WO2009056853A1 - Apparatus and methods for detecting strain in structures - Google Patents

Apparatus and methods for detecting strain in structures Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009056853A1
WO2009056853A1 PCT/GB2008/003700 GB2008003700W WO2009056853A1 WO 2009056853 A1 WO2009056853 A1 WO 2009056853A1 GB 2008003700 W GB2008003700 W GB 2008003700W WO 2009056853 A1 WO2009056853 A1 WO 2009056853A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
clamp
sensor
strain
perimeter
attached
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2008/003700
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Rogerio T. Ramos
Damon Richard Roberts
Stephene Vannuffelen
Original Assignee
Services Petroliers Schlumberger
Schlumberger Holdings Limited
Schlumberger Canada Limited
Schlumberger Technology B.V.
Prad Research And Development Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Services Petroliers Schlumberger, Schlumberger Holdings Limited, Schlumberger Canada Limited, Schlumberger Technology B.V., Prad Research And Development Limited filed Critical Services Petroliers Schlumberger
Publication of WO2009056853A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009056853A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/007—Measuring stresses in a pipe string or casing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L9/00—Measuring steady of quasi-steady pressure of fluid or fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elements; Transmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means
    • G01L9/0001—Transmitting or indicating the displacement of elastically deformable gauges by electric, electro-mechanical, magnetic or electro-magnetic means
    • G01L9/0007—Transmitting or indicating the displacement of elastically deformable gauges by electric, electro-mechanical, magnetic or electro-magnetic means using photoelectric means
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/01—Devices for supporting measuring instruments on drill bits, pipes, rods or wirelines; Protecting measuring instruments in boreholes against heat, shock, pressure or the like
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/06—Measuring temperature or pressure
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/08—Measuring diameters or related dimensions at the borehole
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/26—Storing data down-hole, e.g. in a memory or on a record carrier
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/16—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. optical strain gauge
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
    • G01L1/24—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet
    • G01L1/242—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet the material being an optical fibre
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
    • G01L1/24—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet
    • G01L1/242—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet the material being an optical fibre
    • G01L1/246—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet the material being an optical fibre using integrated gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L11/00—Measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by means not provided for in group G01L7/00 or G01L9/00
    • G01L11/02—Measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by means not provided for in group G01L7/00 or G01L9/00 by optical means
    • G01L11/025—Measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by means not provided for in group G01L7/00 or G01L9/00 by optical means using a pressure-sensitive optical fibre
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L5/00—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M15/00—Testing of engines

Definitions

  • This invention relates to apparatus and methods for detecting strain in structures.
  • it relates to strain detection in structures such as oil and gas pipes and supporting structures in oil and gas installations or the like.
  • the area of concern for this invention is the monitoring of structures by measuring strain. More specifically, the measurement of strain in order to infer the perimeter of a structure as it changes with time, temperature, pressure or any other parameter.
  • a first aspect of the invention provides an apparatus for monitoring physical parameters of a structure, comprising:
  • a strain sensor attached to the clamp an arranged so as to detect strain in the direction of the perimeter of the structure, preferably around the periphery of the structure.
  • the clamp can be a strap or belt or a compliant material, and may be shaped to the outside shape of the structure.
  • the clamp is made using composite material.
  • the strain sensor can embedded into the clamp in one preferred embodiment.
  • the sensor may comprise an optical sensor such as an optical fibre sensor, for example a fibre Bragg grating based sensor, an interferometric sensor, or the like.
  • the structure to which the apparatus is applied is typically a pipe or tube, such an oil and/or gas pipe, or a water pipe.
  • the structure may also be a sub sea structure such as a sub sea riser.
  • the structure may be located below the surface and may be totally or partially buried.
  • a data collection unit may also be attached to the structure or the clamp.
  • the data collection unit can include an optical interrogation unit operating, for example, by means of spectrum analysis.
  • a second aspect of the invention provides a method of monitoring a structure, comprising:
  • the strain information may be used to calculate the perimeter dimensions of the structure, the temperature of the structure, the outer pressure of the structure, or the inner pressure of the structure.
  • Figure 1 shows one embodiment of an apparatus according to the invention
  • Figure 2 shows an embodiment of the invention installed on a structure to be monitored
  • Figure 3 shows a flow chart of a method according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • the embodiment of the invention shown therein comprises a ring-type clamp 11 , typically made out of a composite material.
  • the clamp 11 is formed in two semicircular halves secured together using a securing system 12.
  • the securing system comprises two nut and bolt arrangements on opposite sides of the clamp.
  • Other releasable securing systems can also be used and it is also possible to replace one securing system with a hinge.
  • the shape of the claim 11 in Figure 1 is circular, although other shapes can be used depending on the shape of the structure to be monitored.
  • a strain sensor 13 is located on the clamp 11 or imbedded into the clamp material (as is shown in Figure 1).
  • the clamp 11 is made of composite material and the sensor 13 is an optical fibre Bragg grating sensor.
  • a structure to be monitored for example a pipe or tube, such an oil and/or gas pipe, or a water pipe, or a sub sea structure such as a sub sea riser, means that strain imposed on the clamp 11 by the structure can in turn be measured by the sensor 13.
  • the direction of the strain measured will depend on the configuration of the clamp.
  • the sensor 13 will measure the tangential strain in the clamp 11 which in turn is created by the behaviour of the structure at its periphery or perimeter where the clamp is located.
  • Figure 2 shows a clamp 31 attached to a structure 32 such as a pipe.
  • a data collection unit 33 is also be attached to the structure 32 by means of further clamps or other locating devices and connected to the sensor in the clamp 31 by a cable 34.
  • the data collection unit can include a battery or other power source or can be connected to a power source by means of a cable.
  • data stored in the unit 33 can be delivered to a processing system directly via a cable, or by periodically downloading the data via a wireless link in response to interrogation by a reader.
  • FIG 3 shows a flow diagram of the steps in a method according to one embodiment of the invention to calculate internal pressure of a structure, such as a pipe line, using the clamped system of Figure 2 using a fibre Bragg grating sensor.
  • a first step 40 data is collected from the sensor referenced to a centre wavelength of the fibre Bragg grating mounted in the clamp. This approach has been used in other fibre Bragg grating devices.
  • the data is then translated from the centre-wavelength referenced data into a strain measurement (42). This can be done in one of a number of known ways, dependent on the exact form and orientation of sensor used.
  • the strain measurement can then in turn be used to calculate the hoop strain on the clamp (44) and from this the perimeter dimensions of the structure beneath the clamp can be determined (46), knowing the dimensions of the clamp and using the known physical properties of the clamp material and structure.
  • the internal pressure of the pipe can be calculated (48). Other properties such as the temperature of the structure, the outer pressure of the structure can also be calculated from this data.
  • Steps 42-48 can be performed in a processing unit remote from the structure and sensor if desired. Also, a series of measurement over time can be made to determine time-varying properties of the pipe or other structure being monitored.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Geophysics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Length Measuring Devices By Optical Means (AREA)
  • Testing Or Calibration Of Command Recording Devices (AREA)

Abstract

An apparatus for monitoring physical parameters of a structure, comprises a clamp that in use is placed to embrace the structure to be monitored; and a strain sensor attached to the clamp an arranged so as to detect strain in the direction of the perimeter of the structure. A method of monitoring a structure, comprises placing a clamp to embrace the structure to be monitored, the clamp having a strain sensor attached thereto; and collecting information from the strain sensor attached to the clamp placed in order to detect strain in the direction of the perimeter of the structure.

Description

APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR DETECTING STRAIN IN STRUCTURES
Technical Field
[0001] This invention relates to apparatus and methods for detecting strain in structures. In particular, it relates to strain detection in structures such as oil and gas pipes and supporting structures in oil and gas installations or the like.
Background Art
[0002] The area of concern for this invention is the monitoring of structures by measuring strain. More specifically, the measurement of strain in order to infer the perimeter of a structure as it changes with time, temperature, pressure or any other parameter.
[0003] The monitoring of structures is of great importance in many areas, in particular in the oil and gas industry, even more important in sub sea environment where access to the structures is difficult. For example, a pipeline running at the sea bed between an offshore production location to a transportation hub may need to be monitored to provide information on the perimeter of the pipe in order to estimate internal pressure.
Disclosure of Invention
[0004] A first aspect of the invention provides an apparatus for monitoring physical parameters of a structure, comprising:
- a clamp that in use is placed to embrace the structure to be monitored; and
- a strain sensor attached to the clamp an arranged so as to detect strain in the direction of the perimeter of the structure, preferably around the periphery of the structure.
[0005] The clamp can be a strap or belt or a compliant material, and may be shaped to the outside shape of the structure. In a preferred embodiment, the clamp is made using composite material. The strain sensor can embedded into the clamp in one preferred embodiment.
[0006] The sensor may comprise an optical sensor such as an optical fibre sensor, for example a fibre Bragg grating based sensor, an interferometric sensor, or the like. [0007] The structure to which the apparatus is applied is typically a pipe or tube, such an oil and/or gas pipe, or a water pipe. The structure may also be a sub sea structure such as a sub sea riser. [0008] The structure may be located below the surface and may be totally or partially buried. [0009] A data collection unit may also be attached to the structure or the clamp.
The data collection unit can include an optical interrogation unit operating, for example, by means of spectrum analysis. [0010] A second aspect of the invention provides a method of monitoring a structure, comprising:
- placing a clamp to embrace the structure to be monitored, the clamp having a strain sensor attached thereto; and
- collecting information from the strain sensor attached to the clamp placed in order to detect strain in the direction of the perimeter of the structure.
[0011] The strain information may be used to calculate the perimeter dimensions of the structure, the temperature of the structure, the outer pressure of the structure, or the inner pressure of the structure.
[0012] Further aspects of the invention will be apparent from the following description.
Brief Description of Figures in the Drawings
[0013] Figure 1 shows one embodiment of an apparatus according to the invention;
Figure 2 shows an embodiment of the invention installed on a structure to be monitored; and '
Figure 3 shows a flow chart of a method according to an embodiment of the invention.
Mode(s) for Carrying Out the Invention
[0014] Referring now to Figure 1 , the embodiment of the invention shown therein comprises a ring-type clamp 11 , typically made out of a composite material. In this embodiment, the clamp 11 is formed in two semicircular halves secured together using a securing system 12. In this case, the securing system comprises two nut and bolt arrangements on opposite sides of the clamp. Other releasable securing systems can also be used and it is also possible to replace one securing system with a hinge. The shape of the claim 11 in Figure 1 is circular, although other shapes can be used depending on the shape of the structure to be monitored.
[0015] A strain sensor 13 is located on the clamp 11 or imbedded into the clamp material (as is shown in Figure 1). In one possible embodiment, the clamp 11 is made of composite material and the sensor 13 is an optical fibre Bragg grating sensor. By providing the clamp 11 with a sensor that measures strain, securing the clamp 11 to a structure to be monitored, for example a pipe or tube, such an oil and/or gas pipe, or a water pipe, or a sub sea structure such as a sub sea riser, means that strain imposed on the clamp 11 by the structure can in turn be measured by the sensor 13. The direction of the strain measured will depend on the configuration of the clamp. In the embodiment of Figure 1, the sensor 13 will measure the tangential strain in the clamp 11 which in turn is created by the behaviour of the structure at its periphery or perimeter where the clamp is located.
[0016] Figure 2 shows a clamp 31 attached to a structure 32 such as a pipe. A data collection unit 33 is also be attached to the structure 32 by means of further clamps or other locating devices and connected to the sensor in the clamp 31 by a cable 34. The data collection unit can include a battery or other power source or can be connected to a power source by means of a cable. Likewise, data stored in the unit 33 can be delivered to a processing system directly via a cable, or by periodically downloading the data via a wireless link in response to interrogation by a reader.
[0017] Figure 3 shows a flow diagram of the steps in a method according to one embodiment of the invention to calculate internal pressure of a structure, such as a pipe line, using the clamped system of Figure 2 using a fibre Bragg grating sensor. In a first step 40, data is collected from the sensor referenced to a centre wavelength of the fibre Bragg grating mounted in the clamp. This approach has been used in other fibre Bragg grating devices.
[0018] The data is then translated from the centre-wavelength referenced data into a strain measurement (42). This can be done in one of a number of known ways, dependent on the exact form and orientation of sensor used. The strain measurement can then in turn be used to calculate the hoop strain on the clamp (44) and from this the perimeter dimensions of the structure beneath the clamp can be determined (46), knowing the dimensions of the clamp and using the known physical properties of the clamp material and structure. Finally, by knowing the physical structure of the pipe and its material properties, and its environment, the internal pressure of the pipe can be calculated (48). Other properties such as the temperature of the structure, the outer pressure of the structure can also be calculated from this data.
[0019] Steps 42-48 can be performed in a processing unit remote from the structure and sensor if desired. Also, a series of measurement over time can be made to determine time-varying properties of the pipe or other structure being monitored.
[0020] Changes can be made while remaining within the scope of the invention. For example, multiple sensors can be provided in a single clamp. Also, multiple clamps can be provided spaced along the structure of interest.

Claims

Claims
1. An apparatus for monitoring physical parameters of a structure, comprising:
- a clamp that in use is placed to embrace the structure to be monitored; and
- a strain sensor attached to the clamp an arranged so as to detect strain in the direction of the perimeter of the structure.
2. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the sensor detects strain around the periphery of the structure.
3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein clamp is a strap or belt or a compliant material.
4. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , 2 or 3, wherein the clamp is shaped to the outside shape of the structure.
5. Apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the clamp is made using composite material.
6. Apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein strain sensor is embedded into the clamp.
7. Apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the sensor comprises an optical sensor.
8. Apparatus as claimed in claim 7, wherein the sensor is an optical fibre sensor.
9. Apparatus as claimed in claim 8, wherein the optical fibre sensor comprises a fibre Bragg grating based sensor, or any other interferometric sensor.
10. Apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the structure to which the apparatus is applied is a pipe or tube.
11. Apparatus as claimed in claim 10, wherein the structure is an oil, gas pipe and/or water pipe.
12. Apparatus as claimed in any of claims 1-9, wherein structure is a sub sea structure.
13. Apparatus as claimed in claim 12, wherein the structure is a sub sea riser.
14. Apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the structure is located below the surface.
15. Apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the structure is totally or partially buried.
16. Apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein a data collection unit is attached to the structure or the clamp.
17. Apparatus as claimed in claim 16, wherein the data collection unit includes an optical interrogation unit.
18. Apparatus as claimed in claim 17, wherein the optical interrogation unit operates by means of spectrum analysis.
19. A method of monitoring a structure, comprising:
- placing a clamp to embrace the structure to be monitored, the clamp having a strain sensor attached thereto; and
- collecting information from the strain sensor attached to the clamp placed in order to detect strain in the direction of the perimeter of the structure.
20. A method as claimed in claim 19, comprising using the strain information to calculate the perimeter dimensions of the structure, the temperature of the structure, the outer pressure of the structure, or the inner pressure of the structure.
21. A method as claimed in claim 19 or 20 wherein the clamp comprises an apparatus as claimed in any of claims 1-18.
PCT/GB2008/003700 2007-11-01 2008-10-31 Apparatus and methods for detecting strain in structures WO2009056853A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0721436.4 2007-11-01
GB0721436.4A GB2454220B (en) 2007-11-01 2007-11-01 Apparatus and methods for detecting strain in structures

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WO2009056853A1 true WO2009056853A1 (en) 2009-05-07

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WO2015099763A1 (en) * 2013-12-27 2015-07-02 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Mounting bracket for strain sensor
CN105890534A (en) * 2015-01-19 2016-08-24 中国计量学院 High-temperature pressure pipeline outer wall strain guide rod fiber grating sensing device
US9512711B2 (en) 2014-02-24 2016-12-06 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Portable attachment of fiber optic sensing loop
US10060249B2 (en) 2013-06-05 2018-08-28 Eth Zurich Method and device for measuring pressure exerted by earth material
WO2020037388A1 (en) * 2018-08-18 2020-02-27 Monflex Tec Engenharia De Integridade Ltda. System for monitoring the integrity of risers and maritime structures using deformation sensors installed by clamps, and methods for installing and calibrating the pre-tension on deformation sensors for monitoring the integrity of risers
CN115014612A (en) * 2022-06-29 2022-09-06 马鞍山钢铁股份有限公司 Pipeline real-time stress monitoring device and stress adjusting method thereof
US12128080B2 (en) * 2018-06-19 2024-10-29 Nsc Pharma Gmbh & Co. Kg Electrospun fibers containing nanodispersions and their use for the treatment of wounds

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CN104500035B (en) * 2014-12-09 2017-09-29 中国石油天然气集团公司 The method for improving the online stress mornitoring data precision of down-hole casing post distribution type fiber-optic
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US10060249B2 (en) 2013-06-05 2018-08-28 Eth Zurich Method and device for measuring pressure exerted by earth material
RU2622949C1 (en) * 2013-12-27 2017-06-21 Халлибертон Энерджи Сервисез, Инк. Installation brackets for strain gauge transducer
GB2535378A (en) * 2013-12-27 2016-08-17 Halliburton Energy Services Inc Mounting bracket for strain sensor
CN105899759A (en) * 2013-12-27 2016-08-24 哈里伯顿能源服务公司 Mounting bracket for strain sensor
WO2015099763A1 (en) * 2013-12-27 2015-07-02 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Mounting bracket for strain sensor
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