WO2009018069A2 - Mixtures of cyclodextrin derivatives - Google Patents

Mixtures of cyclodextrin derivatives Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009018069A2
WO2009018069A2 PCT/US2008/070969 US2008070969W WO2009018069A2 WO 2009018069 A2 WO2009018069 A2 WO 2009018069A2 US 2008070969 W US2008070969 W US 2008070969W WO 2009018069 A2 WO2009018069 A2 WO 2009018069A2
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Prior art keywords
composition
derivative
substitution
cyclodextrin
derivatized
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PCT/US2008/070969
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French (fr)
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WO2009018069A3 (en
Inventor
Vincent D. Antle
Almira Hansen
Jose R. Matos
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Cydex Pharmaceuticals, Inc
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/715—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/715—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
    • A61K31/716—Glucans
    • A61K31/724—Cyclodextrins

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to combination compositions comprising a mixture of two or more cyclodextrin derivatives differing in their average degrees of substitution.
  • the invention also provides methods for their preparation and use.
  • a number of references disclose water soluble sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrins and methods for their preparation and use.
  • An SAE-CD can be made according to the disclosures of Stella et al., Parmerter et al., Lammers et al. or Qu et al. (See citations below).
  • the anionic sulfobutyl ether substituent dramatically improves the aqueous solubility and safety of the parent cyclodextrin.
  • Reversible, non-covalent, complexation of drugs with CAPTISOL ® generally allows for increased solubility and, in some cases, increased stability of drugs in aqueous solutions.
  • SAE-CD's Sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrins
  • Captisol ® are known to bind compounds such as nifedipine, nimodipine, nitrendipine and clotrimazole poorly.
  • a sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin include eicosa-O- (methyl)-6G-O-(4-sulfobutyl)- ⁇ -cyclodextrin, heptakis-O-(sulfomethyl)-tetradecakis-O-(3- sulfopropyl)- ⁇ -cyclodextrin, heptakis-O-[(l,l-dimethylethyl)dimethylsilyl]-tetradecakis-O-
  • ether cyclodextrin derivatives containing a sulfoalkyl moiety include sulfoalkylthio and sulfoalkylthioalkyl ether derivatives such as octakis-(S-sulfopropyl)-octathio- ⁇ -cyclodextrin, octakis-O-[3-[(2-sulfoethyl)thio]propyl]- ⁇ - cyclodextrin], and octakis-S-(2-sulfoethyl)-octathio- ⁇ -cyclodextrin.
  • Water soluble cyclodextrin derivatives can be made according to: 1)
  • Japanese Patent No. JP 05001102 to Yoshinaga sulfonic acid derivatives of cyclodextrins
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,241,059 to Yoshinaga cyclodextrin derivatives containing sulfoalkyl ether (SAE), ammonium, phosphoric, carboxyl, hydroxyl, tosyl, t-butyl-dimethylsilyl (TBDMS), azide, trimethyl ammonium, or carboxyalkyl ether
  • SAE sulfoalkyl ether
  • TDMS t-butyl-dimethylsilyl
  • polymeric CD derivatives wherein the CD comprises anionic R groups selected from the group consisting of sulfate, phosphate, sulfonate, carboxylate and nitrate, and nonanionic R groups selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, ester, ether, thioester, thioether); 11) alkyl ether derivatized cyclodextrins (AE-CD' s) (see Fromming and Szejtli, Cyclodextrins in Pharmacy, Kluwer Academic Publishing, Dordrecht, 1994 and references therein), all of the disclosure of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • anionic R groups selected from the group consisting of sulfate, phosphate, sulfonate, carboxylate and nitrate
  • nonanionic R groups selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, ester, ether, thioester, thioether
  • AE-CD' s al
  • a mixture of cyclodextrin derivatives wherein the mixture contains two different cyclodextrin derivatives differing in the substituent attached to the parent cyclodextrin, e.g. hydroxypropyl ether cyclodextrin mixed with alkyl ether cyclodextrin, is known in the art.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,582,900 to Brandt et al. discloses mixed ether compositions of cyclodextrins wherein individual cyclodextrin molecules are derivatized with two different functional groups.
  • Stella et al. disclose compositions containing cyclodextrin derivatives containing two different substituents attached to the same parent cyclodextrin, e.g. sulfoalkyl ether alkyl ether cyclodextrin.
  • TDS total (average) degree of substitution
  • substitution pattern the regiochemistry of substitution
  • the synthetic method for preparing cyclodextrin derivatives results in a composition comprising a distribution of cyclodextrin derivatives differing in the degree of substitution, with respect to the substituent with which the cyclodextrin is derivatized, and in the regiochemistry of substitution, wherein substituents on a single CD molecule are distributed amongst the various C 2 , C 3 and C 6 carbons of the CD molecule.
  • This distribution of cyclodextrin derivatives has an average degree of substitution (or TDS), meaning that the composition comprises various individual species of CD derivatives differing in the individual degree of substitution.
  • the present invention seeks to provide combination compositions comprising a mixture of cyclodextrin derivative compositions such that the combination compositions exhibit improved properties and/or performance over known cyclodextrin derivative compositions.
  • the present combination compositions overcome at least some of the disadvantages present in known formulations.
  • Aspects of the invention provide a combination composition comprising a mixture of at least two different cyclodextrin derivative compositions.
  • the mixture comprises: a) a first cyclodextrin derivative composition having a first average degree of substitution in the range of 1 to 10, or 1 to 6; and b) an added second cyclodextrin derivative composition having a second average degree of substitution in the range of 3 to 12, or 5 to 12, wherein the first and second average degrees of substitution differ by at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4 at least 5, at least 6, or at least 7, and the second average degree of substitution is higher than the first average degree of substitution.
  • aspects of the invention provide a combination composition comprising a mixture of at least two different cyclodextrin derivative compositions, wherein the mixture comprises: a) a first cyclodextrin derivative composition comprising plural cyclodextrin derivative species, the composition having a first average degree of substitution in the range of 1 to 12; and b) an added second cyclodextrin derivative composition consisting essentially of a cyclodextrin derivative species having an individual degree of substitution in the range of 1 to 12, wherein the first average degree of substitution differs from the individual degree of substitution by at least 2.
  • the IDS of the added CD derivative species can be higher or lower than the ADS of the first CD derivative composition.
  • the molar ratio of add CD derivative species to first CD derivative composition can range from 95:5 to 5:95.
  • Each of the first and second cyclodextrin derivative compositions comprises plural individual cyclodextrin derivative species differing in individual degree of substitution, such that the average degree of substitution is calculated, as described herein, from the individual degrees of substitution of the species.
  • the individual cyclodextrin derivative species have the same substituent(s) but differ in the number of substituent(s) per cyclodextrin molecule.
  • the combination composition comprises a mixture of at least two different sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrins derivative compositions each SAE-CD derivative composition having its own average degree of substitution, or of at least two different hydroxyalkyl ether cyclodextrins derivative compositions each HAE-CD derivative composition having its own average degree of substitution.
  • the average degree of substitution of the first composition differs from the average degree of substitution of the second composition by at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or more.
  • the combination composition exhibits one, two or more maxima in its substitution profile.
  • another aspect of the invention provides a combination composition comprising plural cyclodextrin derivative species differing in individual degree of substitution such that the combination composition exhibits at least two maxima in individual degree of substitution in a plot of individual degree of substitution vs. content of CD derivative species (the substitution profile).
  • the combination composition can have a monomodal, bimodal, trimodal or multi-modal substitution profile, wherein the maxima differ by at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven or at least eight units.
  • the cyclodextrin ring of the cyclodextrin derivative can comprise an ⁇ , ⁇ , or ⁇ parent cyclodextrin.
  • the regioisomerism of derivatization by the substituent can also be varied as desired such that the regioisomerism of the first composition is different than or the same as the regioisomerism of the second composition.
  • the regioisomerism of each composition is independently selected.
  • a majority of the substituents present can be preferentially located at a primary hydroxyl group or at one or both of the secondary hydroxyl groups of the parent cyclodextrin.
  • the primary distribution of substituents is C3>C2>C6, while in other embodiments the primary distribution of substituents is C2>C3>C6.
  • the substitution pattern of the substituents can be determined by 1 HNMR or 13 CNMR according to Example 24.
  • the first cyclodextrin derivative composition can be present in less than stoichiometric, stoichiometric or greater than stoichiometric amounts with respect to the amount of second cyclodextrin derivative composition present in the combination composition.
  • the combination composition can comprise at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 90% or at least 95% of the first cyclodextrin derivative composition.
  • the combination composition can comprise at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 90% or at least 95% of the second cyclodextrin derivative composition.
  • the percentages of each derivative can be on a weight or molar basis.
  • the mole ratio or weight ratio of the first cyclodextrin derivative composition to second cyclodextrin derivative composition ranges from 95:5 to 5:95, from 90:10 to 10:90, from 75:25 to 25:75 (3:1 to 1:3), from 67:33.3 to 33.3:67 (about 2:1 to 1:2), or approximates 50:50 (1:1).
  • compositions include, among other things, one or more excipients and/or one or more active agents.
  • the combination composition of the invention can include small amounts ( ⁇ 10%) of each of underivatized parent cyclodextrin that has been added thereto and/or that is present due to incomplete removal of the underivatized cyclodextrin during processing of a cyclodextrin derivative composition included in the combination composition.
  • the invention also provides an active combination composition comprising a combination composition of the invention and one or more active agents, e.g. therapeutic agent.
  • the combination composition and active combination composition independently and optionally comprise one or more excipients.
  • the active agent, or a majority thereof is complexed with the cyclodextrin derivative. In other embodiments, the active agent, or a majority thereof, is not complexed with the cyclodextrin derivative.
  • Some embodiments of the invention include those wherein: 1) more than half of the hydroxyl moieties of the first and/or second cyclodextrin derivative are derivatized; 2) half or less than half of the hydroxyl moieties of the first and/or second cyclodextrin derivative are derivatized; 3) the substituents of the first and second cyclodextrin derivative comprise similar alkylene (alkyl) radicals; 4) the substituents of the first and second cyclodextrin derivative comprise different alkylene (alkyl) radicals 5) the substituents of the first or second derivative comprise one or more of substituents selected from the group consisting of alkylene (alkyl), halide (halo), amine (amino), aldehyde, and nitrile.
  • Another aspect of the invention provides a method of preparing a combination composition, the method comprising: a) providing a first cyclodextrin derivative composition having a first average degree of substitution and comprising plural cyclodextrin derivatives species differing in individual degree of substitution; b) providing a second cyclodextrin derivative composition having a second average degree of substitution and comprising plural cyclodextrin derivatives species differing in individual degree of substitution, wherein the second average degree of substitution is higher than the first average degree of substitution by at least one; and c) combining the first cyclodextrin derivative composition with the second cyclodextrin derivative composition, thereby forming the combination composition.
  • the combination composition is prepared by direct derivatization of an underivatized parent ⁇ , ⁇ , or ⁇ -cyclodextrin or by further derivatization of a previously prepared cyclodextrin derivative.
  • Such methods of derivatization include alterations in the known sequence of chemical synthetic steps for the preparation of water soluble cyclodextrin derivatives having a monomodal average degree of substitution or a monomodal substitution profile. Suitable methods are described herein.
  • Some embodiments of the invention provide a method of preparing a combination composition, the method comprising: exposing an initial cyclodextrin comprising at least one underivatized hydroxyl moiety, in aqueous alkaline media, to a substituent precursor for a period of time sufficient, at a temperature sufficient and at a solution pH sufficient to permit formation of a milieu comprising a cyclodextrin derivative composition having bimodal, trimodal or multi-modal substitution profile, and optionally processing the milieu to remove undesired components thereby forming the combination composition.
  • the initial cyclodextrin can be an underivatized parent cyclodextrin or a previously prepared cyclodextrin derivative.
  • the process comprises: providing a first liquid composition comprising substituent precursor; providing an alkaline second liquid composition comprising cyclodextrin (underivatized or derivatized); and adding the second liquid composition to the first liquid composition for a period of time sufficient, at a temperature sufficient and at a solution pH sufficient to permit formation of a milieu comprising a cyclodextrin derivative composition having bimodal, trimodal or multi-modal substitution profile, and optionally processing the milieu to remove undesired components thereby forming the combination composition.
  • the second liquid composition is added portionwise, dropwise, semi-continuously or continuously to the first liquid composition.
  • both the first and second liquid compositions are alkaline.
  • the cyclodextrin derivative in any cyclodextrin derivative composition or corresponding combination composition described herein, can be a water soluble cyclodextrin derivative, which is any cyclodextrin derivative exhibiting enhanced water solubility over its corresponding underivatized parent cyclodextrin and having a molecular structure based upon CC-, ⁇ - or ⁇ -cyclodextrin.
  • the cyclodextrin can be derivatized with neutral, anionic or cationic substituents at the C 2 , C 3 or C 6 positions of the individual saccharides forming the cyclodextrin ring. Suitable water soluble cyclodextrin derivatives are described herein.
  • Some embodiments of the invention include those wherein: 1) the first and second CD derivative compositions comprise the same substituent(s); 2) the first and second CD derivative compositions are water soluble; and/or 3) the first and second CD derivative compositions are selected from the group of sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin (SAE- CD) derivatives, sulfoalky ether alkyl ether cyclodextrin (SAE-AE-CD), alkyl ether cyclodextrin (AE-CD) derivatives, hydroxylalkyl ether cyclodextrin (HAE-CD) derivatives, thioalkyl ether cyclodextrin (TAE-CD) derivatives, aminoalkyl ether cyclodextrin (AAE-CD) derivatives, mercapto derivatives, amino derivatives, alkylamino derivatives, carboxy derivatives, ester derivatives, neutral cyclodextrin derivatives, cationic cycl
  • the combination composition of the invention can be used for substantially any known method or process wherein a CD derivative provides utility.
  • the combination composition can be used for the same process or method that its starting CD derivative compositions are used.
  • Suitable uses for a combination composition of the invention include use in pharmaceutical or non-pharmaceutical formulation.
  • the combination composition of the invention can be used to solubilize, stabilize, taste-mask, suspend, immobilize, purify or extract one or more compounds formulated therewith.
  • An active combination composition comprising a combination composition and one or more therapeutically effective agents can be used to treat (diagnose, prevent, cure, ameliorate, relieve, reduce the occurrence of, reduce the frequency of) a symptom, disease, or disorder that is therapeutically responsive to the one or more therapeutically effective agents.
  • the invention also provides a method of improving the performance of a first cyclodextrin derivative composition comprising adding a second cyclodextrin derivative composition to the first cyclodextrin derivative composition thereby forming a combination composition of the invention, the combination composition exhibiting enhanced performance over the first cyclodextrin derivative composition.
  • the improvement can be as related to the ability of the first cyclodextrin derivative composition to solubilize, stabilize, taste-mask, suspend, immobilize, purify or extract one or more compounds formulated therewith.
  • the invention also provides an active combination composition comprising: a) one or more active agents; b) a first cyclodextrin derivative composition having a first binding constant for the one or more active agents; and b) a second cyclodextrin derivative composition having a second binding constant for the one or more active agents, wherein the second binding constant is at least two-fold, at least three-fold, at least four-fold, at least five fold, at least ten-fold, at least twenty-fold, at least fifty-fold, at least 100-fold, at least 500-fold, at least 1000-fold higher than the first binding constant.
  • the active combination composition possesses enhanced performance over an active composition comprising the one or more active agents and just one of the two cyclodextrin derivative compositions.
  • the enhanced performance can be as related to solubilization, stabilization, taste-masking, suspension, immobilization, purification or extraction of the one or more active agents.
  • FIG. 1 depicts the electropherogram of a prior art sample of CAPTISOL ®
  • FIG. 2 depicts a distribution profile for a combination composition made according to Example 11.
  • FIG. 3 depicts the monomodal substitution profiles of four different samples of CAPTISOL® having an average degree of substitution of about 6.6.
  • FIG. 4 depicts a chart comparing the graphical differences between area percent, normalized area percent, and peak number times normalized area percent.
  • FIG. 5 depicts the electropherogram of an exemplary combination composition of the invention.
  • FIGS. 6a and 6b depict monomodal substitution profiles for various different samples of SAE-CD derivative composition, each differing from the others in its average degree of substitution.
  • FIG. 7 depicts mixtures of monomodal substitution profiles for various different exemplary combination compositions of the invention.
  • FIGS. 8a-8d depict bimodal substitution profiles for various different exemplary combination compositions of the invention.
  • FIGS. 9a- 9c depict charts containing the results of solubility studies for a combination composition of the invention with various different drugs.
  • FIGS. 10 depicts the comparison of substitution profiles of prior art CAPTISOL versus that of the SAE-CD derivative made by the reverse addition process of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • a combination composition of the invention provides unexpected advantages over other compositions containing structurally related cyclodextrin derivative compositions.
  • structurally related is meant, for example, that the substituent of the CD derivative in the combination composition is essentially the same as the substituent of CD derivative to which it is being compared.
  • Exemplary advantages may include an improved ability of the combination composition to solubilize, taste-mask, bind and/or stabilize a neutral, cationic or anionic molecule better than can the structurally related CD derivative composition.
  • a “combination composition” is a composition comprising two or more different cyclodextrin derivative compositions (distributions).
  • a "cyclodextrin derivative composition” is a composition having an average degree of substitution (ADS) for a specified substituent.
  • a cyclodextrin derivative composition comprises a distribution of cyclodextrin derivative species differing in the individual degree of substitution specified substituent for each species, wherein the specified substituent for each species is the same.
  • a combination composition can comprise: a) a first cyclodextrin derivative composition having a first average degree of substitution for a specified substituent; and b) a second cyclodextrin derivative composition having a second average degree of substitution for the specified substituent.
  • Each of the first and second cyclodextrin derivative compositions would comprise plural cyclodextrin derivative species differing in the individual degree of substitution for the specified substituent.
  • a composition of the invention can be a liquid, solid, suspension, colloid, pellet, bead, granule, film, powder, gel, cream, ointment, paste, stick, tablet, capsule, osmotic device, dispersion, emulsion, patch or any other type of formulation.
  • Derivatized cyclodextrins suitable in the invention include water soluble derivatized cyclodextrins.
  • the water soluble cyclodextrin derivative compositions used to make the combination composition of the invention can be comprise sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin (SAE-CD) derivatives (such as CAPTISOL ® and ADVASEP ® ), alkyl ether cyclodextrin (AE-CD) derivatives, hydroxylalkyl ether cyclodextrin (HAE-CD) derivatives (e.g.
  • hydroxypropyl cyclodextrin derivatives such as ENCAPSINTM, with an average degree of substitution about 4, and MOLECUSOLTM, with and average degree of substitution about 8; C*CA VITRON 82OO5 having an average degree of substitution of 5.5), thioalkyl ether cyclodextrin (TAE-CD) derivatives, aminoalkyl ether cyclodextrin (AAE-CD) derivatives, neutral cyclodextrin derivatives, cationic cyclodextrin derivatives, anionic cyclodextrin derivatives, carboxylated derivatives; sulfated derivatives; and carboxy- ⁇ - cyclodextrins, e. g.
  • a water soluble cyclodextrin derivative composition can comprise a SAE- CD compound, or mixture of compounds, of the Formula 1:
  • R 1 is independently selected at each occurrence from -OH or -SAET;
  • -SAE is a -0-(C 2 - C 6 alkylene)-SO3 ⁇ group, wherein at least one SAE is independently a -0-(C 2 - C 6 alkylene)-SO 3 ⁇ group, preferably a -O-(CH 2 ) g S ⁇ 3 ⁇ group, wherein g is 2 to 6, preferably 2 to 4, (6 ⁇ .-OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 SO 3 " Or-OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 SO 3 ); and
  • T is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable cations, which group includes, for example, H + , alkali metals (e.g. Li + , Na + , K + ), alkaline earth metals (e.g., Ca +2 , Mg +2 ), ammonium ions and amine cations such as the cations of (C 1 - C 6 )- alkylamines, piperidine, pyrazine, (C 1 - C 6 )- alkanolamine, ethylenediamine and (C 4 - Cs)-cycloalkanolamine among others; provided that at least one R 1 is a hydroxyl moiety and at least one R 1 is -SAET .
  • alkali metals e.g. Li + , Na + , K +
  • alkaline earth metals e.g., Ca +2 , Mg +2
  • ammonium ions and amine cations such as the cations
  • R 1 in the CD molecule is -SAET
  • the degree of substitution, in terms of the -SAET moiety is understood to be at least one.
  • SAE is used to denote a sulfoalkyl (alkylsulfonic acid) ether moiety it being understood that the SAE moiety comprises a cation (T) unless otherwise specified. Accordingly, the terms SAE and SAET may, as appropriate, be used interchangeably herein.
  • SAE-CD derivatives include: SAEx- ⁇ -CD SAEx- ⁇ -CD SAEx-Y-CD
  • SEE denotes sulfoethyl ether
  • SPE denotes sulfopropyl ether
  • SBE denotes sulfobutyl ether
  • SPtE denotes sulfopentyl ether
  • SHE denotes sulfohexyl ether
  • x denotes the average degree of substitution.
  • the salts thereof (with "T” as cation) are understood to be present.
  • SAE-CD is a poly- anionic cyclodextrin, it can be provided in different salt forms.
  • Suitable counterions include cationic organic atoms or molecules and cationic inorganic atoms or molecules.
  • the SAE-CD can include a single type of counterion or a mixture of different counterions.
  • the properties of the SAE-CD can be modified by changing the identity of the counterion present.
  • a first salt form of SAE- CD can have a greater water activity reducing power than a different second salt form of SAE- CD.
  • an SAE-CD having a first degree of substitution can have a greater water activity reducing power than a second SAE-CD having a different degree of substitution.
  • the SAE-CD derivative that can be used as a starting material for preparing the combination composition is described in U. S. Patents No. 5,376, 645 and No. 5,134, 127 to Stella et al, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the SAE-CD is SBE-7- ⁇ -CD (CAPTISOL® cyclodextrin), or SBE-4- ⁇ -CD (ADAVASEP®).
  • An SAE-CD made according to other known procedures should also be suitable for use in the invention. Parmerter et al. (U.S. Patent No. 3,426,011), Lammers et al. (Reel. Trav. CHm.
  • a suitable SAE-CD starting material can be made according to the disclosure of Stella et al., Parmerter et al., Lammers et al., Qu et al., Yoshinaga, Zhang et al., Adam et al. or Tarver et al.
  • a suitable SAE-CD can also be made according to the procedure(s) described herein.
  • a water soluble cyclodextrin derivative composition can comprise an AE- CD compound, or mixture of compounds, of the Formula 2:
  • R is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of -OH and AE;
  • AE is -0(C 1 -C O alkyl); provided that at least one R is -OH; and at least one AE is present.
  • Further exemplary AE- CD derivatives include:
  • An AE-CD cyclodextrin derivative can be prepared according to standard procedures available in the literature or methods described in this invention.
  • Dimethyl cyclodextrin is available from FLUKA Chemie (Buchs, CH) or Wacker (Iowa).
  • Exemplary water-soluble AE-CD molecules include alkylated derivatives such as methyl, ethyl, and propyl. All of these materials can be made according to methods known in the prior art.
  • Suitable derivatized cyclodextrins are disclosed in Modified Cvclodextrins: Scaffolds and Templates for Supramolecular Chemistry (Eds. Christopher J. Easton, Stephen F.
  • Dimethyl cyclodextrin is available from FLUKA Chemie (Buchs, CH) or Wacker (IOWA).
  • a water soluble cyclodextrin derivative composition can comprise a HAE-CD compound, or mixture of compounds, of the formula 3:
  • Q is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of - OH, and -HAE;
  • HAE is HO(C 1 -C 6 alkyl)-O-, provided that at least one -HAE moiety is present.
  • Further exemplary HAE- CD derivatives include: HAEz- ⁇ -CD HAEz- ⁇ -CD HAEz- ⁇ -CD
  • HME denotes hydroxymethyl ether
  • HEE denotes hydroxyethyl ether
  • HPE denotes hydroxypropyl ether
  • HBE denotes hydroxybutyl ether
  • HPtE denotes hydroxypentyl ether
  • HHE denotes hydroxyhexyl ether
  • z denotes the average degree of substitution.
  • HAE-CD such as hydroxypropyl ether cyclodextrin, (HPCD) can be obtained from Research Diagnostics Inc. (Flanders, NJ). HAE-CD is available with different degrees of substitution. Exemplary products include ENCAPSINTM (degree of substitution-4; HP4- ⁇ -CD), C*CA VITRON 82005 (Cerestar USA, Inc. Hammond, IN, having an average degree of substitution of 5.5) and MOLECUSOLTM (degree of substitution ⁇ 8; HP8- ⁇ -CD), however, embodiments including other degrees of substitution are also available. Since HAE- CD is non-ionic, it is not available in salt form. U.S. Patents No. 3,459,731 to Gramers et al, No.
  • a water soluble cyclodextrin derivative composition can comprise a SAE-AE-CD compound, or mixture of compounds, of the formula 4
  • v is 4, 5 or 6; and "A” is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of -OH,
  • x is the degree of substitution for the SAET moiety and is 1 to 3v + 5
  • y is the degree of substitution for the AE moiety and is 1 to 3v + 5
  • -SAE is -0-(C 2 - C 6 alkylene)-SO 3 ⁇
  • T is independently at each occurrence a cation
  • AE is -0(C 1 -C 3 alkyl); provided that at least one -SAET moiety and at least one -AE moiety are present; and the sum of x, y and the total number of -OH groups in a cyclodextrin derivative is 3v+6.
  • Specific embodiments of the derivative of the invention include those wherein: 1) the alkylene moiety of the -SAE has the same number of carbons as the alkyl moiety of the -AE; 2) the alkylene moiety of the -SAE has a different number of carbons than the alkyl moiety of the -AE; 3) the alkyl and alkylene moieties are independently selected from the group consisting of a straight chain or branched moiety; 4) the alkyl and alkylene moieties are independently selected from the group consisting of a saturated or unsaturated moiety; 5) the ADS for the -SAE group is greater than or approximates the ADS for the -AE group; 6) the ADS for the -SAE group is less than the ADS for the -AE group.
  • SAE-AE-CD derivatives can be prepared according to PCT International Application No. PCT/US04/36097 filed October 29, 2004 and U.S. Application No. 11/413,597 filed April 28, 2006, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • Exemplary additional water-soluble derivatized cyclodextrins include carboxylated derivatives (such as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,840,881 to Uda et al.); N,N- dialkylaminoalkyl derivatives (such as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,638,058); sulfated derivatives (such as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,247,535 to Lewis et al. and No.
  • the combination composition comprises a first CD derivative composition having a first ADS and a second CD derivative composition having a second ADS
  • the first CD derivative composition comprises a first type of CD derivative selected from the group consisting of SAE-CD, HAE-CD, AE-CD, SAE-AE-CD, neutral CD, anionic CD, cationic CD, Halo derivatized CD, amino derivatized CD, nitrile derivatized CD, aldehyde derivatized CD, carboxylate derivatized CD, sulfate derivatized CD, sulfonate derivatized CD, mercapto derivatized CD, alkylamino derivatized CD, and succinyl derivatized CD; and the second derivative composition comprises a second type of CD derivative selected from the group consisting of SAE-CD, HAE-CD, AE-CD, SAE-AE- CD neutral CD, anionic CD, cationic CD, Halo derivatized CD
  • the first type of CD derivative and the second type of CD derivative are the same type even though their ADS values are different. In some embodiments, the first type of CD derivative and the second type of CD derivative are different types and their ADS values are different. These embodiments of the invention can be combined with other embodiments of the invention described herein.
  • Example 25 details a procedure for the preparation of a combination composition comprising two different types of CD derivative compositions.
  • a water soluble CD derivative composition possesses greater water solubility than the corresponding parent cyclodextrin from which it is made.
  • the underivatized parent cyclodextrins ⁇ -CD, ⁇ -CD or ⁇ -CDs are commercially available from WACKER BIOCHEM CORP. (Adrian, MI) and other sources.
  • the parent cyclodextrins have limited water solubility as compared to SAE-CD and HPCD.
  • Underivatized ⁇ -CD has a water solubility of about 14.5% w/w at saturation.
  • Underivatized ⁇ -CD has a water solubility of about 1.85% w/w at saturation.
  • Underivatized ⁇ -CD has a water solubility of about 23.2% w/w at saturation.
  • the water soluble cyclodextrin derivative composition is optionally processed to remove the major portion of the underivatized parent cyclodextrin or other contaminants.
  • a "substituent precursor” means any agent or combination of agents and reaction conditions that results in the formation of a substituent on a hydroxyl of a parent cyclodextrin.
  • a substituent precursor will react with the oxygen atom of a hydroxyl moiety of a parent cyclodextrin thereby converting the hydroxyl moiety to a target moiety (substituent) on the cyclodextrin.
  • a substituent precursor can also be referred to herein as an alkylating agent.
  • Exemplary alkylating agents that can be used to derivatize (etherify) the cyclodextrin include, by way of example and without limitation, various alkyl sulfate esters.
  • Specific AE (alkyl ether) precursors include sulfate esters such as diethyl sulfate, dimethyl sulfate and dipropyl sulfate.
  • Exemplary sulfoalkylating agents that can be used to derivatize (etherify) the cyclodextrin include, by way of example and without limitation, alkyl sultone.
  • Specific SAE (sulfoalkyl ether) precursors include 1,4-butane sultone, 1,5-pentane sultone, 1,3-propane sultone, and other sulfoalkylating agents. Exemplary hydroxyalkylating agent that can be used to derivatize the cyclodextrin are described in references cited herein.
  • alkylene and alkyl as used herein (e.g., in the -0-(C 2 - C 6 - alkylene)SO 3 ⁇ group or in the alkylamines cations), include linear, cyclic, and branched, saturated and unsaturated (i.e., containing one double bond) divalent alkylene groups and monovalent alkyl groups, respectively.
  • alkanol in this text likewise includes both linear, cyclic and branched, saturated and unsaturated alkyl components of the alkanol groups, in which the hydroxyl groups may be situated at any position on the alkyl moiety.
  • cycloalkanol includes unsubstituted or substituted (e.g., by methyl or ethyl) cyclic alcohols.
  • the cyclodextrin derivatives can differ in their degree of substitution by functional groups, the number of carbons in the functional groups, their molecular weight, the number of glucopyranose units contained in the base cyclodextrin used to form the derivatized cyclodextrin and or their substitution patterns.
  • the derivatization of a cyclodextrin with functional groups occurs in a controlled, although not exact manner.
  • the degree of substitution is actually a number representing the average number of functional groups per cyclodextrin (for example, SBE7- ⁇ -CD, has an average of 7 substitutions per cyclodextrin).
  • ADS average degree of substitution
  • the regiochemistry of substitution of the hydroxyl groups of the cyclodextrin is variable with regard to the substitution of specific hydroxyl groups of the hexose ring. For this reason, substitution of the different hydroxyl groups is likely to occur during manufacture of the derivatized cyclodextrin, and a particular derivatized cyclodextrin will possess a preferential, although not exclusive or specific, substitution pattern. Given the above, the molecular weight of a particular derivatized cyclodextrin composition may vary from batch to batch.
  • the substituents of the CD derivative(s) thereof can be the same.
  • SAE moieties can have the same type of alkylene (alkyl) radical upon each occurrence in a CD derivative composition.
  • the alkylene radical in the SAE moiety might be ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl in each occurrence in a CD derivative composition.
  • a cyclodextrin derivative composition comprises a distribution of plural individual species, each species having an individual degree of substitution (IDS).
  • the content of each of the cyclodextrin species in a particular composition can be quantified using capillary electrophoresis (See Example 19).
  • the method of analysis (capillary electrophoresis, for example, for charged CD derivatives) is sufficiently sensitive to distinguish between combination compositions having only 5% of one CD derivative and 95% of the other CD derivative from starting cyclodextrin derivative compositions containing.
  • FIG. 1 depicts an electropherogram for a sample of CAPTISOL ® obtained from CyDex, Inc. (Lenexa, KS).
  • CAPTISOL® is a water soluble cyclodextrin derivative comprising a distribution of individual sulfobutyl ether cyclodextrin derivative species. The data for the electropherogram is summarized below.
  • the peak number (Pk #) corresponds to the IDS for each species included in the distribution.
  • the electropherogram data is plotted as peak number (of each individual species) versus area (for each individual species), wherein the area represents the approximate relative content of each individual species within a distribution.
  • the plotted data (FIG. 2) is essentially an overall "distribution profile", which can be based upon normalized area percent or area percent data, for the CD derivative composition of FIG. 1.
  • the modality of the overall distribution profile is determined by counting the number of apexes in area percent between which there is a minimum in the area percent. The line is then determined to be monomodal, bimodal, or multi-modal.
  • FIG. 2 depicts the distribution profile of four different samples of CAPTISOL ® .
  • the IDS (or DS, degree of substitution) of the individual species in CAPTISOL ® ranges from 1 to 11.
  • the distribution profile is monomodal since it exhibits a single maximum at about a DS or IDS of about 6.8 to 7 and no other peak maximum. In other words, the composition exhibits a monomodal overall distribution profile, as determined graphically and numerically.
  • the distribution profile (which is based upon normalized area percent) is bimodal, since it includes two apexes (DS of about 1, and DS of about 8).
  • the modality can be determined by analyzing the area or area percent data for each peak and determining the number of maxima observed in the area percent.
  • the table above includes two maxima (DS of about 1, and DS of about 8); therefore, the distribution profile is said to be bimodal
  • FIG. 10 is a side by side comparison of the mondomodal and bimodal distributions profiles.
  • the CD derivative content data is expressed in area or area percent above, it can be expressed as normalized area percent, which is derived in the following manor.
  • a corrected area is calculated by multiplying the peak migration time by the area count for every individual peak number (IDS). This corrected area count is summed for all IDS values, and the percent normalized area is calculated as percent IDS over the summation of the IDS.
  • the normalized area percent is calculated in order to adjust the area, determined by capillary electrophoresis, to compensate for nuances in the behavior of the CE column.
  • the normalized area percent of each peak is multiplied by the peak number (IDS) of each peak to arrive at an expression of "DS-adjusted area percent".
  • the DS adjusted area percent is calculated in order to adjust the (normalized) area percent to compensate for the different number of negative charges in an anionic CD derivative, wherein the number of negative charges changes with respect to the individual DS of the individual CD derivative species present in a distribution.
  • a comparison of the impact that use of area percent, normalized area percent or peak number times normalized area percent versus peak number has upon the bimodal distribution profile of the invention is depicted in FIG. 4. By normalizing the area percent, the relative contribution of lower DS species of CD derivative is reduced and the relative contribution of the higher DS species is increased, but the distribution profile remains bimodal.
  • y the degree of substitution for the moiety can range in value from 1 to 23. In general, “y” also ranges in value from 1 to 3v + g, where g ranges in value from 0 to 5. “y” may also range from 1 to 2v + g, or from 1 to Iv + g.
  • the degree of substitution (DS) for a specific moiety is a measure of the number of SAE (HAE or AE) substituents attached to an individual CD molecule, in other words, the moles of substituent per mole of CD. Therefore, each substituent has its own DS for an individual CD derivative species.
  • the average degree of substitution (ADS) for a substituent is a measure of the total number of substituents present per CD molecule for the distribution of CD derivatives within a CD derivative composition of the invention. Therefore, SAE4.0-CD has an ADS (per CD molecule) of 4.0.
  • a CD derivative composition of the invention comprises a distribution of different CD derivative species or molecules.
  • a SAE-CD derivative composition comprises plural SAE-CD species each having a specific individual degree of substitution with regard to the SAE substituent.
  • the average DS (ADS) for SAE of a SAE -CD derivative composition represents an average of the individual DS
  • SAE5.2- CD composition comprises a distribution of plural SAEx-CD molecules, wherein x
  • the DS for SAE groups might range from 1 to 10-11 for individual CD molecules; however, the population of SAE-CD molecules is such that the average value for x (the ADS for SAE groups) is 5.2.
  • a combination composition however, has an apparent ADS (AP-ADS) that can be calculated for a monomodal, bimodal, trimodal or multi-modal distribution profile.
  • AP-ADS is calculated as follows: For bimodal distribution:
  • AP-ADS (ADS lst * MP lst ) + (ADS 2nd * MP 2nd )
  • AP-ADS (ADS lst * MP lst ) + (ADS 2nd * MP 2nd ) + (ADS 3rd * MP 3rd )
  • ADS of 8 would be calculated as follows.
  • a combination composition of the invention can have an apparent average degree of substitution (AP-ADS) in the range of 1 to 12, 2 to 11, 2 to 10, 3 to 9 or 2 to 8. [0088] If the molar ratio of CD derivative compositions is unknown, it can be determined analytically using CE or HPLC.
  • a calibration curve distribution profile would be developed for a particular combination composition by: 1) providing a stock composition of each of the CD derivative compositions included therein; 2) mixing portions of the CD derivative compositions at known molar ratios to provide standard combination compositions; 3) analyzing the standard combination composition by CE (or HPLC) to obtain area percent (or normalized area percent) data for each individual species (based upon IDS) of CD derivative composition present; and 4) preparing a calibration curve distribution profile by plotting IDS (or peak number) versus area percent (or normalized area percent).
  • the distribution profile of the analyte combination composition would be compared to the calibration curve distribution profile and the molar ratio of the CD derivative compositions making up the analyte combination composition would be determined by extrapolation (graphically or numerically).
  • FIG. 5 depicts an electropherogram for a combination composition of the invention. This composition was prepared by direct derivatization of an underivatized parent cyclodextrin according to the Example 11. The data for the electropherogram is summarized below.
  • the exemplary composition exhibits two DS maxima in its distribution profile: a maximum at an IDS of 1, and a maximum at an IDS of
  • this composition exhibits a bimodal overall distribution profile. If one were to calculate the ADS for this composition using the above data and formula, it would be
  • Cyclodextrin derivative compositions (distributions) varying in ADS can be made as described herein (Examples 1-10).
  • the monomodal distribution profile for each of the sulfobutyl ether cyclodextrin (SBE-CD) derivatives of those examples is depicted in FIGS. 6a-6b.
  • the SAE-CD derivative of FIG. 6a is SBE- ⁇ -CD and of FIG. 6b is SBE- ⁇ -CD.
  • the ADS for each of those derivatives is:
  • FIG. 7 depicts the distribution profile for various different combination compositions as well as for their starting materials (the cyclodextrin derivative compositions).
  • the first starting material was SBE-CD having an ADS of about 4.1
  • the second starting material was SBE-CD having an ADS of about 6.6. Accordingly, the ADS of the second SBE-CD derivative is higher than that of the first SBE-CD derivative by about 2.7
  • the amount of each of the SBE-CD derivatives was varied as follows:
  • those two SBE-CD derivative compositions are combined, they form a combination composition having a monomodal distribution profile. Even so, the combination composition exhibits improved properties over the individual SBE- CD derivatives. For example, dissolution of propofol, prednisone and amlodipine is improved using the combination composition.
  • FIGS. 8a-8b depict the distribution profiles for various different cyclodextrin derivative combination compositions of the invention.
  • the combination compositions of FIG. 8a were prepared according to Examples 11-13 by slowly charging an aqueous solution of dissolved ⁇ -cyclodextrin in sodium hydroxide to a heated solution of 1,4- butane sultone. The solution was heated for a period of time before cooling, adjusting the pH less than 9 (or less than 8, or in the range of 2 to 9, or 5 to 8) and purifying. Clarification of the solution was achieved with an activated carbon treatment. The solution was concentrated, filtered and dried to afford a white solid.
  • Each of these compositions has a bimodal distribution profile with maxima at DS about 1 and DS about 7-8, as determined using normalized area percent data.
  • the ADS of each combination composition which can be calculated as described herein, is as follows.
  • FIG. 8b depicts the distribution profile for three ⁇ -cyclodextrin combination compositions of the invention made by direct derivatization of underivatized parent cyclodextrins using the same basic synthesis procedure described above and in the examples below.
  • These distribution profiles are bimodal or trimodal.
  • the distribution profiles can be described as follows.
  • FIG. 8c depicts the distribution profile of combination compositions of the invention made from mixing two different CD derivative distributions.
  • the first starting material was SBE-CD having an ADS of about 2.0
  • the second starting materials was SBE-CD having an ADS of about 6.8. Accordingly, the ADS of the second SBE-CD derivative is higher than that of the first SBE-CD derivative by about 4.8.
  • the amount of each of the SBE-CD derivatives was varied as indicated in the legend. Since the ADS of the starting CD derivative distributions was substantially different, the resulting combination compositions exhibit a bimodal distribution profile.
  • FIG. 8d depicts the distribution profiles for combination compositions of the invention made by mixing two different CD derivative compositions.
  • a first CD derivative composition having a DS of about 2.4 was mixed, according to various different ratios, with a second CD derivative composition having a DS of about 7.8.
  • the distribution profiles for each of the resulting combination compositions as well as for the first and second CD derivative compositions were determined.
  • the combination compositions exhibit a bimodal distribution profile because the difference in DS between the two starting CD compositions is about 5.4.
  • the distribution profiles of FIGS. 8c and 8d can be considered calibration curve distribution profiles, since the combination compositions thereof comprise known molar ratios of two different SAE-CD derivative compositions. Accordingly, the calibration curves can be used to quantify (estimate) the relative molar ratio of the SAE-CD derivative compositions in an analyte comprising two SAE-CD derivative compositions differing in ADS.
  • the amount of one CD derivative composition in the combination composition may be very low, it can have a significant positive impact on the performance of the other CD derivative composition.
  • increasing the amount of the first CD derivative composition in the combination composition relative to the second CD derivative composition can improve the relative compound-(e.g. drug) binding, -dissolution, - taste masking, or -stabilization properties of the second CD derivative composition. This is demonstrated below in particular in FIGS. 9a-9c.
  • the above-mentioned variations among the individual species in a distribution can lead to changes in the complexation equilibrium constant K 1 :1 which in turn will affect the required molar ratios of the derivatized cyclodextrin to active agent.
  • the equilibrium constant is also somewhat variable with temperature and allowances in the ratio are required such that the agent remains solubilized during the temperature fluctuations that can occur during manufacture, storage, transport, and use.
  • the equilibrium constant can also vary with pH and allowances in the ratio can be required such that the agent remains solubilized during pH fluctuations that can occur during manufacture, storage, transport, and use.
  • the equilibrium constant can also vary due the presence of other excipients (e.g., buffers, preservatives, antioxidants) Accordingly, the ratio of derivatized cyclodextrin to active agent may need to be varied from the ratios set forth herein in order to compensate for the above-mentioned variables.
  • FIG. 9a depicts the results of a study to determine the impact that mixing of different CD derivative compositions will have on the maximum saturated solubility concentration observed when various different drugs are dissolved with two different CD derivative compositions versus a combination composition of the invention.
  • the starting CD derivative compositions were: a) SBE-CD having a monomodal distribution profile and ADS of 4.1; and b) SBE-CD having a monomodal distribution profile and ADS of 6.6. A 50/50 mole % mixture of the two starting compositions was prepared to form a combination composition.
  • FIGS. 9b and 9c depict the results of similar dissolution studies with other drugs.
  • Addition of the low DS CD derivative composition to the high DS CD derivative composition improved the dissolution of prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, triamcinolone, budesonide, phenytoin, and posaconazole by the high DS CD derivative.
  • FIGS. 9b and 9c depict the results of dissolution studies, as described above, using voriconazole, testosterone, propofol, itraconazole, nimodipine, mometasone and furoate. In each case, there was very little improvement in drug dissolution observed when one CD derivative composition was added to the other CD derivative composition.
  • the cyclodextrin derivative compositions used to form the combination composition can independently have a high to low ADS.
  • the CD derivative compositions can also have a wide or narrow "span", which is the number of individual DS species within a CD derivative composition.
  • a CD derivative composition comprising a single species of CD derivative having a single specified individual DS is said to have a span of one, and the individual DS of the CD derivative equals the ADS of its CD derivative composition.
  • An electropherogram, for example, of a SAE-CD derivative with a span of one should have only one SAE-CD species with respect to DS.
  • a CD derivative composition having a span of two comprises two individual CD derivative species differing in their individual DS, and its electropherogram, for example, would indicate two different CD derivative species differing in DS.
  • the span of a CD derivative composition having a span of three comprises three individual CD derivative species differing in their individual DS. Since a combination composition of the invention comprises two or more different CD derivative compositions, each having its own ADS, the span of the combination composition will be at least 4, meaning that each starting CD derivative composition has a span of at least two.
  • FIGS. 6a and 6b depict CD derivative compositions having spans of 5 to 11.
  • the span of a starting CD derivative composition typically ranges from 5 to 15, or 7 to 12, or 8 to 11.
  • FIGS. 8a - 8d depict combination compositions of the invention having spans of about 10 - 12.
  • the span of a combination composition typically ranges from 8 to 15 or from 9 to 12.
  • the span of a combination composition can be the same as or larger than the span of the two or more CD derivative compositions from which the combination composition is made. In some embodiments, the span of the combination composition is large than the span of the two or more CD derivative compositions from which the combination composition is made.
  • a parent cyclodextrin includes a secondary hydroxyl group on the C-2 and C-3 positions of the glucopyranose residues forming the cyclodextrin and a primary hydroxyl on the C-6 position of the same.
  • Each of these hydroxyl moieties is available for derivatization by substituent precursor.
  • the substituent moieties may be distributed randomly or in a somewhat ordered manner among the available hydroxyl positions.
  • One embodiment of the invention includes a CD derivative molecule wherein a minority of the substituent moieties is located at the C-6 position, and a majority of the substituent moieties is located at the C-2 and/or C-3 position.
  • Still another embodiment of the invention includes a CD derivative molecule wherein the substituent moieties are substantially evenly distributed among the C-2, C-3 and C-6 positions.
  • a combination composition of the invention can be prepared by: Method I- direct derivatization of an underivatized parent ⁇ , ⁇ , or ⁇ -cyclodextrin (see Examples 11 through 16); Method II- further derivatization of a previously prepared cyclodextrin derivative (see Example 21); Method III- mixing of a first CD derivative composition having a first ADS with a second CD derivative composition having a different second ADS (see Examples 22 through 23); or Method IV- mixing of a first cyclodextrin derivative composition comprising plural cyclodextrin derivative species, the composition having a first average degree of substitution in the range of 1 to 12, with a previously prepared, and optionally isolated, cyclodextrin derivative species having an individual degree of substitution in the range of 1 to 12, wherein the first average degree of substitution differs from the individual degree of substitution by at least 2.
  • SAE-CD is a poly-anionic cyclodextrin, it can be provided in different salt forms.
  • Suitable counterions include cationic organic atoms or molecules and cationic inorganic atoms or molecules.
  • the SAE-CD can include a single type of counterion or a mixture of different counterions.
  • the properties of the SAE-CD can be modified by changing the identity of the counterion present. For example, a first salt form of a SAE-CD composition can possess greater osmotic potential than a different second salt form of same SAE-CD, or a first salt form may be exhibit improved tabletting properties over a second salt form.
  • complexed is meant “being part of a clathrate or inclusion complex with”, i.e., a complexed therapeutic agent is part of a clathrate or inclusion complex with a cyclodextrin derivative.
  • major portion is meant greater than about 50% by weight or greater than about 50% on a molar basis.
  • a formulation according to the present invention may contain an active agent of which more than about 50% by weight is complexed with a cyclodextrin. The actual percent of active agent that is complexed will vary according to the complexation equilibrium binding constant characterizing the complexation of a specific cyclodextrin with a specific active agent.
  • the invention also includes embodiments wherein the active agent is not complexed with the cyclodextrin or wherein a minor portion of the active agent is complexed with the derivatized cyclodextrin.
  • a SAE-CD or any other anionic derivatized cyclodextrin, can form one or more ionic bonds with a positively charged compound. This ionic association can occur regardless of whether the positively charged compound is complexed with the cyclodextrin by inclusion complexation.
  • a water soluble cyclodextrin derivative can be used to solubilize and/or stabilize a wide range of different materials and to prepare formulations for particular applications.
  • the present cyclodextrin derivative may provide enhanced solubility and/or enhanced chemical, thermochemical, hydrolytic and/or photochemical stability of other ingredients in a composition.
  • a SAE-CD may be used to stabilize an active agent in an aqueous medium.
  • a CD derivative composition may also be used to increase the solubility of an active agent in an aqueous medium. For example, an increase in the binding constant for a particular active agent is observed upon conversion of a CD derivative composition to a combination composition.
  • the invention thus provides a combination composition having an increased binding constant for an active agent as compared to the binding constant of a starting CD derivative composition, from which the combination composition is made, with respect to the same active agent.
  • the invention also provides a method of increasing the binding constant of a first CD derivative composition for an active agent, the method comprising the step of combining a first CD derivative composition, having a first binding constant for a specified drug, with a second CD derivative composition having a second binding constant for the specified drug, wherein the second binding constant is higher than the first binding constant.
  • the formulation of the invention can include one or more active agents.
  • the active agent included in the present invention can possess a wide range of values for water solubility, bioavailability and hydrophilicity. Active agents to which the present invention is particularly suitable include water insoluble, poorly water soluble, slightly water soluble, moderately water soluble, water soluble, very water soluble, hydrophobic, or hydrophilic therapeutic agents. It will be understood by the artisan of ordinary skill that an active agent used in the formulation of the present invention is independently selected at each occurrence from any known active agent and from those disclosed herein. It is not necessary that the active agent complex with the derivatized cyclodextrin or form an ionic association with the derivatized cyclodextrin.
  • Active agents generally include physiologically or pharmacologically active substances that produce a systemic or localized effect or effects on animals and human beings. Active agents also include pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, antioxidants, plant growth instigators, sterilization agents, catalysts, chemical reagents, food products, nutrients, cosmetics, vitamins, sterility inhibitors, fertility instigators, microorganisms, flavoring agents, sweeteners, cleansing agents, pharmaceutically effective active agents, and other such compounds for pharmaceutical, veterinary, horticultural, household, food, culinary, agricultural, cosmetic, industrial, cleaning, confectionery and flavoring applications.
  • the active agent can be present in its neutral, ionic, salt, basic, acidic, natural, synthetic, diastereomeric, isomeric, enantiomerically pure, racemic, hydrate, chelate, derivative, analog, or other common form.
  • Representative pharmaceutically effective active agents include nutrients and nutritional agents, hematological agents, endocrine and metabolic agents, cardiovascular agents, renal and genitourinary agents, respiratory agents, central nervous system agents, gastrointestinal agents, anti-infective agents, biologic and immunological agents, dermatological agents, ophthalmic agents, antineoplastic agents, and diagnostic agents.
  • Exemplary nutrients and nutritional agents include as minerals, trace elements, amino acids, lipotropic agents, enzymes and chelating agents.
  • Exemplary hematological agents include hematopoietic agents, antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, coumarin and indandione derivatives, coagulants, thrombolytic agents, antisickling agents, hemorrheologic agents, antihemophilic agents, hemostatics, plasma expanders and hemin.
  • Exemplary endocrine and metabolic agents include sex hormones, uterine-active agents, bisphosphonates, antidiabetic agents, glucose elevating agents, adrenocortical steroids, parathyroid hormone, thyroid drugs, growth hormones, posterior pituitary hormones, octreotide acetate, imiglucerase, calcitonin- salmon, sodium phenylbutyrate, betaine anhydrous, cysteamine bitartrate, sodium benzoate and sodium phenylacetate, bromocriptine mesylate, cabergoline, agents for gout, and antidotes.
  • Exemplary cardiovascular agents include nootropic agents, antiarrhythmic agents, calcium channel blocking agents, vasodilators, antiadrenergics/sympatholytics, renin angiotensin system antagonists, antihypertensive agent combinations, agents for pheochromocytoma, agents for hypertensive emergencies, antihyperlipidemic agents, antihyperlipidemic combination products, vasopressors used in shock, potassium removing resins, edetate disodium, cardioplegic solutions, agents for patent ductus arteriosus, and sclerosing agents.
  • Exemplary renal and genitourinary agents include interstitial cystitis agents, cellulose sodium phosphate, anti-impotence agents, acetohydroxamic acid (aha), genitourinary irrigants, cystine-depleting agents, urinary alkalinizers, urinary acidifiers, anticholinergics, urinary cholinergics, polymeric phosphate binders, vaginal preparations, and diuretics.
  • Exemplary respiratory agents include bronchodilators, leukotriene receptor antagonists, leukotriene formation inhibitors, respiratory inhalant products, nasal decongestants, respiratory enzymes, lung surfactants, antihistamines, nonnarcotic antitussives, and expectorants.
  • Exemplary central nervous system agents include CNS stimulants, narcotic agonist analgesics, narcotic agonist-antagonist analgesics, central analgesics, acetaminophen, salicylates, nonnarcotic analgesics, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents, agents for migraine, antiemetic/antivertigo agents, antianxiety agents, antidepressants, antipsychotic agents, cholinesterase inhibitors, nonbarbiturate sedatives and hypnotics, nonprescription sleep aids, barbiturate sedatives and hypnotics, general anesthetics, injectable local anesthetics, anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, antiparkinson agents, adenosine phosphate, cholinergic muscle stimulants, disulfuram, smoking deterrents, riluzole, hyaluronic acid derivatives, and botulinum toxins.
  • CNS stimulants narcotic agonist analges
  • Exemplary gastrointestinal agents including H pylori agents, histamine H2 antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, sucralfate, prostaglandins, antacids, gastrointestinal anticholinergics/antispasmodics, mesalamine, olsalazine sodium, balsalazide disodium, sulfasalazine, celecoxib, infliximab, tegaserod maleate, laxatives, antidiarrheals, antiflatulents, lipase inhibitors, GI stimulants, digestive enzymes, gastric acidifiers, hydrocholeretics, gallstone solubilizing agents, mouth and throat products, systemic deodorizers, and anorectal preparations.
  • H pylori agents including H pylori agents, histamine H2 antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, sucralfate, prostaglandins, antacids, gastrointestinal anticholinergics/antispasmodics
  • anti- infective agents including penicillins, cephalosporins and related antibiotics, carbapenem, monobactams, chloramphenicol, quinolones, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, macrolides, spectinomycin, streptogramins, vancomycin, oxalodinones, lincosamides, oral and parenteral aminoglycosides, colistimethate sodium, polymyxin b sulfate, bacitracin, metronidazole, sulfonamides, nitrofurans, methenamines, folate antagonists, antifungal agents, antimalarial preparations, antituberculosis agents, amebicides, antiviral agents, antiretroviral agents, leprostatics, antiprotozoals, anthelmintics, and cdc anti-infective agents.
  • Exemplary biologic and immunological agents including immune globulins, monoclonal antibody agents, antivenins, agents for active immunization, allergenic extracts, immunologic agents, and antirheumatic agents.
  • Exemplary dermatological agents includedw topical antihistamine preparations, topical anti-infectives, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-psoriatic agents, antiseborrheic products, arnica, astringents, cleansers, capsaicin, destructive agents, drying agents, enzyme preparations, topical immunomodulators, keratolytic agents, liver derivative complex, topical local anesthetics, minoxidil, eflornithine HCl, photochemotherapy agents, pigment agents, topical poison ivy products, topical pyrimidine antagonist, pyrithione zinc, retinoids, rexinoids, scabicides/pediculicides, wound healing agents, emollients, protectants, sunscreens, ointment and lotion bases, rubs
  • Exemplary ophthalmic agents include agents for glaucoma, mast cell stabilizers, ophthalmic antiseptics, ophthalmic phototherapy agents, ocular lubricants, artificial tears, ophthalmic hyperosmolar preparations, and contact lens products.
  • Exempalry antineoplastic agents include alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antimitotic agents, epipodophyllotoxins, antibiotics, hormones, enzymes, radiopharmaceuticals, platinum coordination complex, anthracenedione, substituted ureas, methylhydrazine derivatives, imidazotetrazine derivatives, cytoprotective agents, dna topoisomerase inhibitors, biological response modifiers, retinoids, rexinoids, monoclonal antibodies, protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, porfimer sodium, mitotane (o, p'-ddd), and arsenic trioxide.
  • Exemplary diagnostic agents include in vivo diagnostic aids, in vivo diagnostic biologicals, and radiopaque agents.
  • a formulation of the invention can be used to deliver two or more different active agents. Particular combinations of active agents can be provided in a formulation of the invention.
  • Some combinations of active agents include: 1) a first drug from a first therapeutic class and a different second drug from the same therapeutic class; 2) a first drug from a first therapeutic class and a different second drug from a different therapeutic class; 3) a first drug having a first type of biological activity and a different second drug having about the same biological activity; 4) a first drug having a first type of biological activity and a different second drug having a different second type of biological activity. Exemplary combinations of active agents are described herein.
  • An active agent contained within a formulation of the invention can be present as its pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the active agent is modified by reacting it with an acid or base as needed to form an ionically bound pair.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts include conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. Suitable non-toxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfonic, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the salts prepared from organic acids such as amino acids, acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, sulfanilic, 2- acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isethionic, and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from the parent active agent which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Lists of other suitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17 th . ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA, 1985, the relevant disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the CD in the combination composition need not bind with another material, such as an active agent, present in a formulation containing it. However, if it binds with another material, such a bond can be formed as a result of inclusion complexation, ion pair formation, hydrogen bonding, and/or Van der Waals bonding.
  • An anionic derivatized cyclodextrin can complex or otherwise bind with an acid-ionizable agent.
  • acid-ionizable agent is taken to mean any compound that becomes or is ionized in the presence of an acid.
  • An acid-ionizable agent comprises at least one acid-ionizable functional group that becomes ionized when exposed to acid or when placed in an acidic medium.
  • Exemplary acid-ionizable functional groups include a primary amine, secondary amine, tertiary amine, quaternary amine, aromatic amine, unsaturated amine, primary thiol, secondary thiol, sulfonium, hydroxyl, enol and others known to those of ordinary skill in the chemical arts.
  • the degree to which an acid-ionizable agent is bound by non-covalent ionic binding versus inclusion complexation formation can be determined spectrometrically using methods such as 1 HNMR, 13 CNMR, or circular dichroism, for example, and by analysis of the phase solubility data for the acid-ionizable agent and anionic derivatized cyclodextrin.
  • non-covalent ionic bond refers to a bond formed between an anionic species and a cationic species.
  • the bond is non-covalent such that the two species together form a salt or ion pair.
  • An anionic derivatized cyclodextrin provides the anionic species of the ion pair and the acid-ionizable agent provides the cationic species of the ion pair. Since an anionic derivatized cyclodextrin is multi-valent, an SAE- CD can form an ion pair with one or more acid-ionizable or otherwise cationic agents.
  • a liquid formulation of the invention may be converted to a solid formulation for reconstitution.
  • a reconstitutable solid composition according to the invention comprises an active agent, a derivatized cyclodextrin and optionally at least one other pharmaceutical excipient.
  • This composition is reconstituted with an aqueous liquid to form a liquid formulation that is preserved.
  • the composition can comprise an admixture (minimal to no presence of an inclusion complex) of a solid derivatized cyclodextrin and an active agent-containing solid and optionally at least one solid pharmaceutical excipient, such that a major portion of the active agent is not complexed with the derivatized cyclodextrin prior to reconstitution.
  • the composition can comprise a solid mixture of a derivatized cyclodextrin and an active agent, wherein a major portion of the active agent is complexed with the derivatized cyclodextrin prior to reconstitution.
  • the reconstitutable solid can also comprise a derivatized cyclodextrin and an active agent where substantially all or at least a major portion of the active agent is complexed with the derivatized cyclodextrin.
  • the reconstitutable formulation can be prepared according to any of the following processes.
  • a liquid formulation of the invention is first prepared, then a solid is formed by lyophilization (freeze-drying), spray-drying, spray freeze-drying, antisolvent precipitation, various processes utilizing supercritical or near supercritical fluids, or other methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art to make a solid for reconstitution.
  • a liquid vehicle included in a formulation of the invention comprises an aqueous liquid carrier, such as water, aqueous alcohol, or aqueous organic solvent, or a non-aqueous liquid carrier.
  • the formulation of the present invention may include one or more pharmaceutical excipients selected from the group consisting of a conventional preservative, antifoaming agent, antioxidant, buffering agent, acidifying agent, alkalizing agent, bulking agent, colorant, complexation-enhancing agent, cryoprotectant, electrolyte, glucose, emulsifying agent, oil, plasticizer, solubility-enhancing agent, stabilizer, tonicity modifier, flavors, sweeteners, adsorbents, antiadherent, binder, diluent, direct compression excipient, disintegrant, glidant, lubricant, opaquant, polishing agent, complexing agents, fragrances, other excipients known by those of ordinary skill in the art for use in formulations, and a combination thereof.
  • a conventional preservative selected from the group consisting of a conventional preservative, antifoaming agent, antioxidant, buffering agent, acidifying agent, alkalizing agent, bulking agent, colorant, complexation-enhancing agent, cryo
  • the term "adsorbent” is intended to mean an agent capable of holding other molecules onto its surface by physical or chemical (chemisorption) means.
  • Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, powdered and activated charcoal and other materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • alkalizing agent is intended to mean a compound used to provide alkaline medium for product stability.
  • Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, ammonia solution, ammonium carbonate, diethanolamine, monoethanolamine, potassium hydroxide, sodium borate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, triethanolamine, diethanolamine, organic amine base, alkaline amino acids and trolamine and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the term "acidifying agent” is intended to mean a compound used to provide an acidic medium for product stability. Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, acetic acid, acidic amino acids, citric acid, fumaric acid and other alpha hydroxy acids, hydrochloric acid, ascorbic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, tartaric acid and nitric acid and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the term "antiadherent” is intended to mean an agent that prevents the sticking of solid dosage formulation ingredients to punches and dies in a tableting machine during production.
  • Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, magnesium stearate, talc, calcium stearate, glyceryl behenate, PEG, hydrogenated vegetable oil, mineral oil, stearic acid and other materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • binder is intended to mean a substance used to cause adhesion of powder particles in solid dosage formulations.
  • Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, acacia, alginic acid, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, poly(vinylpyrrolidone), compressible sugar (e.g., NuTab), ethylcellulose, gelatin, liquid glucose, methylcellulose, povidone and pregelatinized starch and other materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • binders may also be included in the dosage forms.
  • exemplary binders include acacia, tragacanth, gelatin, starch, cellulose materials such as methyl cellulose and sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, alginic acids and salts thereof, polyethylene glycol, guar gum, polysaccharide, bentonites, sugars, invert sugars, poloxamers (PLURONICTM F68, PLURONICTM F127), collagen, albumin, gelatin, cellulosics in nonaqueous solvents, combinations thereof and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • Other binders include, for example, polypropylene glycol, polyoxyethylene-polypropylene copolymer, polyethylene ester, polyethylene sorbitan ester, polyethylene oxide, combinations thereof and other materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • a conventional preservative is a compound used to at least reduce the rate at which bioburden increases, but preferably maintains bioburden steady or reduces bioburden after contamination.
  • Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorobutanol, phenol, phenylethyl alcohol, phenylmercuric nitrate, phenylmercuric acetate, thimerosal, metacresol, myristylgamma picolinium chloride, potassium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium propionate, sorbic acid, thymol, and methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl parabens and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art. It is understood that some preservatives may interact with the CD derivative thus reducing the preservative effectiveness.
  • the term "diluent” or “filler” is intended to mean an inert substance used as a filler to create the desired bulk, flow properties, and compression characteristics in the preparation of solid dosage forms.
  • Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, dibasic calcium phosphate, kaolin, lactose, dextrose, magnesium carbonate, sucrose, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, powdered cellulose, precipitated calcium carbonate, sorbitol, and starch and other materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • direct compression excipient is intended to mean a compound used in compressed solid dosage forms.
  • Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, dibasic calcium phosphate (e.g., Ditab) and other materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • antioxidant is intended to mean an agent that inhibits oxidation and thus is used to prevent the deterioration of preparations by the oxidative process.
  • Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, acetone, potassium metabisulfite, potassium sulfite, ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, citric acid, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, hypophophorous acid, monothioglycerol, propyl gallate, sodium ascorbate, sodium citrate, sodium sulfide, sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, thioglycolic acid, EDTA, pentetate, and sodium metabisulfite and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the term "buffering agent” is intended to mean a compound used to resist change in pH upon dilution or addition of acid or alkali.
  • Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, acetic acid, sodium acetate, adipic acid, benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, boric acid, sodium borate, citric acid, glycine, maleic acid, monobasic sodium phosphate, dibasic sodium phosphate, HEPES, lactic acid, tartaric acid, potassium metaphosphate, potassium phosphate, monobasic sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, tris, sodium tartrate and sodium citrate anhydrous and dihydrate and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • a complexation-enhancing agent can be added to a formulation of the invention. When such an agent is present, the ratio of cyclodextrin /active agent can be changed.
  • a complexation-enhancing agent is a compound, or compounds, that enhance(s) the complexation of the active agent with the cyclodextrin. Suitable complexation enhancing agents include one or more pharmacologically inert water soluble polymers, hydroxy acids, and other organic compounds typically used in preserved formulations to enhance the complexation of a particular agent with cyclodextrins.
  • Hydrophilic polymers can be used as complexation-enhancing, solubility- enhancing and/or water activity reducing agents to improve the performance of formulations containing a cyclodextrin-based preservative.
  • Loftsson has disclosed a number of polymers suitable for combined use with a cyclodextrin (underivatized or derivatized) to enhance the performance and/or properties of the cyclodextrin.
  • Suitable polymers are disclosed in Pharmazie (2001), 56(9), 746-747; International Journal of Pharmaceutics (2001), 212(1), 29-40; Cyclodextrin: From Basic Research to Market, International Cyclodextrin Symposium, 10th, Ann Arbor, MI, United States, May 21-24, 2000 (2000), 10-15 (Wacker Biochem Corp.: Adrian, Mich.); PCT International Publication No. WO 9942111; Pharmazie, 53(11), 733-740 (1998); Pharm. Technol. Eur, 9(5), 26-34 (1997); J. Pharm.
  • Still other suitable polymers include water-soluble natural polymers, water-soluble semi- synthetic polymers (such as the water-soluble derivatives of cellulose) and water-soluble synthetic polymers.
  • the natural polymers include polysaccharides such as inulin, pectin, algin derivatives (e.g. sodium alginate) and agar, and polypeptides such as casein and gelatin.
  • the semi-synthetic polymers include cellulose derivatives such as methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, their mixed ethers such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and other mixed ethers such as hydroxyethyl ethylcellulose and hydroxypropyl ethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate and carboxymethylcellulose and its salts, especially sodium carboxymethylcellulose.
  • the synthetic polymers include polyoxyethylene derivatives (polyethylene glycols) and polyvinyl derivatives (polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone and polystyrene sulfonate) and various copolymers of acrylic acid (e.g. carbomer).
  • Other natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic polymers not named here which meet the criteria of water solubility, pharmaceutical acceptability and pharmacological inactivity are likewise considered to be within the ambit of the present invention.
  • a fragrance is a relatively volatile substance or combination of substances that produces a detectable aroma, odor or scent.
  • exemplary fragrances include those generally accepted as FD&C.
  • glidant is intended to mean an agent used in solid dosage formulations to promote flowability of the solid mass.
  • Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, colloidal silica, cornstarch, talc, calcium silicate, magnesium silicate, colloidal silicon, tribasic calcium phosphate, silicon hydrogel and other materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • lubricant is intended to mean a substance used in solid dosage formulations to reduce friction during compression.
  • Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, PEG, talc, mineral oil, stearic acid, and zinc stearate and other materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the term "opaquant” is intended to mean a compound used to render a coating opaque. May be used alone or in combination with a colorant. Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, titanium dioxide, talc and other materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • polishing agent is intended to mean a compound used to impart an attractive sheen to solid dosage forms.
  • Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, carnauba wax, white wax and other materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • disintegrant is intended to mean a compound used in solid dosage forms to promote the disruption of the solid mass into smaller particles which are more readily dispersed or dissolved.
  • exemplary disintegrants include, by way of example and without limitation, starches such as corn starch, potato starch, pre-gelatinized and modified starches thereof, sweeteners, clays, bentonite, microcrystalline cellulose(e.g., Avicel), carboxymethylcellulose calcium, croscarmellose sodium, alginic acid, sodium alginate, cellulose polyacrilin potassium (e.g., Amberlite), alginates, sodium starch glycolate, gums, agar, guar, locust bean, karaya, pectin, tragacanth, crospovidone and other materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • starches such as corn starch, potato starch, pre-gelatinized and modified starches thereof, sweeteners, clays, bentonite, microcrystalline cellulose(e.g., Avicel),
  • stabilizer is intended to mean a compound used to stabilize the therapeutic agent against physical, chemical, or biochemical process which would reduce the therapeutic activity of the agent.
  • Suitable stabilizers include, by way of example and without limitation, albumin, sialic acid, creatinine, glycine and other amino acids, niacinamide, sodium acetyltryptophonate, zinc oxide, sucrose, glucose, lactose, sorbitol, mannitol, glycerol, polyethylene glycols, sodium caprylate and sodium saccharin and other known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the term "tonicity modifier” is intended to mean a compound or compounds that can be used to adjust the tonicity of the liquid formulation. Suitable tonicity modifiers include glycerin, lactose, mannitol, dextrose, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, sorbitol, trehalose and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In one embodiment, the tonicity of the liquid formulation approximates the tonicity of blood or plasma. [00151] As used herein, the term “antifoaming agent” is intended to mean a compound or compounds that prevents or reduces the amount of foaming that forms on the surface of the liquid formulation. Suitable antifoaming agents include dimethicone, simethicone, octoxynol and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the term "bulking agent” is intended to mean a compound used to add bulk to the solid product and/or assist in the control of the properties of the formulation during lyophilization.
  • Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, dextran, trehalose, sucrose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, lactose, inositol, sorbitol, dimethylsulfoxide, glycerol, albumin, calcium lactobionate, and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • cryoprotectant is intended to mean a compound used to protect an active therapeutic agent from physical or chemical degradation during lyophilization.
  • Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerol, trehalose, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • emulsifier or “emulsifying agent” is intended to mean a compound added to one or more of the phase components of an emulsion for the purpose of stabilizing the droplets of the internal phase within the external phase.
  • Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, lecithin, polyoxylethylene- polyoxypropylene ethers, polyoxylethylene-sorbitan monolaurate, polysorbates, sorbitan esters, stearyl alcohol, tyloxapol, tragacanth, xanthan gum, acacia, agar, alginic acid, sodium alginate, bentonite, carbomer, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium, cholesterol, gelatin, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, octoxynol, oleyl alcohol, polyvinyl alcohol, povidone, propylene glycol monostearate, sodium lauryl sulfate, and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • a solubility-enhancing agent can be added to the formulation of the invention.
  • a solubility-enhancing agent is a compound, or compounds, that enhance(s) the solubility of the active agent when in a liquid formulation. When such an agent is present, the ratio of cyclodextrin/active agent can be changed.
  • Suitable solubility enhancing agents include one or more organic solvents, detergents, soaps, surfactant and other organic compounds typically used in parenteral formulations to enhance the solubility of a particular agent.
  • Suitable organic solvents include, for example, ethanol, glycerin, polyethylene glycols, propylene glycol, poloxomers, and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the formulation of the invention can also include oils, for example, fixed oils, such as peanut oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil and olive oil; fatty acids, such as oleic acid, stearic acid and isostearic acid; and fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, fatty acid glycerides and acetylated fatty acid glycerides.
  • fixed oils such as peanut oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil and olive oil
  • fatty acids such as oleic acid, stearic acid and isostearic acid
  • fatty acid esters such as ethyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, fatty acid glycerides and acetylated fatty acid glycerides.
  • It can also include alcohols, such as ethanol, isopropanol, hexadecyl alcohol, glycerol and propylene glycol; glycerol ketals, such as 2,2-dimethyl-l,3-dioxolane-4-methanol; ethers, such as poly(ethylene glycol) 450; with petroleum hydrocarbons, such as mineral oil and petrolatum; water; or with mixtures thereof; with or without the addition of a pharmaceutically suitable surfactant, suspending agent or emulsifying agent.
  • alcohols such as ethanol, isopropanol, hexadecyl alcohol, glycerol and propylene glycol
  • glycerol ketals such as 2,2-dimethyl-l,3-dioxolane-4-methanol
  • ethers such as poly(ethylene glycol) 450
  • petroleum hydrocarbons such as mineral oil and petrolatum
  • water or with mixtures thereof
  • the formulation of the invention can also include biological salt(s), sodium chloride, potassium chloride, or other electrolyte(s).
  • a liquid formulation according to the invention can have its oxygen removed.
  • the headspace of the container with the liquid formulation is made oxygen free, substantially oxygen free, or oxygen-reduced by purging the headspace with an inert gas, such as nitrogen or argon, or by bubbling the inert gas through the liquid formulation.
  • an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon
  • the liquid formulation containing an active agent subject to oxidative degradation is preferably stored in an oxygen-free or oxygen-reduced environment. Removal of oxygen from the formulation will enhance preservation of the formulation against aerobic microbes; whereas, addition of oxygen to the formulation will enhance preservation against anaerobic microbes.
  • phrases "pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • the term "patient” or “subject” are taken to mean warm blooded animals such as mammals, for example, cats, dogs, mice, guinea pigs, horses, bovine cows, sheep and humans.
  • a formulation of the invention will comprise an active agent present in an effective amount.
  • effective amount is meant the amount or quantity of active agent that is sufficient to elicit the required or desired response, or in other words, the amount that is sufficient to elicit an appreciable biological response when administered to a subject.
  • the examples below detail several different methods for preparing a combination composition or a starting water soluble cyclodextrin derivative composition. In general, a cyclodextrin starting material in neutral to alkaline aqueous media is exposed to substituent precursor.
  • the substituent precursor can be added incrementally or as a bolus and it can be added before, during or after exposure of the cyclodextrin starting material to the optionally alkaline aqueous media. Additional alkaline material or buffering material can be added as needed to maintain the pH within a desired range.
  • the derivatization reaction can be conducted at ambient to elevated temperatures. Once derivatization has proceeded to the desired extent, the reaction is optionally quenched by addition of an acid.
  • the reaction milieu is further processed (e.g., solvent precipitation, filtration, centrifugation, evaporation, concentration, drying, chromatography, dialysis, and/or ultra-filtration) to remove undesired materials and form the target composition.
  • the composition can be in the form of a solid, liquid, semi-solid, gel, syrup, paste, powder, aggregate, granule, pellet, compressed material, reconstitutable solid, suspension, glass, crystalline mass, amorphous mass, particulate, bead, emulsion, or wet mass.
  • the composition can be present in formulations for dosage forms such as a reconstitutable solid, tablet, capsule, pill, troche, patch, osmotic device, stick, suppository, implant, gum, effervescent composition, injectable liquid, ophthalmic or nasal solutions, or inhalable powders or solutions.
  • the invention also provides methods of preparing a liquid formulation comprising the CD and an active agent.
  • a first method comprises the steps of: forming a first aqueous solution comprising a cyclodextrin derivative; forming a second solution or suspension comprising active agent; and mixing the first and second solutions to form the liquid formulation.
  • a second method is similar to the first step except that the active agent is added directly to the first solution without formation of the second solution.
  • a third method is similar to the first except that the cyclodextrin derivative is added directly to the second solution/suspension without formation of the first solution.
  • a fourth method comprises the steps of: adding a solution comprising active agent to a powdered or particulate cyclodextrin derivative.
  • a fifth method comprises the steps of: adding the active agent directly to the powdered or particulate cyclodextrin derivative; and adding a second solution.
  • a sixth method comprises the steps of: creating the liquid formulation by any of the above methods and then isolating a solid material by lyophilization, spray-drying, spray-freeze-drying, antisolvent precipitation, a process utilizing a supercritical or near supercritical fluid, or other methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art to make a powder for reconstitution.
  • Specific embodiments of the methods of preparing a liquid formulation include those wherein: 1) the method further comprises the step of sterile filtering the formulation through a filtration medium having a pore size of 0.1 microns or larger; 2) the liquid formulation is sterilized by irradiation or autoclaving; 3) the method further comprises the step of isolating a solid from the solution; 4) the solution is purged with nitrogen or argon or other inert pharmaceutically acceptable gas such that a substantial portion of the oxygen dissolved in, and/or in surface contact with the solution is removed.
  • Still another aspect of the invention provides a reconstitutable solid pharmaceutical composition comprising an active agent, a combination composition and optionally at least one other pharmaceutical excipient.
  • the reconstitutable solid pharmaceutical composition includes those wherein: 1) the composition comprises an admixture of a combination composition and active agent-containing solid comprising an active agent and optionally at least one solid pharmaceutical excipient, such that a major portion of the active agent is not complexed with the CD prior to reconstitution; and/or 2) the composition comprises a solid mixture of an combination composition and an active agent, wherein a major portion of the active agent is complexed with the CD prior to reconstitution.
  • a combination composition of the invention can be used in a pharmaceutical dosage form, pharmaceutical composition or other such combination of materials.
  • CDs will also be useful are, but not limited to, as analytical reagents, in food and cosmetics and as environmental clean up agents.
  • An exemplary SBE- ⁇ -CD DS 2.0 was made using the following procedure, wherein the starting beta cyclodextrin parent in an alkaline aqueous medium was derivatized with an SBE precursor to form the SBE- ⁇ -CD.
  • the ⁇ CD was dissolved in 6.5 EQ of 3.6 N NaOH aqueous solution, heated to 50 0 C, and stirred until complete dissolution. Once dissolution was complete the reaction temperature was increased to 70 to 75 0 C. 2 equivalents of 1,4-Butanesultone was added over a period of 20 minutes. The amount of equivalents added was proportional to the degree of substitution of the final product. The pH was monitored during the first 4 hours and never dropped below 12.0.
  • the solution was further treated with carbon (0.12 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.5 to 7.0).
  • the resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0 C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum.
  • the solution was freeze dried to yield a DS 2.0 SBE- ⁇ -CD white solid.
  • An exemplary SBE- ⁇ -CD DS 3.1 was made using the following procedure, wherein the starting beta cyclodextrin parent in an alkaline aqueous medium was derivatized with an SBE precursor to form the SBE- ⁇ -CD.
  • the ⁇ CD was dissolved in 6.5 EQ of 3.6 N NaOH aqueous solution, heated to 50 0 C, and stirred until complete dissolution. Once dissolution was complete the reaction temperature was increased to 70 to 75 0 C. 3 equivalents of 1,4-Butanesultone was added over a period of 15 minutes. The amount of equivalents added was proportional to the degree of substitution of the final product. The pH was monitored during the first 4 hours and never dropped below 12.0.
  • the solution was further treated with carbon (0.12 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.5 to 7.0).
  • the resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0 C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum.
  • the solution was freeze dried to yield a DS 3.1 SBE- ⁇ -CD white solid.
  • An exemplary SBE- ⁇ -CD DS 4.1 was made using the following, wherein the starting beta cyclodextrin parent in an alkaline aqueous medium was derivatized with an SBE precursor to form the SBE- ⁇ -CD.
  • the ⁇ CD was dissolved in 6.5 EQ of 3.6 N NaOH aqueous solution, heated to 50 0 C, and stirred until complete dissolution. Once dissolution was complete the reaction temperature was increased to 70 to 75 0 C. 4 equivalents of 1,4- Butanesultone was added over a period of 20 minutes. The amount of equivalents added was proportional to the degree of substitution of the final product. The pH was monitored during the first 4 hours and never dropped below 12.0.
  • the solution was further treated with carbon (0.12 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.5 to 7.0).
  • the resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0 C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum.
  • the solution was freeze dried to yield a DS 4.1 SBE- ⁇ -CD white solid.
  • An exemplary SBE- ⁇ -CD DS 4.7 was made using the following, wherein the starting beta cyclodextrin parent in an alkaline aqueous medium was derivatized with an SBE precursor to form the SBE- ⁇ -CD.
  • the ⁇ CD was dissolved in 11 EQ of 3.8 N NaOH aqueous solutions, heated and stirred until complete dissolution. Once dissolution was complete the reaction temperature was increased to 70 to 77 0 C. 6.0 equivalents of 1,4- Butanesultone was added over a period of 20 minutes. The pH was monitored during the first 4 hours and never dropped below 13. The reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0 C for at least an addition 16 hours.
  • the reaction mixture was cooled and diluted with water (roughly one half the total reaction volume).
  • the solution was neutralized with 8.4 M HCl between 6.5 to 7.5 and filtered through a 0.45 micron filter.
  • the solution was purified by Ultrafiltration using a 1000 MWCO membrane. The Ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4- Hydroxybutane-1- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present.
  • the solution was filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.5 to 7.0).
  • the resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0 C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum.
  • the solution was freeze dried to yield a DS 4.7 SBE- ⁇ -CD solid white solid.
  • An exemplary SBE- ⁇ -CD DS 6.2 was made using the following, wherein the starting beta cyclodextrin parent in an alkaline aqueous medium was derivatized with an SBE precursor to form the SBE- ⁇ -CD.
  • the ⁇ CD was dissolved in 11 EQ of 3.7 N NaOH aqueous solution, heated to 50 0 C, and stirred until complete dissolution. Once dissolution was complete the reaction temperature was increased to 70 to 75 0 C. 6.8 equivalents of 1,4- Butanesultone was added over a period of 35 minutes. The pH was monitored during the first 4 hours and never dropped below 12.9. The reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0 C for at least an addition 16 hours.
  • the reaction mixture was cooled and diluted with water (roughly one half the total reaction volume).
  • the solution was neutralized with 7 M HCl between 6.5 to 7.5 and filtered through a 0.45 micron filter.
  • the solution was purified by Ultrafiltration using a 1000 MWCO membrane. The Ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4- Hydroxybutane-1- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present.
  • the solution was further treated with carbon (0.12 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.5 to 7.0).
  • the resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0 C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum.
  • the solution was freeze dried to yield a DS 6.2 SBE- ⁇ -CD solid white solid.
  • An exemplary SBE- ⁇ -CD DS 6.8 was made using the following, wherein the starting beta cyclodextrin parent in an alkaline aqueous medium was derivatized with an SBE precursor to form the SBE- ⁇ -CD.
  • the ⁇ CD was dissolved in 6.5 EQ of 3.7 N NaOH aqueous solution, heated to 50 0 C, and stirred until complete dissolution. Once dissolution was complete the reaction temperature was increased to 70 to 75 0 C. 8.7 equivalents of 1,4- Butanesultone was added over a period of 40 minutes. The pH was monitored during the first 4 hours and never dropped below 8.6.
  • a second portion of 4.4 EQ of 3.9 M NaOH was charged and the reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0 C for at least an addition 16 hours.
  • the reaction mixture was cooled and diluted with water (roughly one half the total reaction volume).
  • the solution was neutralized with 7 M HCl between 6.5 to 7.5 and filtered through a 0.45 micron filter.
  • the solution was purified by Ultrafiltration using a 1000 MWCO membrane.
  • the Ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4-Hydroxybutane-l- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present.
  • the solution was further treated with carbon (0.12 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.5 to 7.0).
  • the resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0 C under less than 30 rnrnHg vacuum.
  • the solution was freeze dried to yield a DS 6.8 SBE- ⁇ -CD white solid.
  • An exemplary SBE- ⁇ -CD DS 4.2 was made using the following, wherein the starting gamma cyclodextrin parent in an alkaline aqueous medium was derivatized with an SBE precursor to form the SBE- ⁇ -CD.
  • the ⁇ CD was dissolved in 6.5 EQ of 3.9 N NaOH aqueous solution, heated to 70 0 C, and stirred until complete dissolution. Once dissolution was complete the reaction temperature was increased to 70 to 75 0 C.
  • 4.2 equivalents of 1,4- Butanesultone was added over a period of 110 minutes. The pH was monitored during the first 4 hours and never dropped below 12.6.
  • a second portion of 4.2 EQ of 6.3 M NaOH was charged and the reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0 C for at least an addition 16 hours.
  • the reaction mixture was cooled and diluted with water (roughly one third the total reaction volume).
  • the solution was further treated with carbon (0.07 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), neutralized with 2.5 M HCl between 6.0 to 6.5 and filtered through a 0.45 micron filter.
  • the solution was purified by Ultrafiltration using a 650 MWCO membrane.
  • the Ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4-Hydroxybutane-l- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present.
  • the solution was filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.0 to 6.5).
  • the resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0 C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum.
  • the solution was freeze dried to yield a DS 4.2 SBE- ⁇ -CD white solid.
  • An exemplary SBE- ⁇ -CD DS 4.8 was made using the following, wherein the starting gamma cyclodextrin parent in an alkaline aqueous medium was derivatized with an SBE precursor to form the SBE- ⁇ -CD.
  • the ⁇ CD was dissolved in 6.5 EQ of 4.0 N NaOH aqueous solution, heated to 70 0 C, and stirred until complete dissolution. Once dissolution was complete the reaction temperature was increased to 70 to 75 0 C. 4.5 equivalents of 1,4- Butanesultone was added over a period of 103 minutes. The pH was monitored during the first 4 hours and never dropped below 12.4.
  • a second portion of 4.3 EQ of 6.3 M NaOH was charged and the reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0 C for at least an addition 16 hours.
  • the reaction mixture was cooled and diluted with water (roughly one third the total reaction volume).
  • the solution was further treated with carbon (0.11 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), neutralized with 2.5 M HCl between 6.0 to 6.5 and filtered through a 0.45 micron filter.
  • the solution was purified by Ultrafiltration using a 650 MWCO membrane.
  • the Ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4-Hydroxybutane-l- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present.
  • the solution was filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.0 to 6.5).
  • the resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0 C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum.
  • the solution was freeze dried to yield a DS 4.8 SBE- ⁇ -CD white solid.
  • An exemplary SBE- ⁇ -CD DS 5.8 was made using the following, wherein the starting gamma cyclodextrin parent in an alkaline aqueous medium was derivatized with an SBE precursor to form the SBE- ⁇ -CD.
  • the ⁇ CD was dissolved in 6.5 EQ of 4 N NaOH aqueous solution, heated to 70 0 C, and stirred until complete dissolution. Once dissolution was complete the reaction temperature was increased to 70 to 75 0 C. 5.8 equivalents of 1,4- Butanesultone was added over a period of 77 minutes. The pH was monitored during the first 4 hours and never dropped below 11.5.
  • a second portion of 4.0 EQ of 6.3 M NaOH was charged and the reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0 C for at least an addition 16 hours.
  • the reaction mixture was cooled and diluted with water (roughly one third the total reaction volume).
  • the solution was neutralized with 2.5 M HCl between 7.0 to 7.25, treated with carbon (0.08 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), filtered through a 0.45 micron filter.
  • the solution was purified by Ultrafiltration using a 500 MWCO membrane.
  • the Ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4-Hydroxybutane-l -sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present.
  • the solution was filtered through a 0.22 micron filter.
  • the resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0 C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum.
  • the solution was freeze dried to yield a DS 5.8 SBE- ⁇ -CD white solid.
  • An exemplary SBE- ⁇ -CD DS 6.1 was made using the following, wherein the starting gamma cyclodextrin parent in an alkaline aqueous medium was derivatized with an SBE precursor to form the SBE- ⁇ -CD.
  • the ⁇ CD was dissolved in 6.2 EQ of 4.0N NaOH aqueous solution at ambient temperature and stirred until complete dissolution. 6.5 equivalents of 1,4-Butanesultone was added. The pH was monitored during the first 4 hours and never dropped below 11.0. A second portion of 3.8 EQ of 6.3 M NaOH was charged and the reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0 C for at least an addition 16 hours.
  • the solution was neutralized with 4.9 M HCl between 6.0 to 6.5, treated with carbon (0.08 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), filtered through a 0.45 micron filter.
  • the solution was purified by Ultrafiltration using a 500 MWCO membrane. The Ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4- Hydroxybutane-1- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present.
  • the solution was neutralized (6.0 to 6.5) and filtered through a 0.22 micron filter.
  • the resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0 C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum.
  • the solution was freeze dried to yield a DS 6.1 SBE- ⁇ -CD white solid.
  • An exemplary bimodal SBE- ⁇ -CD (AP-ADS 4.6) was made using the following, wherein the parent beta cyclodextrin was dissolved in 6.5 equivalents of 3.6 N NaOH. This solution was added over a period of 30 minutes to a stirred mixture of 6.5 EQ of 1,4-Butanesultone and 4.4 EQ of 4.2 N NaOH at 70 to 75 0 C. The reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0 C for at least an addition 16 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and diluted with water (roughly one half the total reaction volume). The solution was neutralized with 7.3 M HCl between 6.5 to 7.5 and filtered through a 0.45 micron filter.
  • the solution was purified by Ultrafiltration using a 1000 MWCO membrane.
  • the Ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4-Hydroxybutane-l- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present.
  • the solution was further treated with carbon (0.12 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.0 to 7.0).
  • the resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0 C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum.
  • the solution was freeze dried to yield an AP-ADS 4.62 bimodal SBE- ⁇ -CD white solid.
  • An exemplary bimodal SBE- ⁇ -CD (AP-ADS 6.6) was made using the following, wherein the parent beta cyclodextrin was dissolved in 12.6 equivalents of 3.7 N NaOH. This solution was added over a period of 30 minutes to 6.5 EQ of stirred 1,4- Butanesultone at 70 to 75 0 C. The reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0 C for at least an addition 16 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and diluted with water (roughly one half the total reaction volume). The solution was neutralized with 7.3 M HCl between 6.5 to 7.5 and filtered through a 0.45 micron filter. The solution was purified by Ultrafiltration using a 1000 MWCO membrane.
  • the Ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4- Hydroxybutane-1- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present.
  • the solution was further treated with carbon (0.12 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.0 to 7.0).
  • the resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0 C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum.
  • the solution was freeze dried to yield a AP-ADS 6.6 bimodal SBE- ⁇ -CD white solid.
  • An exemplary bimodal SBE- ⁇ -CD (AP-ADS 6.9) was made using the following, wherein the parent beta cyclodextrin was dissolved in 10.9 equivalents of 3.8 N NaOH. This solution was added over a period of 65 minutes to 6.5 EQ of stirred 1,4- Butanesultone at 70 to 75 0 C. The reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0 C for at least an addition 16 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and treated with carbon (0.12 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin). The solution was filtered, diluted with water (roughly one twentieth the total reaction volume). The solution was further neutralized with 8.25 M HCl between 6.0 to 7.0 and filtered through a 0.45 micron filter.
  • the solution was purified by ultrafiltration using a 650 MWCO membrane.
  • the ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4- Hydroxybutane-1- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present.
  • the resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0 C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum.
  • the solution was freeze dried to yield a AP-ADS 6.9 bimodal SBE- ⁇ - CD white solid.
  • An exemplary bimodal SBE- ⁇ -CD (AP-ADS 3.8 was made using the following, wherein the parent gamma cyclodextrin was dissolved in 12.5 equivalents of 3.7 N NaOH. This solution was added over a period of 30 minutes to 4.25 EQ of stirred 1,4- Butanesultone at 65 to 72 0 C. The reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0 C for at least an addition 16 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and neutralized with 8.9 M HCl between 6.5 to 7.5. The solution was diluted with water (roughly one half the total reaction volume). The resulting solution was filtered through a 0.45 micron filter. The solution was purified by Ultrafiltration using a 1000 MWCO membrane.
  • the Ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4- Hydroxybutane-1- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present.
  • the solution was further treated with carbon (0.12 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.0 to 7.0).
  • the resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0 C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum.
  • the solution was freeze dried to yield a AP-ADS 3.8 bimodal SBE- ⁇ -CD white solid.
  • An exemplary bimodal SBE- ⁇ -CD (AP-ADS 6.5) was made using the following, wherein the parent gamma cyclodextrin was dissolved in 12.5 equivalents of 3.7 N NaOH. This solution was added over a period of 35 minutes to 6.5 EQ of stirred 1,4- Butanesultone at 67 to 74 0 C. The reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0 C for at least an addition 16 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and neutralized with 8.5 M HCl between 6.5 to 7.5. The solution was diluted with water (roughly one half the total reaction volume). The resulting solution was filtered through a 0.45 micron filter. The solution was purified by Ultrafiltration using a 1000 MWCO membrane.
  • the Ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4- Hydroxybutane-1- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present.
  • the solution was further treated with carbon (0.12 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.0 to 7.0).
  • the resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0 C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum.
  • the solution was freeze dried to yield a AP-ADS 6.5 bimodal SBE- ⁇ -CD white solid.
  • An exemplary bimodal SBE- ⁇ -CD (AP-ADS 6.9) was made using the following, wherein the parent gamma cyclodextrin was dissolved in 12.5 equivalents of 3.7 N NaOH. This solution was added over a period of 38 minutes to 10 EQ of stirred 1,4-Butanesultone at 66 to 73 0 C. The reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0 C for at least an addition 16 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and neutralized with 8.5 M HCl between 6.5 to 7.5. The solution was diluted with water (roughly one half the total reaction volume). The resulting solution was filtered through a 0.45 micron filter. The solution was purified by Ultrafiltration using a 1000 MWCO membrane.
  • the Ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4- Hydroxybutane-1- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present.
  • the solution was further treated with carbon (0.12 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.0 to 7.0).
  • the resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0 C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum.
  • the solution was freeze dried to yield a AP-ADS 6.9 bimodal SBE- ⁇ -CD white solid.
  • a 0.04M stock solutions of each selected CD was prepared with purified water. Clarity of solutions was determined by visual inspection or instrumentally. A clear solution is at least clear by visual inspection with the unaided eye. Each drug derivative, tested in duplicate, was added to either 2 or 4 mL of CD solution. Table 5 indicates the amount of each CD used after accounting for the content of water in each CD.
  • the drug derivatives were weighed in amounts in excess of the anticipated solubilities directly into Teflon-lined screw-capped vials. These amounts provided a minimum of 3 mg/mL of solids. Each vial then received the appropriate amount of CD solution. The vials were vortexed and sonicated to aid in wetting the solids with the fluid. The vials were then placed on a lab quake or a roller mixer for equilibration. The vials were visually inspected periodically to assure that the solids were adequately being wetted and in contact with the fluid. The time points for sampling were at typically 24 hrs for samples.
  • the vials were decanted or centrifuged and 1 ml of the supernatant removed.
  • the removed supernatant was then filtered using a 0.22 ⁇ m syringe filter, and diluted with the mobile phase to an appropriate concentration within the standard curve.
  • the samples were then analyzed by HPLC to determine concentration of solubilized drug derivatives.
  • a Beckman P/ ACE 2210 capillary electrophoresis system coupled with a UV absorbance detector was used to analyze solutions of each SBE- ⁇ and SBE- ⁇ CD derivative. The separation was performed at 25°C using a fused silica capillary (50 ⁇ m inner diameters total length of 57 cm and effective length of 50 cm) with a pH adjusted running buffer 3OmM benzoic acid and 100 mM TRIS (tris-hydroxymethyl-aminomethanol).
  • the capillary was treated with the following wash sequence before each injection with water, 0.01N NaOH, and running buffer.
  • the detector was set at 214 nm.
  • the voltage was 3OkV. Samples were introduced by pressure injections: 20 s at 0.5 psi.
  • An ⁇ -CD derivative composition having a monomodal distribution profile can be prepared according to any of Examples 1-10 or any of the literature methods cited herein, except that ⁇ -CD would be used in place of the ⁇ -CD or ⁇ -CD.
  • An exemplary SBE- ⁇ -CD is made using the following, wherein the starting alpha cyclodextrin parent in an alkaline aqueous medium is derivatized with an SBE precursor to form the SBE- ⁇ -CD.
  • the ⁇ CD is dissolved in NaOH aqueous solution, heated to 70 0 C, and stirred until complete dissolution. Once dissolution is complete the reaction temperature is increased to 70 to 75 0 C. 1,4-Butanesultone are added over a period of at least 30 minutes.
  • the pH is monitored during the first 4 hours and the reaction is allowed to continue at 70 0 C for at least an addition 16 hours.
  • the reaction mixture is cooled and diluted with water (roughly one third the total reaction volume).
  • the solution is further treated with carbon (0.07 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), neutralized with HCl between 6.0 to 6.5 and filtered through a 0.45 micron filter.
  • the solution is purified by Ultrafiltration using a 650 MWCO membrane.
  • the Ultrafiltration end point is determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4- Hydroxybutane-1- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolarity, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present.
  • the solution is filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.0 to 6.5).
  • the resulting solution is concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0 C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum.
  • the solution is freeze dried to yield a SBE- ⁇ -CD white solid.
  • a previously prepared batch of CD derivative composition, having a monomodal or bimodal distribution profile, is placed in aqueous alkaline liquid medium.
  • a substituent precursor is placed in an optionally alkaline liquid medium in a vessel.
  • the alkaline medium containing CD derivative composition is added to the medium containing the substituent precursor in a dropwise, portionwise, semicontinuous, or continuous manner for a period of time sufficient, at a temperature sufficient, and a pH sufficient to form a reaction milieu comprising a combination composition having a bimodal or trimodal, respectively, distribution profile.
  • the dissolved batch of derivatized composition is added over a period of at least 30 minutes to the substituent precursor.
  • the pH is monitored during the first 4 hours and the reaction is allowed to continue at 70 0 C for at least an addition 16 hours.
  • the reaction mixture is cooled and diluted with water (roughly one third the total reaction volume).
  • the combination composition is optionally further purified to remove unwanted components and/or add wanted components.
  • the solution is further treated with carbon (0.07 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), neutralized with HCl between 6.0 to 6.5 and filtered through a 0.45 micron filter.
  • the solution is purified by Ultrafiltration using a 650 MWCO membrane.
  • the Ultrafiltration end point is determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4-Hydroxybutane-l- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4- Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present.
  • the solution is filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.0 to 6.5).
  • the resulting solution is concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0 C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum.
  • the solution is freeze dried to yield a SBE- ⁇ -CD white solid.
  • FIG. 7 is the CE analysis of the sample mixtures following further dilution.
  • CA PAC x MT
  • IDS (CA / SCA) x 100
  • ADS Average Degree of Substitution. These values can be obtained using CE as described in example 19. From the ADS the molecular weight of the derivatized CD can then be determined. The water content for the chosen derivatized CDs were determined using the procedure described in example 18. With the molecular weight and water content, the mole mixtures can be prepared by weighing the appropriate amount of derivatized CDs in a vial with water in the following ratios
  • FIG. 8C is the CE analysis of the sample mixtures following further dilution.
  • Combination composition comprising two different types of CD derivative compositions
  • a previously prepared first type of CD derivative composition is mixed with a previously prepared second type of CD derivative composition to form a combination composition.
  • ADS of the first type of CD derivative composition is lower than the ADS of the second type of CD derivative composition.
  • the mixing can be done in the presence or absence of a liquid carrier.
  • the mixing can also be done in the presence or absence of a solid carrier.
  • One or more excipients can be included with the first type of CD derivative composition, the second type of CD derivative composition and/or the combination composition.
  • One or more active agents can be included in the combination composition.
  • the combination composition can have a monomodal, bimodal, trimodal or multi-modal distribution profile.

Abstract

A combination composition comprising a mixture of two or more cyclodextrin derivative compositions is provided. A CD derivative composition has an average degree of substitution and comprises a distribution of CD derivative species differing in their individual degrees of substitution. The average degree of substitution of one CD derivative composition is higher than the average degree of substitution of the other CD derivative composition, and their average degrees of substitution differ by at least one. The resulting combination composition exhibits a monomodal, bimodal, trimodal or multi¬ modal distribution profile. One CD derivative composition can be present in excess or in approximately the same amount as the other CD derivative composition in the combination composition. The combination composition can be made by combining two or more previously prepared CD derivative compositions, by direct derivatization of an underivatized parent CD, or by further direct derivatization of a previously prepared CD derivative composition. The combination composition provides enhanced performance over one or both of the CD derivative compositions in dissolution, stabilization, taste- masking and/or binding of compounds.

Description

Mi xtu res of Cyclodextrin Derivatives
BY:
Vincent D. Antle, Almira Hansen, Jose R. Matos
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to combination compositions comprising a mixture of two or more cyclodextrin derivatives differing in their average degrees of substitution. The invention also provides methods for their preparation and use.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Hydrophobic, hydrophilic, polymerized, ionized, non-ionized and many other derivatives of cyclodextrins have been developed, and their use in various industries has been established. Chemical modification of the parent cyclodextrins at one or more of the hydroxyl groups has resulted in derivatives with improved properties. Cyclodextrin derivatives are commercially available and have been employed in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations. Exemplary cyclodextrin derivatives are disclosed herein. Of the numerous derivatized cyclodextrins prepared to date, only two appear to be commercially viable for pharmaceutical usage: the 2-hydroxypropyl derivatives (HP-CD; neutral cyclodextrins being commercially developed by Janssen and others), and the sulfoalkyl ether derivatives (SAE-CD' s, such as sulfobutyl ether, SBE-CD), anionic cyclodextrins being developed by CyDex, Inc.). However, the HP-β-CD still possesses safety issues that the SBE-CD does not.
[0003] A number of references disclose water soluble sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrins and methods for their preparation and use. An SAE-CD can be made according to the disclosures of Stella et al., Parmerter et al., Lammers et al. or Qu et al. (See citations below).
[0004] A sulfobutyl ether derivative of beta cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD), in particular the derivative with an average of about 7 substituents per cyclodextrin molecule, has been commercialized by CyDex, Inc. as CAPTISOL®. The anionic sulfobutyl ether substituent dramatically improves the aqueous solubility and safety of the parent cyclodextrin. Reversible, non-covalent, complexation of drugs with CAPTISOL® generally allows for increased solubility and, in some cases, increased stability of drugs in aqueous solutions.
Figure imgf000003_0001
or ( -(CH2VSO3Na)n where n=6.0-7.1
Sulfobutyl Ether-β-Cyclodextrin (Captisol )
[0005] Sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrins (SAE-CD's), however, are known to have limitations concerning the molecules they can bind with. For example, SAE-CD's but especially Captisol® are known to bind compounds such as nifedipine, nimodipine, nitrendipine and clotrimazole poorly.
[0006] Various embodiments of a sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin include eicosa-O- (methyl)-6G-O-(4-sulfobutyl)-β-cyclodextrin, heptakis-O-(sulfomethyl)-tetradecakis-O-(3- sulfopropyl)-β-cyclodextrin, heptakis-O-[(l,l-dimethylethyl)dimethylsilyl]-tetradecakis-O-
(3-sulfopropyl)-β-cyclodextrin, heptakis-O-(sulfomethyl)-tetradecakis-O-(3-sulfopropyl)- β-cyclodextrin, and heptakis-O- [( 1 , 1 -dimethylethyl)dimethylsilyl] -tetradecakis-O-
(sulfomethyl)- β-cyclodextrin. Other known ether cyclodextrin derivatives containing a sulfoalkyl moiety include sulfoalkylthio and sulfoalkylthioalkyl ether derivatives such as octakis-(S-sulfopropyl)-octathio-γ-cyclodextrin, octakis-O-[3-[(2-sulfoethyl)thio]propyl]-β- cyclodextrin], and octakis-S-(2-sulfoethyl)-octathio- γ-cyclodextrin.
[0007] Water soluble cyclodextrin derivatives can be made according to: 1)
Japanese Patent No. JP 05001102 to Yoshinaga (sulfonic acid derivatives of cyclodextrins); 2) U.S. Patent No. 5,241,059 to Yoshinaga (cyclodextrin derivatives containing sulfoalkyl ether (SAE), ammonium, phosphoric, carboxyl, hydroxyl, tosyl, t-butyl-dimethylsilyl (TBDMS), azide, trimethyl ammonium, or carboxyalkyl ether); 3) PCT International Publication No. WO 01/40316 to Zhang et al. (6-mercapto-cyclodextrin derivatives of the general formula CD-6-O-CH2-S-R-X, wherein R can be an alkylene group and X can be an - SO3H group, and the cyclodextrin can be α, β, or γ); 4) Adam et al. (J. Med. Chem. (2002), 45, 1806-1816) (CD derivatives containing sulfoalkyl (sulfomethyl, sulfoethyl, sulfopropyl) thio ether); 5) Tarver et al. (Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry (2002), 10, 1819-1827) (sulfoalkyl (sulfoethyl) thioalkyl ether cyclodextrin derivatives); 6) U.S. Patent No. 5,594,125 to Seyschab (cyclodextrin derivatives having at least one lipophilic substituent and one hydrophilic radical per cyclodextrin molecule); 7) U.S. Patents No. 5,760,015 and No. 5,846,954 to Joullie ("one-sided" water soluble cyclodextrin derivatives having at least 10 anionic groups on one side of the CD molecule); 8) U.S. Patent No. 5,019,562 to Folkman (anionic CD derivatives having a sulfate, phosphate, or carboxylate group); 9) U.S. Patent No. 5,183,809 to Weisz et al. (polyionic derivatives having a sulfate, phosphate, carboxylate or nitrate group); 10) U.S. Patent No. 5,658,894 to Weisz et al. (polymeric CD derivatives, wherein the CD comprises anionic R groups selected from the group consisting of sulfate, phosphate, sulfonate, carboxylate and nitrate, and nonanionic R groups selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, ester, ether, thioester, thioether); 11) alkyl ether derivatized cyclodextrins (AE-CD' s) (see Fromming and Szejtli, Cyclodextrins in Pharmacy, Kluwer Academic Publishing, Dordrecht, 1994 and references therein), all of the disclosure of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
[0008] A mixture of cyclodextrin derivatives, wherein the mixture contains two different cyclodextrin derivatives differing in the substituent attached to the parent cyclodextrin, e.g. hydroxypropyl ether cyclodextrin mixed with alkyl ether cyclodextrin, is known in the art. [0009] U.S. Patent No. 4,582,900 to Brandt et al. discloses mixed ether compositions of cyclodextrins wherein individual cyclodextrin molecules are derivatized with two different functional groups.
[0010] Stella et al. (PCT International Publication No. WO/2005/042584) disclose compositions containing cyclodextrin derivatives containing two different substituents attached to the same parent cyclodextrin, e.g. sulfoalkyl ether alkyl ether cyclodextrin.
[0011] It is known in the art that the method of preparation of a cyclodextrin derivative can have a significant impact upon final structure and associated properties of a product derivative. The synthetic process can alter the total (average) degree of substitution (TDS) as well as the regiochemistry of substitution (the substitution pattern). For example, the interaction of an alkylating agent with a CD during alkylation, changing of the pH of the reaction milieu, and/or varying of the molar ratio of alkylating agent to CD during alkylation can affect the TDS and the substitution pattern.
[0012] In almost all cases, the synthetic method for preparing cyclodextrin derivatives results in a composition comprising a distribution of cyclodextrin derivatives differing in the degree of substitution, with respect to the substituent with which the cyclodextrin is derivatized, and in the regiochemistry of substitution, wherein substituents on a single CD molecule are distributed amongst the various C2, C3 and C6 carbons of the CD molecule. This distribution of cyclodextrin derivatives has an average degree of substitution (or TDS), meaning that the composition comprises various individual species of CD derivatives differing in the individual degree of substitution.
[0013] Modern drug discovery processes are identifying larger more complex molecules whose physical and chemical properties, especially solubility and stability are becoming more problematic. Even though SAE-CD and HP-CD derivatives made according to known methods provide substantial improvements in the solubilization and/or stabilization of ligand molecules in solution, there still remains a need for improvement thereof. It would be extremely beneficial to identify a composition of cyclodextrin derivatives that is able to provide enhanced properties over a structurally related cyclodextrin derivative. It would be useful to identify a mixture of CD derivatives possessing the beneficial properties of a first CD derivative but having less of the disadvantages typically associated with that first derivative.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0014] The present invention seeks to provide combination compositions comprising a mixture of cyclodextrin derivative compositions such that the combination compositions exhibit improved properties and/or performance over known cyclodextrin derivative compositions. The present combination compositions overcome at least some of the disadvantages present in known formulations. [0015] Aspects of the invention provide a combination composition comprising a mixture of at least two different cyclodextrin derivative compositions. The mixture comprises: a) a first cyclodextrin derivative composition having a first average degree of substitution in the range of 1 to 10, or 1 to 6; and b) an added second cyclodextrin derivative composition having a second average degree of substitution in the range of 3 to 12, or 5 to 12, wherein the first and second average degrees of substitution differ by at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4 at least 5, at least 6, or at least 7, and the second average degree of substitution is higher than the first average degree of substitution.
[0016] Aspects of the invention provide a combination composition comprising a mixture of at least two different cyclodextrin derivative compositions, wherein the mixture comprises: a) a first cyclodextrin derivative composition comprising plural cyclodextrin derivative species, the composition having a first average degree of substitution in the range of 1 to 12; and b) an added second cyclodextrin derivative composition consisting essentially of a cyclodextrin derivative species having an individual degree of substitution in the range of 1 to 12, wherein the first average degree of substitution differs from the individual degree of substitution by at least 2. The IDS of the added CD derivative species can be higher or lower than the ADS of the first CD derivative composition. The molar ratio of add CD derivative species to first CD derivative composition can range from 95:5 to 5:95.
[0017] Each of the first and second cyclodextrin derivative compositions comprises plural individual cyclodextrin derivative species differing in individual degree of substitution, such that the average degree of substitution is calculated, as described herein, from the individual degrees of substitution of the species. The individual cyclodextrin derivative species have the same substituent(s) but differ in the number of substituent(s) per cyclodextrin molecule.
[0018] In some embodiments, the combination composition comprises a mixture of at least two different sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrins derivative compositions each SAE-CD derivative composition having its own average degree of substitution, or of at least two different hydroxyalkyl ether cyclodextrins derivative compositions each HAE-CD derivative composition having its own average degree of substitution. In some embodiments, the average degree of substitution of the first composition differs from the average degree of substitution of the second composition by at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or more.
[0019] As a result of the mixing of a first and second cyclodextrin derivative compositions, the combination composition exhibits one, two or more maxima in its substitution profile. Accordingly, another aspect of the invention provides a combination composition comprising plural cyclodextrin derivative species differing in individual degree of substitution such that the combination composition exhibits at least two maxima in individual degree of substitution in a plot of individual degree of substitution vs. content of CD derivative species (the substitution profile). The combination composition can have a monomodal, bimodal, trimodal or multi-modal substitution profile, wherein the maxima differ by at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven or at least eight units.
[0020] The cyclodextrin ring of the cyclodextrin derivative can comprise an α, β, or γ parent cyclodextrin.
[0021] The regioisomerism of derivatization by the substituent can also be varied as desired such that the regioisomerism of the first composition is different than or the same as the regioisomerism of the second composition. The regioisomerism of each composition is independently selected. For example, a majority of the substituents present can be preferentially located at a primary hydroxyl group or at one or both of the secondary hydroxyl groups of the parent cyclodextrin. In one embodiment, the primary distribution of substituents is C3>C2>C6, while in other embodiments the primary distribution of substituents is C2>C3>C6. The substitution pattern of the substituents can be determined by 1HNMR or 13CNMR according to Example 24.
[0022] The first cyclodextrin derivative composition can be present in less than stoichiometric, stoichiometric or greater than stoichiometric amounts with respect to the amount of second cyclodextrin derivative composition present in the combination composition. The combination composition can comprise at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 90% or at least 95% of the first cyclodextrin derivative composition. Alternatively, the combination composition can comprise at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 90% or at least 95% of the second cyclodextrin derivative composition. The percentages of each derivative can be on a weight or molar basis. The mole ratio or weight ratio of the first cyclodextrin derivative composition to second cyclodextrin derivative composition ranges from 95:5 to 5:95, from 90:10 to 10:90, from 75:25 to 25:75 (3:1 to 1:3), from 67:33.3 to 33.3:67 (about 2:1 to 1:2), or approximates 50:50 (1:1).
[0023] Other materials that can be included in the combination composition include, among other things, one or more excipients and/or one or more active agents.
[0024] The combination composition of the invention can include small amounts (< 10%) of each of underivatized parent cyclodextrin that has been added thereto and/or that is present due to incomplete removal of the underivatized cyclodextrin during processing of a cyclodextrin derivative composition included in the combination composition.
[0025] The invention also provides an active combination composition comprising a combination composition of the invention and one or more active agents, e.g. therapeutic agent. In this embodiment, the combination composition and active combination composition independently and optionally comprise one or more excipients. In some embodiments, the active agent, or a majority thereof, is complexed with the cyclodextrin derivative. In other embodiments, the active agent, or a majority thereof, is not complexed with the cyclodextrin derivative. [0026] Some embodiments of the invention include those wherein: 1) more than half of the hydroxyl moieties of the first and/or second cyclodextrin derivative are derivatized; 2) half or less than half of the hydroxyl moieties of the first and/or second cyclodextrin derivative are derivatized; 3) the substituents of the first and second cyclodextrin derivative comprise similar alkylene (alkyl) radicals; 4) the substituents of the first and second cyclodextrin derivative comprise different alkylene (alkyl) radicals 5) the substituents of the first or second derivative comprise one or more of substituents selected from the group consisting of alkylene (alkyl), halide (halo), amine (amino), aldehyde, and nitrile.
[0027] Another aspect of the invention provides a method of preparing a combination composition, the method comprising: a) providing a first cyclodextrin derivative composition having a first average degree of substitution and comprising plural cyclodextrin derivatives species differing in individual degree of substitution; b) providing a second cyclodextrin derivative composition having a second average degree of substitution and comprising plural cyclodextrin derivatives species differing in individual degree of substitution, wherein the second average degree of substitution is higher than the first average degree of substitution by at least one; and c) combining the first cyclodextrin derivative composition with the second cyclodextrin derivative composition, thereby forming the combination composition.
[0028] Alternatively, the combination composition is prepared by direct derivatization of an underivatized parent α, β, or γ-cyclodextrin or by further derivatization of a previously prepared cyclodextrin derivative. Such methods of derivatization include alterations in the known sequence of chemical synthetic steps for the preparation of water soluble cyclodextrin derivatives having a monomodal average degree of substitution or a monomodal substitution profile. Suitable methods are described herein. [0029] Some embodiments of the invention provide a method of preparing a combination composition, the method comprising: exposing an initial cyclodextrin comprising at least one underivatized hydroxyl moiety, in aqueous alkaline media, to a substituent precursor for a period of time sufficient, at a temperature sufficient and at a solution pH sufficient to permit formation of a milieu comprising a cyclodextrin derivative composition having bimodal, trimodal or multi-modal substitution profile, and optionally processing the milieu to remove undesired components thereby forming the combination composition. The initial cyclodextrin can be an underivatized parent cyclodextrin or a previously prepared cyclodextrin derivative. [0030] In some embodiments, the process comprises: providing a first liquid composition comprising substituent precursor; providing an alkaline second liquid composition comprising cyclodextrin (underivatized or derivatized); and adding the second liquid composition to the first liquid composition for a period of time sufficient, at a temperature sufficient and at a solution pH sufficient to permit formation of a milieu comprising a cyclodextrin derivative composition having bimodal, trimodal or multi-modal substitution profile, and optionally processing the milieu to remove undesired components thereby forming the combination composition. In some embodiments, the second liquid composition is added portionwise, dropwise, semi-continuously or continuously to the first liquid composition. In some embodiments, both the first and second liquid compositions are alkaline.
[0031] The cyclodextrin derivative, in any cyclodextrin derivative composition or corresponding combination composition described herein, can be a water soluble cyclodextrin derivative, which is any cyclodextrin derivative exhibiting enhanced water solubility over its corresponding underivatized parent cyclodextrin and having a molecular structure based upon CC-, β- or γ-cyclodextrin. The cyclodextrin can be derivatized with neutral, anionic or cationic substituents at the C2, C3 or C6 positions of the individual saccharides forming the cyclodextrin ring. Suitable water soluble cyclodextrin derivatives are described herein.
[0032] Some embodiments of the invention include those wherein: 1) the first and second CD derivative compositions comprise the same substituent(s); 2) the first and second CD derivative compositions are water soluble; and/or 3) the first and second CD derivative compositions are selected from the group of sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin (SAE- CD) derivatives, sulfoalky ether alkyl ether cyclodextrin (SAE-AE-CD), alkyl ether cyclodextrin (AE-CD) derivatives, hydroxylalkyl ether cyclodextrin (HAE-CD) derivatives, thioalkyl ether cyclodextrin (TAE-CD) derivatives, aminoalkyl ether cyclodextrin (AAE-CD) derivatives, mercapto derivatives, amino derivatives, alkylamino derivatives, carboxy derivatives, ester derivatives, neutral cyclodextrin derivatives, cationic cyclodextrin derivatives, anionic cyclodextrin derivatives, nitro derivatives, aldehyde derivatives, halo derivatives and combinations thereof. The combination composition of the invention can be used for substantially any known method or process wherein a CD derivative provides utility. The combination composition can be used for the same process or method that its starting CD derivative compositions are used. Suitable uses for a combination composition of the invention include use in pharmaceutical or non-pharmaceutical formulation. The combination composition of the invention can be used to solubilize, stabilize, taste-mask, suspend, immobilize, purify or extract one or more compounds formulated therewith. An active combination composition comprising a combination composition and one or more therapeutically effective agents can be used to treat (diagnose, prevent, cure, ameliorate, relieve, reduce the occurrence of, reduce the frequency of) a symptom, disease, or disorder that is therapeutically responsive to the one or more therapeutically effective agents.
[0033] The invention also provides a method of improving the performance of a first cyclodextrin derivative composition comprising adding a second cyclodextrin derivative composition to the first cyclodextrin derivative composition thereby forming a combination composition of the invention, the combination composition exhibiting enhanced performance over the first cyclodextrin derivative composition. The improvement can be as related to the ability of the first cyclodextrin derivative composition to solubilize, stabilize, taste-mask, suspend, immobilize, purify or extract one or more compounds formulated therewith.
[0034] The invention also provides an active combination composition comprising: a) one or more active agents; b) a first cyclodextrin derivative composition having a first binding constant for the one or more active agents; and b) a second cyclodextrin derivative composition having a second binding constant for the one or more active agents, wherein the second binding constant is at least two-fold, at least three-fold, at least four-fold, at least five fold, at least ten-fold, at least twenty-fold, at least fifty-fold, at least 100-fold, at least 500-fold, at least 1000-fold higher than the first binding constant. The active combination composition possesses enhanced performance over an active composition comprising the one or more active agents and just one of the two cyclodextrin derivative compositions. The enhanced performance can be as related to solubilization, stabilization, taste-masking, suspension, immobilization, purification or extraction of the one or more active agents.
[0035] The invention includes combinations and sub-combinations of the various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein. These and other aspects of this invention will be apparent upon reference to the following detailed description, examples, claims and attached figures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0036] The following drawings are given by way of illustration only, and thus are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. [0037] FIG. 1 depicts the electropherogram of a prior art sample of CAPTISOL®
(SBE6.6-β-CD).
[0038] FIG. 2 depicts a distribution profile for a combination composition made according to Example 11.
[0039] FIG. 3 depicts the monomodal substitution profiles of four different samples of CAPTISOL® having an average degree of substitution of about 6.6.
[0040] FIG. 4 depicts a chart comparing the graphical differences between area percent, normalized area percent, and peak number times normalized area percent.
[0041] FIG. 5 depicts the electropherogram of an exemplary combination composition of the invention. [0042] FIGS. 6a and 6b depict monomodal substitution profiles for various different samples of SAE-CD derivative composition, each differing from the others in its average degree of substitution.
[0043] FIG. 7 depicts mixtures of monomodal substitution profiles for various different exemplary combination compositions of the invention. [0044] FIGS. 8a-8d depict bimodal substitution profiles for various different exemplary combination compositions of the invention.
[0045] FIGS. 9a- 9c depict charts containing the results of solubility studies for a combination composition of the invention with various different drugs.
[0046] FIGS. 10 depicts the comparison of substitution profiles of prior art CAPTISOL versus that of the SAE-CD derivative made by the reverse addition process of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0047] A combination composition of the invention provides unexpected advantages over other compositions containing structurally related cyclodextrin derivative compositions. By "structurally related" is meant, for example, that the substituent of the CD derivative in the combination composition is essentially the same as the substituent of CD derivative to which it is being compared. Exemplary advantages may include an improved ability of the combination composition to solubilize, taste-mask, bind and/or stabilize a neutral, cationic or anionic molecule better than can the structurally related CD derivative composition. [0048] A "combination composition" is a composition comprising two or more different cyclodextrin derivative compositions (distributions). A "cyclodextrin derivative composition" is a composition having an average degree of substitution (ADS) for a specified substituent. A cyclodextrin derivative composition comprises a distribution of cyclodextrin derivative species differing in the individual degree of substitution specified substituent for each species, wherein the specified substituent for each species is the same. For example, a combination composition can comprise: a) a first cyclodextrin derivative composition having a first average degree of substitution for a specified substituent; and b) a second cyclodextrin derivative composition having a second average degree of substitution for the specified substituent. Each of the first and second cyclodextrin derivative compositions would comprise plural cyclodextrin derivative species differing in the individual degree of substitution for the specified substituent.
[0049] A composition of the invention can be a liquid, solid, suspension, colloid, pellet, bead, granule, film, powder, gel, cream, ointment, paste, stick, tablet, capsule, osmotic device, dispersion, emulsion, patch or any other type of formulation. [0050] Derivatized cyclodextrins suitable in the invention include water soluble derivatized cyclodextrins. The water soluble cyclodextrin derivative compositions used to make the combination composition of the invention can be comprise sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin (SAE-CD) derivatives (such as CAPTISOL® and ADVASEP®), alkyl ether cyclodextrin (AE-CD) derivatives, hydroxylalkyl ether cyclodextrin (HAE-CD) derivatives (e.g. hydroxypropyl cyclodextrin derivatives such as ENCAPSIN™, with an average degree of substitution about 4, and MOLECUSOL™, with and average degree of substitution about 8; C*CA VITRON 82OO5 having an average degree of substitution of 5.5), thioalkyl ether cyclodextrin (TAE-CD) derivatives, aminoalkyl ether cyclodextrin (AAE-CD) derivatives, neutral cyclodextrin derivatives, cationic cyclodextrin derivatives, anionic cyclodextrin derivatives, carboxylated derivatives; sulfated derivatives; and carboxy-β- cyclodextrins, e. g. succinyl-β-cyclodextrin, 6A-amino-6A-deoxy-N-(3-carboxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin, glucosyl- alpha-Cyclodextrin, maltosyl-alpha-Cyclodextrin, glucosyl-beta-Cyclodextrin, 2- hydroxypropyl-beta-Cyclodextrin, 2-hydroxypropyl-gamma-Cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl- beta-Cyclodextrin, methyl-beta-Cyclodextrin.
[0051] A water soluble cyclodextrin derivative composition can comprise a SAE- CD compound, or mixture of compounds, of the Formula 1:
Figure imgf000013_0001
Formula 1 wherein: p is 4, 5 or 6;
R1 is independently selected at each occurrence from -OH or -SAET;
-SAE is a -0-(C2 - C6 alkylene)-SO3~ group, wherein at least one SAE is independently a -0-(C2 - C6 alkylene)-SO3 ~ group, preferably a -O-(CH2)gSθ3 ~ group, wherein g is 2 to 6, preferably 2 to 4, (6^.-OCH2CH2CH2SO3 " Or-OCH2CH2CH2CH2SO3 ); and
T is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable cations, which group includes, for example, H+, alkali metals (e.g. Li+, Na+, K+), alkaline earth metals (e.g., Ca+2, Mg+2), ammonium ions and amine cations such as the cations of (C1 - C6)- alkylamines, piperidine, pyrazine, (C1 - C6)- alkanolamine, ethylenediamine and (C4 - Cs)-cycloalkanolamine among others; provided that at least one R1 is a hydroxyl moiety and at least one R1 is -SAET .
[0052] When at least one R1 in the CD molecule is -SAET, the degree of substitution, in terms of the -SAET moiety, is understood to be at least one. The term SAE is used to denote a sulfoalkyl (alkylsulfonic acid) ether moiety it being understood that the SAE moiety comprises a cation (T) unless otherwise specified. Accordingly, the terms SAE and SAET may, as appropriate, be used interchangeably herein.
[0053] Further exemplary SAE-CD derivatives include: SAEx-α-CD SAEx- β-CD SAEx-Y-CD
SEEx-α-CD SEEx-β-CD SEEx-γ-CD
SPEx-α-CD SPEx-β-CD SPEx-γ-CD
SBEx-α-CD SBEx-β-CD SBEx-γ-CD
SPtEx-α-CD SPtEx-β-CD SPtEx-γ-CD
SHEx-α-CD SHEx-β-CD SHEx-γ-CD
wherein SEE denotes sulfoethyl ether, SPE denotes sulfopropyl ether, SBE denotes sulfobutyl ether, SPtE denotes sulfopentyl ether, SHE denotes sulfohexyl ether, and x denotes the average degree of substitution. The salts thereof (with "T" as cation) are understood to be present. [0054] Since SAE-CD is a poly- anionic cyclodextrin, it can be provided in different salt forms. Suitable counterions include cationic organic atoms or molecules and cationic inorganic atoms or molecules. The SAE-CD can include a single type of counterion or a mixture of different counterions. The properties of the SAE-CD can be modified by changing the identity of the counterion present. For example, a first salt form of SAE- CD can have a greater water activity reducing power than a different second salt form of SAE- CD. Likewise, an SAE-CD having a first degree of substitution can have a greater water activity reducing power than a second SAE-CD having a different degree of substitution.
[0055] The SAE-CD derivative that can be used as a starting material for preparing the combination composition is described in U. S. Patents No. 5,376, 645 and No. 5,134, 127 to Stella et al, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. According to one embodiment, the SAE-CD is SBE-7-β-CD (CAPTISOL® cyclodextrin), or SBE-4-β-CD (ADAVASEP®). An SAE-CD made according to other known procedures should also be suitable for use in the invention. Parmerter et al. (U.S. Patent No. 3,426,011), Lammers et al. (Reel. Trav. CHm. Pays-Bas (1972), 91(6), 733-742); Staerke (1971), 23(5), 167-171), Qu et al. (J. Inclusion Phenom. Macro. Chem., (2002), 43, 213-221), Yoshinaga (Japanese Patent No. JP 05001102; U.S. Patent No. 5,241,059), Zhang et al. (PCT International Publication No. WO 01/40316), Adam et al. (J. Med. Chem. (2002), 45, 1806-1816), and Tarver et al. (Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry (2002), 10, 1819- 1827) disclose other suitable sulfoalkyl ether derivatized cyclodextrins for use as starting materials in preparing a combination composition according to the invention. A suitable SAE-CD starting material can be made according to the disclosure of Stella et al., Parmerter et al., Lammers et al., Qu et al., Yoshinaga, Zhang et al., Adam et al. or Tarver et al. A suitable SAE-CD can also be made according to the procedure(s) described herein.
[0056] A water soluble cyclodextrin derivative composition can comprise an AE- CD compound, or mixture of compounds, of the Formula 2:
Figure imgf000015_0001
Formula 2 wherein: m is 4, 5 or 6;
R is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of -OH and AE; and
AE is -0(C1-CO alkyl); provided that at least one R is -OH; and at least one AE is present. [0057] Further exemplary AE- CD derivatives include:
AEv-α-CD AEy- β-CD AEv-γ-CD
MEy-α-CD MEy-β-CD MEy-γ-CD EEy- α-CD EEy-β-CD EEy-γ-CD PEy- cc-CD PEy-β-CD PEy-γ-CD BEy-cc-CD BEy-β-CD BEy-γ-CD PtEy-CC-CD PtEy-β-CD PtEy-γ-CD HEy-cc-CD HEy-β-CD HEy-γ-CD wherein ME denotes methyl ether, EE denotes ethyl ether, PE denotes propyl ether, BE denotes butyl ether, PtE denotes pentyl ethyl, HE denotes hexyl ether, and y denotes the average degree of substitution.
[0058] An AE-CD cyclodextrin derivative can be prepared according to standard procedures available in the literature or methods described in this invention. Dimethyl cyclodextrin is available from FLUKA Chemie (Buchs, CH) or Wacker (Iowa). Exemplary water-soluble AE-CD molecules include alkylated derivatives such as methyl, ethyl, and propyl. All of these materials can be made according to methods known in the prior art. Suitable derivatized cyclodextrins are disclosed in Modified Cvclodextrins: Scaffolds and Templates for Supramolecular Chemistry (Eds. Christopher J. Easton, Stephen F. Lincoln, Imperial College Press, London, UK, 1999) and New Trends in Cyclodextrins and Derivatives (Ed. Dominique Duchene, Editions de Sante, Paris, France, 1991), Volume 3 Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, (Elsevier Science Inc., 660 White Plains road, Tarrytown, N.Y., 10591-5153 USA). Dimethyl cyclodextrin is available from FLUKA Chemie (Buchs, CH) or Wacker (IOWA).
[0059] A water soluble cyclodextrin derivative composition can comprise a HAE-CD compound, or mixture of compounds, of the formula 3:
Figure imgf000016_0001
Formula 3 wherein:
"v" is 4, 5 or 6; and
"Q" is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of - OH, and -HAE; and
HAE is HO(C1-C6 alkyl)-O-, provided that at least one -HAE moiety is present. [0060] Further exemplary HAE- CD derivatives include: HAEz-α-CD HAEz- β-CD HAEz-γ-CD
HMEz-α-CD HMEz-β-CD HMEz-γ-CD
HEEz-α-CD HEEz-β-CD HEEz-γ-CD
HPEz-α-CD HPEz-β-CD HPEz-γ-CD
HBEz-α-CD HBEz-β-CD HBEz-γ-CD
HPtEz-α-CD HPtEz-β-CD HPtEz-γ-CD
HHEz-α-CD HHEz-β-CD HHEz-γ-CD
wherein HME denotes hydroxymethyl ether, HEE denotes hydroxyethyl ether, HPE denotes hydroxypropyl ether, HBE denotes hydroxybutyl ether, HPtE denotes hydroxypentyl ether, HHE denotes hydroxyhexyl ether,and z denotes the average degree of substitution.
[0061] An HAE-CD, such as hydroxypropyl ether cyclodextrin, (HPCD) can be obtained from Research Diagnostics Inc. (Flanders, NJ). HAE-CD is available with different degrees of substitution. Exemplary products include ENCAPSIN™ (degree of substitution-4; HP4-β -CD), C*CA VITRON 82005 (Cerestar USA, Inc. Hammond, IN, having an average degree of substitution of 5.5) and MOLECUSOL™ (degree of substitution ~8; HP8-β-CD), however, embodiments including other degrees of substitution are also available. Since HAE- CD is non-ionic, it is not available in salt form. U.S. Patents No. 3,459,731 to Gramers et al, No. 3,453,259 and No. 3,453,257 to Parmerter et al., No. 4,727,064 and No. 5,173,481 to Pitha describe ethers of cyclodextrins with 2,3-epoxy alcohols or halohydrins.
[0062] A water soluble cyclodextrin derivative composition can comprise a SAE-AE-CD compound, or mixture of compounds, of the formula 4
Figure imgf000017_0001
Formula 4 wherein:
"v" is 4, 5 or 6; and "A" is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of -OH,
-SAET and -AE; x is the degree of substitution for the SAET moiety and is 1 to 3v + 5; y is the degree of substitution for the AE moiety and is 1 to 3v + 5; -SAE is -0-(C2 - C6 alkylene)-SO3 ~ ; T is independently at each occurrence a cation; and AE is -0(C1-C3 alkyl); provided that at least one -SAET moiety and at least one -AE moiety are present; and the sum of x, y and the total number of -OH groups in a cyclodextrin derivative is 3v+6.
[0063] Specific embodiments of the derivative of the invention include those wherein: 1) the alkylene moiety of the -SAE has the same number of carbons as the alkyl moiety of the -AE; 2) the alkylene moiety of the -SAE has a different number of carbons than the alkyl moiety of the -AE; 3) the alkyl and alkylene moieties are independently selected from the group consisting of a straight chain or branched moiety; 4) the alkyl and alkylene moieties are independently selected from the group consisting of a saturated or unsaturated moiety; 5) the ADS for the -SAE group is greater than or approximates the ADS for the -AE group; 6) the ADS for the -SAE group is less than the ADS for the -AE group.
[0064] SAE-AE-CD derivatives can be prepared according to PCT International Application No. PCT/US04/36097 filed October 29, 2004 and U.S. Application No. 11/413,597 filed April 28, 2006, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. [0065] Exemplary additional water-soluble derivatized cyclodextrins include carboxylated derivatives (such as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,840,881 to Uda et al.); N,N- dialkylaminoalkyl derivatives (such as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,638,058); sulfated derivatives (such as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,247,535 to Lewis et al. and No. 5,834,446 to Dow et al.); alkylated derivatives; hydroxyalkylated derivatives; dioxane derivatives (such as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,681,828 to Pitha); methylated derivatives (such as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,764,604 to Muller); aminooxy derivatives (such as described in U.S. Patent No. 6,998,479 to Khomutov); mercapto derivatives (such as described in U.S. Patent No. 6,949,527 to Zhang et al.); alkylamino derivatives; carboxy derivatives; amino derivatives; aldehyde derivatives; nitrile derivatives; halo derivatives; ester derivatives; and carboxy-β-cyclodextrins, e.g. succinyl-β- cyclodextrin, 6A-amino-6A-deoxy-N-(3- carboxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin. All of these materials can be made according to methods known in the prior art. Suitable derivatized cyclodextrins are disclosed in Modified Cyclodextrins: Scaffolds and Templates for Supramolecular Chemistry (Eds. Christopher J. Easton, Stephen F. Lincoln, Imperial College Press, London, UK, 1999) and New Trends in Cyclodextrins and Derivatives (Ed. Dominique Duchene, Editions de Sante, Paris, France, 1991).
[0066] Exemplary combination compositions of the invention are listed in the table below.
Figure imgf000019_0001
Figure imgf000020_0001
[0067] In some embodiments, the combination composition comprises a first CD derivative composition having a first ADS and a second CD derivative composition having a second ADS, wherein the first CD derivative composition comprises a first type of CD derivative selected from the group consisting of SAE-CD, HAE-CD, AE-CD, SAE-AE-CD, neutral CD, anionic CD, cationic CD, Halo derivatized CD, amino derivatized CD, nitrile derivatized CD, aldehyde derivatized CD, carboxylate derivatized CD, sulfate derivatized CD, sulfonate derivatized CD, mercapto derivatized CD, alkylamino derivatized CD, and succinyl derivatized CD; and the second derivative composition comprises a second type of CD derivative selected from the group consisting of SAE-CD, HAE-CD, AE-CD, SAE-AE- CD neutral CD, anionic CD, cationic CD, Halo derivatized CD, amino derivatized CD, nitrile derivatized CD, aldehyde derivatized CD, carboxylate derivatized CD, sulfate derivatized CD, sulfonate derivatized CD, mercapto derivatized CD, alkylamino derivatized CD, and succinyl derivatized CD; and wherein the first ADS is lower than the second ADS. In some embodiments, the first type of CD derivative and the second type of CD derivative are the same type even though their ADS values are different. In some embodiments, the first type of CD derivative and the second type of CD derivative are different types and their ADS values are different. These embodiments of the invention can be combined with other embodiments of the invention described herein. Example 25 details a procedure for the preparation of a combination composition comprising two different types of CD derivative compositions.
[0068] A water soluble CD derivative composition possesses greater water solubility than the corresponding parent cyclodextrin from which it is made. The underivatized parent cyclodextrins α-CD, β-CD or γ-CDs are commercially available from WACKER BIOCHEM CORP. (Adrian, MI) and other sources. The parent cyclodextrins have limited water solubility as compared to SAE-CD and HPCD. Underivatized α-CD has a water solubility of about 14.5% w/w at saturation. Underivatized β-CD has a water solubility of about 1.85% w/w at saturation. Underivatized γ-CD has a water solubility of about 23.2% w/w at saturation.
[0069] The water soluble cyclodextrin derivative composition is optionally processed to remove the major portion of the underivatized parent cyclodextrin or other contaminants.
[0070] As used herein, a "substituent precursor" means any agent or combination of agents and reaction conditions that results in the formation of a substituent on a hydroxyl of a parent cyclodextrin. A substituent precursor will react with the oxygen atom of a hydroxyl moiety of a parent cyclodextrin thereby converting the hydroxyl moiety to a target moiety (substituent) on the cyclodextrin. A substituent precursor can also be referred to herein as an alkylating agent. Exemplary alkylating agents that can be used to derivatize (etherify) the cyclodextrin include, by way of example and without limitation, various alkyl sulfate esters. Specific AE (alkyl ether) precursors include sulfate esters such as diethyl sulfate, dimethyl sulfate and dipropyl sulfate. Exemplary sulfoalkylating agents that can be used to derivatize (etherify) the cyclodextrin include, by way of example and without limitation, alkyl sultone. Specific SAE (sulfoalkyl ether) precursors include 1,4-butane sultone, 1,5-pentane sultone, 1,3-propane sultone, and other sulfoalkylating agents. Exemplary hydroxyalkylating agent that can be used to derivatize the cyclodextrin are described in references cited herein.
[0071] The terms "alkylene" and "alkyl," as used herein (e.g., in the -0-(C2 - C6- alkylene)SO3 ~ group or in the alkylamines cations), include linear, cyclic, and branched, saturated and unsaturated (i.e., containing one double bond) divalent alkylene groups and monovalent alkyl groups, respectively. The term "alkanol" in this text likewise includes both linear, cyclic and branched, saturated and unsaturated alkyl components of the alkanol groups, in which the hydroxyl groups may be situated at any position on the alkyl moiety. The term "cycloalkanol" includes unsubstituted or substituted (e.g., by methyl or ethyl) cyclic alcohols.
[0072] The cyclodextrin derivatives can differ in their degree of substitution by functional groups, the number of carbons in the functional groups, their molecular weight, the number of glucopyranose units contained in the base cyclodextrin used to form the derivatized cyclodextrin and or their substitution patterns. In addition, the derivatization of a cyclodextrin with functional groups occurs in a controlled, although not exact manner. For this reason, the degree of substitution is actually a number representing the average number of functional groups per cyclodextrin (for example, SBE7-β-CD, has an average of 7 substitutions per cyclodextrin). Thus, it has an average degree of substitution (ADS) of about 7. In addition, the regiochemistry of substitution of the hydroxyl groups of the cyclodextrin is variable with regard to the substitution of specific hydroxyl groups of the hexose ring. For this reason, substitution of the different hydroxyl groups is likely to occur during manufacture of the derivatized cyclodextrin, and a particular derivatized cyclodextrin will possess a preferential, although not exclusive or specific, substitution pattern. Given the above, the molecular weight of a particular derivatized cyclodextrin composition may vary from batch to batch.
[0073] Within a given CD derivative composition or combination composition, the substituents of the CD derivative(s) thereof can be the same. For example, SAE moieties can have the same type of alkylene (alkyl) radical upon each occurrence in a CD derivative composition. In such an embodiment, the alkylene radical in the SAE moiety might be ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl in each occurrence in a CD derivative composition.
[0074] A cyclodextrin derivative composition comprises a distribution of plural individual species, each species having an individual degree of substitution (IDS). The content of each of the cyclodextrin species in a particular composition can be quantified using capillary electrophoresis (See Example 19). The method of analysis (capillary electrophoresis, for example, for charged CD derivatives) is sufficiently sensitive to distinguish between combination compositions having only 5% of one CD derivative and 95% of the other CD derivative from starting cyclodextrin derivative compositions containing.
[0075] FIG. 1 depicts an electropherogram for a sample of CAPTISOL® obtained from CyDex, Inc. (Lenexa, KS). CAPTISOL® is a water soluble cyclodextrin derivative comprising a distribution of individual sulfobutyl ether cyclodextrin derivative species. The data for the electropherogram is summarized below.
Figure imgf000022_0001
Figure imgf000023_0001
[0076] The peak number (Pk #) corresponds to the IDS for each species included in the distribution. The electropherogram data is plotted as peak number (of each individual species) versus area (for each individual species), wherein the area represents the approximate relative content of each individual species within a distribution. The plotted data (FIG. 2) is essentially an overall "distribution profile", which can be based upon normalized area percent or area percent data, for the CD derivative composition of FIG. 1. The modality of the overall distribution profile is determined by counting the number of apexes in area percent between which there is a minimum in the area percent. The line is then determined to be monomodal, bimodal, or multi-modal.
[0077] FIG. 2 depicts the distribution profile of four different samples of CAPTISOL®. The IDS (or DS, degree of substitution) of the individual species in CAPTISOL® ranges from 1 to 11. The distribution profile is monomodal since it exhibits a single maximum at about a DS or IDS of about 6.8 to 7 and no other peak maximum. In other words, the composition exhibits a monomodal overall distribution profile, as determined graphically and numerically.
[0078] In the exemplary combination composition of FIG. 3, the distribution profile (which is based upon normalized area percent) is bimodal, since it includes two apexes (DS of about 1, and DS of about 8). Alternatively, the modality can be determined by analyzing the area or area percent data for each peak and determining the number of maxima observed in the area percent. For example, the table above includes two maxima (DS of about 1, and DS of about 8); therefore, the distribution profile is said to be bimodal FIG. 10 is a side by side comparison of the mondomodal and bimodal distributions profiles.
[0079] Even though the CD derivative content data is expressed in area or area percent above, it can be expressed as normalized area percent, which is derived in the following manor. A corrected area is calculated by multiplying the peak migration time by the area count for every individual peak number (IDS). This corrected area count is summed for all IDS values, and the percent normalized area is calculated as percent IDS over the summation of the IDS. The normalized area percent is calculated in order to adjust the area, determined by capillary electrophoresis, to compensate for nuances in the behavior of the CE column. The normalized area percent of each peak is multiplied by the peak number (IDS) of each peak to arrive at an expression of "DS-adjusted area percent". The DS adjusted area percent is calculated in order to adjust the (normalized) area percent to compensate for the different number of negative charges in an anionic CD derivative, wherein the number of negative charges changes with respect to the individual DS of the individual CD derivative species present in a distribution. [0080] A comparison of the impact that use of area percent, normalized area percent or peak number times normalized area percent versus peak number has upon the bimodal distribution profile of the invention is depicted in FIG. 4. By normalizing the area percent, the relative contribution of lower DS species of CD derivative is reduced and the relative contribution of the higher DS species is increased, but the distribution profile remains bimodal. By multiplying the normalized area percent by the individual peak number of each data point to arrive at the DS-adjusted area percent, the relative contribution of lower DS species of CD derivative is reduced even further, and the relative contribution of higher DS species of CD derivative is increased further. Based upon these observations, the majority of the data presented herein is based upon area percent or normalized area percent. [0081] In a single parent CD molecule, there are 3v + 6 hydroxyl moieties available for derivatization. Where v = 4 (α-CD), "y" the degree of substitution for the moiety can range in value from 1 to 17. Where v = 5 (β-CD), "y" the degree of substitution for the moiety can range in value from 1 to 20. Where v = 6 (γ-CD), "y" the degree of substitution for the moiety can range in value from 1 to 23. In general, "y" also ranges in value from 1 to 3v + g, where g ranges in value from 0 to 5. "y" may also range from 1 to 2v + g, or from 1 to Iv + g.
[0082] The degree of substitution (DS) for a specific moiety (SAE, HAE or AE, for example) is a measure of the number of SAE (HAE or AE) substituents attached to an individual CD molecule, in other words, the moles of substituent per mole of CD. Therefore, each substituent has its own DS for an individual CD derivative species. The average degree of substitution (ADS) for a substituent is a measure of the total number of substituents present per CD molecule for the distribution of CD derivatives within a CD derivative composition of the invention. Therefore, SAE4.0-CD has an ADS (per CD molecule) of 4.0. [0083] A CD derivative composition of the invention comprises a distribution of different CD derivative species or molecules. More specifically, a SAE-CD derivative composition comprises plural SAE-CD species each having a specific individual degree of substitution with regard to the SAE substituent. As a consequence, the average DS (ADS) for SAE of a SAE -CD derivative composition represents an average of the individual DS
(IDS) values of the population of individual molecules in the composition. For example, a
SAE5.2- CD composition comprises a distribution of plural SAEx-CD molecules, wherein x
(the DS for SAE groups) might range from 1 to 10-11 for individual CD molecules; however, the population of SAE-CD molecules is such that the average value for x (the ADS for SAE groups) is 5.2.
[0084] The ADS for a CD derivative composition is calculated based upon the IDS according to the following formulas: CA = PAC x MT; IDS = (CA / SCA) x 100; ADS = Summation (IDS x peak number ) / 100, wherein CA = Corrected Area, PAC = Peak Area Count, MT = Migration Time, IDS = Individual Degree of Substitution, SCA = Summation of Corrected Area, ADS = Average Degree of Substitution. These values can be obtained using CE.
[0085] A combination composition, however, has an apparent ADS (AP-ADS) that can be calculated for a monomodal, bimodal, trimodal or multi-modal distribution profile. The AP-ADS is calculated as follows: For bimodal distribution:
AP-ADS = (ADSlst * MPlst) + (ADS2nd * MP2nd)
For Trimodal distribution:
AP-ADS = (ADSlst * MPlst) + (ADS2nd * MP2nd) + (ADS3rd * MP3rd)
[0086] In the above equations, wherein MP denotes "mole percent" and 1st, 2nd, and 3rd denote the identity of the DS peak to which the MP corresponds. For example, a combination composition having a bimodal distribution profile and comprising a 25:75 molar ratio of a 1st SAE-CD composition with an ADS of 3 and a 2nd SAE-CD composition with an
ADS of 8 would be calculated as follows.
AP-ADS = (3 * 0.25) + (8 * 0.75) = 6.75 [0087] A combination composition of the invention can have an apparent average degree of substitution (AP-ADS) in the range of 1 to 12, 2 to 11, 2 to 10, 3 to 9 or 2 to 8. [0088] If the molar ratio of CD derivative compositions is unknown, it can be determined analytically using CE or HPLC. A calibration curve distribution profile would be developed for a particular combination composition by: 1) providing a stock composition of each of the CD derivative compositions included therein; 2) mixing portions of the CD derivative compositions at known molar ratios to provide standard combination compositions; 3) analyzing the standard combination composition by CE (or HPLC) to obtain area percent (or normalized area percent) data for each individual species (based upon IDS) of CD derivative composition present; and 4) preparing a calibration curve distribution profile by plotting IDS (or peak number) versus area percent (or normalized area percent). The distribution profile of the analyte combination composition would be compared to the calibration curve distribution profile and the molar ratio of the CD derivative compositions making up the analyte combination composition would be determined by extrapolation (graphically or numerically).
[0089] FIG. 5 depicts an electropherogram for a combination composition of the invention. This composition was prepared by direct derivatization of an underivatized parent cyclodextrin according to the Example 11. The data for the electropherogram is summarized below.
Pk # Migration Peak Area Area
Time Count Percent
0 8.354 36967 5.430
1 9.113 66228 9.727
2 9.896 55455 8.145
3 10.642 47569 6.987
4 11.429 51275 7.531
5 12.150 63868 9.381
6 12.917 80415 11.811
7 13.637 101395 14.893
8 14.296 101604 14.923
9 14.983 57974 8.515
10 15.500 18085 2.656
Totals 680835 100.000
[0090] Based upon the above data, the exemplary composition exhibits two DS maxima in its distribution profile: a maximum at an IDS of 1, and a maximum at an IDS of
8. In other words, this composition exhibits a bimodal overall distribution profile. If one were to calculate the ADS for this composition using the above data and formula, it would be
4.9. [0091] Cyclodextrin derivative compositions (distributions) varying in ADS can be made as described herein (Examples 1-10). The monomodal distribution profile for each of the sulfobutyl ether cyclodextrin (SBE-CD) derivatives of those examples is depicted in FIGS. 6a-6b. The SAE-CD derivative of FIG. 6a is SBE-β-CD and of FIG. 6b is SBE-γ-CD. The ADS for each of those derivatives is:
Figure imgf000027_0001
[0092] Two or more cyclodextrin derivative compositions can be combined to provide a combination composition according to the invention. For example, FIG. 7 depicts the distribution profile for various different combination compositions as well as for their starting materials (the cyclodextrin derivative compositions). The first starting material was SBE-CD having an ADS of about 4.1, and the second starting material was SBE-CD having an ADS of about 6.6. Accordingly, the ADS of the second SBE-CD derivative is higher than that of the first SBE-CD derivative by about 2.7 The amount of each of the SBE-CD derivatives was varied as follows:
Figure imgf000027_0002
[0093] When those two SBE-CD derivative compositions (distributions) are combined, they form a combination composition having a monomodal distribution profile. Even so, the combination composition exhibits improved properties over the individual SBE- CD derivatives. For example, dissolution of propofol, prednisone and amlodipine is improved using the combination composition.
[0094] FIGS. 8a-8b depict the distribution profiles for various different cyclodextrin derivative combination compositions of the invention. The combination compositions of FIG. 8a were prepared according to Examples 11-13 by slowly charging an aqueous solution of dissolved β-cyclodextrin in sodium hydroxide to a heated solution of 1,4- butane sultone. The solution was heated for a period of time before cooling, adjusting the pH less than 9 (or less than 8, or in the range of 2 to 9, or 5 to 8) and purifying. Clarification of the solution was achieved with an activated carbon treatment. The solution was concentrated, filtered and dried to afford a white solid. Each of these compositions has a bimodal distribution profile with maxima at DS about 1 and DS about 7-8, as determined using normalized area percent data. The ADS of each combination composition, which can be calculated as described herein, is as follows.
Figure imgf000028_0001
[0095] FIG. 8b depicts the distribution profile for three γ-cyclodextrin combination compositions of the invention made by direct derivatization of underivatized parent cyclodextrins using the same basic synthesis procedure described above and in the examples below. These distribution profiles are bimodal or trimodal. The distribution profiles can be described as follows.
Figure imgf000028_0002
[0096] In a manner similar to that of FIG. 8b, FIG. 8c depicts the distribution profile of combination compositions of the invention made from mixing two different CD derivative distributions. The first starting material was SBE-CD having an ADS of about 2.0, and the second starting materials was SBE-CD having an ADS of about 6.8. Accordingly, the ADS of the second SBE-CD derivative is higher than that of the first SBE-CD derivative by about 4.8. The amount of each of the SBE-CD derivatives was varied as indicated in the legend. Since the ADS of the starting CD derivative distributions was substantially different, the resulting combination compositions exhibit a bimodal distribution profile.
[0097] FIG. 8d depicts the distribution profiles for combination compositions of the invention made by mixing two different CD derivative compositions. A first CD derivative composition having a DS of about 2.4 was mixed, according to various different ratios, with a second CD derivative composition having a DS of about 7.8. The distribution profiles for each of the resulting combination compositions as well as for the first and second CD derivative compositions were determined. The combination compositions exhibit a bimodal distribution profile because the difference in DS between the two starting CD compositions is about 5.4.
[0098] The distribution profiles of FIGS. 8c and 8d can be considered calibration curve distribution profiles, since the combination compositions thereof comprise known molar ratios of two different SAE-CD derivative compositions. Accordingly, the calibration curves can be used to quantify (estimate) the relative molar ratio of the SAE-CD derivative compositions in an analyte comprising two SAE-CD derivative compositions differing in ADS.
[0099] Even though the amount of one CD derivative composition in the combination composition may be very low, it can have a significant positive impact on the performance of the other CD derivative composition. For example, increasing the amount of the first CD derivative composition in the combination composition relative to the second CD derivative composition can improve the relative compound-(e.g. drug) binding, -dissolution, - taste masking, or -stabilization properties of the second CD derivative composition. This is demonstrated below in particular in FIGS. 9a-9c. [00100] The above-mentioned variations among the individual species in a distribution can lead to changes in the complexation equilibrium constant K1 :1 which in turn will affect the required molar ratios of the derivatized cyclodextrin to active agent. The equilibrium constant is also somewhat variable with temperature and allowances in the ratio are required such that the agent remains solubilized during the temperature fluctuations that can occur during manufacture, storage, transport, and use. The equilibrium constant can also vary with pH and allowances in the ratio can be required such that the agent remains solubilized during pH fluctuations that can occur during manufacture, storage, transport, and use. The equilibrium constant can also vary due the presence of other excipients (e.g., buffers, preservatives, antioxidants) Accordingly, the ratio of derivatized cyclodextrin to active agent may need to be varied from the ratios set forth herein in order to compensate for the above-mentioned variables.
[00101] The dissolution of a compound by a first CD derivative composition can be improved by addition of a second CD derivative composition thereby forming a combination composition of the invention. FIG. 9a depicts the results of a study to determine the impact that mixing of different CD derivative compositions will have on the maximum saturated solubility concentration observed when various different drugs are dissolved with two different CD derivative compositions versus a combination composition of the invention. The starting CD derivative compositions were: a) SBE-CD having a monomodal distribution profile and ADS of 4.1; and b) SBE-CD having a monomodal distribution profile and ADS of 6.6. A 50/50 mole % mixture of the two starting compositions was prepared to form a combination composition. Solutions containing 40 mM total cyclodextrin were prepared for each starting CD derivative composition and the combination composition. Excess amount of drug were mixed with the individual solutions and allowed to equilibrate. After equilibration, undissolved drug was removed. The maximum saturated solubility concentration of drug dissolved in each solution was then determined by HPLC. A detailed procedure for the determination of solubility is found in Example 17. The data demonstrate that addition of high DS CD derivative composition to low DS CD derivative composition improves the dissolution of posaconazole and amlodipine by the low DS CD derivative. On the other hand, addition of low DS CD derivative composition to high DS CD derivative composition improves the dissolution of hydrocortisone by the high DS CD derivative. This improved dissolution performance was demonstrated across a large group of drugs. FIGS. 9b and 9c depict the results of similar dissolution studies with other drugs. Addition of the low DS CD derivative composition to the high DS CD derivative composition improved the dissolution of prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, triamcinolone, budesonide, phenytoin, and posaconazole by the high DS CD derivative.
[00102] Improvement in the dissolution property of a first CD derivative composition having a first ADS by addition of a second, substantially similar, other CD derivative composition having a different second ADS is unexpected. FIGS. 9b and 9c depict the results of dissolution studies, as described above, using voriconazole, testosterone, propofol, itraconazole, nimodipine, mometasone and furoate. In each case, there was very little improvement in drug dissolution observed when one CD derivative composition was added to the other CD derivative composition.
[00103] The cyclodextrin derivative compositions used to form the combination composition can independently have a high to low ADS. The CD derivative compositions can also have a wide or narrow "span", which is the number of individual DS species within a CD derivative composition. For example, a CD derivative composition comprising a single species of CD derivative having a single specified individual DS is said to have a span of one, and the individual DS of the CD derivative equals the ADS of its CD derivative composition.
An electropherogram, for example, of a SAE-CD derivative with a span of one should have only one SAE-CD species with respect to DS. A CD derivative composition having a span of two comprises two individual CD derivative species differing in their individual DS, and its electropherogram, for example, would indicate two different CD derivative species differing in DS. Likewise, the span of a CD derivative composition having a span of three comprises three individual CD derivative species differing in their individual DS. Since a combination composition of the invention comprises two or more different CD derivative compositions, each having its own ADS, the span of the combination composition will be at least 4, meaning that each starting CD derivative composition has a span of at least two.
[00104] FIGS. 6a and 6b depict CD derivative compositions having spans of 5 to 11. The span of a starting CD derivative composition typically ranges from 5 to 15, or 7 to 12, or 8 to 11.
[00105] FIGS. 8a - 8d depict combination compositions of the invention having spans of about 10 - 12. The span of a combination composition typically ranges from 8 to 15 or from 9 to 12.
[00106] The span of a combination composition can be the same as or larger than the span of the two or more CD derivative compositions from which the combination composition is made. In some embodiments, the span of the combination composition is large than the span of the two or more CD derivative compositions from which the combination composition is made.
[00107] A parent cyclodextrin includes a secondary hydroxyl group on the C-2 and C-3 positions of the glucopyranose residues forming the cyclodextrin and a primary hydroxyl on the C-6 position of the same. Each of these hydroxyl moieties is available for derivatization by substituent precursor. Depending upon the synthetic methodology employed, the substituent moieties may be distributed randomly or in a somewhat ordered manner among the available hydroxyl positions. One embodiment of the invention includes a CD derivative molecule wherein a minority of the substituent moieties is located at the C-6 position, and a majority of the substituent moieties is located at the C-2 and/or C-3 position. Still another embodiment of the invention includes a CD derivative molecule wherein the substituent moieties are substantially evenly distributed among the C-2, C-3 and C-6 positions.
[00108] A combination composition of the invention can be prepared by: Method I- direct derivatization of an underivatized parent α, β, or γ-cyclodextrin (see Examples 11 through 16); Method II- further derivatization of a previously prepared cyclodextrin derivative (see Example 21); Method III- mixing of a first CD derivative composition having a first ADS with a second CD derivative composition having a different second ADS (see Examples 22 through 23); or Method IV- mixing of a first cyclodextrin derivative composition comprising plural cyclodextrin derivative species, the composition having a first average degree of substitution in the range of 1 to 12, with a previously prepared, and optionally isolated, cyclodextrin derivative species having an individual degree of substitution in the range of 1 to 12, wherein the first average degree of substitution differs from the individual degree of substitution by at least 2.
[00109] The table below provides the calculated ADS, yield, Mass and Equivalents of Alkylation agents for the examples 1-16.
Figure imgf000032_0001
Figure imgf000033_0001
[00110] Since SAE-CD is a poly-anionic cyclodextrin, it can be provided in different salt forms. Suitable counterions include cationic organic atoms or molecules and cationic inorganic atoms or molecules. The SAE-CD can include a single type of counterion or a mixture of different counterions. The properties of the SAE-CD can be modified by changing the identity of the counterion present. For example, a first salt form of a SAE-CD composition can possess greater osmotic potential than a different second salt form of same SAE-CD, or a first salt form may be exhibit improved tabletting properties over a second salt form.
[00111] By "complexed" is meant "being part of a clathrate or inclusion complex with", i.e., a complexed therapeutic agent is part of a clathrate or inclusion complex with a cyclodextrin derivative. By "major portion" is meant greater than about 50% by weight or greater than about 50% on a molar basis. Thus, a formulation according to the present invention may contain an active agent of which more than about 50% by weight is complexed with a cyclodextrin. The actual percent of active agent that is complexed will vary according to the complexation equilibrium binding constant characterizing the complexation of a specific cyclodextrin with a specific active agent. The invention also includes embodiments wherein the active agent is not complexed with the cyclodextrin or wherein a minor portion of the active agent is complexed with the derivatized cyclodextrin. It should be noted that a SAE-CD, or any other anionic derivatized cyclodextrin, can form one or more ionic bonds with a positively charged compound. This ionic association can occur regardless of whether the positively charged compound is complexed with the cyclodextrin by inclusion complexation. [00112] Among other uses, a water soluble cyclodextrin derivative can be used to solubilize and/or stabilize a wide range of different materials and to prepare formulations for particular applications. The present cyclodextrin derivative may provide enhanced solubility and/or enhanced chemical, thermochemical, hydrolytic and/or photochemical stability of other ingredients in a composition. For example, a SAE-CD may be used to stabilize an active agent in an aqueous medium. A CD derivative composition may also be used to increase the solubility of an active agent in an aqueous medium. For example, an increase in the binding constant for a particular active agent is observed upon conversion of a CD derivative composition to a combination composition.
[00113] The invention thus provides a combination composition having an increased binding constant for an active agent as compared to the binding constant of a starting CD derivative composition, from which the combination composition is made, with respect to the same active agent. The invention also provides a method of increasing the binding constant of a first CD derivative composition for an active agent, the method comprising the step of combining a first CD derivative composition, having a first binding constant for a specified drug, with a second CD derivative composition having a second binding constant for the specified drug, wherein the second binding constant is higher than the first binding constant.
[00114] The formulation of the invention can include one or more active agents. The active agent included in the present invention can possess a wide range of values for water solubility, bioavailability and hydrophilicity. Active agents to which the present invention is particularly suitable include water insoluble, poorly water soluble, slightly water soluble, moderately water soluble, water soluble, very water soluble, hydrophobic, or hydrophilic therapeutic agents. It will be understood by the artisan of ordinary skill that an active agent used in the formulation of the present invention is independently selected at each occurrence from any known active agent and from those disclosed herein. It is not necessary that the active agent complex with the derivatized cyclodextrin or form an ionic association with the derivatized cyclodextrin.
[00115] Active agents generally include physiologically or pharmacologically active substances that produce a systemic or localized effect or effects on animals and human beings. Active agents also include pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, antioxidants, plant growth instigators, sterilization agents, catalysts, chemical reagents, food products, nutrients, cosmetics, vitamins, sterility inhibitors, fertility instigators, microorganisms, flavoring agents, sweeteners, cleansing agents, pharmaceutically effective active agents, and other such compounds for pharmaceutical, veterinary, horticultural, household, food, culinary, agricultural, cosmetic, industrial, cleaning, confectionery and flavoring applications. The active agent can be present in its neutral, ionic, salt, basic, acidic, natural, synthetic, diastereomeric, isomeric, enantiomerically pure, racemic, hydrate, chelate, derivative, analog, or other common form. [00116] Representative pharmaceutically effective active agents include nutrients and nutritional agents, hematological agents, endocrine and metabolic agents, cardiovascular agents, renal and genitourinary agents, respiratory agents, central nervous system agents, gastrointestinal agents, anti-infective agents, biologic and immunological agents, dermatological agents, ophthalmic agents, antineoplastic agents, and diagnostic agents. Exemplary nutrients and nutritional agents include as minerals, trace elements, amino acids, lipotropic agents, enzymes and chelating agents. Exemplary hematological agents include hematopoietic agents, antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, coumarin and indandione derivatives, coagulants, thrombolytic agents, antisickling agents, hemorrheologic agents, antihemophilic agents, hemostatics, plasma expanders and hemin. Exemplary endocrine and metabolic agents include sex hormones, uterine-active agents, bisphosphonates, antidiabetic agents, glucose elevating agents, adrenocortical steroids, parathyroid hormone, thyroid drugs, growth hormones, posterior pituitary hormones, octreotide acetate, imiglucerase, calcitonin- salmon, sodium phenylbutyrate, betaine anhydrous, cysteamine bitartrate, sodium benzoate and sodium phenylacetate, bromocriptine mesylate, cabergoline, agents for gout, and antidotes.
[00117] Exemplary cardiovascular agents include nootropic agents, antiarrhythmic agents, calcium channel blocking agents, vasodilators, antiadrenergics/sympatholytics, renin angiotensin system antagonists, antihypertensive agent combinations, agents for pheochromocytoma, agents for hypertensive emergencies, antihyperlipidemic agents, antihyperlipidemic combination products, vasopressors used in shock, potassium removing resins, edetate disodium, cardioplegic solutions, agents for patent ductus arteriosus, and sclerosing agents. Exemplary renal and genitourinary agents include interstitial cystitis agents, cellulose sodium phosphate, anti-impotence agents, acetohydroxamic acid (aha), genitourinary irrigants, cystine-depleting agents, urinary alkalinizers, urinary acidifiers, anticholinergics, urinary cholinergics, polymeric phosphate binders, vaginal preparations, and diuretics. Exemplary respiratory agents include bronchodilators, leukotriene receptor antagonists, leukotriene formation inhibitors, respiratory inhalant products, nasal decongestants, respiratory enzymes, lung surfactants, antihistamines, nonnarcotic antitussives, and expectorants. Exemplary central nervous system agents include CNS stimulants, narcotic agonist analgesics, narcotic agonist-antagonist analgesics, central analgesics, acetaminophen, salicylates, nonnarcotic analgesics, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents, agents for migraine, antiemetic/antivertigo agents, antianxiety agents, antidepressants, antipsychotic agents, cholinesterase inhibitors, nonbarbiturate sedatives and hypnotics, nonprescription sleep aids, barbiturate sedatives and hypnotics, general anesthetics, injectable local anesthetics, anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, antiparkinson agents, adenosine phosphate, cholinergic muscle stimulants, disulfuram, smoking deterrents, riluzole, hyaluronic acid derivatives, and botulinum toxins. Exemplary gastrointestinal agents including H pylori agents, histamine H2 antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, sucralfate, prostaglandins, antacids, gastrointestinal anticholinergics/antispasmodics, mesalamine, olsalazine sodium, balsalazide disodium, sulfasalazine, celecoxib, infliximab, tegaserod maleate, laxatives, antidiarrheals, antiflatulents, lipase inhibitors, GI stimulants, digestive enzymes, gastric acidifiers, hydrocholeretics, gallstone solubilizing agents, mouth and throat products, systemic deodorizers, and anorectal preparations. Exemplary anti- infective agents including penicillins, cephalosporins and related antibiotics, carbapenem, monobactams, chloramphenicol, quinolones, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, macrolides, spectinomycin, streptogramins, vancomycin, oxalodinones, lincosamides, oral and parenteral aminoglycosides, colistimethate sodium, polymyxin b sulfate, bacitracin, metronidazole, sulfonamides, nitrofurans, methenamines, folate antagonists, antifungal agents, antimalarial preparations, antituberculosis agents, amebicides, antiviral agents, antiretroviral agents, leprostatics, antiprotozoals, anthelmintics, and cdc anti-infective agents. Exemplary biologic and immunological agents including immune globulins, monoclonal antibody agents, antivenins, agents for active immunization, allergenic extracts, immunologic agents, and antirheumatic agents. Exemplary dermatological agents includw topical antihistamine preparations, topical anti-infectives, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-psoriatic agents, antiseborrheic products, arnica, astringents, cleansers, capsaicin, destructive agents, drying agents, enzyme preparations, topical immunomodulators, keratolytic agents, liver derivative complex, topical local anesthetics, minoxidil, eflornithine HCl, photochemotherapy agents, pigment agents, topical poison ivy products, topical pyrimidine antagonist, pyrithione zinc, retinoids, rexinoids, scabicides/pediculicides, wound healing agents, emollients, protectants, sunscreens, ointment and lotion bases, rubs and liniments, dressings and granules, and physiological irrigating solutions. Exemplary ophthalmic agents include agents for glaucoma, mast cell stabilizers, ophthalmic antiseptics, ophthalmic phototherapy agents, ocular lubricants, artificial tears, ophthalmic hyperosmolar preparations, and contact lens products. Exempalry antineoplastic agents include alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antimitotic agents, epipodophyllotoxins, antibiotics, hormones, enzymes, radiopharmaceuticals, platinum coordination complex, anthracenedione, substituted ureas, methylhydrazine derivatives, imidazotetrazine derivatives, cytoprotective agents, dna topoisomerase inhibitors, biological response modifiers, retinoids, rexinoids, monoclonal antibodies, protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, porfimer sodium, mitotane (o, p'-ddd), and arsenic trioxide. Exemplary diagnostic agents include in vivo diagnostic aids, in vivo diagnostic biologicals, and radiopaque agents.
[00118] The above-mentioned list should not be considered exhaustive and is merely exemplary of the many embodiments considered within the scope of the invention. Many other active agents can be administered with the formulation of the present invention. [00119] A formulation of the invention can be used to deliver two or more different active agents. Particular combinations of active agents can be provided in a formulation of the invention. Some combinations of active agents include: 1) a first drug from a first therapeutic class and a different second drug from the same therapeutic class; 2) a first drug from a first therapeutic class and a different second drug from a different therapeutic class; 3) a first drug having a first type of biological activity and a different second drug having about the same biological activity; 4) a first drug having a first type of biological activity and a different second drug having a different second type of biological activity. Exemplary combinations of active agents are described herein.
[00120] An active agent contained within a formulation of the invention can be present as its pharmaceutically acceptable salt. As used herein, "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" refers to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the active agent is modified by reacting it with an acid or base as needed to form an ionically bound pair. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. Suitable non-toxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfonic, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The salts prepared from organic acids such as amino acids, acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, sulfanilic, 2- acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isethionic, and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from the parent active agent which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Lists of other suitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th. ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA, 1985, the relevant disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
[00121] The CD in the combination composition need not bind with another material, such as an active agent, present in a formulation containing it. However, if it binds with another material, such a bond can be formed as a result of inclusion complexation, ion pair formation, hydrogen bonding, and/or Van der Waals bonding.
[00122] An anionic derivatized cyclodextrin can complex or otherwise bind with an acid-ionizable agent. As used herein, the term acid-ionizable agent is taken to mean any compound that becomes or is ionized in the presence of an acid. An acid-ionizable agent comprises at least one acid-ionizable functional group that becomes ionized when exposed to acid or when placed in an acidic medium. Exemplary acid-ionizable functional groups include a primary amine, secondary amine, tertiary amine, quaternary amine, aromatic amine, unsaturated amine, primary thiol, secondary thiol, sulfonium, hydroxyl, enol and others known to those of ordinary skill in the chemical arts. [00123] The degree to which an acid-ionizable agent is bound by non-covalent ionic binding versus inclusion complexation formation can be determined spectrometrically using methods such as 1HNMR, 13CNMR, or circular dichroism, for example, and by analysis of the phase solubility data for the acid-ionizable agent and anionic derivatized cyclodextrin. The artisan of ordinary skill in the art will be able to use these conventional methods to approximate the amount of each type of binding that is occurring in solution to determine whether or not binding between the species is occurring predominantly by non- covalent ionic binding or inclusion complex formation. Under conditions where non- covalent ionic bonding predominates over inclusion complex formation, the amount of inclusion complex formation, measured by NMR or circular dichroism, will be reduced even though the phase solubility data indicates significant binding between the species under those conditions; moreover, the intrinsic solubility of the acid-ionizable agent, as determined from the phase solubility data, will generally be higher than expected under those conditions. [00124] As used herein, the term non-covalent ionic bond refers to a bond formed between an anionic species and a cationic species. The bond is non-covalent such that the two species together form a salt or ion pair. An anionic derivatized cyclodextrin provides the anionic species of the ion pair and the acid-ionizable agent provides the cationic species of the ion pair. Since an anionic derivatized cyclodextrin is multi-valent, an SAE- CD can form an ion pair with one or more acid-ionizable or otherwise cationic agents.
[00125] A liquid formulation of the invention may be converted to a solid formulation for reconstitution. A reconstitutable solid composition according to the invention comprises an active agent, a derivatized cyclodextrin and optionally at least one other pharmaceutical excipient. This composition is reconstituted with an aqueous liquid to form a liquid formulation that is preserved. The composition can comprise an admixture (minimal to no presence of an inclusion complex) of a solid derivatized cyclodextrin and an active agent-containing solid and optionally at least one solid pharmaceutical excipient, such that a major portion of the active agent is not complexed with the derivatized cyclodextrin prior to reconstitution. Alternatively, the composition can comprise a solid mixture of a derivatized cyclodextrin and an active agent, wherein a major portion of the active agent is complexed with the derivatized cyclodextrin prior to reconstitution. The reconstitutable solid can also comprise a derivatized cyclodextrin and an active agent where substantially all or at least a major portion of the active agent is complexed with the derivatized cyclodextrin. [00126] The reconstitutable formulation can be prepared according to any of the following processes. A liquid formulation of the invention is first prepared, then a solid is formed by lyophilization (freeze-drying), spray-drying, spray freeze-drying, antisolvent precipitation, various processes utilizing supercritical or near supercritical fluids, or other methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art to make a solid for reconstitution. [00127] A liquid vehicle included in a formulation of the invention comprises an aqueous liquid carrier, such as water, aqueous alcohol, or aqueous organic solvent, or a non-aqueous liquid carrier.
[00128] Although not necessary, the formulation of the present invention may include one or more pharmaceutical excipients selected from the group consisting of a conventional preservative, antifoaming agent, antioxidant, buffering agent, acidifying agent, alkalizing agent, bulking agent, colorant, complexation-enhancing agent, cryoprotectant, electrolyte, glucose, emulsifying agent, oil, plasticizer, solubility-enhancing agent, stabilizer, tonicity modifier, flavors, sweeteners, adsorbents, antiadherent, binder, diluent, direct compression excipient, disintegrant, glidant, lubricant, opaquant, polishing agent, complexing agents, fragrances, other excipients known by those of ordinary skill in the art for use in formulations, and a combination thereof.
[00129] As used herein, the term "adsorbent" is intended to mean an agent capable of holding other molecules onto its surface by physical or chemical (chemisorption) means. Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, powdered and activated charcoal and other materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
[00130] As used herein, the term "alkalizing agent" is intended to mean a compound used to provide alkaline medium for product stability. Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, ammonia solution, ammonium carbonate, diethanolamine, monoethanolamine, potassium hydroxide, sodium borate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, triethanolamine, diethanolamine, organic amine base, alkaline amino acids and trolamine and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
[00131] As used herein, the term "acidifying agent" is intended to mean a compound used to provide an acidic medium for product stability. Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, acetic acid, acidic amino acids, citric acid, fumaric acid and other alpha hydroxy acids, hydrochloric acid, ascorbic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, tartaric acid and nitric acid and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art. [00132] As used herein, the term "antiadherent" is intended to mean an agent that prevents the sticking of solid dosage formulation ingredients to punches and dies in a tableting machine during production. Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, magnesium stearate, talc, calcium stearate, glyceryl behenate, PEG, hydrogenated vegetable oil, mineral oil, stearic acid and other materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
[00133] As used herein, the term "binder" is intended to mean a substance used to cause adhesion of powder particles in solid dosage formulations. Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, acacia, alginic acid, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, poly(vinylpyrrolidone), compressible sugar (e.g., NuTab), ethylcellulose, gelatin, liquid glucose, methylcellulose, povidone and pregelatinized starch and other materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
[00134] When needed, binders may also be included in the dosage forms. Exemplary binders include acacia, tragacanth, gelatin, starch, cellulose materials such as methyl cellulose and sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, alginic acids and salts thereof, polyethylene glycol, guar gum, polysaccharide, bentonites, sugars, invert sugars, poloxamers (PLURONIC™ F68, PLURONIC™ F127), collagen, albumin, gelatin, cellulosics in nonaqueous solvents, combinations thereof and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Other binders include, for example, polypropylene glycol, polyoxyethylene-polypropylene copolymer, polyethylene ester, polyethylene sorbitan ester, polyethylene oxide, combinations thereof and other materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
[00135] As used herein, a conventional preservative is a compound used to at least reduce the rate at which bioburden increases, but preferably maintains bioburden steady or reduces bioburden after contamination. Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorobutanol, phenol, phenylethyl alcohol, phenylmercuric nitrate, phenylmercuric acetate, thimerosal, metacresol, myristylgamma picolinium chloride, potassium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium propionate, sorbic acid, thymol, and methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl parabens and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art. It is understood that some preservatives may interact with the CD derivative thus reducing the preservative effectiveness. Nevertheless, by adjusting the choice of preservative and the concentrations of preservative and the CD derivative adequately preserved formulations can be found.
[00136] As used herein, the term "diluent" or "filler" is intended to mean an inert substance used as a filler to create the desired bulk, flow properties, and compression characteristics in the preparation of solid dosage forms. Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, dibasic calcium phosphate, kaolin, lactose, dextrose, magnesium carbonate, sucrose, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, powdered cellulose, precipitated calcium carbonate, sorbitol, and starch and other materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
[00137] As used herein, the term "direct compression excipient" is intended to mean a compound used in compressed solid dosage forms. Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, dibasic calcium phosphate (e.g., Ditab) and other materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
[00138] As used herein, the term "antioxidant" is intended to mean an agent that inhibits oxidation and thus is used to prevent the deterioration of preparations by the oxidative process. Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, acetone, potassium metabisulfite, potassium sulfite, ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, citric acid, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, hypophophorous acid, monothioglycerol, propyl gallate, sodium ascorbate, sodium citrate, sodium sulfide, sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, thioglycolic acid, EDTA, pentetate, and sodium metabisulfite and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
[00139] As used herein, the term "buffering agent" is intended to mean a compound used to resist change in pH upon dilution or addition of acid or alkali. Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, acetic acid, sodium acetate, adipic acid, benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, boric acid, sodium borate, citric acid, glycine, maleic acid, monobasic sodium phosphate, dibasic sodium phosphate, HEPES, lactic acid, tartaric acid, potassium metaphosphate, potassium phosphate, monobasic sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, tris, sodium tartrate and sodium citrate anhydrous and dihydrate and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art. [00140] A complexation-enhancing agent can be added to a formulation of the invention. When such an agent is present, the ratio of cyclodextrin /active agent can be changed. A complexation-enhancing agent is a compound, or compounds, that enhance(s) the complexation of the active agent with the cyclodextrin. Suitable complexation enhancing agents include one or more pharmacologically inert water soluble polymers, hydroxy acids, and other organic compounds typically used in preserved formulations to enhance the complexation of a particular agent with cyclodextrins.
[00141] Hydrophilic polymers can be used as complexation-enhancing, solubility- enhancing and/or water activity reducing agents to improve the performance of formulations containing a cyclodextrin-based preservative. Loftsson has disclosed a number of polymers suitable for combined use with a cyclodextrin (underivatized or derivatized) to enhance the performance and/or properties of the cyclodextrin. Suitable polymers are disclosed in Pharmazie (2001), 56(9), 746-747; International Journal of Pharmaceutics (2001), 212(1), 29-40; Cyclodextrin: From Basic Research to Market, International Cyclodextrin Symposium, 10th, Ann Arbor, MI, United States, May 21-24, 2000 (2000), 10-15 (Wacker Biochem Corp.: Adrian, Mich.); PCT International Publication No. WO 9942111; Pharmazie, 53(11), 733-740 (1998); Pharm. Technol. Eur, 9(5), 26-34 (1997); J. Pharm. ScL 85(10), 1017-1025 (1996); European Patent Application EP0579435; Proceedings of the International Symposium on Cyclodextrins, 9th, Santiago de Comostela, Spain, May 31 -June 3, 1998 (1999), 261-264 (Editor(s): Labandeira, J. J. Torres; Vila-Jato, J. L. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Neth); S.T.P. Pharma Sciences (1999), 9(3), 237-242; ACS Symposium Series (1999), 737(Polysaccharide Applications), 24-45; Pharmaceutical Research (1998), 15(11), 1696-1701; Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy (1998), 24(4), 365-370; International Journal of Pharmaceutics (1998), 163(1-2), 115-121; Book of Abstracts, 216th ACS National Meeting, Boston, August 23-27 (1998), CELL-016, American Chemical Society; Journal of Controlled Release, (1997), 44/1 (95-99); Pharm.Res. (1997) 14(11), S203; Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, (1996), 37(6), 1199-1203; Proceedings of the International Symposium on Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials (1996), 23rd, 453-454; Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy (1996), 22(5), 401-405; Proceedings of the International Symposium on Cyclodextrins, 8th, Budapest, Mar. 31- Apr. 2, (1996), 373-376. (Editor(s): Szejtli, J.; Szente, L. Kluwer: Dordrecht, Neth.); Pharmaceutical Sciences (1996), 2(6), 277-279; European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, (1996) 4(SUPPL.), S 144; Third European Congress of Pharmaceutical Sciences Edinburgh, Scotland, UK September 15-17, 1996; Pharmazie, (1996), 51(1), 39-42; Eur. J. Pharm. ScL (1996), 4(SuppL), S143; U.S. Patents No. 5,472,954 and No. 5,324,718; International Journal of Pharmaceutics (Netherlands), (Dec. 29, 1995) 126, 73-78; Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, (02 APR 1995) 209(1), 33-CELL; European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, (1994) 2, 297-301; Pharmaceutical Research (New York), (1994) 11(10), S225; International Journal of Pharmaceutics (Netherlands), (Apr 11, 1994) 104, 181-184; and International Journal of Pharmaceutics (1994), 110(2), 169-77, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
[00142] Other suitable polymers are well-known excipients commonly used in the field of pharmaceutical formulations and are included in, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Edition, Alfonso R. Gennaro (editor), Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA, 1990, pp. 291-294; Alfred Martin, James Swarbrick and Arthur Commarata, Physical Pharmacy. Physical Chemical Principles in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3rd edition (Lea & Febinger, Philadelphia, PA, 1983, pp. 592-638); A.T. Florence and D. Altwood, (Physicochemical Principles of Pharmacy, 2nd Edition, MacMillan Press, London, 1988, pp. 281-334. The entire disclosures of the references cited herein are hereby incorporated by references. Still other suitable polymers include water-soluble natural polymers, water-soluble semi- synthetic polymers (such as the water-soluble derivatives of cellulose) and water-soluble synthetic polymers. The natural polymers include polysaccharides such as inulin, pectin, algin derivatives (e.g. sodium alginate) and agar, and polypeptides such as casein and gelatin. The semi-synthetic polymers include cellulose derivatives such as methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, their mixed ethers such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and other mixed ethers such as hydroxyethyl ethylcellulose and hydroxypropyl ethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate and carboxymethylcellulose and its salts, especially sodium carboxymethylcellulose. The synthetic polymers include polyoxyethylene derivatives (polyethylene glycols) and polyvinyl derivatives (polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone and polystyrene sulfonate) and various copolymers of acrylic acid (e.g. carbomer). Other natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic polymers not named here which meet the criteria of water solubility, pharmaceutical acceptability and pharmacological inactivity are likewise considered to be within the ambit of the present invention.
[00143] As used herein, a fragrance is a relatively volatile substance or combination of substances that produces a detectable aroma, odor or scent. Exemplary fragrances include those generally accepted as FD&C.
[00144] As used herein, the term "glidant" is intended to mean an agent used in solid dosage formulations to promote flowability of the solid mass. Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, colloidal silica, cornstarch, talc, calcium silicate, magnesium silicate, colloidal silicon, tribasic calcium phosphate, silicon hydrogel and other materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
[00145] As used herein, the term " lubricant" is intended to mean a substance used in solid dosage formulations to reduce friction during compression. Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, PEG, talc, mineral oil, stearic acid, and zinc stearate and other materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
[00146] As used herein, the term "opaquant" is intended to mean a compound used to render a coating opaque. May be used alone or in combination with a colorant. Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, titanium dioxide, talc and other materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
[00147] As used herein, the term " polishing agent" is intended to mean a compound used to impart an attractive sheen to solid dosage forms. Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, carnauba wax, white wax and other materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
[00148] As used herein, the term "disintegrant" is intended to mean a compound used in solid dosage forms to promote the disruption of the solid mass into smaller particles which are more readily dispersed or dissolved. Exemplary disintegrants include, by way of example and without limitation, starches such as corn starch, potato starch, pre-gelatinized and modified starches thereof, sweeteners, clays, bentonite, microcrystalline cellulose(e.g., Avicel), carboxymethylcellulose calcium, croscarmellose sodium, alginic acid, sodium alginate, cellulose polyacrilin potassium (e.g., Amberlite), alginates, sodium starch glycolate, gums, agar, guar, locust bean, karaya, pectin, tragacanth, crospovidone and other materials known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
[00149] As used herein, the term "stabilizer" is intended to mean a compound used to stabilize the therapeutic agent against physical, chemical, or biochemical process which would reduce the therapeutic activity of the agent. Suitable stabilizers include, by way of example and without limitation, albumin, sialic acid, creatinine, glycine and other amino acids, niacinamide, sodium acetyltryptophonate, zinc oxide, sucrose, glucose, lactose, sorbitol, mannitol, glycerol, polyethylene glycols, sodium caprylate and sodium saccharin and other known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
[00150] As used herein, the term "tonicity modifier" is intended to mean a compound or compounds that can be used to adjust the tonicity of the liquid formulation. Suitable tonicity modifiers include glycerin, lactose, mannitol, dextrose, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, sorbitol, trehalose and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In one embodiment, the tonicity of the liquid formulation approximates the tonicity of blood or plasma. [00151] As used herein, the term "antifoaming agent" is intended to mean a compound or compounds that prevents or reduces the amount of foaming that forms on the surface of the liquid formulation. Suitable antifoaming agents include dimethicone, simethicone, octoxynol and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
[00152] As used herein, the term "bulking agent" is intended to mean a compound used to add bulk to the solid product and/or assist in the control of the properties of the formulation during lyophilization. Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, dextran, trehalose, sucrose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, lactose, inositol, sorbitol, dimethylsulfoxide, glycerol, albumin, calcium lactobionate, and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
[00153] As used herein, the term "cryoprotectant" is intended to mean a compound used to protect an active therapeutic agent from physical or chemical degradation during lyophilization. Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerol, trehalose, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
[00154] As used herein, the term "emulsifier" or "emulsifying agent" is intended to mean a compound added to one or more of the phase components of an emulsion for the purpose of stabilizing the droplets of the internal phase within the external phase. Such compounds include, by way of example and without limitation, lecithin, polyoxylethylene- polyoxypropylene ethers, polyoxylethylene-sorbitan monolaurate, polysorbates, sorbitan esters, stearyl alcohol, tyloxapol, tragacanth, xanthan gum, acacia, agar, alginic acid, sodium alginate, bentonite, carbomer, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium, cholesterol, gelatin, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, octoxynol, oleyl alcohol, polyvinyl alcohol, povidone, propylene glycol monostearate, sodium lauryl sulfate, and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
[00155] A solubility-enhancing agent can be added to the formulation of the invention. A solubility-enhancing agent is a compound, or compounds, that enhance(s) the solubility of the active agent when in a liquid formulation. When such an agent is present, the ratio of cyclodextrin/active agent can be changed. Suitable solubility enhancing agents include one or more organic solvents, detergents, soaps, surfactant and other organic compounds typically used in parenteral formulations to enhance the solubility of a particular agent. [00156] Suitable organic solvents include, for example, ethanol, glycerin, polyethylene glycols, propylene glycol, poloxomers, and others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
[00157] The formulation of the invention can also include oils, for example, fixed oils, such as peanut oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil and olive oil; fatty acids, such as oleic acid, stearic acid and isostearic acid; and fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, fatty acid glycerides and acetylated fatty acid glycerides. It can also include alcohols, such as ethanol, isopropanol, hexadecyl alcohol, glycerol and propylene glycol; glycerol ketals, such as 2,2-dimethyl-l,3-dioxolane-4-methanol; ethers, such as poly(ethylene glycol) 450; with petroleum hydrocarbons, such as mineral oil and petrolatum; water; or with mixtures thereof; with or without the addition of a pharmaceutically suitable surfactant, suspending agent or emulsifying agent.
[00158] It should be understood, that compounds used in the art of pharmaceutical formulations generally serve a variety of functions or purposes. Thus, if a compound named herein is mentioned only once or is used to define more than one term herein, its purpose or function should not be construed as being limited solely to that named purpose(s) or function(s).
[00159] The formulation of the invention can also include biological salt(s), sodium chloride, potassium chloride, or other electrolyte(s).
[00160] Since some active agents are subject to oxidative degradation, a liquid formulation according to the invention can have its oxygen removed. For example, the headspace of the container with the liquid formulation is made oxygen free, substantially oxygen free, or oxygen-reduced by purging the headspace with an inert gas, such as nitrogen or argon, or by bubbling the inert gas through the liquid formulation. For long-term storage, the liquid formulation containing an active agent subject to oxidative degradation is preferably stored in an oxygen-free or oxygen-reduced environment. Removal of oxygen from the formulation will enhance preservation of the formulation against aerobic microbes; whereas, addition of oxygen to the formulation will enhance preservation against anaerobic microbes.
[00161] The phrase "pharmaceutically acceptable" is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
[00162] As used herein, the term "patient" or "subject" are taken to mean warm blooded animals such as mammals, for example, cats, dogs, mice, guinea pigs, horses, bovine cows, sheep and humans.
[00163] A formulation of the invention will comprise an active agent present in an effective amount. By the term "effective amount", is meant the amount or quantity of active agent that is sufficient to elicit the required or desired response, or in other words, the amount that is sufficient to elicit an appreciable biological response when administered to a subject. [00164] The examples below detail several different methods for preparing a combination composition or a starting water soluble cyclodextrin derivative composition. In general, a cyclodextrin starting material in neutral to alkaline aqueous media is exposed to substituent precursor. The substituent precursor can be added incrementally or as a bolus and it can be added before, during or after exposure of the cyclodextrin starting material to the optionally alkaline aqueous media. Additional alkaline material or buffering material can be added as needed to maintain the pH within a desired range. The derivatization reaction can be conducted at ambient to elevated temperatures. Once derivatization has proceeded to the desired extent, the reaction is optionally quenched by addition of an acid. The reaction milieu is further processed (e.g., solvent precipitation, filtration, centrifugation, evaporation, concentration, drying, chromatography, dialysis, and/or ultra-filtration) to remove undesired materials and form the target composition. After final processing, the composition can be in the form of a solid, liquid, semi-solid, gel, syrup, paste, powder, aggregate, granule, pellet, compressed material, reconstitutable solid, suspension, glass, crystalline mass, amorphous mass, particulate, bead, emulsion, or wet mass.
[00165] The composition can be present in formulations for dosage forms such as a reconstitutable solid, tablet, capsule, pill, troche, patch, osmotic device, stick, suppository, implant, gum, effervescent composition, injectable liquid, ophthalmic or nasal solutions, or inhalable powders or solutions. [00166] The invention also provides methods of preparing a liquid formulation comprising the CD and an active agent. A first method comprises the steps of: forming a first aqueous solution comprising a cyclodextrin derivative; forming a second solution or suspension comprising active agent; and mixing the first and second solutions to form the liquid formulation. A second method is similar to the first step except that the active agent is added directly to the first solution without formation of the second solution. A third method is similar to the first except that the cyclodextrin derivative is added directly to the second solution/suspension without formation of the first solution. A fourth method comprises the steps of: adding a solution comprising active agent to a powdered or particulate cyclodextrin derivative. A fifth method comprises the steps of: adding the active agent directly to the powdered or particulate cyclodextrin derivative; and adding a second solution. A sixth method comprises the steps of: creating the liquid formulation by any of the above methods and then isolating a solid material by lyophilization, spray-drying, spray-freeze-drying, antisolvent precipitation, a process utilizing a supercritical or near supercritical fluid, or other methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art to make a powder for reconstitution.
[00167] Specific embodiments of the methods of preparing a liquid formulation include those wherein: 1) the method further comprises the step of sterile filtering the formulation through a filtration medium having a pore size of 0.1 microns or larger; 2) the liquid formulation is sterilized by irradiation or autoclaving; 3) the method further comprises the step of isolating a solid from the solution; 4) the solution is purged with nitrogen or argon or other inert pharmaceutically acceptable gas such that a substantial portion of the oxygen dissolved in, and/or in surface contact with the solution is removed. [00168] Still another aspect of the invention provides a reconstitutable solid pharmaceutical composition comprising an active agent, a combination composition and optionally at least one other pharmaceutical excipient. When this composition is reconstituted with an aqueous liquid to form a preserved liquid formulation, it can be administered by injection, infusion, topically, by inhalation or orally to a subject. [00169] Some embodiments of the reconstitutable solid pharmaceutical composition includes those wherein: 1) the composition comprises an admixture of a combination composition and active agent-containing solid comprising an active agent and optionally at least one solid pharmaceutical excipient, such that a major portion of the active agent is not complexed with the CD prior to reconstitution; and/or 2) the composition comprises a solid mixture of an combination composition and an active agent, wherein a major portion of the active agent is complexed with the CD prior to reconstitution.
[00170] A combination composition of the invention can be used in a pharmaceutical dosage form, pharmaceutical composition or other such combination of materials. These CDs will also be useful are, but not limited to, as analytical reagents, in food and cosmetics and as environmental clean up agents.
[00171] In view of the above description and the examples below, one of ordinary skill in the art will be able to practice the invention as claimed without undue experimentation. The foregoing will be better understood with reference to the following examples that detail certain procedures for the preparation of molecules, compositions and formulations according to the present invention. All references made to these examples are for the purposes of illustration. The following examples should not be considered exhaustive, but merely illustrative of only a few of the many embodiments contemplated by the present invention. EXAMPLE 1
Preparation of SBE-β-CD having a monomodal distribution profile and an ADS of 2.0.
[00172] An exemplary SBE-β-CD DS 2.0 was made using the following procedure, wherein the starting beta cyclodextrin parent in an alkaline aqueous medium was derivatized with an SBE precursor to form the SBE-β-CD. The β CD was dissolved in 6.5 EQ of 3.6 N NaOH aqueous solution, heated to 50 0C, and stirred until complete dissolution. Once dissolution was complete the reaction temperature was increased to 70 to 75 0C. 2 equivalents of 1,4-Butanesultone was added over a period of 20 minutes. The amount of equivalents added was proportional to the degree of substitution of the final product. The pH was monitored during the first 4 hours and never dropped below 12.0. A second portion of 2.7 EQ of 3.5 M NaOH was charged and the reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0C for at least an addition 16 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and diluted with water (roughly one half the total reaction volume). The solution was neutralized with 7 M HCl between 6.5 to 7.5 and filtered through a 0.45 micron filter. The solution was purified by Ultrafiltration using a 1000 MWCO membrane. The Ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4- Hydroxybutane-1- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present. The solution was further treated with carbon (0.12 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.5 to 7.0). The resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum. The solution was freeze dried to yield a DS 2.0 SBE-β-CD white solid.
EXAMPLE 2
Preparation of SBE-β-CD having a monomodal distribution profile and an ADS of 3.1
[00173] An exemplary SBE-β-CD DS 3.1 was made using the following procedure, wherein the starting beta cyclodextrin parent in an alkaline aqueous medium was derivatized with an SBE precursor to form the SBE-β-CD. The β CD was dissolved in 6.5 EQ of 3.6 N NaOH aqueous solution, heated to 50 0C, and stirred until complete dissolution. Once dissolution was complete the reaction temperature was increased to 70 to 75 0C. 3 equivalents of 1,4-Butanesultone was added over a period of 15 minutes. The amount of equivalents added was proportional to the degree of substitution of the final product. The pH was monitored during the first 4 hours and never dropped below 12.0. A second portion of 2.7 EQ of 3.5 M NaOH was charged and the reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0C for at least an addition 16 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and diluted with water (roughly one half the total reaction volume). The solution was neutralized with 7 M HCl between 6.5 to 7.5 and filtered through a 0.45 micron filter. The solution was purified by Ultrafiltration using a 1000 MWCO membrane. The Ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4- Hydroxybutane-1- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present. The solution was further treated with carbon (0.12 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.5 to 7.0). The resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum. The solution was freeze dried to yield a DS 3.1 SBE- β-CD white solid.
EXAMPLE 3 Preparation of SBE- β-CD having a monomodal distribution profile and an ADS of 4.1
[00174] An exemplary SBE- β-CD DS 4.1 was made using the following, wherein the starting beta cyclodextrin parent in an alkaline aqueous medium was derivatized with an SBE precursor to form the SBE-β-CD. The β CD was dissolved in 6.5 EQ of 3.6 N NaOH aqueous solution, heated to 50 0C, and stirred until complete dissolution. Once dissolution was complete the reaction temperature was increased to 70 to 75 0C. 4 equivalents of 1,4- Butanesultone was added over a period of 20 minutes. The amount of equivalents added was proportional to the degree of substitution of the final product. The pH was monitored during the first 4 hours and never dropped below 12.0. A second portion of 2.7 EQ of 3.5 M NaOH was charged and the reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0C for at least an addition 16 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and diluted with water (roughly one half the total reaction volume). The solution was neutralized with 7 M HCl between 6.5 to 7.5 and filtered through a 0.45 micron filter. The solution was purified by Ultrafiltration using a 1000 MWCO membrane. The Ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4- Hydroxybutane-1- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present. The solution was further treated with carbon (0.12 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.5 to 7.0). The resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum. The solution was freeze dried to yield a DS 4.1 SBE- β-CD white solid.
EXAMPLE 4 Preparation of SBE-β-CD having a monomodal distribution profile and an ADS of 4.7
[00175] An exemplary SBE-β-CD DS 4.7 was made using the following, wherein the starting beta cyclodextrin parent in an alkaline aqueous medium was derivatized with an SBE precursor to form the SBE-β-CD. The β CD was dissolved in 11 EQ of 3.8 N NaOH aqueous solutions, heated and stirred until complete dissolution. Once dissolution was complete the reaction temperature was increased to 70 to 77 0C. 6.0 equivalents of 1,4- Butanesultone was added over a period of 20 minutes. The pH was monitored during the first 4 hours and never dropped below 13. The reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0C for at least an addition 16 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and diluted with water (roughly one half the total reaction volume). The solution was neutralized with 8.4 M HCl between 6.5 to 7.5 and filtered through a 0.45 micron filter. The solution was purified by Ultrafiltration using a 1000 MWCO membrane. The Ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4- Hydroxybutane-1- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present. The solution was filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.5 to 7.0). The resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum. The solution was freeze dried to yield a DS 4.7 SBE-β-CD solid white solid.
EXAMPLE 5 Preparation of SBE-β-CD having a monomodal distribution profile and an ADS 6.2
[00176] An exemplary SBE-β-CD DS 6.2 was made using the following, wherein the starting beta cyclodextrin parent in an alkaline aqueous medium was derivatized with an SBE precursor to form the SBE-β-CD. The β CD was dissolved in 11 EQ of 3.7 N NaOH aqueous solution, heated to 50 0C, and stirred until complete dissolution. Once dissolution was complete the reaction temperature was increased to 70 to 75 0C. 6.8 equivalents of 1,4- Butanesultone was added over a period of 35 minutes. The pH was monitored during the first 4 hours and never dropped below 12.9. The reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0C for at least an addition 16 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and diluted with water (roughly one half the total reaction volume). The solution was neutralized with 7 M HCl between 6.5 to 7.5 and filtered through a 0.45 micron filter. The solution was purified by Ultrafiltration using a 1000 MWCO membrane. The Ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4- Hydroxybutane-1- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present. The solution was further treated with carbon (0.12 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.5 to 7.0). The resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum. The solution was freeze dried to yield a DS 6.2 SBE-β-CD solid white solid.
EXAMPLE 6
Preparation of SBE-β-CD having a monomodal distribution profile and an ADS of 6.8
[00177] An exemplary SBE-β-CD DS 6.8 was made using the following, wherein the starting beta cyclodextrin parent in an alkaline aqueous medium was derivatized with an SBE precursor to form the SBE-β-CD. The β CD was dissolved in 6.5 EQ of 3.7 N NaOH aqueous solution, heated to 50 0C, and stirred until complete dissolution. Once dissolution was complete the reaction temperature was increased to 70 to 75 0C. 8.7 equivalents of 1,4- Butanesultone was added over a period of 40 minutes. The pH was monitored during the first 4 hours and never dropped below 8.6. A second portion of 4.4 EQ of 3.9 M NaOH was charged and the reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0C for at least an addition 16 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and diluted with water (roughly one half the total reaction volume). The solution was neutralized with 7 M HCl between 6.5 to 7.5 and filtered through a 0.45 micron filter. The solution was purified by Ultrafiltration using a 1000 MWCO membrane. The Ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4-Hydroxybutane-l- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present. The solution was further treated with carbon (0.12 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.5 to 7.0). The resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0C under less than 30 rnrnHg vacuum. The solution was freeze dried to yield a DS 6.8 SBE-β-CD white solid.
EXAMPLE 7
Preparation of SBE-γ-CD having a monomodal distribution profile and an ADS of 4.2
[00178] An exemplary SBE-γ-CD DS 4.2 was made using the following, wherein the starting gamma cyclodextrin parent in an alkaline aqueous medium was derivatized with an SBE precursor to form the SBE-γ-CD. The γCD was dissolved in 6.5 EQ of 3.9 N NaOH aqueous solution, heated to 70 0C, and stirred until complete dissolution. Once dissolution was complete the reaction temperature was increased to 70 to 75 0C. 4.2 equivalents of 1,4- Butanesultone was added over a period of 110 minutes. The pH was monitored during the first 4 hours and never dropped below 12.6. A second portion of 4.2 EQ of 6.3 M NaOH was charged and the reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0C for at least an addition 16 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and diluted with water (roughly one third the total reaction volume). The solution was further treated with carbon (0.07 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), neutralized with 2.5 M HCl between 6.0 to 6.5 and filtered through a 0.45 micron filter. The solution was purified by Ultrafiltration using a 650 MWCO membrane. The Ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4-Hydroxybutane-l- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present. The solution was filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.0 to 6.5). The resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum. The solution was freeze dried to yield a DS 4.2 SBE-γ-CD white solid.
EXAMPLE 8
Preparation of SBE-γ-CD having a monomodal distribution profile and an ADS of 4.8
[00179] An exemplary SBE-γ-CD DS 4.8 was made using the following, wherein the starting gamma cyclodextrin parent in an alkaline aqueous medium was derivatized with an SBE precursor to form the SBE-γ-CD. The γ CD was dissolved in 6.5 EQ of 4.0 N NaOH aqueous solution, heated to 70 0C, and stirred until complete dissolution. Once dissolution was complete the reaction temperature was increased to 70 to 75 0C. 4.5 equivalents of 1,4- Butanesultone was added over a period of 103 minutes. The pH was monitored during the first 4 hours and never dropped below 12.4. A second portion of 4.3 EQ of 6.3 M NaOH was charged and the reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0C for at least an addition 16 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and diluted with water (roughly one third the total reaction volume). The solution was further treated with carbon (0.11 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), neutralized with 2.5 M HCl between 6.0 to 6.5 and filtered through a 0.45 micron filter. The solution was purified by Ultrafiltration using a 650 MWCO membrane. The Ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4-Hydroxybutane-l- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present. The solution was filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.0 to 6.5). The resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum. The solution was freeze dried to yield a DS 4.8 SBE-γ-CD white solid.
EXAMPLE 9
Preparation of SBE-γ-CD having a monomodal distribution profile and an ADS of 5.8
[00180] An exemplary SBE-γ-CD DS 5.8 was made using the following, wherein the starting gamma cyclodextrin parent in an alkaline aqueous medium was derivatized with an SBE precursor to form the SBE-γ-CD. The γ CD was dissolved in 6.5 EQ of 4 N NaOH aqueous solution, heated to 70 0C, and stirred until complete dissolution. Once dissolution was complete the reaction temperature was increased to 70 to 75 0C. 5.8 equivalents of 1,4- Butanesultone was added over a period of 77 minutes. The pH was monitored during the first 4 hours and never dropped below 11.5. A second portion of 4.0 EQ of 6.3 M NaOH was charged and the reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0C for at least an addition 16 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and diluted with water (roughly one third the total reaction volume). The solution was neutralized with 2.5 M HCl between 7.0 to 7.25, treated with carbon (0.08 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), filtered through a 0.45 micron filter. The solution was purified by Ultrafiltration using a 500 MWCO membrane. The Ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4-Hydroxybutane-l -sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present. The solution was filtered through a 0.22 micron filter. The resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum. The solution was freeze dried to yield a DS 5.8 SBE-γ-CD white solid.
EXAMPLE 10 Preparation of SBE-γ-CD having a monomodal distribution profile and an ADS 6.1
[00181] An exemplary SBE-γ-CD DS 6.1 was made using the following, wherein the starting gamma cyclodextrin parent in an alkaline aqueous medium was derivatized with an SBE precursor to form the SBE-γ-CD. The γ CD was dissolved in 6.2 EQ of 4.0N NaOH aqueous solution at ambient temperature and stirred until complete dissolution. 6.5 equivalents of 1,4-Butanesultone was added. The pH was monitored during the first 4 hours and never dropped below 11.0. A second portion of 3.8 EQ of 6.3 M NaOH was charged and the reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0C for at least an addition 16 hours. The solution was neutralized with 4.9 M HCl between 6.0 to 6.5, treated with carbon (0.08 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), filtered through a 0.45 micron filter. The solution was purified by Ultrafiltration using a 500 MWCO membrane. The Ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4- Hydroxybutane-1- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present. The solution was neutralized (6.0 to 6.5) and filtered through a 0.22 micron filter. The resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum. The solution was freeze dried to yield a DS 6.1 SBE-γ-CD white solid.
EXAMPLE 11
Preparation of SBE-β-CD having a bimodal distribution profile and an AP-ADS of 4.6
[00182] An exemplary bimodal SBE- β -CD (AP-ADS 4.6) was made using the following, wherein the parent beta cyclodextrin was dissolved in 6.5 equivalents of 3.6 N NaOH. This solution was added over a period of 30 minutes to a stirred mixture of 6.5 EQ of 1,4-Butanesultone and 4.4 EQ of 4.2 N NaOH at 70 to 75 0C. The reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0C for at least an addition 16 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and diluted with water (roughly one half the total reaction volume). The solution was neutralized with 7.3 M HCl between 6.5 to 7.5 and filtered through a 0.45 micron filter. The solution was purified by Ultrafiltration using a 1000 MWCO membrane. The Ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4-Hydroxybutane-l- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present. The solution was further treated with carbon (0.12 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.0 to 7.0). The resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum. The solution was freeze dried to yield an AP-ADS 4.62 bimodal SBE- β -CD white solid.
EXAMPLE 12
Preparation of SBE-β-CD having a bimodal distribution profile and an AP-ADS of 6.6
[00183] An exemplary bimodal SBE- β -CD (AP-ADS 6.6) was made using the following, wherein the parent beta cyclodextrin was dissolved in 12.6 equivalents of 3.7 N NaOH. This solution was added over a period of 30 minutes to 6.5 EQ of stirred 1,4- Butanesultone at 70 to 75 0C. The reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0C for at least an addition 16 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and diluted with water (roughly one half the total reaction volume). The solution was neutralized with 7.3 M HCl between 6.5 to 7.5 and filtered through a 0.45 micron filter. The solution was purified by Ultrafiltration using a 1000 MWCO membrane. The Ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4- Hydroxybutane-1- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present. The solution was further treated with carbon (0.12 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.0 to 7.0). The resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum. The solution was freeze dried to yield a AP-ADS 6.6 bimodal SBE- β -CD white solid.
EXAMPLE 13
Preparation of SBE-β-CD having a bimodal distribution profile and an AP-ADS of 6.9
[00184] An exemplary bimodal SBE- β -CD (AP-ADS 6.9) was made using the following, wherein the parent beta cyclodextrin was dissolved in 10.9 equivalents of 3.8 N NaOH. This solution was added over a period of 65 minutes to 6.5 EQ of stirred 1,4- Butanesultone at 70 to 75 0C. The reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0C for at least an addition 16 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and treated with carbon (0.12 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin). The solution was filtered, diluted with water (roughly one twentieth the total reaction volume). The solution was further neutralized with 8.25 M HCl between 6.0 to 7.0 and filtered through a 0.45 micron filter. The solution was purified by ultrafiltration using a 650 MWCO membrane. The ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4- Hydroxybutane-1- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present. The resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum. The solution was freeze dried to yield a AP-ADS 6.9 bimodal SBE- β - CD white solid.
EXAMPLE 14 Preparation of SBE-γ-CD having a bimodal distribution profile and an AP-ADS of 3.8
[00185] An exemplary bimodal SBE- γ -CD (AP-ADS 3.8 was made using the following, wherein the parent gamma cyclodextrin was dissolved in 12.5 equivalents of 3.7 N NaOH. This solution was added over a period of 30 minutes to 4.25 EQ of stirred 1,4- Butanesultone at 65 to 72 0C. The reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0C for at least an addition 16 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and neutralized with 8.9 M HCl between 6.5 to 7.5. The solution was diluted with water (roughly one half the total reaction volume). The resulting solution was filtered through a 0.45 micron filter. The solution was purified by Ultrafiltration using a 1000 MWCO membrane. The Ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4- Hydroxybutane-1- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present. The solution was further treated with carbon (0.12 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.0 to 7.0). The resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum. The solution was freeze dried to yield a AP-ADS 3.8 bimodal SBE- γ -CD white solid. EXAMPLE 15
Preparation of SBE-γ-CD having a bimodal distribution profile and an AP-ADS of 6.5
[00186] An exemplary bimodal SBE- γ -CD (AP-ADS 6.5) was made using the following, wherein the parent gamma cyclodextrin was dissolved in 12.5 equivalents of 3.7 N NaOH. This solution was added over a period of 35 minutes to 6.5 EQ of stirred 1,4- Butanesultone at 67 to 74 0C. The reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0C for at least an addition 16 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and neutralized with 8.5 M HCl between 6.5 to 7.5. The solution was diluted with water (roughly one half the total reaction volume). The resulting solution was filtered through a 0.45 micron filter. The solution was purified by Ultrafiltration using a 1000 MWCO membrane. The Ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4- Hydroxybutane-1- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present. The solution was further treated with carbon (0.12 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.0 to 7.0). The resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum. The solution was freeze dried to yield a AP-ADS 6.5 bimodal SBE- γ -CD white solid.
EXAMPLE 16 Preparation of SBE-γ-CD having a bimodal distribution profile and an AP-ADS of 6.9
An exemplary bimodal SBE- γ -CD (AP-ADS 6.9) was made using the following, wherein the parent gamma cyclodextrin was dissolved in 12.5 equivalents of 3.7 N NaOH. This solution was added over a period of 38 minutes to 10 EQ of stirred 1,4-Butanesultone at 66 to 73 0C. The reaction was allowed to continue at 70 0C for at least an addition 16 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and neutralized with 8.5 M HCl between 6.5 to 7.5. The solution was diluted with water (roughly one half the total reaction volume). The resulting solution was filtered through a 0.45 micron filter. The solution was purified by Ultrafiltration using a 1000 MWCO membrane. The Ultrafiltration end point was determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4- Hydroxybutane-1- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present. The solution was further treated with carbon (0.12 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.0 to 7.0). The resulting solution was concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum. The solution was freeze dried to yield a AP-ADS 6.9 bimodal SBE- γ -CD white solid.
EXAMPLE 17 [00187] Comparative evaluation of various forms of SAE-CD in the solubilization of several drug derivatives was determined according to the procedure below. SBE-β-CD's and SBE-γ-CD's were provided by CyDex, Inc. (Lenexa, KS).
[00188] A 0.04M stock solutions of each selected CD was prepared with purified water. Clarity of solutions was determined by visual inspection or instrumentally. A clear solution is at least clear by visual inspection with the unaided eye. Each drug derivative, tested in duplicate, was added to either 2 or 4 mL of CD solution. Table 5 indicates the amount of each CD used after accounting for the content of water in each CD.
[00189] The drug derivatives were weighed in amounts in excess of the anticipated solubilities directly into Teflon-lined screw-capped vials. These amounts provided a minimum of 3 mg/mL of solids. Each vial then received the appropriate amount of CD solution. The vials were vortexed and sonicated to aid in wetting the solids with the fluid. The vials were then placed on a lab quake or a roller mixer for equilibration. The vials were visually inspected periodically to assure that the solids were adequately being wetted and in contact with the fluid. The time points for sampling were at typically 24 hrs for samples.
[00190] At the end of the equilibration time for each stage, the vials were decanted or centrifuged and 1 ml of the supernatant removed. The removed supernatant was then filtered using a 0.22μm syringe filter, and diluted with the mobile phase to an appropriate concentration within the standard curve. The samples were then analyzed by HPLC to determine concentration of solubilized drug derivatives.
EXAMPLE 18
[00191] The following procedure was used to evaluate the moisture content the cyclodextrin derivatives.
[00192] Determinations were performed in duplicate on 250 mg of each using a Brinkman Karl-Fischer Coulometer (Brinkman Instruments Co., IL). A known weight of solid CD is added to the Karl-Fischer Coulometer and the total amount of water in the sample is read-out. This is then converted to a percentage of the solid thus giving the percent moisture content of the sample.
EXAMPLE 19
[00193] The following procedure was used to analyze the SAE-CD derivative compositions and combination compositions by capillary electrophoresis.
[00194] A Beckman P/ ACE 2210 capillary electrophoresis system coupled with a UV absorbance detector (Beckman instruments, Inc., Fullereton, CA) was used to analyze solutions of each SBE-β and SBE-γ CD derivative. The separation was performed at 25°C using a fused silica capillary (50 μm inner diameters total length of 57 cm and effective length of 50 cm) with a pH adjusted running buffer 3OmM benzoic acid and 100 mM TRIS (tris-hydroxymethyl-aminomethanol).
[00195] The capillary was treated with the following wash sequence before each injection with water, 0.01N NaOH, and running buffer. The detector was set at 214 nm. The voltage was 3OkV. Samples were introduced by pressure injections: 20 s at 0.5 psi.
EXAMPLE 20
An α-CD derivative composition having a monomodal distribution profile can be prepared according to any of Examples 1-10 or any of the literature methods cited herein, except that α-CD would be used in place of the β-CD or γ-CD. An exemplary SBE-α-CD is made using the following, wherein the starting alpha cyclodextrin parent in an alkaline aqueous medium is derivatized with an SBE precursor to form the SBE-α-CD. The α CD is dissolved in NaOH aqueous solution, heated to 70 0C, and stirred until complete dissolution. Once dissolution is complete the reaction temperature is increased to 70 to 75 0C. 1,4-Butanesultone are added over a period of at least 30 minutes. The pH is monitored during the first 4 hours and the reaction is allowed to continue at 70 0C for at least an addition 16 hours. The reaction mixture is cooled and diluted with water (roughly one third the total reaction volume). The solution is further treated with carbon (0.07 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), neutralized with HCl between 6.0 to 6.5 and filtered through a 0.45 micron filter. The solution is purified by Ultrafiltration using a 650 MWCO membrane. The Ultrafiltration end point is determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4- Hydroxybutane-1- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4-Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolarity, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present. The solution is filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.0 to 6.5). The resulting solution is concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum. The solution is freeze dried to yield a SBE-α-CD white solid.
EXAMPLE 21
Preparation of combination composition having a bimodal distribution profile
[00196] A previously prepared batch of CD derivative composition, having a monomodal or bimodal distribution profile, is placed in aqueous alkaline liquid medium. A substituent precursor is placed in an optionally alkaline liquid medium in a vessel. The alkaline medium containing CD derivative composition is added to the medium containing the substituent precursor in a dropwise, portionwise, semicontinuous, or continuous manner for a period of time sufficient, at a temperature sufficient, and a pH sufficient to form a reaction milieu comprising a combination composition having a bimodal or trimodal, respectively, distribution profile. For example, the dissolved batch of derivatized composition is added over a period of at least 30 minutes to the substituent precursor. The pH is monitored during the first 4 hours and the reaction is allowed to continue at 70 0C for at least an addition 16 hours. The reaction mixture is cooled and diluted with water (roughly one third the total reaction volume). The combination composition is optionally further purified to remove unwanted components and/or add wanted components. For example, the solution is further treated with carbon (0.07 gram of carbon /gram of cyclodextrin), neutralized with HCl between 6.0 to 6.5 and filtered through a 0.45 micron filter. The solution is purified by Ultrafiltration using a 650 MWCO membrane. The Ultrafiltration end point is determined by capillary electrophoresis wherein the filtrate showed no or substantially no presence of 4-Hydroxybutane-l- sulfonic acid and/or Disodium Bis (4- Sulfobutyl)Ether, and by Osmolality, wherein the permeate samples had little to no ion present. The solution is filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and neutralized (6.0 to 6.5). The resulting solution is concentrated to roughly a 50 % solution by Rotary evaporation at 50 to 60 0C under less than 30 mmHg vacuum. The solution is freeze dried to yield a SBE-α-CD white solid. EXAMPLE 22
Mixing of CD derivative compositions with an ADS of 4.1 and 6.6 [00197] The ADS for each of the chosen derivatized CDs was determine using the following formulas: CA = PAC x MT; IDS = (CA / SCA) x 100; ADS = Summation (IDS x peak number ) / 100, wherein CA = Corrected Area, PAC = Peak Area Count, MT = Migration Time, IDS = Individual Degree of Substitution, SCA = Summation of Corrected Area, ADS = Average Degree of Substitution. These values can be obtained using CE as described in example 19. From the ADS the molecular weight of the derivatized CD can then be determined. The water content for the chosen derivatized CDs were determined using the procedure described in example 18. With the molecular weight and water content, the mole mixtures can be prepared by weighing the appropriate amount of derivatized CDs in a vial with water in the following ratios
Figure imgf000063_0001
The derivatized CD mixtures are agitated until material is dissolved then are 0.2 micron filtered before use. FIG. 7 is the CE analysis of the sample mixtures following further dilution.
EXAMPLE 23
Mixing of CD derivative compositions having an ADS of 2.0 and 6.8
[00198] The ADS for each of the chosen derivatized CDs was determine using the following formulas: CA = PAC x MT; IDS = (CA / SCA) x 100; ADS = Summation (IDS x peak number ) / 100, wherein CA = Corrected Area, PAC = Peak Area Count, MT =
Migration Time, IDS = Individual Degree of Substitution, SCA = Summation of Corrected
Area, ADS = Average Degree of Substitution. These values can be obtained using CE as described in example 19. From the ADS the molecular weight of the derivatized CD can then be determined. The water content for the chosen derivatized CDs were determined using the procedure described in example 18. With the molecular weight and water content, the mole mixtures can be prepared by weighing the appropriate amount of derivatized CDs in a vial with water in the following ratios
Figure imgf000064_0001
The derivatized CD mixtures are agitated until material is dissolved then are 0.2 micron filtered before use. FIG. 8C is the CE analysis of the sample mixtures following further dilution.
EXAMPLE 24
Determination of CD substitution pattern by 1HNMR, 13CNMR, COSY NMR and HMQC on a Bruker Avance 400 or 500 instrument in D?O solutions. [00199] Determination of the substitution pattern is conducted according to the method of Example 6 of PCT International Publication No. WO 2005/042584 (PCT International Patent Application No. PCT/US2004/036097 filed October 29, 2004), the relevant disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
EXAMPLE 25
Combination composition comprising two different types of CD derivative compositions
[00200] A previously prepared first type of CD derivative composition is mixed with a previously prepared second type of CD derivative composition to form a combination composition. ADS of the first type of CD derivative composition is lower than the ADS of the second type of CD derivative composition. The mixing can be done in the presence or absence of a liquid carrier. The mixing can also be done in the presence or absence of a solid carrier. One or more excipients can be included with the first type of CD derivative composition, the second type of CD derivative composition and/or the combination composition. One or more active agents can be included in the combination composition. The combination composition can have a monomodal, bimodal, trimodal or multi-modal distribution profile.
[00201] The disclosures of the references cited herein are hereby incorporated in their entirety.
[00202] The above is a detailed description of particular embodiments of the invention. It will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims. All of the embodiments disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure.

Claims

1. A combination composition comprising a mixture of at least two different cyclodextrin derivative compositions, the mixture comprising: a) a first cyclodextrin derivative composition having a first average degree of substitution in the range of 1 to 10; and b) a second cyclodextrin derivative composition having a second average degree of substitution in the range of 3 to 12, wherein the first and second average degrees of substitution differ by at least 1, and the second average degree of substitution is higher than the first average degree of substitution.
2. The combination composition of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second cyclodextrin derivative compositions comprises plural individual cyclodextrin derivative species differing in individual degree of substitution.
3. The combination composition of any one of claims 1-2, wherein the average degree of substitution of the first composition differs from the average degree of substitution of the second composition by at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8.
4. The combination composition of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the first average degree of substitution is in the range of 1 to 6, and the second average degree of substitution is in the range of 5 to 12.
5. A combination composition comprising a mixture of at least two different cyclodextrin derivative compositions, the mixture comprising: a) a first cyclodextrin derivative composition comprising plural cyclodextrin derivative species, the composition having a first average degree of substitution in the range of 1 to 12; and b) a second cyclodextrin derivative composition consisting essentially of cyclodextrin derivative species having a single individual degree of substitution in the range of 1 to 12, wherein the first average degree of substitution differs from the individual degree of substitution by at least 1.
6. The combination composition of claim 5, wherein the first cyclodextrin derivative composition comprises plural individual cyclodextrin derivative species differing in individual degree of substitution.
7. The combination composition of any one of claims 5 or 6, wherein the IDS of the added CD derivative species is higher than the ADS of the first CD derivative composition.
8. The combination composition of any one of claims 5 or 6, wherein the IDS of the added CD derivative species is lower than the ADS of the first CD derivative composition.
9. The combination composition of any one of claims 5-8, wherein the average degree of substitution of the first composition differs from the individual degree of substitution of the second composition by at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8.
10. The combination composition of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the combination composition has been prepared by direct derivatization of an underivatized parent α, β, or γ-CD or a previously derivatized cyclodextrin.
11. The combination composition of any one of claims 1-9 or 47-52, wherein the combination composition has been prepared by mixing a previously prepared first CD derivative composition with a previously prepared second CD derivative composition.
12. An active combination composition comprising one or more active agents and a combination composition according to any one of claims 1-11 or 47-52.
13. The active combination composition of claim 12, wherein the active agent is a therapeutically effective active agent.
14. The active combination composition of claim 12 or 13, wherein the composition is formulated as a liquid, solid, suspension, colloid, pellet, bead, granule, film, powder, gel, cream, ointment, paste, stick, tablet, capsule, osmotic device, dispersion, emulsion, or patch.
15. A method of treating, preventing, curing, ameliorating, relieving, reducing the occurrence of, diagnosing, or reducing the frequency of a symptom, disease, or disorder that is therapeutically responsive to one or more therapeutically effective agents, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an active combination composition according to any one of claims 12-14.
16. A method of preparing a combination composition, the method comprising: a) providing a first cyclodextrin derivative composition having a first average degree of substitution and comprising plural cyclodextrin derivatives species differing in individual degree of substitution; b) providing a second cyclodextrin derivative composition having a second average degree of substitution and comprising plural cyclodextrin derivatives species differing in individual degree of substitution, wherein the second average degree of substitution is higher than the first average degree of substitution by at least one; and c) combining the first cyclodextrin derivative composition with the second cyclodextrin derivative composition, thereby forming the combination composition.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the molar ratio of first CD derivative composition to second CD derivative composition ranges from 95:5 to 5:95, from 90:10 to 10:90, from 75:25 to 25:75, or from 2:1 to 1:2, or approximates 1:1.
18. The method of any one of claims 16-17, wherein each of the first and second cyclodextrin derivative compositions comprises plural individual cyclodextrin derivative species differing in individual degree of substitution.
19. The method of any one of claims 16-18, wherein the average degree of substitution of the first composition differs from the average degree of substitution of the second composition by at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8.
20. The method of any one of claims 16-19, wherein the first average degree of substitution is in the range of 1 to 6, and the second average degree of substitution is in the range of 5 to 12.
21. A method of preparing a combination composition, the method comprising: providing a first liquid composition comprising substituent precursor; providing an alkaline second liquid composition comprising underivatized or derivatized cyclodextrin; and adding the second liquid composition to the first liquid composition for a period of time sufficient, at a temperature sufficient and at a solution pH sufficient to permit formation of a milieu comprising a combination composition having a bimodal, trimodal or multi-modal substitution profile.
22. The method of claim 21 further comprising processing the milieu to remove undesired components.
23. The method of claim 21 or 22, wherein the second liquid composition is added portionwise, dropwise, semi-continuously or continuously to the first liquid composition.
24. The method of any one of claims 21-23, wherein both the first and second liquid compositions are alkaline.
25. The method of any one of claims 21-24, wherein the temperature sufficient is from 25° to 80° C.
26. The method of any one of claims 21-25, wherein the second liquid composition is added to the first liquid composition over a period of at least 5 minutes to a period of up to 120 minutes.
27. The method of any one of claims 21-26, wherein the second liquid composition comprises an alkalizing agent present at a molar ratio of 6 to 12 mole of alkalizing agent per mole of cyclodextrin.
28. The method of any one of claims 21-27, wherein the first liquid composition comprises an alkalizing agent present at a molar ratio of 0 to 4 moles of alkalizing agent per mole of cyclodextrin.
29. The method of any one of claims 21-28, wherein the temperature of the first liquid composition and the second liquid composition is independently from 25° to 80° C prior to the step of adding.
30. The invention of any one of claims 1-29 or 47-52, wherein the combination composition is water soluble.
31. The invention of any one of claims 1-30 or 47-52, wherein the combination composition further comprises one or more excipients.
32. The invention of claim 31, wherein the one or more excipients is selected from the group consisting of a conventional preservative, antifoaming agent, antioxidant, buffering agent, acidifying agent, alkalizing agent, bulking agent, colorant, complexation-enhancing agent, cryoprotectant, electrolyte, glucose, emulsifying agent, oil, plasticizer, solubility-enhancing agent, stabilizer, tonicity modifier, flavor, sweetener, adsorbent, antiadherent, binder, diluent, direct compression excipient, disintegrant, glidant, lubricant, opaquant, polishing agent, complexing agent, and fragrance.
33. The invention of any one of claims 1-32 or 47-52, wherein the combination composition has a monomodal distribution profile.
34. The invention of any one of claims 1-32 or 47-52, wherein the combination composition has a bimodal or trimodal distribution profile.
35. The invention of any one of claims 1-34 or 47-52, wherein the first and/or second CD derivative composition comprises a SAE-CD compound, or mixture of compounds, of the Formula 1 :
Figure imgf000070_0001
Formula 1 wherein: p is 4, 5 or 6;
R1 is independently selected at each occurrence from -OH or -SAET;
-SAE is a -0-(C2 - C6 alkylene)-SO3~ group, wherein at least one SAE is independently a -
0-(C2 - Ce alkylene)-SO3 ~ group, preferably a -O-(CH2)gSθ3 ~ group, wherein g is 2 to 6, preferably 2 to 4, (6^.-OCH2CH2CH2SO3 " Or-OCH2CH2CH2CH2SO3 ); and T is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable cations; provided that at least one R1 is a hydroxyl moiety and at least one R1 is -SAET.
36. The invention of any one of claims 1-35, wherein the first and/or second CD derivative composition comprises an AE-CD compound, or mixture of compounds, of the Formula 2:
Figure imgf000071_0001
Formula 2 wherein: m is 4, 5 or 6; R is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of -OH and AE; and
AE is -0(C1-CO alkyl); provided that at least one R is -OH; and at least one AE is present.
37. The invention of any one of claims 1-36 or 47-52, wherein the first and/or second CD derivative composition comprises a HAE-CD compound, or mixture of compounds, of the Formula 3:
Figure imgf000071_0002
Formula 3 wherein: v is 4, 5 or 6; and Q is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of -OH, and
HAE; and HAE is HO(C1-C6 alkyl)-O-, provided that at least one -HAE moiety is present.
38. The invention of any one of claims 1-36 or 47-52, wherein the first and/or second CD derivative composition comprises a SAE-AE-CD compound, or mixture of compounds, of the Formula 4:
Figure imgf000072_0001
Formula 4 wherein:
"v" is 4, 5 or 6; and "A" is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of -OH,
-SAET and -AE; x is the degree of substitution for the SAET moiety and is 1 to 3v + 5; y is the degree of substitution for the AE moiety and is 1 to 3v + 5; -SAE is -0-(C2 - C6 alkylene)-SO3 " ; T is independently at each occurrence a cation; and AE is -0(C1-C3 alkyl); provided that at least one -SAET moiety and at least one -AE moiety are present; and the sum of x, y and the total number of -OH groups in a cyclodextrin derivative is 3v+6.
39. The invention of any one of claims 1-38 or 47-52, wherein the cyclodextrin derivative compositions comprise the same type of substituent.
40. The invention of claim 39, wherein the substituents of the first and second cyclodextrin derivative compositions comprise similar alkylene (alkyl) radicals.
41. The invention of any one of claims 1-38 or 47-52, wherein the cyclodextrin derivative compositions comprise different types of substituents.
42. The invention of claim 41, wherein the substituents of the first and second cyclodextrin derivative compositions comprise different alkylene (alkyl) radicals.
43. The invention of any one of claims 1-42 or 47-52, wherein the primary distribution of substituents in the CD derivative compositions is C3>C2>C6.
44. The invention of any one of claims 1-42 or 47-52, wherein the primary distribution of substituents in the CD derivative compositions is C2>C3>C6.
45. The invention of any one of claims 1-44 or 47-52, wherein more than half of the hydroxyl moieties of the first and/or second cyclodextrin derivative compositions are derivatized.
46. The invention of any one of claims 1-44 or 47-52, wherein half or less than half of the hydroxyl moieties of the first and/or second cyclodextrin derivative compositions are derivatized.
47. A combination composition comprising: a. a first CD derivative composition having a first ADS and a second CD derivative composition having a second ADS, wherein the first CD derivative composition comprises a first type of CD derivative selected from the group consisting of SAE- CD, HAE-CD, AE-CD, SAE-AE-CD, neutral CD, anionic CD, cationic CD, Halo derivatized CD, amino derivatized CD, nitrile derivatized CD, aldehyde derivatized CD, carboxylate derivatized CD, sulfate derivatized CD, sulfonate derivatized CD, mercapto derivatized CD, alkylamino derivatized CD, and succinyl derivatized CD; and b. a second derivative composition comprising a second type of CD derivative selected from the group consisting of SAE-CD, HAE-CD, AE-CD, SAE-AE-CD neutral CD, anionic CD, cationic CD, Halo derivatized CD, amino derivatized CD, nitrile derivatized CD, aldehyde derivatized CD, carboxylate derivatized CD, sulfate derivatized CD, sulfonate derivatized CD, mercapto derivatized CD, alkylamino derivatized CD, and succinyl derivatized CD; wherein the first ADS is lower than the second ADS.
48. The invention of claim 47, wherein the first type of CD derivative and the second type of CD derivative are the same type of CD derivative.
49. The invention of claim 47, wherein the first type of CD derivative and the second type of CD derivative are different types of CD derivatives.
50. The combination composition of any one of claims 47-49, wherein each of the first and second cyclodextrin derivative compositions comprises plural individual cyclodextrin derivative species differing in individual degree of substitution.
51. The combination composition of any one of claims 47-50, wherein the average degree of substitution of the first composition differs from the average degree of substitution of the second composition by at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8.
52. The combination composition of any one of claims 47-51, wherein the first average degree of substitution is in the range of 1 to 6, and the second average degree of substitution is in the range of 5 to 12.
53. A method of improving the performance of a first cyclodextrin derivative composition comprising adding a second cyclodextrin derivative composition to the first cyclodextrin derivative composition thereby forming a combination composition of the invention, the combination composition exhibiting enhanced performance over the first cyclodextrin derivative composition.
54. An active combination composition comprising: a) one or more active agents; b) a first cyclodextrin derivative composition having a first binding constant for the one or more active agents; and b) a second cyclodextrin derivative composition having a second binding constant for the one or more active agents, wherein the second binding constant is at least two-fold, at least three-fold, at least four-fold, at least five fold, at least ten-fold, at least twenty- fold, at least fifty-fold, at least 100-fold, at least 500- fold, at least 1000-fold higher than the first binding constant.
55. The active combination composition of claim 54 possessing enhanced performance over an active composition comprising the one or more active agents and just one of the two cyclodextrin derivative compositions.
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