WO2009009146A1 - Gluten-free baked products and methods of preparation of same - Google Patents
Gluten-free baked products and methods of preparation of same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2009009146A1 WO2009009146A1 PCT/US2008/008565 US2008008565W WO2009009146A1 WO 2009009146 A1 WO2009009146 A1 WO 2009009146A1 US 2008008565 W US2008008565 W US 2008008565W WO 2009009146 A1 WO2009009146 A1 WO 2009009146A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- gluten
- viscosity
- batter
- free
- ero
- Prior art date
Links
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A21—BAKING; EDIBLE DOUGHS
- A21D—TREATMENT, e.g. PRESERVATION, OF FLOUR OR DOUGH, e.g. BY ADDITION OF MATERIALS; BAKING; BAKERY PRODUCTS; PRESERVATION THEREOF
- A21D8/00—Methods for preparing or baking dough
- A21D8/06—Baking processes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A21—BAKING; EDIBLE DOUGHS
- A21D—TREATMENT, e.g. PRESERVATION, OF FLOUR OR DOUGH, e.g. BY ADDITION OF MATERIALS; BAKING; BAKERY PRODUCTS; PRESERVATION THEREOF
- A21D13/00—Finished or partly finished bakery products
- A21D13/04—Products made from materials other than rye or wheat flour
- A21D13/043—Products made from materials other than rye or wheat flour from tubers, e.g. manioc or potato
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A21—BAKING; EDIBLE DOUGHS
- A21D—TREATMENT, e.g. PRESERVATION, OF FLOUR OR DOUGH, e.g. BY ADDITION OF MATERIALS; BAKING; BAKERY PRODUCTS; PRESERVATION THEREOF
- A21D10/00—Batters, dough or mixtures before baking
- A21D10/002—Dough mixes; Baking or bread improvers; Premixes
- A21D10/005—Solid, dry or compact materials; Granules; Powders
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A21—BAKING; EDIBLE DOUGHS
- A21D—TREATMENT, e.g. PRESERVATION, OF FLOUR OR DOUGH, e.g. BY ADDITION OF MATERIALS; BAKING; BAKERY PRODUCTS; PRESERVATION THEREOF
- A21D10/00—Batters, dough or mixtures before baking
- A21D10/04—Batters
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A21—BAKING; EDIBLE DOUGHS
- A21D—TREATMENT, e.g. PRESERVATION, OF FLOUR OR DOUGH, e.g. BY ADDITION OF MATERIALS; BAKING; BAKERY PRODUCTS; PRESERVATION THEREOF
- A21D13/00—Finished or partly finished bakery products
- A21D13/04—Products made from materials other than rye or wheat flour
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A21—BAKING; EDIBLE DOUGHS
- A21D—TREATMENT, e.g. PRESERVATION, OF FLOUR OR DOUGH, e.g. BY ADDITION OF MATERIALS; BAKING; BAKERY PRODUCTS; PRESERVATION THEREOF
- A21D13/00—Finished or partly finished bakery products
- A21D13/04—Products made from materials other than rye or wheat flour
- A21D13/047—Products made from materials other than rye or wheat flour from cereals other than rye or wheat, e.g. rice
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A21—BAKING; EDIBLE DOUGHS
- A21D—TREATMENT, e.g. PRESERVATION, OF FLOUR OR DOUGH, e.g. BY ADDITION OF MATERIALS; BAKING; BAKERY PRODUCTS; PRESERVATION THEREOF
- A21D13/00—Finished or partly finished bakery products
- A21D13/06—Products with modified nutritive value, e.g. with modified starch content
- A21D13/064—Products with modified nutritive value, e.g. with modified starch content with modified protein content
- A21D13/066—Gluten-free products
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A21—BAKING; EDIBLE DOUGHS
- A21D—TREATMENT, e.g. PRESERVATION, OF FLOUR OR DOUGH, e.g. BY ADDITION OF MATERIALS; BAKING; BAKERY PRODUCTS; PRESERVATION THEREOF
- A21D13/00—Finished or partly finished bakery products
- A21D13/40—Products characterised by the type, form or use
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A21—BAKING; EDIBLE DOUGHS
- A21D—TREATMENT, e.g. PRESERVATION, OF FLOUR OR DOUGH, e.g. BY ADDITION OF MATERIALS; BAKING; BAKERY PRODUCTS; PRESERVATION THEREOF
- A21D13/00—Finished or partly finished bakery products
- A21D13/40—Products characterised by the type, form or use
- A21D13/44—Pancakes or crêpes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A21—BAKING; EDIBLE DOUGHS
- A21D—TREATMENT, e.g. PRESERVATION, OF FLOUR OR DOUGH, e.g. BY ADDITION OF MATERIALS; BAKING; BAKERY PRODUCTS; PRESERVATION THEREOF
- A21D13/00—Finished or partly finished bakery products
- A21D13/40—Products characterised by the type, form or use
- A21D13/41—Pizzas
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
Definitions
- Gluten is a protein complex found in the triticeae tribe of grains, which includes wheat, barley and rye.
- the gluten content in wheat flour provides desirable organoleptic properties, such as texture and taste, to innumerable bakery and other food products.
- Gluten also provides the processing qualities familiar to both the home baker as well as the commercial food manufacturer. In short, gluten is considered by many to be the "heart and soul" of bakery and other food products.
- celiac disease is characterized by inflammation, villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia in the intestine.
- the mucosa of the proximal small intestine is damaged by an immune response to gluten peptides that are resistant to digestive enzymes. This damage interferes with the body's ability to absorb vital nutrients such as proteins, carbohydrates, fat, vitamins, minerals, and in some cases, even water and bile salts. If left untreated, celiac disease increases the risk of other disorders, such as anemia, osteoporosis, short stature, infertility and neurological problems, and has been associated with increased rates of cancer and other autoimmune disorders.
- a gluten-free diet is the mainstay of safe and effective treatment of celiac disease.
- People who are gluten-intolerant or gluten sensitive which may include people diagnosed with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, dermatitis herpetiformis, or autism, are sometimes recommended or prescribed to follow a gluten-free diet.
- some people experience an IgE-mediated response or allergy to wheat protein.
- the present invention provides an ingredient delivery system comprising a dry, gluten-free baking mix that when processed to form a batter and baked in an oven forms a bakery product has a peak viscosity of 34 cP to 4200 cP, and a 2nd minimum viscosity of 34 cP to 4789 cP.
- a dry, gluten-free baking mix that when processed to form a batter and baked in an oven forms a bakery product has a peak viscosity of 34 cP to 4200 cP, and a 2nd minimum viscosity of 34 cP to 4789 cP.
- gluten-free is defined herein to mean that a food bearing this claim in its labeling does not contain any one of the following:
- prohibited grain is defined herein to mean any one of the following grains:
- the bakery product further has a minimum viscosity of 33 cP to 263 cP. In certain embodiments, the bakery product further has a minimum viscosity range of 14°C to 60 0 C. In certain embodiments, the bakery product further has a temperature at minimum viscosity of 24°C to 96°C. In certain embodiments, the bakery product further has a temperature at peak viscosity of 77°C to 101 0 C. In certain embodiments, the bakery product further has a temperature at second minimum viscosity of 90 0 C to 105 0 C. In certain embodiments, the bakery product further has an absolute solubility of 37°C to 41 0 C.
- the bakery product further has an absolute gelatinization of 67°C to 91 0 C. In certain embodiments, the bakery product further has an absolute set-back of 103 0 C to 129°C. In certain embodiments, the bakery product further has a set-back rate of -340 cP/°C to -20 cP/°C. In certain embodiments, the bakery product further has a gelatinization rate of 130 cP/°C to 570 cP/°C. In certain embodiments, the bakery product further has a solubility rate of -240 cP/°C to -60 cP/°C.
- the bakery product is a cake, muffin, pancake or waffle.
- the bakery product is wheat-free.
- the term “wheat-free” means that the food bearing this claim does not contain wheat or any species belonging to the genus Triticum.
- the bakery product is dairy-free.
- the term “dairy-free” and “milk-free” mean that the food does not contain milk or milk-derived ingredients that can cause milk allergy, milk protein allergy, or lactose intolerance.
- the bakery product is milk-free.
- the present invention provides a method of producing a gluten-free bakery product comprising processing an ingredient delivery system comprising a dry, gluten- free baking mix to form a batter and baking the batter in an oven to form a bakery product has a peak viscosity of 34 cP to 4200 cP, and a 2nd minimum viscosity of 34 cP to 4789 cP.
- the oven that is used is an electrical resistance oven (ERO).
- the present invention provides a gluten-free cake made by baking a gluten-free batter in an electrical resistance oven (ERO) such that the bakery product has a peak viscosity of 34 cP to 4200 cP, and a 2 nd minimum viscosity of 34 cP to 4780 cP.
- ERO electrical resistance oven
- the present invention provides method of monitoring quality of a bakery product comprising baking a gluten-free batter in an electrical resistance oven (ERO), measuring the peak viscosity and 2 nd minimum viscosity of the bakery product to determine if the bakery product has a peak viscosity of 34 cP to 4200 cP, and a 2 nd minimum viscosity of 34 cP to 4780 cP.
- ERO electrical resistance oven
- the present invention provides a method for making a gluten-free product, which involves the steps of: (a) combining gluten-free ingredients to make a gluten-free test batter; (b) performing an electrical resistance evaluation of the gluten-free test batter comprising identification of an acceptable minimum viscosity; (c) preparing a second gluten-free batter, wherein levels of the gluten-free ingredients are optimized based on the electrical resistance evaluation; and (d) heating the second gluten-free batter to prepare the gluten-free product.
- the present invention provides product made by (a) combining gluten-free ingredients to make a gluten-free test batter; (b) performing an electrical resistance evaluation of the gluten-free test batter comprising identification of an acceptable minimum viscosity; (c) preparing a second gluten-free batter, wherein levels of the gluten-free ingredients are optimized based on the electrical resistance evaluation; and (d) heating the second gluten-free batter to prepare the gluten-free product.
- Fig. 1 ERO curve of batter described in AACC 10-90, 270 ml water, 50% variac setting.
- Fig. 7. A typical Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) curve.
- Fig. 8. Electrical resistance oven profile showing the parameter origins.
- Fig. 9 Minimum viscosity temperature range in relation to cake volume.
- Fig. 10 Temperature at minimum viscosity in relation to 24 hour springiness.
- Fig. 15 Absolute gelatinization in relation to 24 hour cohesiveness.
- Fig. 20 Temperature at peak viscosity in relation to 24 hour resilience.
- Fig. 21 Second minimum viscosity in relation to 24 hour resilience.
- Fig. 22 ERO curve of Pillsbury Moist Supreme Classic White Cake.
- Fig. 23 ERO curve of Authentic Foods Gluten-free Vanilla Cake Mix.
- Fig. 24 Example of acceptable cake (1.0 xanthan, 28% liquids).
- Fig. 25 ERO curve corresponding to acceptable cake shown in Fig. 24.
- Fig. 34 ERO curve for White Cake.
- gluten replacement therefore, provides a difficult challenge to the food manufacturer. This is due to the multi-faceted role that gluten plays as an ingredient in a vast array of food products.
- One possible approach to making gluten-free food products is to remove the gluten from the gluten-containing ingredients. Examples of gluten-removing technologies are as follows:
- Enzyme treatments such as enzyme-assisted hydrolysis
- gluten may not be completely removed from the ingredients, resulting in levels of gluten which may be unacceptably high for patients with celiac disease.
- the removal of gluten from some ingredients may result in the removal of the functional polymers that these ingredients require in order to bring structure to food products.
- the expense associated with removing gluten from gluten-containing ingredients on a commercial scale may result in food product prices that are unacceptably high for consumers.
- extraction solvents and solutions are not safe for human consumption.
- extraction solvents and solutions that are safe for human consumption may leave unpleasant flavors or aromas in the food ingredients, or may lead to other unwanted results.
- the incomplete removal of ethanol could depress yeast activity, and the changes in pH caused by certain extraction solvents or solutions could affect gelatinization temperatures.
- a typical method for making gluten- free food products consists of using only ingredients derived from gluten-free starting materials.
- a bakery product may be made using a flour derived from a gluten-free food source, such as garbanzo beans, rather than a flour derived from a gluten-containing grain, such as wheat.
- gluten-free flours examples include as follows: amaranth flour, arrowroot flour, brown rice flour, buckwheat flour, corn flour, cornmeal, garbanzo bean flour, garfava flour (a flour produced by Authentic Foods which is made from a combination of garbanzo beans and fava beans), millet flour, potato flour, quinoa flour, Romano bean flour, sorghum flour, soy flour, sweet rice flour, tapioca flour, teff flour, and white rice flour.
- this is not a comprehensive list of all flours that may be used to make gluten-free bakery products. Frequently, different gluten-free flours are combined to make a bakery product.
- Examples of other possible ingredients in gluten- free bakery products, besides gluten-free flours, are as follows: starches, including potato starch and cornstarch; gums, including xanthan gum and guar gum; gelatin; eggs; egg replacers; sweeteners, including sugars, molasses, and honey; salt; yeast; chemical leavening agents, including baking powder and baking soda; fats, including margarine and butter; oils, including vegetable oil; vinegar; dough enhancer; dairy products, including milk, powdered milk, and yogurt; soy milk; nut ingredients, including almond meal, nut milk, and nut meats; seeds, including flaxseed, poppy seeds, and sesame seeds; fruit and vegetable ingredients, including fruit puree and fruit juice; and flavorings, including rye flavor powder, vanilla, cocoa powder, and cinnamon.
- starches including potato starch and cornstarch
- gums including xanthan gum and guar gum
- gelatin eggs
- egg replacers sweeteners
- sweeteners including sugars,
- the present invention is directed to preparing gluten-free batter-based products, such as cakes and muffins, that do not result in the brittle, crumbly or dense structure, low baked volume, poor symmetry, or less than optimal sensory qualities of typical gluten- free batter-based products, and are essentially the equivalent of conventional, wheat-containing batter-based products.
- the present invention utilizes an electrical resistance heating method for the heating of batter-based products as a means to optimize gluten-free batter based products having excellent textural and other properties.
- the preparation of high quality, good tasting products that are comparable to their gluten-containing counterparts is possible.
- the gluten-free products made in accordance with the present invention are useful for the treatment of celiac disease, and are safe for consumption by those with a gluten- intolerant disorder, by those who in general have a gluten intolerance, allergy or sensitivity, or by those who have been placed on or choose to follow a gluten-free diet for medical or non-medical reasons.
- Gluten is a cohesive protein mass containing primarily two groups of protein subunits - the lower molecular weight monomelic gliadins, having a molecular weight of between about 30,000 to about 125,000, and the higher molecular weight polymeric glutenins, having a molecular weight of between about 100,000 to 3,000,000 or higher.
- Gluten contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids, giving the protein mass both properties. Upon hydration, gliadins are viscous and extensible - they flow with gravity. As a result, gliadins are often considered plasticizers. Glutenins, on the other hand, upon hydration become very elastic, that is, they have a memory and are capable of returning to the original shape or approximately the original shape following deformation. This combination of properties of gluten imparts the cohesive and viscoelastic properties of a dough containing gluten, and provides gas- holding properties beneficial for successfully making many bakery products.
- the protein composition of gluten also includes both ordered and random regions, short and long chain proteins, and linear and branched chains. This combination of opposing properties makes gluten an important component of the manufacturing and final qualities of bakery products, and is why it has been so difficult to replace gluten with other ingredients and still produce a suitable final bakery product.
- batter-based products begin with wheat flour.
- soft wheat flour which has a lower protein content and produces a weaker gluten matrix than hard wheat flour, is used to provide the desired texture to batter-based products, such as cakes.
- the wheat flour and other dry ingredients are mixed with a liquid, such as water, and the continued mixing of the batter creates gas cells in the batter.
- a liquid such as water
- the formation and retention of gas cells in the batter during mixing is critical to the fineness of the grain of, for example, a cake, it is important that the gas cells are suitably formed and distributed, and do not coalesce or migrate while preparing and processing the batter.
- Major factors important to the creation and stability of gas cells in a batter include air incorporation during mixing, batter viscosity, batter density (i.e., the amount of air incorporated into the batter), and emulsification.
- gluten has a very significant effect on water absorption and consequently initial batter viscosity and batter viscosity during baking.
- the starch contained in the wheat flour also plays a major role because it has a primary effect on setting the structure during baking and cooling.
- Conventional wheat starch is usually contaminated with gluten and hence is not useable in gluten- free baked product formulations.
- Gluten-free wheat starch such as Codex wheat starch, is quite expensive and difficult to obtain in large quantities, adding to the cost of the resulting product. Furthermore, there are some people who are intolerant even to Codex wheat starch and cannot safely consume products that are labeled "gluten-free" but contain Codex wheat starch.
- the present invention is directed to the use of electrical resistance heating to optimize gluten-free batter based products.
- Electrical resistance ovens can be manufactured according to the specifications provided in the following journal articles: Cereal Chemistry, volume 63:67 (1986), and Cereal Chemistry, volume 67(6):575 (1990).
- An electrical resistance oven, or "ERO" utilizes the electrolytic properties of a batter or dough to conduct an electrical charge through the mass. The resistance of the batter or dough to conducting this charge generates heat and thus the batter or dough can be baked uniformly instead of from the outside in as in a conventional oven.
- Viscosity versus temperature curves can be generated that can be used to very efficiently develop an optimal product.
- a typical curve demonstrating the effects of using an ERO with a wheat flour batter appears in Fig 1. Viscosity declines in the initial phase of the curves generated, reaches a minimum value, and then rises due to events such as gelatinization of the starch and coagulation of heat coaguable proteins. ERO curves for wheat flour- based cakes are described in Cereal Chemistry, volume 67(6):575 (1990).
- the present invention is directed to the application of ERO technology to the development of gluten free cakes and other batter-based products, and contemplates the use of electrical resistance heating to the preparation of other gluten-free products, such as dough-based products.
- Parameters derived from these curves that appear to be important include minimum viscosity, temperature of setting (i.e., where viscosity begins to rise from the minimum), and the rate of cooling after the ERO is shut off.
- ERO technology can be used as a quality assurance system to monitor the consistency of products being made on a commercial scale. For example, a sample of a dry mix can be made into a test batter, then subjected to ERO analysis to assure that the viscosity profile of the batter upon ERO heating meets the desired parameters. If modifications are needed to achieve the targeted viscosity profile, the levels of the dry mix ingredients can be adjusted to meet the viscosity parameters. In this way, formulation of the bulk dry mix can be adjusted as needed before the dry mix is distributed or used.
- ERO ERO to make gluten- free products traditionally made with dough
- the present invention can be used to optimize the preparation of gluten- free dough products. Examples include, but are not limited to, bread, rolls, pizza, and the like.
- the present invention may also be used to optimize gluten- containing batters and doughs.
- a gluten-free cake was produced in accordance with the present invention.
- the gluten-free cake was made from a batter comprising approximately 26% liquids.
- Table 1 Ingredients of a Gluten-Free Batter Comprising Approximately 26% Liquids
- the dry ingredients were mixed for two minutes on setting 1 (low speed). Shortening and liquid ingredients were added to the dry ingredients. The resulting mixture was mixed for one minute on setting 1 , then for two minutes on setting 2 using a Hobart N-50 mixer. Batter was then scraped down from the sides of the bowl, and the batter was mixed for two additional minutes on setting 2. Approximately 37Og of batter were poured into an 8-inch round pan. The batter was then baked in a conventional oven at 350 0 F for 25 minutes.
- the resulting cake exhibited some voids and surface irregularities.
- the cake did not have a gum layer.
- the height of the cake was measured according to the following procedure.
- the cake was sliced in half.
- the height of the cake was then measured along the cut edge of each half of the cake, at points A, B, C, D, and E, according to the American
- AACC Association of Cereal Chemists
- Points A, B, C, D, and E correspond to points on the 8-inch layer cake-measuring template associated with AACC Method 10-91.
- Point C is the midpoint of the cake; points A and E are the endpoints of the cake; and points B and D are located on either side of the midpoint of the cake, between the midpoint and the edge.
- a volume index, uniformity index, and symmetry index can be calculated. It is generally preferable to have a higher volume index, and lower (close to 0) uniformity and symmetry indices.
- Table 2 Height Measurements of a Cake Made from a Gluten-Free Batter Comprising Approximately 26% Liquids
- a sample of batter made according to the formula of Table 1 was baked in an electrical resistance oven ("ERO"). The batter was heated, and its temperature and viscosity measured, for 50 minutes, starting at 21.2°C and ending at 99.3°C. It was subsequently cooled, and its temperature and viscosity measured, for 35 minutes to 79.9°C.
- ERO electrical resistance oven
- Fig. 2 shows the ERO curve of the viscosity of the batter versus temperature.
- This ERO curve was generated from data collected as the batter was heated and cooled in the ERO.
- the minimum viscosity of the ERO curve was 216.4 centipoise (cP). This minimum viscosity occurred when the temperature of the batter was 66.7°C.
- the temperature at the onset of the minimum of the curve was 40 0 C, while the temperature at the departure from the minimum of the curve was 76°C.
- the viscosity increased, reaching a peak viscosity of 2155 cP at 84.2°C. This increase in viscosity may correspond to starch gelatinization and/or denaturation of the egg albumin.
- a gluten-free cake was produced in accordance with the present invention.
- the gluten-free cake was made from a batter comprising approximately 28% liquids.
- Table 3 Ingredients of a Gluten-Free Batter Comprising Approximately 28% Liquids The dry ingredients were mixed for two minutes on setting 1 (low speed). Shortening and liquid ingredients were added to the dry ingredients. The resulting mixture was mixed for one minute on setting 1, then for two minutes on setting 2. Batter was then scraped down from the sides of the bowl, and the batter was mixed for two additional minutes on setting 2. Approximately 37Og of batter was poured into an 8-inch round pan. The batter was then baked in a conventional oven at 350 0 F for 25 minutes. A photograph of the resulting cake, after it was sliced in half, is shown in Fig. 3.
- a sample of batter made according to the formula of Table 3 was baked in an ERO.
- the batter was heated, and its temperature and viscosity measured, for 46 minutes, starting at 21.2 0 C and ending at 99.3 0 C. It was subsequently cooled, and its temperature and viscosity measured, for 28 minutes to 79.9°C.
- Fig. 4 shows the ERO curve of the viscosity of the batter versus temperature. This ERO curve was generated from data collected as the batter was heated and cooled in the ERO. The minimum viscosity of the ERO curve was 186 cP. This minimum viscosity occurred when the temperature of the batter was from 63°C to 66°C. An increase in viscosity occurred at a temperature of approximately 80 0 C. This increase in viscosity may correspond to starch gelatinization and/or denaturation of the egg albumin.
- Another gluten-free cake was made in accordance with the present invention, using the same formula (see Table 3) and procedure.
- the cake was baked in a conventional oven.
- the resulting cake exhibited some voids and surface irregularities.
- the cake did not have a gum layer.
- the height of the cake was measured according to the procedure discussed in Example 1. The measurements are provided in Table 4.
- Table 4 Height Measurements of a Cake Made from a Gluten-Free Batter Comprising Approximately 28% Liquids
- FIG. 5 shows the ERO curve of the viscosity of the batter versus temperature. This ERO curve was generated from data collected as the batter was heated and cooled in the ERO. The minimum viscosity of the ERO curve was 196.5 cP. This minimum viscosity occurred when the temperature of the batter was from 56°C to 66°C.
- the temperature at the onset of the minimum of the curve was 41 0 C, while the temperature at the departure from the minimum of the curve was 75°C.
- the viscosity increased, reaching a peak viscosity of 2588 cP at 84.8°C. This increase in viscosity may correspond to starch gelatinization and/or denaturation of the egg albumin.
- a gluten-free cake was produced in accordance with the present invention.
- the gluten-free cake was made from a batter comprising approximately 31% liquids.
- Table 5 Ingredients of a Gluten-Free Batter Comprising Approximately 31% Liquids
- the dry ingredients were mixed for two minutes on setting 1 (low speed). Shortening and liquid ingredients were added to the dry ingredients. The resulting mixture was mixed for one minute on setting 1, then for two minutes on setting 2. Batter was then scraped down from the sides of the bowl, and the batter was mixed for two additional minutes on setting 2. Approximately 37Og of batter were poured into an 8 -inch round pan. The batter was then baked in a conventional oven at 350 0 F for 25 minutes.
- the resulting cake had a lower volume than the cakes of the previous examples.
- the cake exhibited some voids and surface irregularities.
- the cake had a slight gum layer.
- the height of the cake was measured according to the procedure described in Example 1. The measurements are provided in Table 6.
- a sample of batter made according to the formula of Table 5 was baked in an ERO.
- the batter was heated, and its temperature and viscosity measured, for 45 minutes, starting at 21.2°C and ending at 99.3°C. It was subsequently cooled, and its temperature and viscosity measured, for 25 minutes to 79.2°C.
- Fig. 6 shows the ERO curve of the viscosity of the batter versus temperature.
- This ERO curve was generated from data collected as the batter was heated and cooled in the ERO.
- the minimum viscosity of the ERO curve was 142 cP. This minimum viscosity occurred when the temperature of the batter was from 49.4 0 C to 52.1 0 C.
- the temperature at the onset of the minimum of the curve was 41 0 C, while the temperature at the departure from the minimum of the curve was 7O 0 C.
- the viscosity increased, reaching a peak viscosity of 1984 cP at 80.3 0 C. This increase in viscosity may correspond to starch gelatinization and/or denaturation of the egg albumin.
- the gluten-free cake formulation set forth in Table 3 was used as a center point from which a factorial design was performed based on xanthan gum, starch type and liquid concentrations. Xanthan gum concentrations of 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 bakers' per cent and liquid concentrations of 27, 28 and 29 total per cent were used. Liquid level is defined as the total percentage of the combined amounts of water and eggs in the formula. Liquid levels in this design were altered by adjusting water additions only. Two sources of starch were used in this study, tapioca and wheat starch.
- the finished batter weight for each formulation was 1750 grams, providing enough batter to bake two conventional cakes in eight inch round baking pans (370 grams batter each) and one ERO cake, for each formulation.
- the conventional cakes were baked in a conventional oven at 350 degrees Fahrenheit for 25 minutes.
- the ERO cakes were baked in an ERO at a Variac setting of 60% of full electrical output until internal temperature reached about 100 0 C.
- the Variac setting was kept constant throughout the bakes of the ERO cakes.
- the heating profile changed with the formulation because ERO baking is based on resistive heating, and current is conveyed differently through thick and thin batters.
- the batter was heated, and its temperature and viscosity measured, for about 30-60 minutes, starting at about 20 0 C and ending at about 100 0 C. It was subsequently cooled, and its temperature and viscosity measured, for about 25-35 minutes to about 80 0 C.
- a texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro System, Scarsdale, NY) was used to conduct TPA on the conventional cakes.
- the texture analyzer was equipped with a five kg load cell and a round two inch diameter compression platen probe.
- the cakes were sliced in half producing two half circles, one cake half was stored in a plastic bag for 24 hours while the other half was used to determine initial texture.
- the cake halves were cut horizontality to a height of 3 A of an inch exposing the top crumb structure.
- a 1.5 inch diameter "cookie cutter” was used to remove three cylinders from each cake half.
- To perform the TPA a "cake crumb cylinder" was placed under the probe and was compressed to 50% of its original height at a constant speed of 1 mm/s. After the initial compression, the probe retracted 5 mm off the cake followed by a second compression to 50% of the original height.
- a typical TPA curve is shown in Figure 7. From a TPA curve various texture parameters can be directly obtained or calculated. The parameters were obtained using the methods of Bourne (Food Technology, volume 32(7):62-66 (1978)1. The obtained parameters include: hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, resilience, gumminess and chewiness. All parameters were measured initially and after 24 hours. A description of each texture parameter is below (see Cereal Chemistry, volume 83(6):684 (2006)).
- Areal Work of first compression (area under first curve to reach Fi Max ) (g/mm)
- Area2 Work of second compression (area under second curve to reach F 2 M a x )
- ERO cakes experiments resulted in a viscosity profile plot of the change in batter/cake viscosity as a function of temperature.
- a number of ERO parameters were directly obtained or calculated including: minimum viscosity, temperature at minimum viscosity, peak viscosity, temperature at peak viscosity, second minimum viscosity, temperature at second minimum viscosity, minimum viscosity range, gelatinization rate, solubility rate, set-back, absolute solubility, absolute gelatinization and absolute set-back (Figure 8). A description of each parameter is below.
- Peak viscosity Greatest viscosity between the minimum viscosity and second minimum viscosity.
- Second minimum viscosity The minimum viscosity after the peak viscosity.
- Minimum viscosity temperature range Temperature range of viscosity readings below 500 cP.
- Solubility rate Change in viscosity per unit change in temperature estimated by least squares linear regression using Microsoft Excel (2000) in the region of the ERO profile between 25°C and 35°C.
- Gelatinization rate Change in viscosity per unit change in temperature estimated by least squares linear regression using Microsoft Excel (2000) in the region of the ERO profile from second 500 cP reading to 50 cP below the peak viscosity.
- Absolute solubility The theoretical temperature at which the solubility reaches zero viscosity estimated by least squares linear regression using Microsoft Excel (2000) in the region of the ERO profile between 25°C and 35°C.
- Absolute Gelatinization The theoretical temperature at which the gelatinization reaches zero viscosity estimated by least squares linear regression using Microsoft Excel (2000) in the region of the ERO profile from second 500 cP reading to 50 cP below the peak viscosity.
- Absolute Set-back The theoretical temperature at which the set-back reaches zero viscosity estimated by least squares linear regression using Microsoft Excel (2000) in the region of the ERO profile when the ERO electricity current is stopped to the maximum viscosity measured by the viscometer, (-4037.5 cP).
- RSS is the residual sum of squares (the smallest possible value of the residual sum of squares function) and SYY is the total sum of squares of the y' s.
- y a + b, + ⁇ ,, a and b are coefficients
- y and x are the regressand and the regressor, respectively
- ⁇ is the error term.
- the residual sum of squares is the sum of squares of estimates of ⁇
- the total sum of squares of the y's is the sum of the squares of the difference of the regressand variable and its mean
- r 2 can be interpreted as the proportion of variability explained by conditioning on x.
- the results further indicate that certain ERO parameters are essential for the production of acceptable gluten- free cake.
- the specific ERO parameters that are essential for gluten-free cake are acceptable peak viscosity and 2 nd minimum viscosity.
- the absence of an acceptable peak viscosity and 2 nd minimum viscosity corresponds to unacceptable gluten-free cake.
- An example of an acceptable gluten-free cake is shown in
- Fig. 24 and its corresponding ERO profile is shown in Fig. 24.
- Examples of unacceptable gluten-free cakes and their ERO profiles are provided in Fig. 26-33. Acceptability was determined subjectively by observing the geometry of the produced cakes. If the cake collapsed (Fig. 25) or contained a high dome peak (Fig. 28), then they were considered unacceptable.
- Figs. 30-33 indicate that even if a gluten-free cake formulation produces an ERO curve that contains all the derived and essential parameters, an unacceptable cake can still be produced.
- Fig. 31 and 33 are ERO profile that contain all the derived parameters but which correspond to unacceptable conventional cakes, Fig. 30 and 32 respectively. Defining limitations (both minimum and maximum values) of ERO parameters further validate the usefulness of using an ERO for the formulation of gluten-free cakes.
- Viscosity ( 0 C) 90 105 Absolute Solubility ( 0 C) 37 41 Absolute Gelatinization ( 0 C) 67 91 Absolute Set-back ( 0 C) 103 129 Set-back Rate (cP/°C) -340 -20 Gelatinization Rate (cP/°C) 130 570 Solubility Rate (cP/°C) -240 -60
- ERO parameter ranges were derived using 99 percent confidence intervals of the lognormally distributed data points.
- a commercial cake mix (Pillsbury® Moist Supreme Classic White) was used to prepare a batter for ERO evaluation. Two cake mixes were used and 78 grams of dried eggs, 121 grams of oil and 584.2 grams of water were added. Ingredients were all added to a Hobart N-50 mixing bowl and mixed by hand with a spatula until all ingredients were moist. The mixture was then mixed on low speed for 2 minutes.
- a sample of batter made according to the formula and mixing procedure described above was baked in an ERO. The batter was heated, and its temperature and viscosity measured, for 59 minutes, starting at 21.2°C and ending at 99.3°C.
- Fig. 22 shows the ERO curve of the viscosity of the batter versus temperature.
- This ERO curve was generated from data collected as the batter was heated in the ERO.
- the minimum viscosity of the ERO curve was 226 cP. This minimum viscosity occurred when the temperature of the batter was 64°C. An increase in viscosity occurred at a temperature of approximately 75°C. This increase in viscosity may correspond to starch gelatinization and/or denaturation of the egg albumin.
- a commercial gluten-free cake mix (Authentic Foods, vanilla cake mix) was used to prepare a batter for conventional oven and ERO evaluation. Three cake mixes were used and 295 grams of whole eggs, 165 grams of oil and 360 grams of milk were added.
- the batter baked in an ERO was heated, and its temperature and viscosity measured, for 34 minutes, starting at 21.2°C and ending at 99.3°C. It was subsequently cooled, and its temperature and viscosity measured, for 26 minutes to 80.0 0 C.
- Fig. 23 shows the ERO curve of the viscosity of the batter versus temperature. This ERO curve was generated from data collected as the batter was heated and cooled in the ERO. The shape of the produced ERO curved appeared similar to other gluten-free ERO curves, however the ERO values were considerably different. The minimum viscosity (550 cP), solubility rate (-83.7 cP/°C), absolute solubility (46.5°C) and absolute gelatinization (52.4°C) were all greater than any other ERO curve produced. The peak viscosity (1782 cP), temperature at second minimum (92°C) and gelatinization rate
- the present invention is directed to the use of ERO heating and analysis to optimize and/or control batter characteristics in order to produce cakes and other products having properties comparable to those of conventional wheat flour-containing products.
- the present invention is also directed to products resulting from such optimization, and includes dry mixes, pre-mixes, batters, doughs, and finished products, any of which can be used or distributed at ambient, refrigerated, or frozen temperatures.
- a gluten free white cake was used to prepare a batter for conventional and ERO evaluations.
- the ingredients of this batter are listed in Table 10.
- the sugar, salt, and shortening was first creamed by mixing for two minutes on setting 1 (low speed) in a Hobart A- 120 mixer equipped with a mixing paddle. The rest of the dry ingredients were then added and mixed for 10 minutes on setting 1.
- the batter was made by first mixing the water and eggs together, and adding the dry mix and 1 A the egg and water mixture to the mixing bowl of a Hobart N-50 mixer equipped with a mixing paddle, and mixing for one minute on setting 1 (low speed) and two minutes on setting 2 (medium speed). The remaining eggs and water were then added and mixed for one minute on setting 1 and two minutes on setting 2. The sides of the mixing bowl were then scarped and the batter was then mixed for another two minutes on setting 2). 397 grams was weighed into each of two 8-inch round cake pans and baked for 27 minutes at 350 degrees Fahrenheit.
- the viscosity After the batter reached a minimum viscosity, the viscosity increased, reaching a peak viscosity of 4038 cP at 85.3°C. This increase in viscosity may correspond to starch gelatinization and/or denaturation of the egg albumin.
- a gluten free chocolate cake was used to prepare a batter for conventional and ERO evaluations.
- the ingredients of this batter are listed in Table 12.
- the sugar, salt, and shortening was first creamed by mixing for two minutes on setting 1 (low speed) in a Hobart A- 120 mixer equipped with a mixing paddle. The rest of the dry ingredients were then added and mixed for 10 minutes on setting 1.
- the batter was made by first mixing the water and eggs together and adding the dry mix and 1 A the egg and water mixture to the mixing bowl of a Hobart N-50 mixer equipped with a mixing paddle and mixing for one minute on setting 1 (low speed) and two minutes on setting 2 (medium speed). The remaining eggs and water were then added, and mixed for one minute on setting 1 and two minutes on setting 2. The sides of the mixing bowl were then scarped and the batter was then mixed for another two minutes on setting 2). 397 grams was weighed into each of two 8-inch round cake pans and baked for 27 minutes at 350 degrees Fahrenheit. The heights of the cakes were measured using the procedure discussed in Example 1. The measurements are provided in Table 13.
- a sample of the batter made according to the formula in Table 12 was baked in an ERO.
- the batter was heated, and its temperature and viscosity measured for 21 minutes starting at 22.1 0 C and ending at 99.3. 0 C. It was subsequently cooled, and its temperature and viscosity measured for 16 minutes to 84.0 0 C.
- Figure 35 shows the ERO curve of the viscosity of the batter versus temperature.
- This ERO curve was generated from data collected as the batter was heated and cooled in the ERO.
- the minimum viscosity of the ERO curve was 124.5cP. This minimum viscosity occurred when the temperature of the batter was at 61.5°C. The temperature at the onset of the minimum of the curve was about 51 °C, while the temperature at the departure from the minimum of the curve was about 71 0 C. After the batter reached a minimum viscosity, the viscosity increased, reaching a peak viscosity of 2051 cP at 90.4 0 C. This increase in viscosity may correspond to starch gelatinization and/or denaturation of the egg albumin. The increase in viscosity was followed by a decrease in viscosity.
- the viscosity decreased to a second minimum of 1041 cP at 93.8°C.
- the cause of this decrease in viscosity is unclear, but could be related to the sugar going into solution.
- the viscosity of the batter increased dramatically.
- the rate of the rise in viscosity as the batter cooled was 82 cP/ 0 C, between about 99°C and 84°C.
- a gluten free yellow cake was used to prepare a batter for conventional and ERO evaluations.
- the ingredients of this batter are listed in Table 14.
- the sugar, salt, and shortening was first creamed by mixing for two minutes on setting 1 (low speed) in a Hobart A- 120 mixer equipped with a mixing paddle. The rest of the dry ingredients were then added and mixed for 10 minutes on setting 1.
- the batter was made by first mixing the water and eggs together and adding the dry mix and 1 A the egg and water mixture to the mixing bowl of a Hobart N-50 mixer equipped with a mixing paddle and mixing for one minute on setting 1 (low speed) and 2 minutes on setting 2 (medium speed). The remaining eggs and water were then added and mixed for one minute on setting 1 and two minutes on setting 2. The sides of the mixing bowl were then scraped and the batter was then mixed for another 2 minutes on setting 2). 397 grams was weighed into each of two 8-inch round cake pans and baked for 27 minutes at 350 degrees Fahrenheit.
- a sample of the batter made according to the formula in Table 15 was baked in an ERO.
- the batter was heated, and its temperature and viscosity measured for 20 minutes starting at 19.1 0 C and ending at 99.3°C. It was subsequently cooled, and its temperature and viscosity measured for 18 minutes to 83.0 0 C.
- FIG 36 shows the ERO curve of the viscosity of the batter versus temperature.
- This ERO curve was generated from data collected as the batter was heated and cooled in the ERO.
- the minimum viscosity of the ERO curve was 79.7cP. This minimum viscosity occurred when the temperature of the batter was 45.8°C.
- the temperature at the onset of the minimum of the curve was 45 0 C, while the temperature at the departure from the minimum of the curve was 75°C.
- the viscosity increased, reaching a peak viscosity of 263OcP at 89.4°C. This increase in viscosity may correspond to starch gelatinization and/or denaturation of the egg albumin.
- the increase in viscosity was followed by a decrease in viscosity.
- the viscosity decreased to a second minimum of 1287 cP at 98.8 0 C.
- the cause of this decrease in viscosity is unclear, but could be related to the sugar going into solution.
- the rate of the rise in viscosity as the batter cooled was 83 cP/ 0 C, between about 99.3°C and 83°C.
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US8343563B2 (en) | 2004-12-03 | 2013-01-01 | Cargill, Incorporated | Egg-filled food product |
US11730179B2 (en) | 2015-06-25 | 2023-08-22 | Manildra Milling Corporation | Gluten-free starch and methods of producing the same |
Citations (2)
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US4451491A (en) * | 1980-07-28 | 1984-05-29 | Ben-Gurion University Of The Negev Research And Development Authority | Mix for the preparation of bread and cake products |
EP1433383A1 (en) * | 2002-12-23 | 2004-06-30 | Thomas Uljee Beheer B.V. | Natural flour mixture and bakery products obtained therefrom |
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US4451491A (en) * | 1980-07-28 | 1984-05-29 | Ben-Gurion University Of The Negev Research And Development Authority | Mix for the preparation of bread and cake products |
EP1433383A1 (en) * | 2002-12-23 | 2004-06-30 | Thomas Uljee Beheer B.V. | Natural flour mixture and bakery products obtained therefrom |
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8343563B2 (en) | 2004-12-03 | 2013-01-01 | Cargill, Incorporated | Egg-filled food product |
US11730179B2 (en) | 2015-06-25 | 2023-08-22 | Manildra Milling Corporation | Gluten-free starch and methods of producing the same |
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