WO2009054543A1 - Ampa receptor antagonists and zonisamide for parkinson's disease and movement disorders - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides methods for treating Parkinson's disease by administering to patients therapeutically effective amounts of AMPA receptor antagonists, optionally in combination with zonisamide. The invention provides methods for treating movement disorders by administering to patients therapeutically effective amounts of AMPA receptor antagonists, optionally in combination with zonisamide. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions, combinations, and kits comprising therapeutically effective amounts of AMPA receptor antagonists, and optionally, zonisamide.

Description

Description

AMPA Receptor Antagonists and Zonisamide for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders

Related Application

This application claims priority under 35 U.S. C. § 119 to US Provisional Application No. 60/996,075 filed on October 26, 2007, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

Field of the Invention

The invention provides pharmaceutical compositions, combinations, and kits comprising AMPA receptor antagonists and zonisamide, and methods using AMPA receptor antagonists and zonisamide for treating Parkinson's disease and movement disorders.

Background of the Invention

Cardinal features of Parkinson's disease include resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability. These symptoms are mainly treated with dopaminergic drugs, such as L- DOPA (i.e., 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine) and the combination of L-DOPA with decarboxylase inhibitors, dopamine agonists, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and/or catechol-o- methy transferase. NMDA-type glutamate receptor antagonists and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists are also used. Patients with advanced Parkinson's disease also often have parkinsonism and dyskinesia. Amantadine and atypical antipsychotic drugs are used for the treatment of dyskinesia.

Other movement disorders include spinocerebellar degeneration, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, Parkinsonian syndrome, Huntington's disease, Lewy body disease, restless leg syndrome, tardive dyskinesia, tics, Tourette syndrome, dystonia, myoclonus, spasticity, chorea, ballism, ataxia, akathisia, athetosis, rigidity, and tremors. While there is no established protocol for treating these diseases, some drugs have been found to be useful for some of these disease conditions. For example, benzodiazepines are useful for myoclonus, and dystonia. Monoamine-depleting drugs and dopamine antagonists are useful for hyperkinetic disorders like chorea, ballism, and tics.

AMPA receptor antagonists include 1,2-dihydropyridine compounds. An exemplary 1,2- dihydropyridine compound is perampanel [i.e., 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-phenyl-l,2- dihydropyridin-2-one], and is described in US Patent No. 6,949,571. Methods for treating diseases and administering these compounds in conjunction with a cholinesterase inhibitor are described in WO 2006/107859 and WO 2006/107860. Methods for treating diseases and administering these compounds in conjunction with a NMDA receptor antagonist are described in WO 2008/111590. Zonisamide [i.e., 3-sulfamoylmethyl-l,2-benzisoxazole and l,2-benzisoxazole-3- methanesulfonamide; e.g., Merck Index, 12th Ed., 10323(1996)] is disclosed for its usefulness as an antiepileptic drug for treating various epilepsy seizures (Japanese Examined Application No. 60-33114, Japanese Examined Application No. 61-59288, US Patent No.4, 172,896, Epilepsy Research 29, 109-114, 1998), for treating ischemic brain disorder (Japanese Examined Application No. 7-84384, US Patent No. 5,128,354, Brain Research 770, 115-122, 1997), and for treating diseases caused by neurodegeneration such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, chorea syndrome and distonia syndrome for it shows extremely strong suppressant action to dopaminergic neurodegeneration induced by MPTP (l-methyl-4-phenyl-l,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine) (Japanese Patent No. 3364481, Neurosci. Res., 41, 397-399, 2001, Current Pharmaceutical Design, 10, 687-693, 2004.).

There is a need in the art for treating Parkinson's disease, and movement disorders using novel pharmaceutical compositions or combinations. The invention is directed to these, as well as other, important goals.

Summary of the Invention

The invention provides methods for treatment and/or prophylaxis of Parkinson's disease in a patient in need thereof by administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one AMPA receptor antagonist (e.g., 1,2-dihydropyridine compound), optionally in combination with zonisamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In one embodiment, the AMPA receptor antagonist is 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l -phenyl- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one. The methods for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of Parkinson's disease include the treatment and/or prophylaxis of one or more symptoms of Parkinson's disease.

The invention provides methods for treatment and/or prophylaxis of movement disorders in a patient in need thereof by administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one AMPA receptor antagonist (e.g., 1 ,2-dihydropyridine compound), optionally in combination with zonisamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In one embodiment, the AMPA receptor antagonist is 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-phenyl-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one. The methods for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of movement disorders include the treatment and/or prophylaxis of one or more symptoms of the movement disorders.

The invention provides pharmaceutical compositions, combinations, and kits comprising a therapeutically effective amount of at least one AMPA receptor antagonist (e.g., 3-(2- cyanophenyl)-5 -(2 -pyridyl)-l -phenyl- l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one), and optionally zonisamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The invention provides pharmaceutical compositions, combinations, and kits comprising a therapeutically effective amount of: (i) at least one AMPA receptor antagonist (e.g., 3-(2- cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)- 1 -phenyl- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one), and (ii) optionally zonisamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

These and other aspects of the invention are described in more detail herein.

The present invention relates to the following: (1) A pharmaceutical composition comprising:

(A) an AMPA receptor antagonist, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and

(B) zonisamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and

(C) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carries.

(2) The pharmaceutical composition of (1), wherein the AMPA receptor antagonist, pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, hydrate thereof, or the hydrate of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is a compound of Formula (III), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein the compound of Formula (III) is:

wherein X¹, X² and X³ are each independently a single bond, an optionally substituted Ci_-6 alkylene, an optionally substituted C_2-6 alkenylene, an optionally substituted C_2-6 alkynylene, -O-, -S-, -CO-, -SO-, -SO₂-, -N(R⁶)-, -N(R⁷)-C0-, -CO-N(R⁸)-, -N(R⁹)-CH₂-, -CH₂-N(R¹⁰)-, -CH₂-CO-, -CO-CH₂-, -N(R¹¹VS(O)_1n-, -S(O)_n-N(R¹²)-, -CH₂-S(O)_P-, -S(O)_q-CH₂-, -CH₂-O-, -0-CH₂-, -N(R¹³)-CO-N(R¹⁴)- or -N(R¹⁵)-CS-N(R¹⁶); R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are each independently hydrogen, Ci_-6 alkyl, or Ci_-6 alkoxy; m, n, p and q are each independently an integer of O, 1 or 2; A¹, A² and A³ are each independently an optionally substituted C_3-8 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C_3-8 cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted 5- to 14-membered non-aromatic heterocyclic ring, an optionally substituted C_6-I4 aromatic hydrocarbocyclic ring, or an optionally substituted 5 to 14-membered aromatic heterocyclic ring; and R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or Ci_-6 alkyl.

(3) The pharmaceutical composition of (1), wherein the AMPA receptor antagonist, pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, hydrate thereof, or hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-phenyl-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(4) The pharmaceutical composition (1), wherein the composition is used for treating Parkinson's disease.

(5) The pharmaceutical composition of (1), wherein the composition is used for treating a movement disorder. . -

(6) The pharmaceutical composition of (1), wherein the composition is used for treating one or more symptoms of a movement disorder.

(7) A combination comprising:

(A) an AMPA receptor antagonist, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and

(B) zonisamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(8) The combination of (7), wherein the AMPA receptor antagonist, pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, hydrate thereof, or the hydrate of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is a compound of Formula (III), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein the compound of Formula (III) is:

wherein X¹, X² and X³ are each independently a single bond, an optionally substituted C_]-6 alkylene, an optionally substituted C_2-6 alkenylene, an optionally substituted C_2-6 alkynylene, -O-, -S-, -CO-, -SO-, -SO₂-, -N(R⁶)-, -N(R⁷)-C0-, -CO-N(R⁸)-, -N(R⁹)-CH₂-, -CH₂-N(R¹⁰)-, -CH₂-CO-, -CO-CH₂-, -N(R¹¹^S(O)_1n-, -S(O)_n-N(R¹²)-, -CH₂-S(O)_P-, -S(O)_q-CH₂-, -CH₂-O-, -0-CH₂-, -N(R¹³)-CO-N(R¹⁴)- or -N(R¹⁵)-CS-N(R¹⁶); R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are each independently hydrogen, Ci_-6 alkyl, or Ci_-6 alkoxy; m, n, p and q are each independently an integer of O, 1 or 2; A¹, A² and A³ are each independently an optionally substituted C_3-8 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C_3-8 cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted 5- to 14-membered non-aromatic heterocyclic ring, an optionally substituted C_6-I4 aromatic hydrocarbocyclic ring, or an optionally substituted 5 to 14-membered aromatic heterocyclic ring; and R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or Ci_-6 alkyl.

(9) The combination of (7), wherein the AMPA receptor antagonist, pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, hydrate thereof, or hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-phenyl-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(10) The combination of (7), wherein (A) and (B) are administered separately to a patient or are administered to a patient in the form of a pharmaceutical composition.

(11) The combination of (7), wherein the combination is used for treating Parkinson's disease.

(12) The combination of (7), wherein the combination is used for treating a movement disorder.

(13) The combination of (7), wherein the combination is used for treating one or more symptoms of a movement disorder.

(14) Use of compounds (A) and (B) for producing a pharmaceutical composition in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, wherein (A) and (B) are:

(A) an AMPA receptor antagonist, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and

(B) zonisamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(15) Use of compounds (A) and (B) for producing a pharmaceutical composition in the treatment of a movement disorder, wherein (A) and (B) are: (A) an AMPA receptor antagonist, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (B) zonisamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(16) Use of compounds (A) and (B) for producing a pharmaceutical composition in the treatment of one or more symptoms of a movement disorder, wherein (A) and (B) are: (A) an AMPA receptor antagonist, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (B) zonisamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(17) The use of any one of (14) to (16), wherein the AMPA receptor antagonist, pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, hydrate thereof, or the hydrate of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is a compound of Formula (III), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein the compound of Formula (III) is:

wherein X¹, X² and X³ are each independently a single bond, an optionally substituted C_1-6 alkylene, an optionally substituted C_2-6 alkenylene, an optionally substituted C_2-6 alkynylene, -O-, -S-, -CO-, -SO-, -SO₂-, -N(R⁶)-, -N(R⁷)-C0-, -CO-N(R⁸)-, -N(R⁹)-CH₂-, -CH₂-N(R¹⁰)-, -CH₂-CO-, -CO-CH₂-, -N(R¹ VS(O)_n,-, -S(O)_n-N(R¹²)-, -CH₂-S(O)_P-, -S(O)_q-CH₂-, -CH₂-O-, -0-CH₂-, -N(R¹³)-CO-N(R¹⁴)- or -N(R¹⁵)-CS-N(R¹⁶); R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are each independently hydrogen, Ci_-6 alkyl, or Ci_-6 alkoxy; m, n, p and q are each independently an integer of O, 1 or 2; A¹, A² and A³ are each independently an optionally substituted C_3-8 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C_3-8 cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted 5- to 14-membered non-aromatic heterocyclic ring, an optionally substituted C_6-I₄ aromatic hydrocarbocyclic ring, or an optionally substituted 5 to 14-membered aromatic heterocyclic ring; and R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or Ci_-6 alkyl.

(18) The use of any one of (14) to (16), wherein the AMPA receptor antagonist, pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, hydrate thereof, or hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-phenyl-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(19) The use of any one of (14) to (16), wherein (A) and (B) are administered separately to a patient or are administered to a patient in the form of a pharmaceutical composition.

(20) Compounds (A) and (B) for use in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, wherein (A) and (B) are: (A) an AMPA receptor antagonist, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (B) zonisamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(21) Compounds (A) and (B) for use in the treatment of a movement disorder, wherein (A) and (B) are:

(A) an AMPA receptor antagonist, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and

(B) zonisamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(22) Compounds (A) and (B) for use in the treatment of one or more symptoms of a movement disorder, wherein (A) and (B) are:

(A) an AMPA receptor antagonist, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and

(B) zonisamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(23) A kit comprising the pharmaceutical composition of any one of (1) to (6) or the combination of any one of (7) to (13).

(24) A method for treating Parkinson's disease comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of any one of (1) to (4) or a therapeutically effective amount of the combination of any one of (7) to (11).

(25) A method for treating a movement disorder comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of any one of (1) to (3), and (5) or a therapeutically effective amount of the combination of any one of (7) to (10), and (12).

(26) A method for treating one or more symptoms of a movement disorder comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of any one of (1) to (3), and (6) or a therapeutically effective amount of the combination of any one of (7) to (10), and (13).

Detailed Description of the Invention

"Patient" refers to animals, preferably mammals, more preferably humans. The term "patient" includes men and women; and includes adults, children and neonates. In one embodiment, the patient can be an animal companion, such as a dog or a cat.

"Active ingredient" refers to the AMPA receptor antagonists and zonisamide, described herein, that are responsible for treatment and/or prophylaxis of a disease or disorder. The active ingredients may have mechanisms of action that are known or unknown, and the active ingredients may have one or more mechanisms of action. The active ingredient may have an asymmetric carbon depending on the type of substituent and may have a stereoisomer (e.g., a geometric isomer, an enantiomer, a diastereomer or the like). The active ingredient or a stereoisomer thereof may form a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. The active ingredient, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a stereoisomer thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a stereoisomer thereof may be an anhydride, and may form a solvate. The active ingredient, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a stereoisomer thereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a stereoisomer thereof or a solvate thereof may be crystalline or amorphous. Crystalline polymorphs may exist in the active ingredient, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a stereoisomer thereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a stereoisomer thereof or a solvate thereof, although not limited thereto and any form of crystal may exist alone or in combination, which are within the scope of the present invention. "Treatment" and "treating" refer to the acquisition of a desired pharmacological effect and/or physiologic effect. These effects are prophylactic in terms of completely or partially preventing a disease and/or one or more symptom(s) of the disease, and therapeutic in terms of partially or completely curing a disease and/or one or more symptoms caused by a disease. "Treatment" and "treating" include any treatment of a disease (e.g., Parkinson's disease, movement disorders) in a patient including, for example: (a) to prevent a disease or one or more symptom(s) of the disease in a patient who is suspected of being predisposed to the disease but not yet been diagnosed as having the disease or who has previously been diagnosed as having the disease but is not currently diagnosed as having the disease; (b) to inhibit one or more symptom(s) of a disease, i.e., to inhibit or delay the progression of one or more of the symptom(s) of the disease; (c) to alleviate one or more symptom(s) of a disease, i.e., to reverse or eliminate one or more symptom(s) of the disease; (d) to reverse the progress of one or more symptom(s) of the disease; or (e) to stabilize one or more symptom(s) of a disease, such that one or more symptom(s) of the disease do not worsen or improve.

"Administered separately" with reference to the administration of two or more compounds to treat and/or prevent and/or delay the onset of the diseases and disorders described herein includes, for example, the sequential administration of the compounds in any order or the simultaneous administration of the compounds. Simultaneous administration of the compounds means that the compounds are administered to the patient at substantially the same time or at exactly the same time, depending on the mode of administration. The sequential administration of the compounds may occur in any order and may occur with any amount of time elapsing between administrations of the compounds. Sequential administration may be based on factors that would influence which of the compounds should be administered first and which should be administered second, and how much time should elapse between administrations of the compounds. For example, when two or more compounds are administered separately and sequentially, factors that effect when the compounds are administered to the patient include, for example, (a) the time(s) that provides the best efficacy for the compound being administered, (b) the time(s) that provides the fewest side effects for the compound being administered, (c) the dosage of the compound, (d) the route of administration of the compound, (e) the disease or disorder being treated, (f) the patient being treated, (g) the in vivo relationship of the compounds being administered, and other such factors known in the art. Preferably, the time intervals for sequential administration are chosen so that the effect on the disease or disorder being treated in the combined use of the active ingredients is greater than additive when compared to the effect which would be obtained by use of only one of the active ingredients.

"Combination" refers to the AMPA receptor antagonist and the second active ingredient (e.g., zonisamide) being administered separately as distinct pharmaceutical compositions or formulations (e.g., a first pharmaceutical composition comprising a AMPA receptor antagonist and a second pharmaceutical composition comprising zonisamide). The pharmaceutical compositions or formulations can have the same or different modes of administration.

"Monotherapy" is a therapy which uses only one active ingredient (e.g., an AMPA receptor antagonist) for treatment and/or prophylaxis of a disease or disorder. "Combination therapy" is a therapy where two or more active ingredients are administered separately or are administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a disease.

"Therapeutically effective amount" refers to the amount of the active ingredient that is necessary for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a disease. When two or more active ingredients are administered for combination therapy, the term "therapeutically effective amount" refers to the amount of active ingredients that are necessary for treatment and/or prophylaxis of a disease and includes, for example: (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a first active ingredient and a therapeutically effective amount of a second active ingredient (i.e., the amount of each active ingredient that would be used for monotherapy for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a disease is used for the combination therapy); (b) a therapeutically effective amount of a first active ingredient and a sub-therapeutic amount of a second active ingredient, which in combination effectively provide for treatment and/or prophylaxis of a disease (e.g., the sub-therapeutic amount of the second active ingredient can be used in combination therapy to achieve a result that would be equal to or greater than the result that the second active ingredient would achieve if it was used for monotherapy); (c) a sub-therapeutic amount of a first active ingredient and a therapeutically effective amount of a second active ingredient, which in combination effectively provide for treatment and/or prophylaxis of a disease (e.g., the sub-therapeutic amount of the first active ingredient can be used in combination therapy to achieve a result that would be equal to or greater than the result that the first active ingredient would achieve if it was used for monotherapy); and (d) a sub-therapeutic amount of a first active ingredient and a sub-therapeutic amount of a second active ingredient, which in combination therapy provide for treatment and/or prophylaxis of a disease or disorder (e.g., the sub-therapeutic amount of the first active ingredient can be used in combination therapy to achieve a result that would be equal to or greater than the result that the first active ingredient would achieve if it was used for monotherapy; and the sub-therapeutic amount of the second active ingredient can be used in combination therapy to achieve a result that would be equal to or greater than the result that the second active ingredient would achieve if it was used for monotherapy). The same therapeutic/sub-therapeutic amounts can be used when there are three or more active ingredients used in combination therapy. For example, (a) there may be therapeutically effective amounts of all three active ingredients; (b) there may be therapeutically effective amounts of two active ingredients and a sub-therapeutic amount of a third active ingredient; (c) there may be a therapeutically effective amount of one active ingredient and subtherapeutic amounts of two other active ingredients; or (d) there may be sub-therapeutic amounts of all three active ingredients.

"Kits," also known as Commercial packages, can include a combination of (i) a first pharmaceutical composition or formulation comprising the AMPA receptor antagonist; (ii) a second pharmaceutical composition or formulation comprising the second active ingredient (e.g., zonisamide); (iii) instructions for using the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations for treating or preventing or delaying the onset of the disease; and (iv) optionally other materials to administer the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations (e.g., syringes, diluents, medical gloves, hand sanitizers, and the like); to monitor drug levels in the body; to support patient compliance with medication dosing; or to monitor the status of the disease. The kit can supply enough medication and materials for days, weeks or months. In another embodiment, "kits" can include (i) pharmaceutical composition or formulation comprising both the AMPA receptor antagonist and the second active ingredient (e.g., zonisamide); (ii) instructions for using the pharmaceutical composition or formulation for treating or preventing or delaying the onset of the disease; and (iii) optionally other materials to administer the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations (e.g., syringes, diluents, medical gloves, hand sanitizers, and the like); to monitor drug levels in the body; to support patient compliance with medication dosing; or to monitor the status of the disease. The kit can supply enough medication and materials for days, weeks or months. "Solvate" is well known in the art. The solvate is preferably a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate. The pharmaceutically acceptable solvate may be either a hydrate or a nonhydrate, but preferably a hydrate. The solvent such as water, alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol, n-propanol), dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or the like may be used.

"Hydrate" refers to a compound containing a molecule of water of crystallization. The molecule of water of crystallization can be an integer of 1 or more, such as 1 to 10; or can be any fraction greater than 0 or a fraction of an integer from 1 to 10. For example, the hydrate may be represented as compound* ViH₂O; compound^»V2H₂O; compound*%H₂O; compound^«2H₂O; compound»5V₂H₂O; compound^»6H₂O; and the like. The "compound" can be any described herein, such as 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-phenyl-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one. "Pharmaceutically acceptable salts" are well known in the art and include those of inorganic acids, such as hydrochloride, sulfate, hydrobromide and phosphate; and those of organic acids, such as formate, tartrate, acetate, trifluoroacetate, methanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate and toluenesulfonate. When certain substituents are selected, the compounds of the invention can form, for example, alkali metal salts, such as sodium or potassium salts; alkaline earth metal salts, such as calcium or magnesium salts; organic amine salts, such as a salt with trimethyl-amine, triethylamine, pyridine, picoline, dicyclohexylamine or N₅N'- dibenzylethylenediamine. One skilled in the art will recognize that the compounds of the invention can be made in the form of any other pharmaceutically acceptable salt.

The invention provides methods for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of Parkinson's disease and movement disorders using at least one AMPA receptor antagonist and, optionally, zonisamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

"Parkinson's disease" is a neurological syndrome usually resulting from deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine as the consequence of degenerative, vascular, or inflammatory changes in the basal ganglia, and is characterized by motor dysfunctions, cognitive dysfunctions, and/or dementia. "Motor dysfunctions" associated with Parkinson's disease may include, for example, one or more of resting tremor, rigidty, bradykinesia, postural instability, parkinsonism, and dyskinesia. Methods for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of Parkinson's disease include the treatment and/or prophylaxis of one or more symptoms of Parkinson's disease.

"Parkinsonian syndrome," also called secondary parkinsonism, refers to any condition that causes any combination of the types of movement abnormalities seen in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonian syndrome may be caused by a stroke, encephalitis, meningitis, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, multiple systems atrophy, medications (e.g., antipsychotics such as haloperidol, metoclopramide, and phenothiazine medications; narcotics; anesthesia agents; toxins, such as carbon monoxide; MPTP). Symptoms of parkinsonian syndrome may include stiffness of the trunk, arms, or legs, a decrease in facial expression, soft voice, tremor, some forms of paralysis, and problems with movement control.

"Movement disorders" refer to any movement disorder known in the art. Exemplary movement disorders and symptoms of movements disorders include hypokinetic movement disorders, hyperkinetic movement disorders. These disorders are further divided into Parkinson's disease, spinocerebellar degeneration, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, Parkinsonian syndrome, Huntingdon's disease, Lewy body disease, Tourette syndrome, and restless leg syndrome. Symptoms of these disorders are tardive dyskinesia, tics, dystonia, myoclonus, spasticity, chorea, ballism, ataxia, akathisia, athetosis, rigidity, and tremors. Methods for treatment and/or prophylaxis of a movement disorder include the treatment or prophylaxis of one or more symptoms of the movement disorder. "Hypokinetic movement disorders" are those in which there is a reduced amount of intentional motor activity, generally it is an abnormally reduced amount of activity. The symptoms of hypokinetic movement disorders include a rigid, stone-like face; decreased limb motion during walking; and stiff turning movements. These features are classified as "bradykinesia," while "akinesia" is the absence of purposeful movement. "Hyperkinetic movement disorders" are characterized by an increased amount of motor activity, generally the increased motor activity is significant and/or excessive. Hyperkinetic movements disorders include involuntary movement disorders. "Hyperkinetic movement disorders" are generally characterized by two types of behavior: rhythmical and irregular.

"Tremor" is a rhythmic movement that is further divided into three forms: rest, postural, and intention. Rest tremor is most prominent when an individual is at rest and decreases with voluntary activity. Postural tremor occurs when an individual attempts to support a position against gravity (such as holding an arm outstretched). Intention tremor occurs during voluntary movement toward a specific target.

Involuntary movements are classified by their speed and site of occurrence. "Tics" are rapid irregular movements that are controlled with voluntary effort. The types of rapid irregular movements that cannot be controlled voluntarily are called chorea, ballism, and myoclonus. "Chorea" is a rapid, jerking movement that most often affects the face or limbs. "Ballism" is the sudden and extreme swinging of a limb. "Myoclonus" is a rapid, irregular movement that usually occurs for a short period of time. It usually occurs when the person is at rest, and it often affects more than one area of the body at a time. One of the most well-known hyperkinetic movement disorders is called Huntington's disease, characterized by chorea-type movements. Huntington's disease results from genetically programmed degeneration of neurons in certain areas of the brain. This degeneration causes uncontrolled movements (e.g., chorea), loss of intellectual faculties, and emotional disturbance. Huntington's disease is a familial disease, passed from parent to child through a mutation in the normal gene.

"Akathisia" is a hyperkinetic movement disorder characterized by restlessness and a desire to move in order to relieve uncomfortable sensations. The uncomfortable sensations may include a feeling of crawling, itching, stretching, or creeping, usually in the legs.

"Restless leg syndrome" or RLS is generally characterized by (1) a desire to move the limbs, often associated with paresthesia or dysesthesia, (2) symptoms exacerbated by rest and relieved by activity, (3) motor restlessness, and (4) nocturnal worsening of symptoms.

"Athetosis" is a hyperkinetic movement disorder characterized by slow, writhing, continuous, uncontrollable movement of the arms and legs.

"Tardive dyskinesia" is a neurological syndrome caused by the long-term use of neuroleptic drugs. Neuroleptic drugs are generally prescribed for psychiatric disorders, as well as for some gastrointestinal and neurological disorders. Tardive dyskinesia is characterized by repetitive, involuntary, purposeless movements. Features of the disorder may include grimacing, tongue protrusion, lip smacking, puckering and pursing, and rapid eye blinking. Rapid movements of the fingers, arms, legs, and trunk may also occur. "Dystonia" is a movement disorder that causes the muscles to contract and spasm involuntarily because the neurological mechanism that makes muscles relax when they are not in use does not function properly. Opposing muscles often contract simultaneously as if they are "competing" for control of a body part. The involuntary muscle contractions force the body into repetitive and often twisting movements as well as awkward, irregular postures.

"Ataxia" is marked by problems with coordination because parts of the nervous system that control movement and balance are affected. Ataxia may affect the fingers, hands, arms, legs, body, speech, and eye movements. "Ataxia" is often used to describe a symptom of incoordination which can be associated with infections, injuries, other diseases, or degenerative changes in the central nervous system. Most disorders that result in ataxia cause cells in the part of the brain called the cerebellum to degenerate or atrophy. Sometimes the spine is also affected. The terms "cerebellar degeneration" and "spinocerebellar degeneration" are used to describe changes that have taken place in a person's nervous system. Cerebellar and spinocerebellar degeneration have many different causes.

"Tourette Syndrome" is a neurological disorder defined by multiple motor and/or vocal tics lasting for more than one year. The first symptoms usually are involuntary movements (i.e., tics) of the face, arms, limbs or trunk. These tics are frequent, repetitive and rapid. These involuntary tics may also be complicated, involving the entire body, such as kicking and stamping. Many persons report what are described as premonitory urges, e.g., the urge to perform a motor activity. Other symptoms such as touching, repetitive thoughts and movements and compulsions can occur. Tourette syndrome may also be characterized by verbal tics. These verbal tics (vocalizations) usually occur with the movements; later they may replace one or more motor tics. These vocalizations include grunting, throat clearing, shouting and barking. The verbal tics may also be expressed as coprolalia (the involuntary use of obscene words or socially inappropriate words and phrases) or copropraxia (obscene gestures).

"Multiple system atrophy" (MSA) is the name for disorders once known individually as striatonigral degeneration, sporadic olivopontocerebellar atrophy, and the Shy-Drager syndrome. MSA is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by symptoms of autonomic nervous system failure (such as lightheadedness or fainting spells, constipation, erectile failure in men, and urinary retention) combined with tremor and rigidity, slurred speech, and/or loss of muscle coordination. "Spasticity" is a condition in which certain muscles are continuously contracted. This contraction causes stiffness or tightness of the muscles and may interfere with movement, speech, and manner of walking. Spasticity is usually caused by damage to the portion of the brain or spinal cord that controls voluntary movement. Spasticity may occur in association with spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, damage to the brain because of lack of oxygen, brain trauma, severe head injury, and metabolic diseases such as adrenoleukodystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and phenylketonuria. Symptoms of spasticity may include hypertonicity (increased muscle tone), clonus (a series of rapid muscle contractions), exaggerated deep tendon reflexes, muscle spasms, scissoring (involuntary crossing of the legs), and fixed joints. The degree of spasticity varies from mild muscle stiffness to severe, painful, and uncontrollable muscle spasms. "Rigidity" is characterized by an increase in muscle tension when an arm or leg is moved by an outside force.

"Lewy body disease" is also known as diffuse Lewy body disease, Lewy body dementia, or dementia with Lewy bodies. "Lewy body disease" is characterized by one or more of (i) parkinsonian syndrome; (ii) mental decline: reduced alertness and lowered attention span; (iii) recurrent visual hallucinations, usually related to people or animals; (iv) poor response to antipsychotic medications known as neuroleptics, (v) increasing problems handling the tasks of daily living; (vi) repeated falls; (vii) sleep disturbances, including insomnia and acting out dreams; (viii) delusions or depression; and (ix) fluctuations in autonomic processes, including blood pressure, body temperature, urinary difficulties, constipation, and difficulty swallowing. In one embodiment, the AMPA receptor antagonist used in the methods and compositions described herein may be any known in the art. Exemplary AMPA receptor antagonists, all of which are active ingredients, include 1 ,2-dihydropyridine compounds, quinoxalinedione aminoalkylphosphonates, and the like.

In one embodiment, the AMPA receptor antagonist may be becampanel, EGIS 8332 (7- acetyl-5-(4-aminophenyl)-8,9-dihydro-8-methyl-7H-l,3-dioxolo[4,5-h][2,3]benzodiazepine-8- carbonitrile); GYKI 47261 (4-(7-chloro-2-methyl-4H-3,10,10a-triaza-benzo[f]azulen-9- yl)phenylamine)); irampanel (N,N-dimethyl-2-[2-(3-phenyl-l ,2,4-oxadiazol-5- yl)phenoxy]ethanamine); KRP 199 ((7-[4-[[[[4-carboxyphenyl)-amino]carbonyl]oxy]methyl]- lH-imidazol-l-ylj-S^-dihydro-S-oxo-β-^rifluoromethy^^-quinoxalinecarboxylic acid); NS 1209 (2-[[[5-[4-[(dimethylamino)-sulfonyl]phenyl]-l ,2,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-8-methyl-2-oxo- 3H- pyrrolo[3,2-h]isoquinolin-3-ylidene]amino]oxy]-4-hydroxybutanoic acid monosodium salt; topiramate (TOPAMAX®); talampanel (LY-300164, (R)-7-acetyl-5-(4-aminophenyl)-8,9- dibydro-8 methyl-7H-l,3-dioxolo[4,5-h][2,3]benzo-diazepine; YM9OK (6-imidazol-l-yl-7- nitro-l,4-dibydro-quinoxaline-2,3-dione); S-34730 (7-chloro-6-sulfamoyl-2-(lH)-quinolinone-3- phosphonic acid); Zonampanel (YM-872; (7-imidazol-l-yl-6-nitro-2,3-dioxo-3,4-dihydro-2H- quinoxalin-l-yl)-acetic acid); GYKI 52466 (4-(8-methyl-9H-l,3-dioxa-6,7-diaza- cyclohepta[f]inden-5-yl)-phenylamine); ZK 200775 (MPQX, (7-morpholin-4-yl-2,3-dioxo-6- trifluoromethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-quinoxalin-l-ylmethyl)-phosphonic acid); CP-465022 (3-(2- chlorophenyl)-2-[2-(6-diethylaminomethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-vinyl]-6-fluoro-3H-quinazolin-4-one); SYM-2189 (4-(4-amino-phenyl)-6-methoxy- 1 -methyl- 1 H-phthalazine-2-carboxylic acid propylamide); SYM-2206 (8-(4-amino-phenyl)-5-methyl-5H-[l,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]phthalazine-6- carboxylic acid propylamide); RPR-117824 ((4-oxo-2-phosphono-5,10-dihydro-4H-imidazo[l,2- a]indeno[l,2-e]pyrazin-9-yl)-acetic acid); or LY-293558 (6-[2-(lH-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethyl]- decahydro-isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid).

In one embodiment, the AMPA receptor antagonist is a 1 ,2-dihydropyridine compound. The 1,2-dihydropyridine compound used in the methods and compositions described herein may be any known in the art. The term "1,2-dihydropyridine compound" includes 1,2- dihydropyridine compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of 1,2-dihydropyridine compounds, stereoisomers of 1,2-dihydropyridine compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of stereoisomers of 1 ,2-dihydropyridine compounds, hydrates of 1,2-dihydropyridine compounds, hydrates of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of 1,2-dihydropyridine compounds, stereoisomers of hydrates of 1 ,2-dihydropyridine compounds, and stereoisomer of hydrates of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of 1,2-dihydropyridine compounds.

The 1,2-dihydropyridine compound used in the methods and compositions described herein may be a compound of Formula (I):

wherein Q is NH, O or S;

R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C_]-6 alkyl, or -X-A;

X is a single bond, an optionally substituted C_1-6 alkylene, an optionally substituted C_2-6 alkenylene, an optionally substituted C_2-6 alkynylene, -O-, -S-, -CO-, -SO-, -SO₂-, -N(R⁶)-, -N(R⁷)-C0-, -CO-N(R⁸)-, -N(R⁹)-CH₂-₅ -CH₂-N(R¹⁰)-, -CH₂-CO-, -CO-CH₂-, -N(R¹ ')-S(0)_m-, -S(O)_n-N(R¹²)-, -CH₂-S(O)_p-, -S(O)_q-CH₂-, -CH₂-O-, -0-CH₂-, -N(R¹³)-CO-N(R¹⁴)- or -N(R¹⁵)-CS-N(R¹⁶)-;

R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are each independently hydrogen, C_1-6 alkyl, or Ci_-6 alkoxy; m, n, p and q are each independently an integer of 0, 1 or 2;

A is an optionally substituted C_3-8 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C_3-8 cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted 5- to 14-membered non-aromatic heterocyclic ring, an optionally substituted C_6-I4 aromatic hydrocarbocyclic ring, or an optionally substituted 5- to 14-membered aromatic heterocyclic ring; provided that 3 groups among R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are -X-A; and that the residual 2 groups among R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are independently hydrogen, halogen, or Ci_-6 alkyl.

In one embodiment, the following compounds are excluded from the scope of the compound of Formula (I): (1) when Q is O; R¹ and R⁵ are hydrogen; and R², R³ and R⁴ are phenyl; (2) when Q is O; R¹ and R⁴ are hydrogen; and R², R³ and R⁵ are phenyl; and (3) when Q is O; R¹ and R² are hydrogen; and R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are phenyl.

In another embodiment, the 1,2-dihydropyridine compound used in the methods and compositions described herein is a compound of Formula (II):

wherein Q is NH, O or S;

X¹, X² and X³ are each independently a single bond, an optionally substituted Ci_-6 alkylene, an optionally substituted C_2-6 alkenylene, an optionally substituted C_2-6 alkynylene, -O-, -S-, -CO-, -SO-, -SO₂-, -N(R⁶)-, -N(R⁷)-C0-, -CO-N(R⁸)-, -N(R⁹)-CH₂-_S -CH₂-N(R¹⁰)-, -CH₂-CO-, -CO-CH₂-, -N(R¹ VS(O)_1n-, -S(O)_n-N(R¹²)-, -CH₂-S(O)_P-, -S(O)_q-CH₂-, -CH₂-O-, -0-CH₂-, -N(R¹³)-CO-N(R¹⁴)- or -N(R¹⁵)-CS-N(R¹⁶); R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹ ' , R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are each independently hydrogen,

Ci_-6 alkyl, or Ci_-6 alkoxy; m, n, p and q are each independently an integer of O, 1 or 2;

A¹, A² and A³ are each independently an optionally substituted C_3-8 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C_3-8 cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted 5- to 14-membered non- aromatic heterocyclic ring, an optionally substituted C_6-I4 aromatic hydrocarbocyclic ring, or an optionally substituted 5 to 14-membered aromatic heterocyclic ring; and

R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or Ci_-6 alkyl.

In another embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula (II) wherein X¹, X² and X³ are each independently a single bond, an optionally substituted Ci_-6 alkylene, an optionally substituted C_2-6 alkenylene, or an optionally substituted C_2-6 alkynylene. The substituents may be one or more of -0-, -S-, -CO-, -SO-, -SO₂-, -N(R⁶)-, -N(R⁷)-C0-, -CO-N(R⁸)-, -N(R⁹)-CH₂-, -CH₂-N(R¹⁰)-, -CH₂-CO-, -CO-CH₂-, -N(R¹¹VS(O)₁₁₁-, -S(O)_n-N(R¹²)-, -CH₂-S(O)_p-, -S(O)_q-CH₂-, -CH₂-O-, -0-CH₂-, -N(R¹³)-CO-N(R¹⁴)- and -N(R^)-CS-N(R¹⁶)-;

R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are each independently hydrogen, Ci_-6 alkyl, or Ci_-6 alkoxy; m, n, p and q are each independently an integer of O, 1 or 2;

A¹, A² and A³ are each independently an optionally substituted C_3-8 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C_3-8 cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted 5- to 14-membered non- aromatic heterocyclic ring, an optionally substituted C_6-I4 aromatic hydrocarbocyclic ring, or an optionally substituted 5- to 14-membered aromatic heterocyclic ring.

The substituents for the 1,2-dihydropyridine compounds of the invention may be one or more of hydroxy; halogen; nitrile; nitro; Ci_-6 alkyl; C_2-6 alkenyl; C_2-6 alkynyl [wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl can independently and optionally be substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxy, nitrile, halogen, Ci_-6 alkylamino, di(Ci_₆ alkyl) amino, C_2-6 alkenylamino, di(C_2-6 alkenyl)amino, C_2-6 alkynylamino, di(C_2-6 alkynyl)amino, N-C_L6 alkyl-N-C_2-6 alkenylamino, N-Ci_-6 alkyl-N-C_2-6 alkynylamino, N-C_2-6 alkenyl-N-C_2-6alkynylamino, aralkyloxy, TBDMS oxy, Ci_-6 alkylsulfonylamino, Ci_-6 alkylcarbonyloxy, C_2-6 alkenylcarbonyloxy, C_2-6 alkynylcarbonyloxy, N-C]_-6 alkyl carbamoyl, N-C_2-6 alkenylcarbamoyl, and N-Ci_-6 alkynylcarbamoyl]; Cj_-6 alkoxy; C_2-6 alkenyloxy; C_2-6 alkynyloxy [wherein the alkoxy, alkenyloxy, and alkynyloxy may independently and optionally be substituted with one or more groups selected from Ci_-6 alkylamino, aralkyloxy, and hydroxy]; Ci_-6 alkylthio; C_2-6 alkenylthio; C_2-6 alkynylthio [wherein the alkylthio, alkenylthio, and alkynylthio may independently and optionally be substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxy, nitrile, halogen, Ci_-6 alkylamino, aralkyloxy, TBDMS oxy, Ci_-6 alkylsulfonylamino, Ci_-6 alkylcarbonyloxy, and Ci_-6 alkylcarbamoyl]; optionally substituted carbonyl [which may be substituted with Ci_-6 alkoxy, amino, Ci_-6 alkylamino, di(Ci_-6 alkyl)amino, C_2-6 alkenylamino, di(C_2-6 alkenyl)amino, C_2-6 alkynylamino, di(C_2-6 alkynyl)amino, N-Ci_-6alkyl-N-C_2-6 alkenylamino, N-Ci_-6 alkyl-N-C_2-6 alkynylamino and N-C_2-6 alkenyl-N-C_2-6 alkynylamino]; an optionally substituted amino [which may be substituted with one or two groups selected from Ci_-6 alkyl, C_2-6 alkenyl, C_2-6 alkynyl, Ci_-6 alkylsulfonyl, C_2-6 alkenylsulfonyl, C₂.₆ alkynylsulfonyl, Ci_-6 alkylcarbonyl, C_2-6 alkenylcarbonyl and C_2-6 alkynylcarbonyl]; Ci_-6 alkylsulfonyl; C_2-6 alkenylsulfonyl; C_2-6 alkynylsulfonyl; Ci_-6 alky lsulfinyl; C_2-6 alkenylsulfinyl; C_2-6 alkynylsulfinyl; formyl; optionally substituted C_3-8 cycloalkyl; an optionally substituted C_3-8 cycloalkenyl [where the cycloalkyl group and/or the cycloalkenyl group may independently and optionally be substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxy, halogen, nitrile, Ci_-6 alkyl, Ci_-6 alkyloxy, Ci_-6 alkyloxy Ci_-6 alkyl, and aralkyl]; a 5- to 14-membered non-aromatic heterocyclic ring [which may optionally be substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxy, halogen, nitrile, Ci_-6 alkyl, Ci_-6 alkyloxy, Ci_-6 alkyloxy Ci_-6 alkyl, and aralkyl]; C_6-I₄ aromatic hydrocarbocyclic ring [which may optionally be substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxy, halogen, nitrile, Ci_-6 alkyl, Ci_-6 alkyloxy, Ci_-6 alkyloxy Ci_-6 alkyl, and aralkyl]; and a 5- to 14-membered aromatic heterocyclic ring [which may optionally be substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxy, halogen, nitrile, d.₆ alkyl, Ci_-6 alkyloxy, Ci_-6 alkyloxy Ci_-6 alkyl, and aralkyl].

In another embodiment, the invention provides compounds of Formula (II) wherein A¹, A² and A³ are each independently an optionally substituted C_3-8 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C_3-8 cycloalkenyl or an optionally substituted 5- to 14-membered non-aromatic hetero ring. In another embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula (II) wherein A¹, A² and A³ are each independently an optionally substituted C_6-I4 aromatic hydrocarbon ring or an optionally substituted 5- to 14-membered aromatic hetero ring. In another embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula (II) wherein A¹, A² and A³ are each independently phenyl, pyrrolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, furyl, naphthyl, quinolyl, iso-quinolyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, imidazopyridyl, carbazolyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, dioxinyl, adamantyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl or morpholyl; any of which may optionally have substituents. In another embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula (II) wherein A¹, A² and A³ are each independently selected from:

each of which may optionally be substituted. In another embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula (II) wherein A¹, A² and A³ are each independently substituted with hydroxyl, halogen, amino, or nitrile. In another embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula (II) wherein A¹, A² and A³ are each independently hydroxyl, halogen, amino, nitrile, or nitro. In another embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula (II) wherein Q is oxygen.

In another embodiment, the invention provides the compounds of Formula (I) or (II) wherein X¹, X² and X³ are each independently a single bond, -CH₂-, -CH(OH)-, -CH₂-CH₂-, -CH=CH-, -C≡C-, -O- or -CO-. In another embodiment, the invention provides the compounds of Formula (I) or (II) wherein X¹, X² and X³ are each a single bond. In another embodiment, the invention provides the compounds of Formula (I) or (II) wherein R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ are each independently hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, or iso- propyl. In another embodiment, the invention provides the compounds of Formula (I) or (II) wherein R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ are each hydrogen. With respect to the 1 ,2-dihydropyridine compounds of the invention, the halogen atom indicates fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine and the like, and the preferable atoms include fluorine, chlorine and bromine.

With respect to the 1,2-dihydropyridine compounds of the invention, the Cj_-6 alkyl indicates an alkyl having 1 to 6 carbons, and examples include linear chain or branched chain alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-ethylpropyl, 2- ethylpropyl, n-hexyl, l-methyl-2-ethylpropyl, l-ethyl-2-methylpropyl, 1,1,2-trimethylpropyl, 1- propylpropyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylbutyl, 1 ,2-dimethylbutyl, 2,2- dimethylbutyl, 1 ,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3- methylpentyl, and the like.

With respect to the 1,2-dihydropyridine compounds of the invention, the C_2-6 alkenyl indicates an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbons, and examples include vinyl, allyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, iso-propenyl, 2-methyl- 1-propenyl, 3-methyl-l-propenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 3- methyl-2-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 1-pentenyl, 1-hexenyl, 1,3-hexadienyl, 1,6- hexadienyl, and the like.

With respect to the 1,2-dihydropyridine compounds of the invention, the C_2-6 alkynyl indicates an alkynyl group having 2 to 6 carbons, and examples include ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2- propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 3-methyl- 1-propynyl, l-ethynyl-2-propynyl, 2- methyl-3-propynyl, 1-pentynyl, 1-hexynyl, 1,3-hexadiynyl, 1,6-hexadiynyl, and the like.

With respect to the 1,2-dihydropyridine compounds of the invention, the Ci_-6 alkoxy indicates an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbons, and examples include methoxy, ethoxy, n- propoxy, iso-propoxy, sec-propoxy, n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, n-pentyloxy, iso-pentyloxy, sec-pentyloxy, n-hexoxy, iso-hexoxy, 1,1-dimethylpropoxy, 1,2-dimethylpropoxy, 2,2-dimethylpropoxy, 2-ethylpropoxy, l-methyl-2-ethylpropoxy, 1 -ethyl -2-methylpropoxy,

1,1,2-trimethylpropoxy, 1,1,2-trimethylpropoxy, 1,1-dimethylbutoxy, 1,2-dimethylbutoxy, 2,2- dimethylbutoxy, 2,3-dimethylbutoxy, 1,3-dimethylbutoxy, 2-ethylbutoxy, 1,3-dimethylbutoxy, 2-methylpentoxy, 3-methylpentoxy, hexyloxy, and the like.

With respect to the 1,2-dihydropyridine compounds of the invention, the C_2-6 alkynyloxy indicates an alkynyloxy group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and examples include ethynyloxy, 1- propynyloxy, 2-propynyloxy, 1-butynyloxy, 2-butynyloxy, 3-butynyloxy, 1 -methyl -2- propynyloxy, 1 -ethyl -2-propynyloxy, l-ethynyl-2-propynyloxy, 1 -pentynyloxy, 1-hexynyloxy, 1,3-hexadiynyloxy, 1,6-hexadiynyloxy, and the like.

With respect to the 1,2-dihydropyridine compounds of the invention, the C_2-6 alkenyloxy indicates an alkenyloxy group having 2 to 6 carbons, and examples include vinyloxy, 2- propenyloxy, 1-propenyloxy, 2-propenyloxy, iso-propenyloxy, 2-methyl-l-propenyloxy, 3- methyl-1-propenyloxy, 2 -methyl -2 -propenyloxy, 3-methyl-2 -propenyloxy, 1-butenyloxy, 2- butenyloxy, 3-butenyloxy, 1-pentenyloxy, 1-hexenyloxy, 1,3-hexadienyloxy, 1 ,6-hexadienyloxy, and the like.

With respect to the 1,2-dihydropyridine compounds of the invention, the C_3-8 cycloalkyl indicates a cycloalkyl group composed of 3 to 8 carbon atoms, and examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, and the like.

With respect to the 1,2-dihydropyridine compounds of the invention, the C_3-8 cycloalkenyl indicates a cycloalkenyl group composed of 3 to 8 carbon atoms, and examples include cyclopropen-1-yl, cyclopropen-3-yl, cyclobuten-1-yl, cyclobuten-3-yl, 1,3- cyclobutadien-1-yl, cyclopenten-1-yl, cyclopenten-3-yl, cyclopenten-4-yl, 1,3-cyclopentadien-l- yl, l,3-cyclopentadien-2-yl, l,3-cyclopentadien-5-yl, cyclohexen-1-yl, cyclohexen-3-yl, cyclohexen-4-yl, 1,3-cyclohexadien-l-yl, l,3-cyclohexadien-2-yl, l,3-cyclohexadien-5-yl, 1,4- cyclohexadien-3-yl, 1,4-cyclohexadien-l-yl, cyclohepten-1-yl, cycIohepten-3-yl, cyclohepten-4- yl, cyclohepten-5-yl, l,3-cyclohepten-2-yl, 1,3-cyclohepten-l-yl, l,3-cycloheptadien-5-yl, 1,3- cycloheptadien-6-yl, l,4-cycloheρtadien-3-yl, l,4-cycloheptadien-2-yl, 1,4-cycloheptadien-l-yl, l,4-cycloheptadien-6-yl, l,3,5-cycloheptatrien-3-yl, l,3,5-cycloheptatrien-2-yl, 1,3,5- cycloheptatrien-l-yl, l,3,5-cycloheptatrien-7-yl, cycloocten-1-yl, cycloocten-3-yl, cycloocten-4- yl, cycloocten-5-yl, l,3-cyclooctadien-2-yl, 1,3-cyclooctadien-l-yl, l,3-cyclooctadien-5-yl, 1,3- cyclooctadien-6-yl, l,4-cyclooctadien-3-yl, l,4-cyclooctadien-2-yl, 1,4-cyclooctadien-l-yl, 1,4- cyclooctadien-6-yl, l,4-cyclooctadien-7-yl, l,5-cyclooctadien-3-yl, l,5-cyclooctadien-2-yl, l,3,5-cyclooctatrien-3-yl, l,3,5-cyclooctatrien-2-yl, 1,3,5-cyclooctatrien-l-yl, 1,3,5- cyclooctatrien-7-yl, l,3,6-cyclooctatrien-2-yl, 1,3,6-cyclooctatrien-l-yl, l,3,6-cyclooctatrien-5-yl, l,3,6-cyclooctatrien-6-yl group, and the like.

With respect to the 1,2-dihydropyridine compounds of the invention, the 5- to 14- membered non-aromatic heterocyclic ring means a mono-cyclic, di-cyclic, or tri-cyclic 5- to 14- membered non-aromatic heterocyclic ring which contains one or more hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen. Specific examples include pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolidyl, imidazolidyl, morpholyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydropyranyl, pyrrolinyl, dihydrofuryl, dihydropyranyl, imidazolinyl, oxazolinyl, and the like. Further, a group derived from a pyridone ring and a non-aromatic condensed ring (for example, a group derived from a phthalimide ring, a succinimide ring, and the like) are also included in the non-aromatic heterocyclic ring.

With respect to the 1 ,2-dihydropyridine compounds of the invention, the C_6-14 aromatic hydrocarbocyclic ring and the aryl mean an aromatic hydrocarbocyclic ring which is composed of 6 to 14 carbon atoms, a mono-cyclic ring, and a condensed di-cyclic, tri-cyclic and the like. Specific examples include phenyl, indenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, azulenyl, heptalenyl, biphenyl, indathenyl, acenaphthyl, fluorenyl, phenalenyl, phenanthrenyl, anthracenyl, cyclopentacyclooctenyl, benzocyclooctenyl and the like.

With respect to the 1,2-dihydropyridine compounds of the invention, the 5- to 14- membered aromatic heterocyclic ring and the heteroaryl ring mean mono-cyclic, di-cyclic, or tri- cyclic 5- to 14-membered aromatic heterocyclic ring which contain one or more hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen. Specific examples include (1) aromatic heterocyclic rings containing nitrogen such as pyrrolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzotriazolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, indolyl, iso-indolyl, indolizinyl, prenyl, indazolyl, quinolyl, iso-quinolyl, quinoliziyl, phthalazyl, naphthylidinyl, quinoxalyl, quinazolinyl, cynnolinyl, pteridinyl, imidazotriazinyl, pyrazinopyridazinyl, acridinyl, phenanthridinyl, carbazolyl, carbazolinyl, perimidinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenacinyl, imidazopyridinyl, imidazopyrimidinyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, or pyrazolopyridinyl; (2) aromatic heterocyclic rings containing sulfur such as thienyl or benzothienyl; (3) aromatic heterocyclic rings containing oxygen such as furyl, pyranyl, cyclopentapyranyl, benzofuryl or iso-benzofuryl; and (4) aromatic heterocyclic rings containing 2 or more different hetero atoms such as thiazolyl, iso-thiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzthiadiazolyl, phenothiazinyl, isoxazolyl, furazanyl, phenoxazinyl, oxazolyl, isoxazoyl, benzoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, pyrazoloxadiazolyl, imidazothiazolyl, thienofuranyl, furopyrrolyl or pyridoxadinyl.

In another embodiment, the 1,2-dihydropyridine compound used in the methods and compositions described herein is a compound of Formula (III):

wherein X¹, X², X³, A¹, A², A³, R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ have the same meanings as defined in the above compound of Formula (II).

In another embodiment, the invention provides the compounds of Formula (III) wherein A , A and A are each independently an optionally substituted C_6-I₄ aromatic hydrocarbon ring or 5- to 14-membered aromatic hetero ring. In another embodiment, the invention provides the compounds of Formula (III) wherein A¹, A² and A³ are each independently phenyl, pyrrolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, furyl, naphthyl, quinolyl, iso- quinolyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, imidazopyridyl, carbazolyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, dioxinyl, adamantyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, or morpholyl; wherein each may optionally be substituted. In another embodiment, the invention provides the compounds of Formula (III) wherein A¹, A² and A³ are each independently selected from:

each of which may optionally be substituted. In another embodiment, the invention provides the compounds of Formula (III) wherein the bonding site of the substituent at A¹, A² and A³ are in the α-position of the carbon atom bonding to the group X¹, X² and X³, respectively. In another embodiment, the invention provides the compounds of Formula (III) wherein X¹, X² and X³ are single bonds. In another embodiment, the invention provides the compounds of Formula (III) wherein R⁷ and R¹⁸ are hydrogen. In one embodiment, the 1,2-dihydropyridine compound used in the methods and compositions described herein is Compound A:

The IUPAC name for Compound A is 2-(2-oxo-l-phenyl-5-pyridin-2-yl-l,2-dihydropyridin-3- yl)benzonitrile. Compound A may also be referred to as 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l- phenyl- l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one. Compound A is also known as perampanel.

Throughout the specification, the terms "Compound A," "2-(2-oxo-l-phenyl-5-pyridin-2- yl-l,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl)benzonitrile," "3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-phenyl-l,2- dihydropyridin-2-one," and "perampanel" are intended to include pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, stereoisomers thereof, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of stereoisomers thereof, hydrates thereof, hydrates of pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, stereoisomers of hydrates thereof, and stereoisomer of hydrates of pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In another embodiment, the terms "Compound A," "2-(2-oxo-l-phenyl-5-pyridin-2-yl-l,2-dihydropyridin- 3-yl)benzonitrile," "3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-phenyl-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one," and "perampanel" are intended to include pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, hydrates thereof, and hydrates of pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In other embodiments, the 1,2-dihydropyridine compounds that are useful in the methods and compositions of the invention are 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-methylsulfonylaminophenyl)-l- phenyl- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-chloro-3-pyridyl)-5-(2~pyridyl)- 1 -phenyl- 1 ,2- dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-phenyl-l ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3- (2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l -(3-nitrophenyl)-l ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)- 5-(2-pyridyl)- 1 -(3-aminophenyl)- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3 -(2-cyanophenyl)-5 -(2-pyridyl)- 1 - (3-methylsulfonylaminophenyl)- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)- 1 - (3-methylaminophenyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-(3- dimethylaminophenyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-[3-(5- methoxymethyl-2-oxazolidinon-3-yl)-phenyl]-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5- (2-pyridyl)-l-(3-methoxycarbonylphenyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2- pyridyl)-l-(3-methylaminocarbonylphenyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyano-3-pyridyl)-5- (2-pyridyl)-l -phenyl- l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-(4- hydroxyphenyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-(4- dimethylaminoethoxyphenyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-(3- formylphenyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-(3- hydroxymethylphenyl)- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)- 1 -(3- cyanomethylphenyl)- 1 ,2-dihydropyridine-2-one; 3 -(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)- 1 -(3 - acetylaminomethylphenyl)- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)- 1 -(3- methylsulfonylaminomethylphenyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)- 1 -(3-acetoxymethylphenyl)- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3 -(2-cyanophenyl)-5 -(2-pyridyl)- 1 -(4- methylthiophenyl)- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)- 1 -(4- methylsulfonylpheny-1)- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-formylthiophen-3- yl)- 1 -phenyl- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5 -(2-diethylaminomethylthiophen-3 - yl)- 1 -phenyl- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5 -(2-hydroxymethylthiophen-3 -yl)- 1 - phenyl-l,2-dihydropyridine-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-benzyl-l,2- dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-(3-pyridyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-phenyl-(2-pyridyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-l,5- diphenyl- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-methoxyphenyl)- 1 -phenyl- 1 ,2- dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-l-phenyl-l,2- dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(thiophen-3-yl)-l-phenyl-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-fluorophenyl)- 1 -phenyl- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5- (thiophen-2-y I)-I -phenyl- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(3-furfuryl)-l-phenyl- l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-furfuryl)-l-phenyl-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-phenyl-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2- methoxycarbonylphenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l -phenyl- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-phenyl-5-(2- pyridyl)- 1 -phenyl- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3 -(2-fluorophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)- 1 -phenyl- 1 ,2- dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-(3-methoxyphenyl)-l,2- dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-fluoiO-3-pyridyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l -phenyl- l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(4-methoxy-3-pyridyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)- 1 -phenyl- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-fluoro-3- pyridyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-(3-methoxyphenyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-fluoro-3-pyridyl)-5- (2-pyridyl)-l-(3-fluorophenyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-(4- fluorophenyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-(3-fluorophenyl)- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5 -(2-pyridyl)- 1 -(4-methoxyphenyl)- 1 ,2- dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)- 1 -(3-methoxy- phenyl)-l ,2- dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-phenyl-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-(3-fluorophenyl- )-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3- (2-chlorophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-(4-fluorophenyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)- 5-(2-pyridyl)-l-(4-formylphenyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l- (2-formylphenyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-(3- chlorophenyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-(3-tolyl)-l,2- dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l -(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-l ,2- dihydropyridin-2-one; 3 -(2-cyanophenyl)-5 -(2-pyridyl)- 1 -(thiophen-3 -yl)- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2- one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-(3-furfuryl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2- cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-(4-tolyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2- pyridyl)-l-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2- pyridyl)-l-(2-methoxypyridin-5-yl)-l ,2-dihydropyri- din-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2- pyridyl)-l-(pyrimidin-5-yl)-l,2-dihydrop- yridin-2-one; 3 -(2-cyanophenyl)-5 -(2-pyridyl)- 1 -(3- benzyloxymethylpyridin-5-yl)- 1 ,2-dihydroρyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)- 1 -(2- ethylthiopyridin-5-yl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl- )-l-(4- pyridyl)- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)- 1 -(3-methoxypyridin-5-yl)- l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyπdyl)-l-(2-chloropyridin-5-yl)-l,2- dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-(2-fluoropyridin-5-yl)-l,2- dihydropyridin-2-one; 3 -(2-cyanophenyl)-5 -(2-pyridyl)- l-(2-methoxypheny I)-1, 2- - dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-phenyl-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-(3-pyridyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2- chloiOphenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-(3-pyridyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(thiophen-3-yl)-5-(2- pyridyl)-l-(3-pyridyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-(3- pyridyl)- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanothiophen-3-yl)-5-(2-pyridyl)- 1 -(3-pyridyl)- 1 ,2- dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-fluoro-3-pyridyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-(3-pyridyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2- one; 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-l- ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2- chlorophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)- 1 -(3-dimethylaminoethoxyphenyl)- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2- chlorophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-(3-dimethylaminopropoxyphenyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2- cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-(2-hydiOxymethylphenyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2- cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l -(4-cyanomethylphenyl)-l ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2- cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-(2-cyanomethylphenyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2- cyanophenyl)-5-(6-diethylaminomethyl-2-pyridyl)-l -phenyl- l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2- cyanophenyl)- 1 -phenyl-5-(2-pyrimidinyl)- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-hydroxypyridin-6-yl)- l-phenyl-5-(2-pyridyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; l-(2-aminobenzothiazol-6-yl)-3-(2- cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-(l- benzyl-1 ,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-5-yl)- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3 -[2-(5 -methyl- 1 ,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]-l -phenyl-5-(2-pyridyl)-l ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5- (6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-l -phenyl- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(5- methylpyridin-2-yl)- 1 -phenyl- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(3- hydroxypyridin-2-yl)- 1 -phenyl- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)- 1 -phenyl-5-(2- thiazolyl)- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-methoxypyridin-6-yl)-l -phenyl- l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; l-(4-aminophenyl)-3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l,2- dihydropyridin-2-one; l-(3-aminophenyl)-3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyrimidinyl)-l,2- dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)- 1 -(2-aminotoluen-4-yl)- 1 - ,2- dihydropyridin-2-one ; 3 -(2-cyanopheny I)- 1 - [3 -(dimethylaminoethoxy)phenyl] -5 -(2-pyridyl)- 1,2- dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-l-[3-(piperidinoethoxy)phenyl]-5-(2-pyridyl)-l,2- dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)- 1 -[3-(pyrrolidinoethoxy)phenyl]-5-(2-pyridyl)- 1 ,2- dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-l-[3-(diisoproylaminoethoxy)phenyl]-5-(- 2-pyridyl)- l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-l-[3-(4-piperidinobutyl-l-oxy)phenyl]-5-(2- pyridyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-l-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l,2- dihydropyridin-2-one; l-phenyl-5-(2-pyridyl)-3-(2-thiazolyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2- cyanophenyl)- 1 -(3 -pyridyl)-5 -(2-pyrimidinyl)- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3 -(2-fluoropyridin-3- yl)-l-phenyl-5-(2-pyrimidinyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanopyridin-3-yl)-l-phenyl-5- (2-pyrimidinyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-l-(3-nitrophenyl)-5-(2- pyrimidinyl)- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-nitrophenyl)- 1 -phenyl-5 -(2-pyridyl)- 1 ,2- dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-formylthiophen-3-yl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-phenyl-l,2-dihydropyrid- in-2- one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-(2-naphthyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2- cyanophenyl)-5 -(2-pyridyl)- 1 -( 1 -naphthyl)- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 5 -(2-aminopyridin-6-yl)- 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-l-phenyl-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 5-(2-bromopyridin-6-yl)-3-(2- cyanophenyl)-l-phenyl-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-morphorinopyridin-6- yl)-l -phenyl- l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-l-(3-hydoxyphenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)- l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-l-[3-(4-piperidyloxy)]phenyl-5-(2-pyridyl)-l,2- dihydropyridin-2-one; 1 -[3-(N-acetylpiperidin-4-yl-oxy)phenyl]-3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2- pyridyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-l-{3-[l-(methanesufonyl)piperidin-4-yl- oxy]phenyl}-5-(2-pyridyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; l-[3-(N-methylpiperidin-4-yl-oxy)pheny- l]-3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(6-chloro-lH-benzimidazol-2- yl)-5-(2-pyridyl)- 1 -phenyl- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)- 1 -(2- nitrotoluen-4-yl)- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-(2-cyanothiophen-3-yl)-5-(2-pyridyl)- 1 -phenyl- l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; 3-[2-(5-oxazolyl)phenyl]-l-phenyl-5-(2-pyridyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin- 2-one; 3-[2-(5-oxazolyl)thiophen-3-yl]-l-phenyl-5-(2-pyridyl)-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; and 3- (2-ethoxycarbonylvinylthiophen-3 -yl)-5 -(2-pyridyl)- 1 -phenyl- 1 ,2 -dihydropyridin-2-one.

The 1,2-dihydropyridine compounds and methods for making the 1,2-dihydropyridine compounds are described in US Patent No. 6,949,571 , US Publication No. 2004/0023973, and PCT Publication No. WO 03/047577, WO 04/009553, WO 06/004100, WO 06/004107, WO07/072868, and WO07/072869, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

Methods for administering, dosing, and making other AMPA receptor antagonists such as quinoxalinedione aminoalkylphosphonates are described, for example, in WO 2005/094797 and WO 98/17672.

Zonisamide is commercially available or can be prepared by methods well known in the literature. Zonisamide is available as EXCEGRAN® in the form of tablets or powder (Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma, Japan) and as ZONEGRAN^® (Eisai, Inc., Teaneck, NJ) in the United States. Zonisamide may be produced according to a method described, for example, in Japanese Examined Application No. 60-33114, Japanese Examined Application No. 61-59288 and US patent No. 4,172,896.

Zonisamide may be used in the same manner in its salt form. Salts refer to pharmaceutically acceptable salts known in the art, and not particularly limited as long as they form pharmaceutically acceptable salts with zonisamide. Specifically, examples include quaternized amine salts, alkali metal salts (e.g., sodium salt, potassium salt and lithium salt) and alkaline earth metal salts (e.g., magnesium salt and calcium salt).

In other embodiments, the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of: (i) at least one AMPA receptor antagonist, (ii) zonisamide, and (iii) at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. The invention also provides combinations comprising a therapeutically effective amount of: (i) at least one AMPA receptor antagonist and (ii) zonisamide; wherein the compounds may be administered separately (e.g., simultaneously, sequentially) to a patient to treat the diseases or disorders described. The invention provides kits (e.g., commercial packages) comprising a therapeutically effective amount of: (i) at least one AMPA receptor antagonist, (ii) zonisamide; and (iii) instructions for the simultaneous, separate or sequential use of (i) and (ii) in the treatment of the diseases and disorders described herein. The AMPA receptor antagonist can be any described herein. For example, the 1,2-dihydropyridine compound can be a compound of Formula (I), a compound of Formula (II), a compound of Formula (III), or Compound A. In one embodiment, the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of: (i) zonisamide; (ii) 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-phenyl-l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one; and (iii) at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

The invention provides methods for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of Parkinson's disease, one or more symptoms of Parkinson's disease, movement disorders, and one or more symptoms of movement disorders in a patient in need thereof by administering a therapeutically effective amount of: (a) at least one AMPA receptor antagonist, and (b) zonisamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The methods for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, movement disorders and one or more symptoms of Parkinson's disease or movement disorders include (i) methods for reducing the frequency of Parkinson's disease, a movement disorder, or one or more symptoms of Parkinson's disease or a movement disorder, (ii) methods for reducing the severity of Parkinson's disease, a movement disorder, or one or more symptoms of Parkinson's disease or a movement disorder, (iii) methods for reducing the duration of Parkinson's disease, a movement disorder, or one or more symptoms of Parkinson's disease or a movement disorder, (iv) methods for reducing the frequency and severity of Parkinson's disease, a movement disorder, or one or more symptoms of Parkinson's disease or a movement disorder, (v) methods for reducing the frequency and duration of Parkinson's disease or a movement disorder, or one or more symptoms of Parkinson's disease or a movement disorder, (vi) methods for reducing the severity and duration of Parkinson's disease, a movement disorder, or one or more symptoms of Parkinson's disease or a movement disorder, and (vii) methods for reducing the frequency, severity and duration of Parkinson's disease, a movement disorder, or one or more symptoms of Parkinson's disease or a movement disorder. The AMPA receptor antagonist and, optionally, zonisamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, can be administered separately to the patient or may be administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition.

The dosage form of the formulation included in the combination, kit and/or pharmaceutical composition of the invention is not particularly limited. The combination, kit and/or pharmaceutical composition of the invention is useful as a combination, kit and/or a pharmaceutical composition for treating neuropathic pain; for the prophylaxis of neuropathic pain; and for delaying the onset of neuropathic pain.

The combination, kit and/or pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be used as a drug for treating neuropathic pain; for the prophylaxis of neuropathic pain; and for delaying the onset of neuropathic pain. The combination, kit and/or pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be administered to a patient.

The combination, kit and/or pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be used through oral or parenteral administration. When the combination, kit and/or pharmaceutical composition of the invention is used, the given dose of the compound of the invention differs depending on the degree of the symptom, age, sex, weight and sensitivity difference of the patient, administration mode, administration period, administration interval, nature, prescription and the type of the pharmaceutical formulation, and the type of the active element.

The pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be made into various forms, for example, into solid oral formulations, injectable solution or the like. The AMPA receptor antagonists and zonisamide can be administered orally, topically, parenterally, by inhalation (nasal or oral), or rectally in dosage unit formulations containing conventional nontoxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants, and vehicles as desired. The term parenteral includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intrathecal, intrasternal injection, or infusion techniques. The daily dose of the AMPA receptor antagonists of the invention (e.g., 3-(2- cyanophenyl)-5 -(2 -pyridyl)-! -phenyl- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2 -one) is usually 30 μg/day to 10 g/day; 100 μg/day to 5 g/day; or 100 μg/day to 100 mg/day, in the case of oral administration. For administration by injection, the daily dose is usually 30 μg/day to 1 g/day; 100 μg/day to 500 mg/day; or 100 μg/day to 30 mg/day. The compounds are administered once daily or in several portions a day. When used in the context of a dosage amount, the numerical weight refers to the weight of the 1 ,2-dihydropyridine, exclusive of any salt, counterion, hydrate, and the like.

Therefore to obtain the equivalent of 500 mg of 3-(2-cyanophenyi)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l-phenyl-l,2- dihydropyridin-2-one, it would be necessary to use more than 500 mg of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or hydrate of the compound, due to the additional weight of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or hydrate. The daily dose of zonisamide of the invention is usually 0.1 mg/day to 3000 mg/day; 1 mg/day to 600 mg/day; or 5 mg/day to 300 mg/day. In other embodiment, the daily dose is from 0.01 mg/day to 500 mg/day; from 0.1 mg/day to 100 mg/day; or from 0.1 mg/day to 30 mg/day. The compounds are administered once daily or in several portions a day. When used in the context of a dosage amount, the numerical weight refers to the weight of zonisamide, exclusive of any salt, and the like.

When administered to a child, the dose may possibly be lower than that for an adult. The actual method for administration may fluctuate widely and may depart from the preferred method described herein.

Any other compounds described herein may be administered in doses well known in the art by reference, for example, to The Physician's Desk Reference, to patents describing doses for the compounds, and to journal articles describing doses for the compounds.

In one embodiment, the mode of administration is by injection, such as subcutaneous injection, intramuscular injection, intravenous injection, or intra-arterial injection. Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions can be formulated according to the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents, suspending agents (e.g., methylcellulose, Polysorbate 80, hydroxyethylcellulose, acacia, powdered tragacanth, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyoxytehylene sorbitan monolaurate and the like), pH modifiers, buffers, solubilizing agents (e.g., polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, Polysorbate 80, nicotinamide, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, Macrogol, an ethyl ester of castor oil fatty acid, and the like), stabilizers (e.g., sodium sulfite and sodium metasulfite; examples of the preservative include methyl parahydroxybenzoate, ethyl parahydroxybenzoate, sorbic acid, phenol, cresol, chlorocresol, and the like), tonicity agents and preservatives. The sterile injectable preparation can also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that can be used are water, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally used as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be used including synthetic mono- or diglycerides, in addition, fatty acids, such as oleic acid, can be used in the preparation of injectables. The preparations can be lyophilized by methods known in the art.

In order to prepare a solid oral formulation, an excipient, and if necessary, a binder, disintegrant, lubricant, colorant, a flavoring agent and the like are added to the principal agent, and then made into a tablet, a coated tablet, granule, fine granule, dispersant, a capsule or the like according to a conventional method.

For example, lactose, cornstarch, sucrose, glucose, sorbit, crystalline cellulose, silicon dioxide or the like may be used as the excipient; for example, polyvinyl alcohol, ethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, gum arabic, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose or the like may be used as the binder; for example, magnesium stearate, talc, silica or the like may be used as the lubricant; those that are allowed to be added to drugs may be used as the colorant; and for example, cocoa powder, menthol, aromatic acid, peppermint oil, camphor, cinnamon powder or the like may be used as the flavoring agent. Of course, if necessary, these tablets and granule may be coated appropriately with sugar coating, gelatin coating or else.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration can include chewing gum, capsules, tablets, sublingual tablets, powders, granules, and gels. In such solid dosage forms, the active compound can be admixed with one or more inert diluents such as lactose or starch. As is normal practice, such dosage forms can also comprise other substances including lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate. In the case of capsules, tablets, and pills, the dosage forms can also comprise buffering agents. The tablets can be prepared with enteric or film coatings, preferably film coatings.

To make tablets, the compounds can be admixed with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers known in the art such as, for example, vehicles (e.g., lactose, white sugar, mannitol, glucose, starches, calcium carbonate, crystalline cellulose, silicic acid, and the like), binders (e.g., water, ethanol, myranol, glucose solution, starch solution, gelatin solution, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and the like), disintegrators (e.g., dry starch, sodium, alginate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, calcium carbonate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, sodium laurylsulfate, stearic monoglyceride, starches, lactose, and the like), absorption promoters (e.g., quaternary ammonium base, sodium laurylsulfate, and the like), wetting agents (e.g. glycerin, starches, and the like), lubricants (e.g., stearates, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and flavoring agents (e.g., sweeteners). The tablets can be in the form of a conventional tablet, a molded tablet, a wafer and the like.

Sublingual administration refers to the administration in the mouth (e.g., under the tongue, between the cheek and gum, between the tongue and roof of the mouth). The highly vascular mucosal lining in the mouth is a convenient location for the compounds to be administered into the body.

In other embodiments, the solid dosage form can be packaged as granules or a powder in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, where the granules or powder are removed from the packaging and sprinkled on food or mixed with a liquid, such as water or juice, or where the granules are inserted into capsules. In this embodiment, the compounds described herein can be mixed with flavoring or sweetening agents. The packaging material can be plastic, coated paper, or any material that prevents water or moisture from reaching the granules and/or powder.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration can include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, sublingual solutions, suspensions, and syrups containing inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as water. Such compositions can also comprise adjuvants, such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, and sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents. To make sublingual solutions, the compounds can be admixed with various carriers, excipients, pH adjusters, and the like (e.g., water, sugar, lactic acid, acetic acid, fructose, glucose, saccharin, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, alcohol, bentonite, tragacanth, gelatin, alginates, aspartame, sorbitol, methylparaben, propylparaben, sodium benzoate, artificial flavoring and coloring agents).

Each of the patents, patent applications, and publications cited herein are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various modifications can be made to the invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims.

Claims

Claims

1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising:

(A) an AMPA receptor antagonist, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and

(B) zonisamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and

(C) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carries.

2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the AMPA receptor antagonist, pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, hydrate thereof, or the hydrate of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is a compound of Formula (III), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein the compound of Formula (III) is:

wherein X¹, X² and X³ are each independently a single bond, an optionally substituted C_1-6 alkylene, an optionally substituted C_2-6 alkenylene, an optionally substituted C_2-6 alkynylene, -O-, -S-, -CO-, -SO-, -SO₂-, -N(R⁶)-, -N(R⁷)-C0-, -CO-N(R⁸)-, -N(R⁹)-CH₂-, -CH₂-N(R¹⁰)-, -CH₂-CO-, -CO-CH₂-, -N(Rⁿ)-S(O)_m-, -S(O)_n-N(R¹²)-, -CH₂-S(O)_P-, -S(O)₁₁-CH₂-, -CH₂-O-, -0-CH₂-, -N(R¹³)-CO-N(R¹⁴)- or -N(R¹⁵)-CS-N(R¹⁶); R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are each independently hydrogen, Ci_-6 alkyl, or Cj_-6 alkoxy; m, n, p and q are each independently an integer of O, 1 or 2; A¹, A² and A³ are each independently an optionally substituted C_3-8 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C_3-8 cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted 5- to 14-membered non-aromatic heterocyclic ring, an optionally substituted C_6-I4 aromatic hydrocarbocyclic ring, or an optionally substituted 5 to 14-membered aromatic heterocyclic ring; and R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or Ci_-6 alkyl.

3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the AMPA receptor antagonist, pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, hydrate thereof, or hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l -phenyl- 1,2- dihydropyridin-2-one, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is used for treating Parkinson's disease.

5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is used for treating a movement disorder.

6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is used for treating one or more symptoms of a movement disorder.

7. A combination comprising: (A) an AMPA receptor antagonist, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (B) zonisamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

8. The combination of claim 7, wherein the AMPA receptor antagonist, pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, hydrate thereof, or the hydrate of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is a compound of Formula (III), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein the compound of Formula (III) is:

wherein X¹, X² and X³ are each independently a single bond, an optionally substituted Ci_-6 alkylene, an optionally substituted C_2-6 alkenylene, an optionally substituted C_2-6 alkynylene, -O-, -S-, -CO-, -SO-, -SO₂-, -N(R⁶)-, -N(R⁷)-C0-, -CO-N(R⁸)-, -N(R⁹)-CH₂-, -CH₂-N(R¹⁰)-, -CH₂-CO-, -CO-CH₂-, -N(Rⁿ)-S(0)_m-, -S(O)_n-N(R¹²)-, -CH₂-S(O)_P-, -S(O)_q-CH₂-, -CH₂-O-, -0-CH₂-, -N(R¹³)-CO-N(R¹⁴)- or -N(R¹⁵)-CS-N(R¹⁶); R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are each independently hydrogen, Ci_-6 alkyl, or C]_-6 alkoxy; m, n, p and q are each independently an integer of O, 1 or 2; A¹, A² and A³ are each independently an optionally substituted C_3-8 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C_3-8 cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted 5- to 14-membered non-aromatic heterocyclic ring, an optionally substituted C_6-I4 aromatic hydrocarbocyclic ring, or an optionally substituted 5 to 14-membered aromatic heterocyclic ring; and R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or Ci_-6 alkyl.

9. The combination of claim 7, wherein the AMPA receptor antagonist, pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, hydrate thereof, or hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l -phenyl- 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-one, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

10. The combination of claim 7, wherein (A) and (B) are administered separately to a patient or are administered to a patient in the form of a pharmaceutical composition.

11. The combination of claim 7, wherein the combination is used for treating Parkinson's disease.

12. The combination of claim 7, wherein the combination is used for treating a movement disorder.

13. The combination of claim 7, wherein the combination is used for treating one or more symptoms of a movement disorder.

14. Use of compounds (A) and (B) for producing a pharmaceutical composition in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, wherein (A) and (B) are: (A) an AMPA receptor antagonist, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (B) zonisamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

15. Use of compounds (A) and (B) for producing a pharmaceutical composition in the treatment of a movement disorder, wherein (A) and (B) are:

(A) an AMPA receptor antagonist, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and

(B) zonisamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

16. Use of compounds (A) and (B) for producing a pharmaceutical composition in the treatment of one or more symptoms of a movement disorder, wherein (A) and (B) are:

(A) an AMPA receptor antagonist, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and

(B) zonisamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

17. The use of any one of claims 14 to 16, wherein the AMPA receptor antagonist, pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, hydrate thereof, or the hydrate of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is a compound of Formula (III), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein the compound of Formula (III) is:

wherein X¹, X² and X³ are each independently a single bond, an optionally substituted Ci_-6 alkylene, an optionally substituted C_2-6 alkenylene, an optionally substituted C_2-6 alkynylene, -O-, -S-, -CO-, -SO-, -SO₂-, -N(R⁶)-, -N(R⁷)-C0-, -CO-N(R⁸)-, -N(R⁹)-CH₂-, -CH₂-N(R¹⁰)-, -CH₂-CO-, -CO-CH₂-, -N(R¹¹^S(O)_1n-, -S(O)_n-N(R¹²)-, -CH₂-S(O)_P-, -S(O)_q-CH₂-, -CH₂-O-, -0-CH₂-, -N(R¹³)-CO-N(R¹⁴)- or -N(R¹⁵)-CS-N(R¹⁶); R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are each independently hydrogen, Ci_-6 alkyl, or Ci_-6 alkoxy; m, n, p and q are each independently an integer of O, 1 or 2; A¹, A² and A³ are each independently an optionally substituted C_3-8 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C_3-8 cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted 5- to 14-membered non-aromatic heterocyclic ring, an optionally substituted C_6-I₄ aromatic hydrocarbocyclic ring, or an optionally substituted 5 to 14-membered aromatic heterocyclic ring; and R¹⁷ and R¹⁸ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or Ci_-6 alkyl.

18. The use of any one of claims 14 to 16, wherein the AMPA receptor antagonist, pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, hydrate thereof, or hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is 3-(2-cyanophenyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-l -phenyl- l,2-dihydropyridin-2-one, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

19. The use of any one of claims 14 to 16, wherein (A) and (B) are administered separately to a patient or are administered to a patient in the form of a pharmaceutical composition.

20. Compounds (A) and (B) for use in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, wherein (A) and (B) are:

(A) an AMPA receptor antagonist, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and

(B) zonisamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

21. Compounds (A) and (B) for use in the treatment of a movement disorder, wherein (A) and (B) are:

(A) an AMPA receptor antagonist, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (B) zonisamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

22. Compounds (A) and (B) for use in the treatment of one or more symptoms of a movement disorder, wherein (A) and (B) are:

(A) an AMPA receptor antagonist, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a hydrate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and

(B) zonisamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

23. A kit comprising the pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1 to 6 or the combination of any one of claims 7 to 13.

24. A method for treating Parkinson's disease comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1 to 4 or a therapeutically effective amount of the combination of any one of claims 7 to 11.

25. A method for treating a movement disorder comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1 to 3, and 5 or a therapeutically effective amount of the combination of any one of claims 7 to 10, and 12.

26. A method for treating one or more symptoms of a movement disorder comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1 to 3, and 6 or a therapeutically effective amount of the combination of any one of claims 7 to 10, and 13.