween.
  • the gap is at least twice the particle diameter.
  • the particles in the suspension are substantially monodisperse with a standard deviation of 5% or less.
  • the particles can be polymeric, such as Polystyrene PS, PolyMethylMethAcrylate PMMA or other polymer or mix of polymers, inorganic such as Silica, Titania, Zinc Sulphide or other inorganic.
  • the particles may have a uniform composition or they may have a layered core-shell structure in which layers of different material are present, such as alternating metal and dielectric layers, inorganic and polymer layers or possibly hollow particles with polymeric or inorganic shells.
  • Monodisperse liquid drops which can be created by passing through a narrow capillary or micro fluidic device, may also be used if coalescence of the drops is prevented by using charge adsorbed particles or steric stabilisation of the droplets.
  • the droplets can be a liquid crystal solution.
  • the particles can be dispersed within a liquid crystal solution to further increase the tunability of the crystal.
  • the particle suspension 7 is in contact with both electrodes 1, 2 and is held in place by seals or a gasket 6 that prevents liquid from leaking out.
  • the seals or gasket can be made from any inert material that does not react with the particle suspension and is not a source of ions or other contaminants that might change the overall salt concentration or conductivity of the suspension, for instance, photoresist, Polytetratfluoroethane (PTFE), Polydimethylsioloxane (PDMS), or other inert polymer materials are all suitable. At least one of the electrodes is largely transparent.
  • the electrodes are connected to a high frequency AC source 5, to create a field with an amplitude in the range of 0.01 V/ ⁇ m to lOV/ ⁇ m.
  • Figure 2 shows switching speed data taken from 1.5 wt% suspensions of 200nm polystyrene latex spheres studied by angle resolved spectrometry (detector 65 degrees from normal, 650nm wavelength illumination) and video microscopy.
  • the applied ac voltage is amplitude modulated by a 500Hz square wave.
  • the use of a high intensity white light laser enabled low noise data to be collected.
  • pillar-like crystal structures could be formed between two parallel plate ITO electrodes (area 4x4mm, gap 15 micron) as observed by video microscope. Lateral spacing of the mobile crystal pillars reached an equilibrium after approximately one minute giving rise to some enhanced scattering close to the reflected beam.
  • Figure 3 shows tuning of the diffraction peak from 600nm to 800nm by varying the electric field intensity by varying the applied field strength in a 1.5% w/w PS solution. Detector angle is +65 degrees from normal, with sample illuminated at 45 degrees from normal.
  • Figure 4 shows tuning of the diffraction peak in a more concentrated particles suspension of 10% w/w PS. The peak in the attenuation of transmitted light (normal incidence) is tuned by the application of an AC electric field. Dashed lines indicates no field, a solid line indicates an electric field is applied
  • Figure 4 shows that high concentration (10 wt%) suspensions of 173nm particles in contact with ion exchange resin have been found to crystallise when sandwiched between parallel ITO electrodes with a gap of approximately 30 microns.
  • the low ion concentration (equivalent to -0.00 ImM KCl) reduces electrostatic shielding and results in long range electrostatic repulsions between charged particles.
  • Calculations reveal that although these particles are held in crystal formations, surface separations of neighbouring particles are approximately 160nm. Particles ordered this way produce high quality photonic crystals exhibiting attenuation of transmitted light of up to 92% at the stop band wavelength of 728nm. These crystals could be 'squeezed' by the application of field intensities of ⁇ 1 million V/m (40OkHz sinewave), thereby shifting the stopband to 714nm.
  • the salt concentration can be adjusted to control the equilibrium particle separation, since higher concentrations will further shield the electrostatic charge on the particles and therefore decrease the separation. However, at concentrations of more than around 0.0 ImM, the charged particles are now so close together that the tunable range is severely reduced. At even higher salt concentrations, the particles may start to aggregate.
  • electrohydrodynamic flows can lead to disruption of the ordered crystal structure, particularly when the applied AC field is around IkHz or less. Such unwanted flows were avoided by using a much higher driving frequency of greater than 1 kHz.
  • the experiment described above demonstrates the rapid assembly of colloidal crystals in an electric field. In addition, it demonstrates the dynamic, rapid, reversible control over the lattice spacing.
  • the ability to interactively tune the lattice spacing of a photonic crystal is of particular use in optoelectronics for tuneable filter elements, or flat lenses with tuneable optical properties, and also in the display industry where it can be used as part of a tuneable colour element in a display or as tuneable optical filter for a CCD, CMOS or other image capture device, for example film camera or thermal imager.
  • An alternative approach might use a field-sequential mode of capture or display wherein the red, green and blue fields are either captured or displayed sequentially.
  • a further variation on this mode of display or capture would be to use additional colour fields to suit a particular application or to improve the colour gamut, for instance in addition to the red, green, blue fields, one might have a yellow field.
  • an array of pixels, each with broad spectral emission, typically white is combined with a large area tunable colour filter which covers the whole of the pixel array.
  • grey scale is provided by varying the intensity of emission of each pixel and colour is provided by tuning the filter to the appropriate spectral band.
  • a complete image frame comprises sub- frames made up of separate colour records, presented sequentially at a rate which is below the integration time and above the flicker frequency threshold of the eye.
  • Suitable emissive pixel technologies would include white organic light emitting diode (OLED) including both small molecule OLED and polymeric technologies, plasma panels, quantum dot emitters, white LEDs and field emission.
  • OLED white organic light emitting diode
  • a large-area tunable colour filter might also be used in conjunction with a broad spectral light source to form the basis of a colour tunable element used in solid state lighting, with variable colour temperature.
  • FIG. 5 shows a display device having a panchromatic light source with a photonic crystal colour tunable filter operating in field sequential mode.
  • the panchromatic light source 51 is a white OLED device which has been pixelated so that the intensity of the pixel output can be controlled to create grey scale as required for image display.
  • This is combined with a photonic crystal filter device 52, in which the entire filter is switched sequentially to allow red, green or blue light to be transmitted from the pixels in the OLED device.
  • Extra colour fields such as a yellow, cyan or violet might be added to the red, green and blue fields to improve the colour gamut of the display.
  • the device can be used to control different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. For instance, particles in the size range of 100-600nm might be used for a device to operate in the visible part of the spectrum, whilst particles in the micrometer size range would be used to make a device operate in the infrared region of the spectrum. Use of even larger particles would allow operation in the terahertz and microwave region of the spectrum.
  • the particles described in the examples have a fixed charge on their surface, equivalent to a zeta potential of at least 1OmV, preferably greater than 4OmV, which provides the repulsive force that keeps them separated. This force is balanced by the attractive dipole forces generated by the electric field.
  • the minimum requirement is a mutual repulsion of the particles that can be provided by other means such as steric repulsion due to an adsorbed layer or layers, comprising surfactant or oligomer or polymer, or of charged particles or other dispersant on the particle surface for instance, thus relaxing the requirement for a permanent surface charge.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Nanotechnology (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)
  • Optical Modulation, Optical Deflection, Nonlinear Optics, Optical Demodulation, Optical Logic Elements (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé permettant de contrôler l'espacement des particules d'un réseau régulier de particules sensiblement monodispersées dans un cristal photonique en solution, grâce à l'utilisation d'un champ électrique alternatif à haute fréquence, le réseau étant formé entre des électrodes à plaque parallèles avec une séparation d'au moins deux fois le diamètre des particules, au moins une des électrodes étant sensiblement transparente.
PCT/GB2008/003310 2007-11-10 2008-10-01 Contrôle du pas de réseau dans des cristaux photoniques WO2009060166A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0722131.0 2007-11-10
GBGB0722131.0A GB0722131D0 (en) 2007-11-10 2007-11-10 Control of lattice spacing within crystals

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2009060166A1 true WO2009060166A1 (fr) 2009-05-14

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2012131295A1 (fr) 2011-04-01 2012-10-04 Cambridge Enterprise Limited Matériaux colorés structuraux et procédés pour leur fabrication
EP2562588A1 (fr) * 2011-08-24 2013-02-27 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Panneau d'image couleur comprenant un filtre accordable utilisant un cristal photonique et procédé d'affichage d'images couleur
WO2015171437A1 (fr) * 2014-05-06 2015-11-12 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Atténuateur de lumière variable composite
DE112010003038B4 (de) * 2009-07-22 2017-01-05 Nanobrick Co., Ltd. Anzeigeverfahren und -vorrichtung unter Ausnutzung photonischer Kristalleigenschaften
US9561615B2 (en) 2011-01-12 2017-02-07 Cambridge Enterprise Limited Manufacture of composite optical materials

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0168988A2 (fr) * 1984-06-21 1986-01-22 University Of Pittsburgh Filtre de radiations électromagnétiques constitué par un colloide à structure cristalline
WO2006067482A2 (fr) * 2004-12-23 2006-06-29 Eastman Kodak Company Regulation de l'espacement de reseau dans des cristaux

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0168988A2 (fr) * 1984-06-21 1986-01-22 University Of Pittsburgh Filtre de radiations électromagnétiques constitué par un colloide à structure cristalline
WO2006067482A2 (fr) * 2004-12-23 2006-06-29 Eastman Kodak Company Regulation de l'espacement de reseau dans des cristaux

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
SNOSWELL D R E ET AL: "Dynamic control of lattice spacing within colloidal crystals", NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS, INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS PUBLISHING, BRISTOL, GB, vol. 8, no. 11, 1 November 2006 (2006-11-01), pages 267 - 267, XP020107583, ISSN: 1367-2630 *

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE112010003038B4 (de) * 2009-07-22 2017-01-05 Nanobrick Co., Ltd. Anzeigeverfahren und -vorrichtung unter Ausnutzung photonischer Kristalleigenschaften
US9561615B2 (en) 2011-01-12 2017-02-07 Cambridge Enterprise Limited Manufacture of composite optical materials
WO2012131295A1 (fr) 2011-04-01 2012-10-04 Cambridge Enterprise Limited Matériaux colorés structuraux et procédés pour leur fabrication
EP2562588A1 (fr) * 2011-08-24 2013-02-27 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Panneau d'image couleur comprenant un filtre accordable utilisant un cristal photonique et procédé d'affichage d'images couleur
JP2013045113A (ja) * 2011-08-24 2013-03-04 Samsung Electronics Co Ltd カラー画像パネル、これを利用したカラー画像表示装置及び表示方法
CN102955315A (zh) * 2011-08-24 2013-03-06 三星电子株式会社 彩色图像面板以及使用其显示彩色图像的装置和方法
KR101928432B1 (ko) * 2011-08-24 2018-12-13 삼성전자주식회사 칼라 영상 패널, 이를 이용한 칼라 영상 표시 장치 및 표시 방법
WO2015171437A1 (fr) * 2014-05-06 2015-11-12 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Atténuateur de lumière variable composite
US9442293B2 (en) 2014-05-06 2016-09-13 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Composite variable light attenuator

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