WO2009026606A1 - Power dampener for a fault current limiter - Google Patents
Power dampener for a fault current limiter Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2009026606A1 WO2009026606A1 PCT/AU2007/001251 AU2007001251W WO2009026606A1 WO 2009026606 A1 WO2009026606 A1 WO 2009026606A1 AU 2007001251 W AU2007001251 W AU 2007001251W WO 2009026606 A1 WO2009026606 A1 WO 2009026606A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- circuit
- series
- coil
- transient
- biasing coil
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
- H02H7/001—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for superconducting apparatus, e.g. coils, lines, machines
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F6/00—Superconducting magnets; Superconducting coils
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F6/00—Superconducting magnets; Superconducting coils
- H01F2006/001—Constructive details of inductive current limiters
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
- Y02E40/60—Superconducting electric elements or equipment; Power systems integrating superconducting elements or equipment
Definitions
- the present invention relates to superconducting fault current limiter devices.
- Examples of superconducting fault current limiting devices can be seen in: US Patent 7193825 to Darmann et al; US Patent 6809910 to Yuan et al; US Patent 5,726,848 to Boenig; and US Patent Application Publication Number 2002/0018327 to Walker et al.
- these devices may operate by means of a DC biasing coil being placed around a magnetic core to bias the core into magnetic saturation. Upon the occurrence of a fault, the core is taken out of saturation which induces a substantial reluctance to the fault.
- Other current limiting devices often utilize the manipulation of the magnetic properties of a core.
- a fault event in the context of this description can be described on one form as a short circuit on the AC circuit that is being protected by the FCL - that is a short circuit or other transient phenomenon on the AC circuit for which the FCL was designed to limit.
- the fault event is assumed to not describe an internal fault developed within the FCL, the windings, or its components.
- An example of this problem is illustrated in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 which illustrate the simulation of a fault event on an aforementioned device due to Darmann.
- Fig. 2 there is illustrated a corresponding induced current flow in a DC superconducting biasing coil.
- the transient induced current may also be reduced by lowering the turns ratio between the DC and AC side - this requires increasing the number of turns on the DC coil which may be impractical for the fault limiting percentage required in the application under consideration or it may too expensive.
- the number of turns on the AC side may be reduced, however, this will reduce the effective impedance of the device for limiting fault currents.
- the transient impedance of the device is proportional to the square of the number of AC turns. Reducing the effective impedance through lowering the number of AC turns is a disadvantage because to compensate for this, the cross sectional area of steel would have to be increased making the design larger, heavier, and more expensive.
- quench detection circuit It is common in superconducting applications to include a quench detection circuit and protection.
- the quench circuit usually consists of a rapidly opening solid state switch to isolate the power supply and another solid state switch which closes to dump the stored energy into a resistor.
- These so called “quench protection mechanisms” are design to protect the superconducting coil from internally developed faults or unstable thermal transients which drive the coil into a normally conductive state.
- Quench detection circuits often rely on the detection of a ratio of voltages between two or more coil sections developed internally to the superconducting coil.
- a quench detection circuit and protection mechanism circuit are not suitable to dump the energy during a fault event on the AC circuit in a DC saturated fault current limiter.
- a method of dampening a transient in a DC biasing coil in a fault current limiter including the step of: interconnecting a transient suppression circuit across the DC biasing coil, the transient suppression circuit being operative when the transient voltage across the DC biasing coil exceeds a predetermined maximum.
- the transient suppression circuit can include a first and second series of diodes connected in series, with the first and second series being connected in parallel with an opposite orientation to one another.
- the transient suppression circuit can include a series of cascaded Zener diodes.
- the transient suppression circuit preferably can include a series of non-linear resistors.
- the DC biasing coil can be wrapped around a core of a single phase or multiple phases in a multiphase system.
- the DC biasing coil can comprise a superconducting coil.
- a power dampening circuit for interconnection in parallel with a DC biasing coil in a fault current limiter, the power dampening circuit having a non-linear response, having a high impedance to low voltages across the DC biasing coil and a low impedance to high voltages across the DC biasing coil.
- the circuit can be formed from passive components, including a series of Zener diodes connected in series and activated when a predetermined voltage across the DC coil can be exceeded or at least one non-linear resistor.
- Fig. 1 illustrates a graph of the calculated induced EMF in a DC coil of the prior art upon the occurrence of a fault condition
- Fig. 2 illustrates a graph of the calculated induced current within a DC coil of a fault current limiter when subjected to a simulated fault condition
- Fig. 3 shows one arm of a fault current limiter constructed in accordance with
- Fig. 4 shows a circuit for simulation of a DC saturated FCL without protection against reflected power
- Fig. 5 shows a plot of the simulated response for the circuit of Fig. 4.
- Fig. 6 shows a plot of the reduction of fault current due to operation of the
- FIG. 7 illustrates schematically the connection of a power dampening circuit in parallel with the DC coil
- Fig. 8 illustrates schematically one form of dampening circuit
- Fig. 9 illustrates a second form of dampening circuit
- Fig. 10 illustrates a simulated circuit including the dampening circuit of Fig. 8.
- Fig. 1 1 illustrates the corresponding DC transients for the circuit of Fig. 10;
- Fig. 12 illustrates a graph showing the reduction in fault current through the utilization of the power dampener
- Fig. 13 illustrates a graph showing the operation of a DC circuit transient
- Fig. 14 illustrates the DC circuit current for two consecutive transients
- Fig. 15 illustrates the DC circuit current for two closely spaced consecutive transients.
- the energy in a DC saturated superconducting coil surrounding an iron core is substantially equal to the product of the magnetic field and the magnetisation because the core is in a highly saturated state.
- a highly saturated core is desired to minimise the insertion impedance of the device (Le. the impedance of the device seen at the AC terminals in the non- faulted, steady state condition).
- a DC saturated FCL such as that disclosed in United States Patent 7193825 (the contents of which are hereby incorporated by cross reference)
- both an AC and DC coil are present. The energy that must be dumped during a fault current event (i.e.
- a short circuit on the AC circuit being protected includes not only the stored energy of the DC coil, but also the energy reflected into the DC coil from the AC circuit due to the mutual coupling between the AC and DC coils.
- Energy is the total energy dissipated in the DC circuit
- B(to) is the DC Magnetic field in the steel core before the time of the fault
- H(to) is the DC magnetisation of the steel core before the time of the fault
- V(t) is the voltage transient induced into the DC coil from the AC coupling
- i(t) is the current transient induced into the DC coil from the AC coupling
- tl is the end of the fault period in the AC circuit.
- the transient voltage and current in the DC coil will depend on the features of the protection circuit and the DC coil. In the preferred embodiments it is desired to reduce the magnitude of both v(t) and i(t) and to manage the total coil energy so that it is safely dumped in an external resistor during operation of the FCL (i.e. during a fault on the AC circuit).
- the first part of the energy equation (Eqn. 1) is a quantity which depends on the specific design of the DC saturated FCL.
- the values of B and H are normally optimised according to technical and economical considerations.
- the second part of the energy equation is augmentable through judicious design of the turns ratio between the AC and DC circuits and the degree of coupling between them.
- Lower magnetic coupling for example through the introduction of an air gap in the steel core, will reduce the induced transient current and voltages, however, this increases the number of superconducting ampere- turns required to saturate the core and this may be uneconomic.
- the magnetising field, H is increased increasing the DC stored energy in the system.
- Fig. 4 illustrates a simulated AC circuit used to simulate tests on the preferred embodiment.
- the circuit 41 is interconnected to a three limb FCL 42 as formed in the aforementioned patent application.
- the saturation magnetic field was 2.00 Tesla and the magnetisation is 10,000 A/m.
- the energy stored in the DC magnetic field is approximately 20 kJ.
- there are many different methods of representing a DC power supply Substantially consistent results were found to be obtained whether employing a constant current source model, a constant voltage source model, a linear regulated power supply model, or a switched mode power supply. The details of the transient voltage and current waveforms induced in each case varied but this did not appear to detract from the operation of the protection mechanisms herein disclosed. For simplicity, the simulations of the preferred embodiment employed a constant voltage source.
- Fig. 5 illustrates a graph of the prospective induced current and voltage transient waveform responses in the DC circuit to a fault on the AC side.
- the AC circuit fault is simulated by introducing a short circuit to a 0.08 Ohm resistor.
- the plot 50 illustrates the AC circuit fault
- the plot 51 illustrates the corresponding induced transient voltage in the DC circuit.
- the induced transient is large due to a lack of any resistance and will depend on the details of the DC power supply. In general, the transient induced voltage into the DC circuit 51 is detrimental to the superconducting coil and could cause incremental insulation damage and a complete failure of the superconducting coil.
- Fig. 6 illustrates the basic functional characteristics of the FCL.
- the graphs illustrate AC side current for a first case 60 where no FCL is present and a second case 61 where the FCL is present.
- the two plots show the reduction in the fault current when the DC saturated fault current limiter is employed in the AC circuit compared to the case when it is not employed.
- a passively switched power dampening circuit is also included in parallel with the DC coil circuit, the arrangement being as illustrated schematically in Fig. 7, with the DC coil 71 formed around the steel core 74 and the Power Dampening Circuit 72 formed in parallel and interconnected to DC power source 73.
- Fig. 8 illustrates a first form of passively switched power dampening circuit 80 and Fig. 9 illustrates a second form of circuit 90. Both include a passively switched dump resistor in the DC coil circuit. As noted previously, these circuits are connected in parallel with the superconducting coil.
- Both circuits of Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 employ non- linear components which act as switches during transient events on the AC circuit. During the steady state, non- faulted condition, the protection circuits 80, 90 have an overall high impedance and do not conduct a current. Hence, these protection circuits do not impose any additional current burden on the DC power supply and have a zero thermal loading. This reduces the amount of heat sinking and cooling which may be otherwise required.
- the magnitude of the transient voltage across the DC coil 71 (Fig. 7) will increase to higher value than normal through mutual coupling between the AC and DC circuits. This voltage will trigger the passive switching elements (i.e. the varistors 81 or the diodes 82) to conduct and hence these components, if sized correctly, will have a low resistance during the fault period on the AC circuit.
- the 'switch on' voltage of the circuit shown in Fig. 8 can be tailored by adjusting the number of diodes 81 in each series string.
- the diodes 81 can be replaced by appropriately sized spark gap device or other passive device which switches on at a known forward bias voltage.
- the diode chain can be replaced by an appropriately rated Zener diode.
- One advantage of the protection circuit shown in Fig. 8 is that the components do not have a transient thermal cooling time requirement before they can be next employed in a voltage limiting function. For example, some non-linear resistors derive their non-linear characteristics from a heating effect. The effect may require a cool down time which is not practical for overall device reliability. For example, circuit breaker logic at a particular sub-station may require the circuit breaker to close after a period of 1 second in order to "re-try" the circuit. This scheme is often used where overhead line feeders are used (i.e. not underground) and a fallen branch may be the cause of the short circuit.
- the forward bias of the diodes 81 in Fig. 8 can be set to a value which is less than the over-voltage protection setting on the DC power supply 73 ( Fig. 7). In this way, the power supply stays active during the AC side fault event and will be ready for the next subsequent AC fault event without any delay time to re-bias the core.
- the choice of the dump resistor, R (82, 92), will depend on the components employed in the DC power supply and filter, the energy stored in the DC coil, and the voltage insulation to withstand the level of the dc coil.
- the circuits applied are protecting a superconducting coil, and they are employed to dump energy from the coil that is reflected from the AC side of the circuit.
- each of the diode strings 100 was set to 6.0 Volts by connecting ten diodes in series in each parallel string of diodes. This is the "turn on" voltage of the protection circuit.
- Fig. 11 shows the calculated transient currents 111 and voltages 110 in the DC circuit after a fault event on the AC side.
- the induced voltage in the DC circuit has been effectively reduced to a peak of approximately 200 Volts and the DC current to a peak of approximately 300 Amps.
- Fig. 12 shows the calculated AC circuit transient current waveforms for the circuit in Fig. 10, with 122 and without 121 an FCL. It can be seen that the FCL does not alter its main performance requirement with the protection circuit included. It will be apparent that the turn-on voltage and the resistance value can be altered to suit a particular power supply or DC coil design.
- the turn-on voltage can be increased by increasing the number of diodes placed in series in each string of diodes.
- the choice of the resistance R also needs to be balanced with the type of cooling employed for the superconducting coil.
- a superconducting coil which is dry cooled, that is, by a cold head, in vacuum space is less able to survive long transient heating periods.
- a better insulation of the superconducting coil can be employed, and a higher value of the dump resistance such that the energy is dumped in a reduced time period.
- Fig. 14 and Fig. 15 show that the inclusion of the proposed protection circuits do not prevent the FCL from limiting faults which occur in close succession, for example, shortly after a circuit breaker re-close event on a persistent fault on the AC circuit.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)
- Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (12)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA2697314A CA2697314A1 (en) | 2007-08-30 | 2007-08-30 | Power dampener for a fault current limiter |
CN200780100411A CN101816109A (en) | 2007-08-30 | 2007-08-30 | Power dampener for a fault current limiter |
JP2010522126A JP2010537620A (en) | 2007-08-30 | 2007-08-30 | Power suppression device for fault current limiter |
MX2010002234A MX2010002234A (en) | 2007-08-30 | 2007-08-30 | Power dampener for a fault current limiter. |
BRPI0721927-0A BRPI0721927A2 (en) | 2007-08-30 | 2007-08-30 | "METHOD OF AUTHENUATING A MOMENTARY PEAK IN A C.C. POLARIZATION COIL ON A LEAKAGE CURRENT LIMITER AND PARALLEL CIRCUIT CIRCUIT WITH A C.C. POLARIZATION COILER |
KR1020107006424A KR101159429B1 (en) | 2007-08-30 | 2007-08-30 | Power dampener for a fault current limiter |
EP07784871A EP2183834A1 (en) | 2007-08-30 | 2007-08-30 | Power dampener for a fault current limiter |
PCT/AU2007/001251 WO2009026606A1 (en) | 2007-08-30 | 2007-08-30 | Power dampener for a fault current limiter |
US12/674,770 US20110116199A1 (en) | 2007-08-30 | 2007-08-30 | Power Dampener for a Fault Current Limiter |
AU2007358210A AU2007358210B2 (en) | 2007-08-30 | 2007-08-30 | Power dampener for a fault current limiter |
RU2010109026/07A RU2416852C1 (en) | 2007-08-30 | 2007-08-30 | Power damper for limitation of emergency current |
ZA2010/02251A ZA201002251B (en) | 2007-08-30 | 2010-03-30 | Power dampener for a fault current limiter |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/AU2007/001251 WO2009026606A1 (en) | 2007-08-30 | 2007-08-30 | Power dampener for a fault current limiter |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2009026606A1 true WO2009026606A1 (en) | 2009-03-05 |
Family
ID=40386541
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/AU2007/001251 WO2009026606A1 (en) | 2007-08-30 | 2007-08-30 | Power dampener for a fault current limiter |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20110116199A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2183834A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2010537620A (en) |
KR (1) | KR101159429B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101816109A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2007358210B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0721927A2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2697314A1 (en) |
MX (1) | MX2010002234A (en) |
RU (1) | RU2416852C1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2009026606A1 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA201002251B (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2424063B1 (en) * | 2010-08-23 | 2020-09-30 | Nexans | Quench detection system for a superconductor fault current limiter |
BR112015015273A2 (en) * | 2012-12-27 | 2017-07-11 | Koninklijke Philips Nv | system and method |
US9331476B2 (en) * | 2013-08-22 | 2016-05-03 | Varian Semiconductor Equipment Associates, Inc. | Solid state fault current limiter |
RU168337U1 (en) * | 2016-08-04 | 2017-01-30 | Акционерное общество "Протон" (АО "Протон") | ELECTRONIC INTEGRAL RELAY WITH TRANSFORMER DISCHARGE AND OVERLOAD PROTECTION |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7193825B2 (en) * | 2002-10-22 | 2007-03-20 | Metal Manufactures Limited | Superconducting fault current limiter |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5726848A (en) * | 1996-05-08 | 1998-03-10 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Fault current limiter and alternating current circuit breaker |
JPH118841A (en) * | 1997-06-17 | 1999-01-12 | Maspro Denkoh Corp | Protection circuit |
JPH1146439A (en) * | 1997-07-25 | 1999-02-16 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Surge protection circuit |
US20020018327A1 (en) * | 2000-07-10 | 2002-02-14 | Walker Michael S. | Multi-winding fault-current limiter coil with flux shaper and cooling for use in an electrical power transmission/distribution application |
JP4469512B2 (en) * | 2001-03-29 | 2010-05-26 | 勉 星野 | Saturable DC reactor type fault current limiter |
US6809910B1 (en) * | 2003-06-26 | 2004-10-26 | Superpower, Inc. | Method and apparatus to trigger superconductors in current limiting devices |
JP4328860B2 (en) * | 2005-04-05 | 2009-09-09 | 国立大学法人京都大学 | Fault current limiter and power system using the same |
US7573156B2 (en) * | 2005-12-22 | 2009-08-11 | American Power Conversion Corporation | Apparatus for and method of connecting a power source to a device |
-
2007
- 2007-08-30 US US12/674,770 patent/US20110116199A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-08-30 MX MX2010002234A patent/MX2010002234A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2007-08-30 AU AU2007358210A patent/AU2007358210B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2007-08-30 RU RU2010109026/07A patent/RU2416852C1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-08-30 WO PCT/AU2007/001251 patent/WO2009026606A1/en active Application Filing
- 2007-08-30 EP EP07784871A patent/EP2183834A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2007-08-30 CN CN200780100411A patent/CN101816109A/en active Pending
- 2007-08-30 KR KR1020107006424A patent/KR101159429B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-08-30 BR BRPI0721927-0A patent/BRPI0721927A2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-08-30 JP JP2010522126A patent/JP2010537620A/en active Pending
- 2007-08-30 CA CA2697314A patent/CA2697314A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2010
- 2010-03-30 ZA ZA2010/02251A patent/ZA201002251B/en unknown
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7193825B2 (en) * | 2002-10-22 | 2007-03-20 | Metal Manufactures Limited | Superconducting fault current limiter |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
MATHIAS NOE ET AL.: "High-temperature superconductor fault current limiters: concepts, applications, and development status", SUPERCOND. SCI. TECHNOL., vol. 20, 15 January 2007 (2007-01-15), pages R15 - R29, XP020116058 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN101816109A (en) | 2010-08-25 |
US20110116199A1 (en) | 2011-05-19 |
JP2010537620A (en) | 2010-12-02 |
AU2007358210A1 (en) | 2009-03-05 |
KR101159429B1 (en) | 2012-06-22 |
BRPI0721927A2 (en) | 2014-04-15 |
EP2183834A1 (en) | 2010-05-12 |
ZA201002251B (en) | 2011-09-28 |
MX2010002234A (en) | 2010-08-02 |
RU2416852C1 (en) | 2011-04-20 |
AU2007358210B2 (en) | 2011-04-28 |
KR20100047327A (en) | 2010-05-07 |
CA2697314A1 (en) | 2009-03-05 |
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