WO2009053597A2 - Novel method for preparing nanoparticles covered with an organic stabilising layer coupled to targeting ligands - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a novel method for preparing nanoparticles for medical imaging, including a metal core, an organic stabilising layer and at least one ligand for targeting diseased tissue.

Description

 NOVEL PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF NANOPARTICLES COVERED WITH A COUPLED ORGANIC STABILIZING LAYER

TARGETING LIGANDS

The invention relates to a novel process for the preparation of nanoparticles for medical imaging comprising a metal core, an organic stabilizing layer and at least one targeting ligand of a pathological tissue.

Metallic nanoparticles used in diagnostic imaging, in particular MRI magnetic resonance imaging, comprising a metal core, coated with a stabilizing organic layer coupled, where appropriate, to biological targeting ligands, are known.

Among these nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles commonly known as USPIO are known which are very small particles of iron oxide, including magnetite (Fe ₃ O ₄ ), maghemite (γ-Fe ₂ O ₃ ) and other mineral compounds. magnetic transition elements, less than about 100-150 nm in size.

To obtain colloidal solutions of magnetic particles that are stable in a physiological medium, it is necessary to condition the surface of the magnetic particles. For this purpose the particle is covered with a stabilizing organic layer consisting of macromolecules such as carbohydrates such as dextran, or small organic molecules such as carboxylic acids.

In order to obtain relevant information for medical imaging diagnosis, it is very advantageous to couple them to an appropriate targeting ligand, so that the particles bind to and / or are specifically recognized by cells or tissues. targets. This recognition is often provided by the formation of an affinity complex between an affinity ligand (or biovector) attached to the particle and a receptor on the surface of target cells, or using ligands involved in biodistribution. of the product for example by a mechanism of the phagocytosis type of the particle by cells of the immune system such as macrophages. The ligands with specific affinity are typically peptides or other organic molecules (sugars, pharmacological ligands, etc.). Bioders involved in biodistribution are, for example, hydrophilic groups such as aminoalcohol groups, or polyethylene glycol type compounds. .

The document WO 97/01760 describes magnetic particles coated with dimercaptosuccinic acid (ADMS), coupled to a specific targeting entity, annexin, via the thiol functions of ADMS. The documents EP 888 545 and WO2004 / 034411 describe particles of diameters of the order of 5 nm, covered with aliphatic polycarboxylic acid groups, these groups being able to be linked to active pharmaceutical substances (targeting ligands), chosen in particular from proteins, enzymes, antibiotics, endotoxins, therapeutic substances in the fields including cardiovascular, cancerous. The methods of the prior art schematically include the following steps:

- preparation of the metal core of the metal nanoparticles;

coating the core with the stabilizing layer, for example polycarboxylic acid; coupling of the particle obtained with the targeting ligand.

However, these prior preparation methods have difficulties in obtaining a completely satisfactory control of the amount of grafted ligand and affinity. For example, in the case of peptides biocoupled by usual methods (carbodiimido), the side functions lysine, glutamic, aspartic, can react, just like the N and C terminal functions. However, this control is important to optimize the affinity of the injected contrast agent for the pathological zone, to modulate the pharmacokinetics, the biodistribution and possibly the metabolism, the excretion and the safety of these particles. This control is also very useful for the production on an industrial scale of such compounds and which meets the requirements of clinical safety of the product injected to patients. For certain stabilizing layers such as citrate, the nanoparticle before coupling with the ligands is not sufficiently stable for industrial production, or the degree of ligand grafting is not completely controlled: it is then possible to have a lack or an excess of grafted ligands or too much heterogeneity between the particles of the batch of product produced and if necessary to perform complex purification steps or inoperative.

For certain stabilizing layers, it is simply not possible, according to the tests carried out by the applicant with the methods described in the literature, to obtain a sufficiently stable particle before coupling with the ligands: this is the case in particular following layers: phosphonates, phosphinates, hydroxamates.

The applicant has succeeded in obtaining a novel process for synthesizing metallic nanoparticles making it possible to overcome the drawbacks of the prior art for several stabilizing layers, and designated the reverse method. In this process, elements consisting of one or more ligands chemically coupled with organic linking groups (also referred to as stabilizing groups or attachment groups) are prepared, and then these elements [together: linking group + ligand] are coupled to the nanoparticles. metal. The organic linking groups will belong to or form the stabilizing layer (also referred to as the tie layer).

The metal nanoparticles are of varied diameter, in particular of the order of 3 to 300 nm, advantageously 5 to 100 nm, and especially 5 to 50 nm. The method is effectively applied to very diverse and advantageous chemical and therapeutic and / or diagnostic pharmaceutical properties.

In addition, for the stabilizing layers unstable with the prior methods, it makes it possible to obtain stable particles that can be grafted with ligands, these particles therefore being new compounds.

It was also not at all obvious to those skilled in the art that this reverse path would lead to improved performance, illustrated in the detailed examples. The invention thus relates, according to a first aspect, to a method for preparing metal nanoparticles, for medical imaging in particular, comprising an N metal core covered with an organic stabilizing layer coupled to at least one targeting ligand, said method comprising the steps of: a) preparing the metal N core of the metal nanoparticles; b) preparation of targeting elements of formula S - C, wherein:

S is an attachment group selected from the following groups and their derivatives: polycarboxylic acid, hydroxy polycarboxylic acid, phosphonate, sulfonate, hydroxamate, silane, siloxane catecholate;

C is a targeting ligand; c) then grafting on the N nucleus of targeting elements S-C.

Each group S comprises at least one N-ring binding part, and at least one X chemical function of coupling with a ligand C, more precisely of covalent binding to a reactive function of ligand C.

According to embodiments, for the covers allowing a stable coverage (citrate for example), it will be possible to partially cover the metal core N with a layer of stabilizer / attachment groups S, before grafting SC targeting elements therein. step c). Steps a) and b) can be performed in any order but before step c).

According to one embodiment, the ligand is a hydrophilic group with an effect on the biodistribution (distribution in the tissues, macrophage uptake, etc.), advantageously an aminoalcohol or polyethylene glycol group. According to one embodiment, the ligand is an affinity ligand (biovector), with a binding affinity for a target overexpressed in a pathological cell or tissue, in particular a cellular receptor, an enzyme, and advantageously chosen from a linear peptide or cyclic, a pseudopeptide, a monosaccharide, a polysaccharide, a vitamin, an antibody, a nucleic acid, a pharmacologically active substance. In one embodiment, a portion of the ligands are affinity biovectors, and another portion of the ligands are biodistribution effect ligands. Thus, in step c), the nucleus is covered, on the one hand, targeting elements with specific affinity targeting ligands and, on the other hand, stabilization / binding groups linked to stability ligands. / biodistribution. In embodiments, nuclei are grafted on the one hand with targeting elements SC and on the other hand with stabilization groups S not carrying ligands. For example, there will be 5% to 100% of SC groups and the complement (95 to 0%) of groups S. The tables in the detailed description illustrate these possibilities. These rates correspond to the coverage rate (at the possible fixation sites, typically the protonated sites located on the surface of the nanoparticle) on the nucleus of the elements S or SC. The percentages are thus expressed as the number of SC or S molecules per number of binding sites available on the nucleus. Thus, for a rate of 100%, the surface of the core will be substantially completely covered by elements SC and / or S. This coverage ratio is thus distinct from the degree of grafting described below.

The set of groups S grafted on the nucleus N constitutes the tie layer (stabilizer). The degree of grafting (percentage by mol of compound SC and / or S per mol of iron, the degree of grafting is calculated from the known microanalysis methods) of the targeting elements SC on the core N is typically between 0.5 and 5%, or between 1 and 10%, especially between 1 and 3%, for example 1%, 2%, 3%, 5%, 10% for a crystal size of the core of the order of 7-8 nm.

The ligands may therefore be identical or different between the grafted targeting elements. According to embodiments, the metal nanoparticles obtained after grafting will thus have, for example, part of the targeting elements with an affinity ligand (biovector peptide for example, for example 0.1 to 50%: advantageously of the order of 0.1 , 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50% of the X functions of the S groups are coupled to a biovector), and another part (typically 10 to 99% of the targeting elements) with a ligand different (another biovector of affinity or biodistribution ligand). It is thus possible to combine several affinity and / or biodistribution ligands. Generally, a coupling rate is achieved suitable for obtaining a satisfactory final particle hydrodynamic size, while allowing for effective specific targeting.

According to embodiments, the polycarboxylic acid comprises at least two carboxylic functions and is chosen from the following acids: citric acid, tartaric acid (D, L), tartaric acid, glutaric acid, malic acid, cyclohexanetricarboxylic acid, cyclohexanehexacarboxylic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, 4-bromo-mandelic acid, cis, cis, cis, cis-1,2,3,4-cyclopentanetetracarboxylic, acid

DL-malic acid, dibenzoyl-D-tartaric acid, chelidonic acid, tetrahydrofuran-1,3,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid, DL-isocitric acid, mucic acid, oxalic acid, glucuronic acid.

Among the carboxylic acid derivatives, it is possible to use aliphatic or aromatic acids, substituted compounds of polycarboxylic acids, the carboxyl groups of which are unchanged, but of which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl groups or carbon atoms. 'halogen.

The S-linking groups, particularly the carboxylic acids, used for binding to targeting ligands include at least one core coupling function and at least one ligand coupling function. Advantageously, the polycarboxylic acid is a tricarboxylic acid, preferably citric acid which comprises:

a CO ₂ H function allowing a chemical coupling to a biovector, for example by an amino function of the biovector by using peptide biocoupling techniques - a part interacting with the nucleus, comprising two CO ₂ H functions.

According to embodiments, the group S is chosen from the following groups, for which the direct grafting on the nucleus is not satisfactorily achievable under standard grafting conditions described in the literature: phosphonate, sulphonate, hydroxamate, siloxane, silane , catecholate.

R is for example a group X-L, where:

X is a function capable of coupling with a biovector (as described below);

L is a chemical linker linkage chosen from: a single bond, an aliphatic group (in particular an alkyl group such as the methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, tert-butyl, isobutyl, pentyl and hexyl radicals); an alicyclic group, especially cycloalkyl; an aromatic group (mono- or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon group preferably comprising from 5 to 20 carbon atoms); aromatic-aliphatic, said aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic groups being optionally substituted by methyl, hydroxy, methoxy, acetoxy, amido, or a chlorine, iodine or aliphatic group; alicyclic; alicyclic-aliphatic; bromine; a group -Li-NHCO-L ₂ where Li and L ₂ are either identical or different and represent an aliphatic group; alicyclic; aromatic; alicyclic-aliphatic or aromatic-aliphatic group, said groups possibly being optionally substituted with a methyl, hydroxy, methoxy, acetoxy, amido group or a chlorine, iodine or bromine atom. R 'is typically an aliphatic group or H.

Those skilled in the art understand that the interaction of the groups S of the preceding table with the nucleus is located substantially at the level of the groups carrying the oxygen atoms.

The silanes are typically of formula (Si _n H _{2n + 2} ), the siloxanes of formula [R ₂ SiO] _n (where R is as defined above - for example [SiO (CH ₃ ) ₂ ] _n .

According to embodiments, S groups are rendered fluorescent, the nanoparticles are then covered with non-fluorescent SC elements on the one hand, and fluorescent S or SC elements on the other hand (examples detailed below), the nanoparticles being interest in multimodal imaging (MRI and near infra-red optical imaging in particular) to refine the diagnosis.

According to embodiments, a second stabilizing compound as mentioned in paragraph [0040] of this document is used as in US Pat. No. 6,638,494.

According to embodiments, in addition to the targeting elements SC, one also grafts groups having an effect on the stability of the nanoparticle, for example hydroxy-carboxylic acids, for example chosen from the following: gluconic acid, oxalic acid, mandelic acid 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-mandelic acid, lactobionic acid, alpha-hydroxyhippuric acid, methyl 2-hydroxybutyric acid, glycolic acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid, phosphoenolpyruvic acid.

Very advantageously, the applicant's method makes it possible to perfectly control the degree of grafting of the nanoparticles into ligand-bearing compounds, which is very useful for the cost and the control of the physiological efficacy of the product. The manufacture of SC targeting elements is by elsewhere completely controlled, especially their purity before grafting, which is major for industrial manufacturing.

The metal core of the prepared nanoparticles is typically composed in whole or in part of iron hydroxide; hydrated iron oxide; mixed iron oxides such as mixed iron oxides of cobalt, nickel, manganese, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, barium, strontium, copper, zinc or platinum; or a mixture of these. The term "ferrite" denotes iron oxides of general formula [xFβ2θ3, y MOz], where M denotes a magnetizable metal under the effect of a magnetic field such as Fe, Co, Ru, Mg, Mn, the magnetizable metal. possibly being radioactive. Preferably, the magnetic particles of the compositions of the invention comprise a ferrite, in particular maghemite (γFβ2θ3) and magnetite (Fβ3θ _4), or mixed ferrites of cobalt (Fβ ₂ CoO ₄₎ or manganese (Fβ ₂ MnO ₄ ). Non-superparamagnetic metals such as lanthanide oxides (especially gadolinium and europium), delayed luminescence particles (PNAS, 2007, 29,104,22,9266: particles of CaZnHgSiO doped with lanthanides Eu ³⁺ may also be used for the nucleus. , Dy ³⁺ , Mn ²⁺ ), mixed compounds based on elements selected from the group consisting of Ca, Mn, Mg, Si and O, said mixed compounds being doped with lanthanides, quantum dot type particles.

As preferred affinity ligands, mention may be made of glycoproteins, lectins, biotin, vitamins, pteroic or aminoptero derivatives, folic acid and antifolic acid derivatives, antibodies or antibody fragments, peptides and their derivatives, mono- or polysaccharides, avidin, inhibitors or substrates of receptors (membrane or nuclear), phospholipids, steroids and their analogues, oligonucleotides, ribonucleic acid sequences, deoxyribonucleic acid sequences hormones or hormone-like substances, amino acids, pharmacologically active organic molecules, pharmacophores, optionally recombinant or mutated proteins, antibodies or antibody fragments, aminoalcohols, phospholipid derivatives, saccharides; folic acid and antifolate derivatives, targeting agents of integrins or metalloproteases being particularly preferred. According to advantageous embodiments, the affinity ligand is chosen from the following list (the documents and references in parentheses are examples and not a limiting list):

1) Biovectors targeting VEGF and angiopoietin receptors (described in WO 01/97850), polymers such as polyhystidine (US 6,372,194), fibrin targeting polypeptides (WO 2001/9188), integrin targeting peptides (WO 01/77145, WO 02 26776 for alphav beta3, WO 02/081497, for example RGDWXE), the pseudopeptides and targeting peptides of MMP metalloproteases (WO 03/062198, WO 01/60416), the peptides targeting for example the KDR receptor / Flk-I including RXKXH and RXKXH, or Tie-1 and 2 receptors (WO 99/40947 for example), Lewis sialyl glycosides (WO 02062810 and Mϋller et al, Eur J. Org Chem, 2002, 3966-3973), antioxidants such as ascorbic acid (WO 02/40060), targeting biovectors of tuftsin (for example US 6,524,554), targeting GPCR protein G receptors, in particular cholecystokinin (WO 02 / 094873), associations between integrin antagonist and guanidine mime (US 6,489,333), quinolones targeting alphav b eta3 or 5 (US 6,511,648), benzodiazepines and analogs targeting integrins (US A 2002/0106325, WO01 / 97861), imidazoles and the like (WO 01/98294), RGD peptides (WO 01/10450), antibodies or antibody fragments (FGF, TGFb, GV39, GV97, ELAM, VCAM, inducible with TNF or IL (US Pat. No. 6,261,535), target-modified targeting molecules (US 5,707,605), targeting of amyloid deposits (WO 02/28441 for example), cathepsin cleaved peptides (WO 02/056670), mitoxantrone or quinone (US 6,410,695), polypeptides targeting epithelial cells (US 6,391,280), cysteine inhibitors proteases (WO 99/54317), biovectors described in: US 6,491,893 (GCSF), US 2002/0128553, WO 02/054088, WO 02/32292, WO 02/38546, WO20036059, US 6,534,038, WO 0177102, EP 1,121,377, Pharmacological Reviews (52, 2, 179; growth factors PDGF, EGF, FGF ...), Topics in Current Chemistry (222, W. Krause, Springer), Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry (11, 2003, 1319-1341, tetrahydrobenzazepinone derivatives targeting alphav beta3). 2) Angiogenesis inhibitors, including those tested in clinical trials or already marketed, including:

inhibitors of angiogenesis involving FGFR or VEGFR receptors such as SU101, SU5416, SU6668, ZD4190, PTK787, ZK225846, azacycle compounds (WO 00244156, WO 02059110);

inhibitors of angiogenesis involving MMPs such as BB25-16 (marimastat), AG3340 (prinomastat), solimastat, BAY12-9566, BMS275291, metastat, neovastat;

angiogenesis inhibitors involving integrins such as SM256, SG545, adhesion molecules blocking EC-ECM (such as EMD 121-

974, or vitaxine);

drugs with a more indirect antiangiogenesis mechanism of action such as carboxiamidotriazole, TNP470, squalamine, ZD0101;

the inhibitors described in WO 99/40947, the highly selective monoclonal antibodies for binding to the KDR receptor, the somatostatin analogs (WO 94/00489), the selectin binding peptides (WO 94/05269), growth factors (VEGF, EGF, PDGF, TNF, MCSF, interleukins); VEGF targeting biovectors described in Nuclear Medicine Communications, 1999, 20; the inhibitory peptides of document WO 02/066512.

3) Biovectors capable of targeting receptors: CD36, EPAS-1, ARNT, NHE3, Tie-1, 1 / KDR, Flt-1, Tek, neuropilin-1, endoglin, pleientropin, endosialin, AxI., AIP1, a2ssl , a4P1, a5pl, eph B4 (ephrin), laminin A receptor, neutrophilin 65 receptor, leptin OB-RP receptor, chemokine receptor CXCR-4 (and other receptors cited in WO99 / 40947), LHRH, bombesin / GRP, receptors gastrin, VIP, CCK.

4) Biovectors of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor type.

5) The known GPIIb / IIIa receptor inhibitors selected from: (1) the Fab fragment of a GPIIb / IIIa receptor monoclonal antibody, Abciximab, (2) intravenous small peptidic and peptidomimetic molecules injected such as eptifibatide and tirofiban.

6) Fibrinogen receptor antagonist peptides (EP 425 212), 11b / 111a receptor ligand peptides, fibrinogen ligands, ligands thrombin, peptides capable of targeting atheroma plaque, platelets, fibrin, hirudin-based peptides, guanine derivatives targeting the llb / IIIa receptor.

7) Other biovectors or biologically active fragments of biovectors known to those skilled in the art as drugs, anti-thrombotic action, anti platelet aggregation, antiatherosclerotic, antirestenotic, anticoagulant.

8) Other biovectors or biologically active fragments of biovectors targeting αvβ3, described in association with DOTA in US Pat. No. 6,537,520, selected from the following: mitomycin, tretinoin, ribomustine, gemcitabine, vincristine, etoposide, cladribine, mitobronitol, methotrexate, doxorubicin, carboquone, pentostatin, nitracrine, zinostatin, cetrorelix, letrozole, raltitrexed, daunorubicin, fadrozole, fotemustine, thymalfasin, sobuzoxane, nedaplatin, cytarabine, bicalutamide, vinorelbine, vesnarinone, aminoglutethimide, amsacrine, proglumide, elliptinium acetate, ketanserin, doxifluridine , andretinate, isotretinoin, streptozocin, nimustine, vindesin, flutamide, drogenil, butocin, carmofur, razoxane, sizofilan, carboplatin, mitolactol, tegafur, ifosfamide, prednimustine, picibanil, levamisole, teniposide, improsulfan, enocitabine, lisuride, oxymetholone, tamoxifen, progesterone , mepitiostane, epitiostanol, formestane, interferon-alpha, interferon-2 alpha, inte rferon-beta, interferon-gamma, colony stimulating factor-1, colony stimulating factor-2, denileukin diftitox, interleukin-2, leutinizing hormone releasing factor.

9) some biovectors targeting particular types of cancers, for example ST-associated receptors for colorectal cancer, or the tachykinin receptor.

10) biovectors using phosphine compounds.

11) biovectors targeting P-selectin, E-selectin; for example, the 8 amino acid peptide described by Morikawa et al, 1996, 951, as well as various sugars. 12) annexin V or biovectors targeting the apoptotic processes.

13) any peptide obtained by targeting technologies such as phage display, optionally modified by non-natural amino acids (http // chemlibrary.bri.nrc.ca), for example peptides derived from phage libraries display: RGD, NGR, CRRETAWAC, KGD, RGD-4C, XXXY ^* XXX, RPLPP, APPLPPR.

14) other known peptide biovectors targeting atheroma plaques, especially cited in WO 2003/014145. 15) vitamins.

16) Hormonal receptor ligands including hormones and steroids.

17) biovectors targeting opioid receptors.

18) biovectors targeting TKI receptors. 19) LB4 and VnR antagonists.

20) nitriimidazole compounds and benzylguanidines.

21) biovectors recalled in Topics in Current Chemistry, vol.222, 260-274, Fundamentals of Receptor-based Metallopharmaceuticals Diagnostics, including: - biovectors targeting peptide receptors overexpressed in tumors (LHRH receptors, bombesin / GRP, receptors VIP, CCK receptors, tachykinin receptors for example), in particular the somatostatin or bombesin analogues, peptides derived from possibly glycosylated octreotide, VIP peptides, alpha-MSH, CCK-B peptides

peptides chosen from: cyclic peptides RGD, fibrin-alpha chain, CSVTCR, tuftsin, fMLF, YIGSR (receptor: laminin).

22) oligosaccharides, polysaccharides and derivatives of oste, derivatives targeting Glut receptors (oste receptors). 23) biovectors used for smart products.

24) markers of myocardial viability (tetrofosmin and hexakis2methoxy-2-methylpropylisonitrile).

25) tracers of the metabolism of sugars and fats.

26) neurotransmitter receptor ligands (D, 5HT, Ach, GABA, NA receptors).

27) oligonucleotides.

28) Tissue factor 29) biovectors described in WO 03/20701, in particular the PK11195 peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligand.

30) fibrin-binding peptides, in particular the peptide sequences described in WO 03/11115.

31) amyloid plaque aggregation inhibitors described in WO 02/085903.

32) targeting compounds for Alzheimer's disease, in particular compounds comprising benzothiazole backbones, benzofurans, styrylbenzoxazoles / thiazoles / imidazoles / quinoline, styrylpiridines.

The ligands, in particular the antibodies and the pharmacophores, may be optionally functionalized so as to be able to react with the X-coupling functions of the S-linking groups, and form a covalent bond preferably of -CONH-, -COO-, - type. NHCO-, -OCO-, -NH-CS-NH-, -CS-, -N-NH- CO-, -CO-NH-N-, -CH ₂ -NH-, -N-CH ₂ -, - N-CS-N-, -CO-CH ₂ -S-, -N-CO-CH ₂ -S-, -N-CO-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -S-, -CH = NH-NH-, - NH-NH = CH-, -CH = NO-, -O-N = CH- or corresponding to the following formulas:

As ligands having an effect on the biodistribution of the contrast product, hydrophilic groups, in particular aminoalcohols and polyethyleneglycol (also called PEG), are advantageously used.

By the term "aminoalcohol" according to the present application is meant a ligand comprising an amine function carrying at least one chain aliphatic hydrocarbon-based hydrocarbon containing from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, said hydrocarbon chain being substituted by several hydroxyl groups, in particular by 4 to 10 hydroxyl groups.

According to a preferred embodiment, the aminoalcohol ligands are compounds of general formula (II):

/ R ₁

in which :

R 1 and R ₂ are identical or different and represent an aliphatic hydrocarbon chain containing from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably substituted by 6 to 10 hydroxyl groups, or else from 4 to 8 hydroxyl groups in the case where R 1 and / or R 2 ₂ is interrupted by one or more oxygen atoms.

As an example of an aminoalcohol ligand of formula (II), mention may be made in particular of the ligands for which R 1 and R ₂ each independently represent a - (CH ₂ ) - (CHOH) ₄ -CH ₂ OH or - (CH ₂ ) -CHOH group -CH ₂ OH, especially those for which R 1 represents a group - (CH ₂ ) - (CHOH) ₄ -CH ₂ OH or - (CH ₂ ) -CHOH-CH ₂ OH and R ₂ a group -CH ₂ - ( CHOH) ₄ -CH ₂ OH.

According to another preferred embodiment, the aminoalcohol ligands are compounds of formula (IV)

in which :

Z is a bond, CH ₂ , CH ₂ CONH or (CH ₂ ) ₂ NHCO,

Z is a bond, O, S, NQ, CH ₂ , CO, CONQ, NQCO, NQ-CONQ or CONQCH ₂ CONQ, Z "is a bond, CONQ, NQCO or CONQCH ₂ CONQ p and q are integers whose sum is 0 to 3 (with according to an advantageous variant p = q = O) R 1, R 2, R 3, R 4 or R ₅ each independently represent H, Br, Cl, I, CONQiQ ₂ or NQiCOQ ₂ , with Q ₁ and Q _{2 being} identical or different chosen from H, a (C 1 -C) alkyl mono- or polyhydroxyl group and / or optionally interrupted by one or more oxygen atoms, such that Qi and Q _{2 together} comprise from 4 to 10 OH groups; it being understood that at least one and at most two of the groups R 1 to R ₅ represent CONQ ₁ O ₂ or NQ ₁ CO ₂ ;

or R 1, R ₃ , R ₅ each independently represent H, Br, Cl, or I and

R ₂ and R ₄ represent

in which

R'1, R'3 and R _5, identical or different, represent H, Br, Cl or I; Qi and Q ₂ have the same meaning as before;

Z "'is a group selected from CONQ, CONQCH ₂ CONQ, CONQCH ₂ , NQCONQ, CONQ (CH ₂ ) ₂ NQCO, and

Q is H or (dC ₄ ) alkyl, said alkyl groups being linear or branched and optionally hydroxylated.

Preferably, Z is CH ₂ .

Preferably, p = q = O.

Preferably, Z "is CONH Preferably R ₂ and R ₄ are CONQiQ ₂ .

Preferably, R 1, R 3, R ₅ represent Br.

Preferably, Q ₁ and Q ₂ each independently represent a group - (CH ₂ HCHOH) ₄ -CH ₂ OH or - (CH ₂ ) -CHOH-CH ₂ OH, in particular a group - (CH ₂ ) - (CHOH) ₄ -CH ₂ OH. According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the aminoalcohol ligand of formula (IV) is the compound:

Preferably, the aminoalcohol ligands according to the invention are coupled via their amino function -NH- or -NH ₂ to the function X of the attachment groups S of formula XL-CH (PO ₃ H ₂ ) ₂ , so that the Hydroxyl functions remain free, thus preserving their hydrophilic character.

For the purposes of the present application, "polyethylene glycol" generally denotes compounds comprising a chain -CH ₂ - (CH ₂ -O-CH ₂ ) _k -CH ₂ OR ₃ in which k varies from 2 to 100 (for example 2, 4, 6, 10, 50), and R ₃ is chosen from H, alkyl or - (CO) Alk, the term "alkyl" or "alk" denoting a linear or branched hydrocarbon aliphatic group having about 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the chain. The term "polyethylene glycol" as used herein includes, in particular, aminopolyethylene glycol compounds of formula (III):

/ R ₁

HN

in which :

R 1 and R ₂ , which are identical or different, represent H, an alkyl group or a polyethylene glycol chain of formula -CH ₂ - (CH ₂ -O-CH ₂ ) K -CH ₂ OR ₃ , it being understood that at least one of the groups R 1, R ₂ represents a polyethylene glycol chain, in which k ranges from 2 to 100 (for example 2, 4, 6, 10, 50), and

R ₃ is chosen from H, alkyl or - (CO) Alk, the term "alkyl" or "alk" denoting a linear or branched hydrocarbon aliphatic group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the chain. Examples of aminopolyethylene glycols are the compounds O- (2-aminoethyl) -O'-methylpolyethyleneglycol 1100, O- (2-aminoethyl) -O'-methylpolyethyleneglycol 2000, O- (2-aminoethyl) -O'- methylpolyethylene glycol 750, compounds PEG 340, PEG 750, PEG 2000 for example. According to variants in which different biovectors are coupled via the X functions to the surface of magnetic particles, two different biovectors targeting the same pathology can be coupled to each magnetic particle (for example a peptide targeting a first type of receptor overexpressed in cells tumors and a second type of receptor overexpressed in tumor cells), or different pathologies. A mixed coupling can for example be used with different biovectors but capable of specifically targeting the same pathology, such as peptides of different sequences capable of targeting different integrins or metalloproteases overexpressed in a cancerous or cardiovascular pathological zone. We can also perform a coupling of fluorescent molecules, phosphorescent, radioactive (for imaging, PET, SPECT), for multimodal imaging.

According to one particular embodiment, a "mixed" coupling between a ligand associated with a recognition by cells of the immune system (for example hydrophilic groups improving macrophage uptake, in particular in inflammatory or neurodegenerative zones) is performed, and a ligand of different nature, that is to say having either a specific affinity for a given target, or a pharmacological and / or cytotoxic activity, so as to modify the biodistribution of the final product.

According to a particular embodiment, the method according to the invention further comprises the grafting of elements S-C-T, where C is a polyethylene glycol ligand and T represents a chromophore group.

By "chromophore" is meant a colored group, that is to say, capable of absorbing the energy of photons in a range of the visible spectrum while the other wavelengths are transmitted or diffused.

As an example of a chromophore useful according to the invention, there may be mentioned in particular 4- (amino) fluorescein hydrochloride. It is thus possible to obtain a large variety of vectorized nanoparticles (carrying at least one ligand). The invention thus also relates to the use of nanoparticles for the preparation of a diagnostic or therapeutic composition. The nanoparticles are in particular used as a contrast agent of the nanoparticle composition type as described in detail in the document WO2004058275, for the MRI or scanner X-ray imaging.

According to embodiments, the particles are carried in active substance delivery systems, such as liposome or solid lipid nanoparticle-type encapsulation systems which can also enclose, in addition to nanoparticles used as a diagnostic agent, therapeutic active principles. .

The Applicant has also studied this reverse method for non-metallic or metal particles comprising a core and at least one layer of organic monomers or polymers carrying targeting ligands useful in diagnostic or therapeutic terms.

The applicant has also studied this inverse method for particles comprising a nucleus (typically metal, but not necessarily), on which the targeting elements comprise a linker group connected to the biovector (drug for example), the group binding being biodegradable so as to release the drug in vivo.

The invention is illustrated by the following detailed examples.

In what follows, the abbreviations M, M / L, theoretical M, N and M / z, ES ⁺ , ES, kD and CCM have the same meanings as in the document WO 2004/058275 (US 2004/253181).

M or M / L: molar concentration (mole / liter).

M theoretical: theoretical molecular mass.

N: normality.

M / z: mass on charge determined by mass spectrometry. ES ⁺ : positive mode electrospray.

ES ^" : electrospray negative mode.

TFA: trifluoroacetic acid. kD: molecular weight unit (kiloDalton). TLC: Thin Layer Chromatography. Z ave: hydrodynamic diameter measured by PCS. PoIy σ: polydispersity measured by PCS.

The following chemical nomenclature is derived from the ACD / NAME software (Advanced Chemistry Development Inc., Toronto, Canada), according to IUPAC rules.

Determination of total iron:

The iron is assayed by atomic absorption spectroscopy (VARIAN AA10 Spectrophotometer) after mineralization with concentrated HCl and dilution against a standard range of ferric ions (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 ppm).

Particle size:

- Hydrodynamic diameter of the grafted particle (Z ave) = PCS size: Determined by PCS (Malvern 4700, laser 488 nm at 90 °) on a sample diluted to ~ 1 millimolar with PPI water filtered on 0.22 microns.

PCS = Photon Correlation Spectroscopy = Dynamic Light Diffusion Technique - Reference: R. Pecora in J. of Nano. Res. (2000), 2, p. 123-131. - Diameter of the magnetic particle (p) (before grafting):

Determined by deconvolution of magnetization curves (measurements performed on a SQUID magnetometer) at different temperatures (Reference: R.W. Chantrell in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics (1978), 14 (5), pp. 975-977).

Structural analyzes:

By mass spectroscopy (MICROMASS VG Quattro II apparatus) with an Electrospray source.

Examples 1 and 2: Preparation of a USPIO with Phosphonate + Amino Alcohol Cover (biodistribution ligand: P792 branch) Example 1: Step 1:

600 mg (1.8 to ³ M) of dibenzylphosphopropionic acid are solubilized in 20 ml of water and 20 ml of dioxane. 3 gr (2.1 10 ^{~ 3} M) of the P792 branch are added to this solution. The pH is adjusted to 6.2 and 36 mg (2.3 × 10 ^-3 M) of HOBT are reacted for 60 minutes, 450 mg (2.3 × 10 ^-3 M) of EDCI are added and the mixture is stirred for 24 hours at room temperature. ambient temperature. The reaction medium is concentrated to dryness under vacuum. The product obtained is used as it is without purification, with a quantitative yield and a consistent mass spectrum.

2nd step :

500 mg (2.9 10 ^-4 M) of the product obtained from stage 1 are stirred in 5 ml of TFA for 4 hours at room temperature, the reaction medium is concentrated to dryness with nitrogen, the oily residue is The precipitate obtained is filtered under vacuum and the product obtained is used as it is without purification, with a quantitative yield and a consistent mass spectrum. Example 2

125 mg (8 × 10 ^-5 M) of the product resulting from step 2 of example 1 (dissolved in 1 ml of water) are added to a solution of 1 ml of Fe ₂ θ 3 at 2 M / L. diluted with 100 ml of water The mixture is stirred% hour, the pH is adjusted to 7 with QSP 0.1 N NaOH The solution is ultrafiltered on 30 KD up to a conductivity of 30 μs in the filtrate 20 ml of solution are obtained with an iron concentration of 0.087M / L. Micro analysis: N = 90%, C = 84%, Br = 93%, Grafting rate from phosphorus assays = 2.4% (mol% compound of example 1-step 2, per mol of iron) PCS size = 25.9 nm Polydispersity = 0.23.

Example 3: Product with a sulfonate blanket, not stable by the process of the prior art (direct route)

Step 1 :

The protocol described in Takahashi Doi et al., J. Org. Chem 1985, vol. 50, p. 5716-5719 is used.

A solution of 14 ml of acetic acid and 14 ml of 25% H ₂ O ₂ is heated to 50 ° C. 2 g (1.88 × 10 ^-2 M) of mercaptopropanoic acid are introduced slowly while maintaining a temperature of 50.degree. C. Stirring is maintained for 1 hour at 50 ° C and overnight at room temperature. The reaction medium is concentrated to dryness under vacuum. The product obtained is used as it is without purification (ES mass spectrum ^" compliant ^" ). 2nd step :

30 mg (1.95 × 10 ^-4 M) of the product resulting from step 1 of example 3 (dissolved in 1 ml of water) are added to a solution of 1 ml of Fe ₂ O ₃ at 2M / L. The solution is stirred at room temperature and Y ₂ H at room temperature.

90 ° C. The pH is adjusted to 7 with QSP of 0.1 N NaOH. The solution obtained is not stable at this pH.

Examples 4 and 5: product with a sulfonate blanket with amino-alcohol biovector (biodistribution ligand: branch designated AAG1AA28Br), by the method of the invention by inverse route

Example 4

200 mg (1.3 × 10 ^-3 M) of step 1 of example 3 are solubilized in 10 ml of water 1.46 gr (1.3 × 10 ^-3 M) of AAGiAA _{2 8} Br are introduced into this solution and the pH is adjusted to 6.2 with QSP of 0.1 N NaOH 250 mg (1.3 × 10 ^-3 M) of EDCI are added and the whole is stirred for 8 hours, 250 mg (1.3 × 10 ^-3 M) are again added and the whole is stirred 16 hours. The reaction medium is partly concentrated in vacuo and the concentrate is poured into 200 ml of IPA, stirred for 2 hours, filtered and dried under vacuum. The precipitate is eluted on a 50 ml column of Amberlite H ⁺ 252 Na resin. The solution is concentrated to dryness under vacuum. The residue is stirred in NPA 2 hours and is filtered and dried. The mass spectrum is consistent.

Example 5

72 mg (5.67 × 10 ^-5 M) of the product obtained from step 1 of example 4 (dissolved in 1 ml of water) are added to a solution of 1 ml of Fe ₂ Os E 1.92 M / L in 100 ml of water The solution is stirred at 90 ° C. for 1 hour. The pH is adjusted to 11 with QSP of 1 N NaOH then to 7.2 with 0.1 N HCl QSP. The solution obtained is ultrafiltered on 30 KD up to a conductivity of 30 μs in the filtrate. PCS size: 30 nm. The binding to the Fe ₂ O ₃ nucleus takes place at the level of the SO 3 H groups.

Examples 6 and 7: product with citrate cover with amino-alcohol biovector, by the method of the invention by the inverse route

Example 6

3.2 g (1.67 × 10 ^-2 M) of citric acid are solubilized in 240 ml of water, 19.2 g (1.7 × 10 ^-2 M) of AAGiAA _2S are introduced into this solution and the pH is adjusted to 6.2 with QSP of NaOH. 5 N. 4 g (2 10 ^"2 M) of EDCI were added and the whole is stirred for 8 hours. 4 g (2 ^{10" 2} M) of EDCI were added and the whole is stirred for 16 hours. The reaction medium is partially concentrated in vacuo. The solution is eluted on a 200 ml column of Amberlite H ⁺ 252 Na resin. The solution is concentrated to dryness under vacuum. The residue is stirred in ethanol for 24 hours and then filtered and dried.

Example 7

500 mg (3.84 × 10 ^-4 M) of the product obtained from Example 6 (dissolved in 2 ml of water) are added to a solution of 14 ml of Fe ₂ Os at 1.336 M / L in 100 ml of The solution is stirred% H at RT and V H at 90 ^° C. The pH is adjusted to 7.2 with 0.1 N NaOH QSP. The solution obtained is ultrafiltered at 30 KD up to a conductivity of 30 μs in the filtrate. Final volume = 60 ml [Fe] = 0.312 M / L. PCS (in a citrate formulation) = 30.6 nm Polydispersity = 0.263 Rate of AAGiAA ₂₈ / Fe = 1.14%. Examples 8 and 9 Citrate-Covered Product with Biovector Glucosamine by the Invention Method by the Inverse Way

Example 8

400 mg (2.08 × 10 ^-3 M) of citric acid are solubilized in 30 ml of water 539 mg (2.5 × 10 ^-3 M) of (D) glucosamine hydrochloride are introduced into this solution and the pH is adjusted to 6.2 with 1 N NaOH QSP 500 mg (2.6 × 10 ^-3 M) of EDCI are added and the mixture is stirred for 8 hours 500 mg (2.6 × 10 ^-3 M) of EDCI are added and the whole is stirred for 16 hours . The reaction medium is partially concentrated in vacuo. The residue is stirred in IPA for 24 hours and then filtered and dried. The yield is quantitative, the mass spectrum is consistent. The product obtained can be used as it is without purification.

Example 9

70 mg (2 × 10 ^-4 M) of the product obtained from Example 8 (dissolved in 5 ml of water) are added to a solution of 2 ml of Fe ₂ O ₃ at 1.92 M / L in 100 ml of water. The solution is stirred Y ₂ H at 90 ° C. The pH is adjusted to 7.2 with QSP of 1 N NaOH. The solution obtained is ultrafiltered over 30 KD up to a conductivity of 30 μs in the filtrate. The final volume is 25 ml. The PCS size of the compound formulated citrate (citrate formulation = 2.9 g of sodium citrate per 100 ml of solution) is 36.7 nm, with a polydispersity of 0.3. PCS size of non-compound Formulated citrate is 32.7 nm with a polydispersity of 0.256. The citrate-Glucamine / Fe level is 3.20%.

EXAMPLE 10 Citrate Cover Product with Mixed Cover (Peptide Biovector (Affinity Ligand) and Biodistribution Ligand AAG1AA28) by the Invention Method by the Inverse Way

16.5 mg (2 × 10 ^-5 M) of the peptide (molecule targeting the integrin αvβ3), dissolved in 1 ml of water, are added to a solution of 2 ml of Fβ2θ3 at 1.92 M / L in 100 ml of The solution is stirred for 1 hour, 261 mg (2 × 10 ^-4 M) of the compound of Example 6 (dissolved in 2 ml of water) are added to the reaction medium. The solution is stirred at 90 ° C. The pH is adjusted to 7.2 with QSP of 1 N NaOH at room temperature The solution obtained is ultrafiltered at 30 KD up to a conductivity of 30 μs in the filtrate. 25 ml PCS (not formulated citrate) = 36.7 nm - Polydispersity = 0.242 PCS (Citrate Formula) = 32.7 nm Polydispersity = 0.22.

Example 11 Preparation of Compounds Designated Fluorescent Tongs

(citrate groups carrying fluorescent groups).

List of fluorescent dyes involved in the coupling reaction with citric acid.

400 mg (2.08 mmol) of citric acid are dissolved in 30 ml of water and 2.5 mmol of dye are introduced into this solution and the pH is adjusted to 6.2 with 1N NaOH. 500 mg (2.6 mmol) of EDCI are added and the whole thing is shaken 8 hours. 500 mg (2.6 mmol) of EDCI are added and the mixture is stirred for 16 hours. The reaction medium is concentrated in vacuo. The residue is precipitated in ether and then filtered and dried. The product is then purified by flash chromatography on a C18 silica cartridge.

Example 12 Synthesis of Fluorescent Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Having a Citrate Cover Carrier, Firstly, Hydrophilic Ligands (Aminoalcohol) and, Secondly, Fluorescent Groups

According to the procedure of Example 9, using a mixture of the clamps (ligand-carrying groups) of Examples 6 and 8, with the fluorescent clamps 5, 6, 7 or 8 in variable proportions as summarized in FIG. following table:

Example 13 Synthesis of Vectorized Clamps (Binding Groups Bearing Biovector Ligands)

The biovectors are coupled with citric acid according to the procedure described in Example 1. The proportions of the cosolvent are adjusted according to the solubility of the products used.

Example 14: Synthesis of the Nanoparticles of Iron Oxide Vectorized

According to the procedure of Example 9 using a mixture of the forceps of Examples 6 and 8 with biovector clamps n ^i or 22 in variable proportions as summarized in the following table:

Example 15 Synthesis of the Fluorescent and Fluorescent Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

According to the procedure of Example 9, using a mixture of the clamps of Examples 6 and 8, with the biovector clamps 21 or 22 and fluorescent clamps 5, 6, 7 or 8 in variable proportions as summarized in the table. next :

Claims

A process for the preparation of metal nanoparticles comprising an N metal core coated with an organic stabilizing layer coupled to at least one targeting ligand, comprising the steps of: a) preparing the metal N core of the metal nanoparticles; b) preparing targeting elements of the formula: S - C wherein:

S is an organic linking group chosen from: polycarboxylic acid, phosphonate, sulfonate, hydroxamate, silane, siloxane, catecholate;

- C is a targeting ligand; c) N-ring grafting of S-C targeting elements.

2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the metal core is chosen from the following: iron hydroxide, hydrated iron oxide, ferrite, mixed iron oxide, lanthanide oxide, mixed compound based on the elements selected from group consisting of Ca, Mn, Mg, Si and O, said mixed compound being doped with lanthanides.

3. Process according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that S is a polycarboxylic acid group, advantageously di or tricarboxylic acid.

4. Process according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that S is a phosphonate, sulphonate, hydroxamate, siloxane or catecholate group.

5. Method according to claim 1 to 3, characterized in that the ligand is a hydrophilic group with effect on biodistribution or macrophage uptake, advantageously an aminoalcohol or polyethylene glycol group.

6. Method according to claim 1 to 5, characterized in that the ligand is an affinity ligand with a binding affinity for a target overexpressed in a pathological cell or tissue, in particular a cellular receptor, an enzyme and, advantageously, chosen among: a linear or cyclic peptide, a pseudopeptide, a monosaccharide, a polysaccharide, a vitamin, an antibody, a nucleic acid, a pharmacologically active substance.

7. Method according to claim 1 to 6, characterized in that part of the ligands are affinity biovectors, and another part of the ligands are ligands with effect on biodistribution.

8. Process according to claim 1 to 7, characterized in that on the one hand, targeting elements S-C and, on the other hand, non-ligand stabilizing groups S are grafted onto the nucleus.

9. The method of claim 1 to 8, characterized in that the grafting rate of the targeting elements on the core is 1 to 10%, preferably 1, 2, 3, 5, 10%.

The method of any of claims 1 to 10, further comprising grafting S-C-T elements, wherein C is a polyethylene glycol ligand and T is a chromophore group.

11. A nanoparticle comprising a metal core coated with a phosphonate, sulfonate, hydroxamate, catecolate stabilizing layer on which targeting ligands are grafted, obtainable by a process according to claim 1 or 2.

12. Use of a particle according to claim 11 for the preparation of a diagnostic composition for medical imaging.

13. Nanoparticle according to claim 11 for use as a diagnostic agent in medical imaging.