WO2008118573A2 - Procédés et systèmes de détection d'objets dissimulés - Google Patents

Procédés et systèmes de détection d'objets dissimulés Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008118573A2
WO2008118573A2 PCT/US2008/054513 US2008054513W WO2008118573A2 WO 2008118573 A2 WO2008118573 A2 WO 2008118573A2 US 2008054513 W US2008054513 W US 2008054513W WO 2008118573 A2 WO2008118573 A2 WO 2008118573A2
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
component
image
emitting body
stream
region
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PCT/US2008/054513
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English (en)
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WO2008118573A3 (fr
Inventor
Leonid Khodor
Henry Droznin
Izrail Gorian
Galina Doubinina
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Iscon Video Imaging, Inc.
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Publication of WO2008118573A2 publication Critical patent/WO2008118573A2/fr
Publication of WO2008118573A3 publication Critical patent/WO2008118573A3/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/1717—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated with a modulation of one or more physical properties of the sample during the optical investigation, e.g. electro-reflectance
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/1717—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated with a modulation of one or more physical properties of the sample during the optical investigation, e.g. electro-reflectance
    • G01N2021/1731—Temperature modulation

Definitions

  • the present teachings relates to detection of concealed objects.
  • Explosives detection for aviation security has been an area of federal concern for many years .
  • One approach is to direct passengers through a portal, similar to a large doorframe, that contains detectors able to collect, analyze, and identify explosive residues on the person's body or clothing.
  • the portal may rely on the passenger's own body heat to volatilize traces of explosive material for detection as a vapor, or it may use puffs of air that can dislodge small particles as an aerosol.
  • a handheld vacuum "wand" may be used to collect a sample. In both cases, the collected samples are analyzed chemically.
  • a different approach is to test an object handled by the passenger, such as a boarding pass, for residues transferred from the passenger's hands.
  • the secondary object is used as the carrier between the passenger and the analyzing equipment.
  • the olfactory ability of dogs is sensitive enough to detect trace amounts of many compounds, but several factors have inhibited the regular use of canines as passenger explosives trace detectors. Dogs trained in explosives detection can generally only work for brief periods, have significant upkeep costs, are unable to communicate the identity of the detected explosives residue, and require a human handler when performing their detection role. In addition, direct contact between dogs and airline passengers raises liability concerns.
  • millimeter wave electromagnetic radiation is applied to provide images that can reveal objects concealed by clothing.
  • This approach typically depends on the ability of a human inspector to visually detect one or more suspect objects from the resulting image. Accordingly, there are intrinsic speed limitations in these approaches, and such approaches are subject to variation with the ability of different inspectors.
  • these systems can provide detailed images of body parts that are ordinarily intended to be hidden by clothing, utilization of a human inspector can be embarrassing to the person being inspected, and may pose a concern that privacy rights are being violated. Thus, there is an on going demand for further contributions in this area of technology.
  • infrared detection of concealed objects has failed in the most cases because infrared camera reacts only on heat differences between the object under cloth and background cloth. If an object is in contact with a body ⁇ for example, a human body) for long enough to come to approximate thermal equilibrium, this difference in some cases will be negligible and contrast of the concealed object (for example, under cloth) is not enough for detection.
  • One embodiment of the method of these teachings for detecting the presence of concealed objects is passive, does not require any radiation source, uses thermal radiation of a body as a source of radiation.
  • Other embodiments include unique systems, devices, methods, and apparatus to determine the presence of a concealed object.
  • an embodiment of the system of these teachings includes a temperature modifying component capable of modifying the temperature distribution of an emitting body, one or more image acquisition devices capable of receiving electromagnetic radiation from the emitting body and of acquiring an image of the emitting body from the received electromagnetic radiation.
  • an embodiment of the system of these teachings also includes an analysis component capable of identifying one or more regions in the image, the analysis component being capable of receiving one or more images from the one or more image acquisition devices.
  • Figure 1 is a graphical schematic representation of an embodiment of the system of these teachings
  • Figure 2 is a graphical schematic representation of another embodiment of the system of these teachings
  • Figure 3 is a schematic block diagram representation of an embodiment of the analysis component of an embodiment of the system of these teachings
  • Figure 4 shows a schematic block diagram representation of another embodiment of the analysis component of an embodiment of the system of these teachings
  • Figure 5 is a graphical schematic representation of yet another embodiment of the system of these teachings
  • Figure 6 is a graphical schematic representation of an exemplary embodiment of the system of these teachings
  • Figures 7a-7g are pictorial representations of results from an exemplary embodiment of the system of these teachings
  • Figures 8a- 8f are pictorial representations of other results from an exemplary embodiment of the system of these teachings;
  • Figure 9A depicts a schematic drawing of one embodiment of the temperature modifying component of these teachings;
  • Figure 9B depicts a schematic drawing of another embodiment of the temperature modifying component of these teachings.
  • Figure 1OA depicts a schematic drawing of a subcomponent of an embodiment of the temperature modifying component of these teachings ;
  • Figure 1OB depicts a schematic drawing of another instance of a subcomponent of an embodiment of the temperature modifying component of these teachings
  • Figure 11 depicts a schematic representation of a detailed embodiment of the system of these teachings,-
  • Figure 12 depicts a schematic representation of another detail embodiment of the system of these teachings,-
  • Figure 13 depicts a schematic representation of embodiment of the scanning device according to present teachings
  • Figure 14 depicts a schematic representation of another embodiment of the system of these teachings.
  • Figure 15 depicts one embodiment of the component for reducing the thickness of the air layer according to these teachings
  • Figures 16a-16c depict views of embodiments of the component for reducing the thickness of the air layer according to these teachings
  • - Figure 17 depicts another embodiment of the component for reducing the thickness of the air layer according to these teachings
  • Figure 18 depicts a schematic representation of yet another embodiment of the system of these teachings.
  • Figure 19 depicts a schematic representation of a further embodiment of the system of these teachings.
  • an embodiment of the system of these teachings includes one or more temperature modifying components capable of modifying the temperature distribution of an emitting body, one or more image acquisition devices capable of receiving electromagnetic radiation from the emitting body and of acquiring an image of the emitting body from the received electromagnetic radiation.
  • an embodiment of the system of these teachings also includes an analysis component capable of identifying one or more regions in the image, the analysis component being capable of receiving one or more images from the one or more image acquisition devices.
  • a thermal balance is disturbed by preheating or precooling.
  • the image contrast for a concealed object is increased and the concealed object can be detected.
  • detection is by an operator,- in another embodiment, detection is by an automatic device.
  • the one or more temperature modifying components 20 modifies the temperature distribution of a body 10.
  • the body 10 emits electromagnetic radiation that is received by one or more acquisition devices 25.
  • the one or more acquisition devices 25 acquire one or more images obtained from the received electromagnetic radiation.
  • the body 10 emits infrared electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between about 0.75 ⁇ to about 1000 ⁇ .
  • the infrared range of electromagnetic radiation is typically divided into a near infrared range, from about 0.75 ⁇ to about 1.4 ⁇ , a short wavelength infrared range, from about 1.4 ⁇ to about 3 ⁇ , a mid wavelength infrared range, from about 3 ⁇ to about 8 ⁇ , a long wavelength infrared range, from about 8 ⁇ to 15 ⁇ , and a far infrared range from about 15 ⁇ to about 1000 ⁇ . It should be noted that the systems of these teachings can be utilized in any of these ranges or in any combination of this ranges.)
  • the acquisition device 25 is an infrared camera.
  • the one or more images obtained by the one or more acquisition devices 25 are provided to one or more displays 30.
  • Modifying the temperature distribution of a body having a concealed object allows detection of the concealed object from an image obtained from the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the body.
  • the modification of the temperature distribution of the body 10 can be obtained by heating the body 10 by means of the one or more temperature modifying components 20, cooling the body 10 by means of the one or more temperature modifying components 20, or a combination of cooling and heating.
  • the temperature modification is obtained by convection or by convection with forced air (such as, but not limited to, providing a stream of air at a different temperature, the stream being directed at the body 10) .
  • the stream of air (gas) is produced by a forced flow component (a fan in one embodiment) .
  • a single temperature modifying component other embodiments have a number of temperature modifying components.
  • Embodiments in which the temperature modifying components are placed at different locations of the body (around the periphery) in order to obtain temperature modification over the entire body are within the scope of these teachings.
  • FIG. 2 Another embodiment of the system of these teachings is shown in Figure 2.
  • the system shown therein also includes an analysis component 35 receiving the one or more images from the one or more image acquisition devices 25.
  • the analysis component 35 is capable of identifying one or more regions in the one or more images .
  • the one or more images having the one or more regions identified are then provided to the display 30.
  • the analysis component 35 is also capable of enhancing an image attribute in the one or more regions.
  • Exemplary embodiments of the image attribute are, but these teachings is not limited only to this embodiments, contrast or color.
  • the one or more images having the enhanced image attribute in the one or more regions are then provided to the display 30.
  • FIG. 3 A block diagram representation of an embodiment of the analysis component 35 is shown in Figure 3.
  • the embodiment shown therein includes a preprocessing component 42 capable of enhancing detectability of the one or more regions in the one or more images received from the acquisition device 25.
  • the embodiment shown in Figure 3 also includes a region detecting component 55 capable of identifying the one or more regions in the one or more preprocessed images and a region analysis component 50 capable of determining characteristics of the one or more regions.
  • the characteristics include moment invariants.
  • the preprocessing component 42 includes a noise reduction component 37 capable of increasing a signal to noise ratio in the one or more images and a contrast enhancing component.
  • the contrast enhancing component in the embodiment shown in Figure 3, includes a histogram equalization component 40 (see, for example, W. K. Pratt, Digital image Processing, ISBNO-471- 01888-0, pp. 311-318, which is incorporated by reference herein) and an adaptive thresholding component 45 capable of binarizing an output of the histogram equalization component 40.
  • adaptive thresholding see, for example, but not limited to, 0.D. Trier and T.
  • the binary output of the histogram equalization component is downsampled to obtain a downsampled image ⁇ in order to save processing time of the region detecting component 55) .
  • the noise reduction component 37 is an adaptive noise reduction filter such as, but not limited to, a wavelet based noise reduction filter ⁇ see, for example, Mukesh Motwani, Mukesh Gadiya, Rakhi Motwani, and Frederick C. Harris, Jr., "A Survey of Image Denoising Techniques," in Proceedings of GSPx 2004, September 27-30, 2004, Santa Clara Convention Center, Santa Clara, CA, and
  • the region detecting component 55 includes segmentation to identify the one or more regions.
  • segmentation See for example, but not limited to, Ch. 9, Image Segmentation, in Handbook of Pattern Recognition and Image Processing, ISBN 0-121-774560-2, which is incorporated by reference herein, C. Kervrann and F. Heitz, "A Markov random field model based approach to unsupervised texture segmentation using local and global spatial statistics," IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 4, no. 6, 1995, 856-862.
  • the region detecting component 55 labels each connective area (region) by unique label. Each region labeled is processed by the region analysis component 50 in order to determine shape characteristics ⁇ moment invariants, in one embodiment) .
  • the region analysis component 50 characteristics include moment invariants (see for example, Keyes, Laura and Winstanley, Adam C. (2001) USING MOMENT INVARIANTS FOR CLASSIFYING SHAPES ON LARGE_SCALE MAPS. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 25. available at http://eprints.may.ie/archive/00000064/, which is incorporated by reference herein) .
  • shape characteristics are important for object detection
  • the moments will identify concealed objects. ⁇ For example, circled objects have all moments starting from the second equal zero.
  • Symmetrical objects have specific moments, etc.
  • Other embodiments of the characteristics obtained from the region analysis component 50 include, but are not limited to, multiscale fractal dimension and contour saliences, obtained using the image foresting transform, fractal dimension and Fourier descriptors (see for example, R. Torres, A. Falcao, and L. Costa. A graph-based approach for multiscale shape analysis. Pattern Recognition, 37 (6) : 1163--1174 , 2004, available at http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/torres03graphbased.html, which is incorporated by reference herein) .
  • the region provided to the one or more displays 30 is enhanced by contrast, or by color.
  • the adaptation component 62 includes a database 60 (in one instance, a computer usable medium for storing data for access by a computer readable code, the computer usable medium including a data structure stored in the computer usable medium, the data structure including information resident in a database, referred to as "a database”) and a neural network component 65.
  • the adaptation component 62 can, in one embodiment, include a component utilizing artificial intelligence or decision logic (including fuzzy decision logic) .
  • substantially optimal parameters of some of the elements of the analysis component 35 such as, but not limited to, the noise reduction filter 37, histogram equalization component 40, the adaptive thresholding component 45, or/and the unsupervised segmentation component 55, are determined (within a training procedure) by means of the neural network 65 and the database 60.
  • Figure 4 shows another block diagram representation of an embodiment of the analysis component 35.
  • the output of the region processing component 55 including the shape characteristics (moment invariants) and input from an optimizing component (the neural network) and the database are provided to a decision component 70.
  • the decision component 70 can be, but is not limited to, a component utilizing artificial intelligence or another neural network or decision logic (including fuzzy decision logic) ⁇ see for example, 0. D. Trier, A. K. Jain and T. Taxt, "Feature extraction methods for character recognition - A survey, " Pattern Recognition 29, pp. 641-662, 1996, available at http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/trier95feature.html, which is incorporated by reference herein, Fernando Cesar C.
  • the decision component 70 in one embodiment, can supplement or replace the display 30 or, in another embodiment, can provide an alarm.
  • the presence of concealed objects is detected by modifying a temperature distribution of an emitting body (where the emitting body may contain concealed objects) , acquiring one or more images produced by the electromagnetic radiation emanating from the emitting body after the temperature distribution has been modified, and providing the one of more images for detection of the presence of concealed objects.
  • the method of detecting the presence of concealed objects can include enhancing the detectability of one or more regions in the one or more acquired images before providing the one or more images for detection of the presence of concealed objects.
  • the method can also include identifying the one or more regions in the one or more images and determining characteristics of the one or more regions.
  • the method includes enhancing an image attribute in the one or more regions and displaying the one or more images.
  • the method of these teachings also includes detecting the presence of concealed objects from the identified one or more regions and the characteristics (such as, but not limited to, moment invariants) of the one or more regions .
  • At least one step from the steps of enhancing detectability of one or more regions, identifying the at least one region or determining characteristics of the at least one region is performed adaptively and the method also includes the step of enabling substantially optimal performance of the at least one adaptive step.
  • the step of enhancing detectability of one or more regions includes increasing a signal to noise ratio in the one or more images.
  • the detectability is enhanced by enhancing contrast of the one or more images .
  • Figure 5 is a graphical schematic representation of yet another embodiment of the system of these teachings .
  • the embodiment shown therein includes the one or more temperature modifying components 20 capable of modifying the temperature distribution of the emitting body 10, the one or more image acquisition devices 25 capable of receiving the electromagnetic radiation emanating from the emitting body 10 and of acquiring one or more images of the emitting body 10 from the received electromagnetic radiation.
  • the one or more acquisition devices 25 are operatively connected to one or more processors 75 and to one or more computer usable media 80.
  • the one or more computer usable media 80 has computer readable code embodied therein, the computer readable code being capable of causing the one or more processors to execute the methods of these teachings .
  • the computer readable code is capable of causing the one or more processors 70 to receive the one or more images from the one or more image acquisition devices 25, to enhance the detectability of one of more regions in the one or more ⁇ images and to provide the one or more images to a detection component .
  • the detection component is the display 30, which is also operatively connected to the one or more processors 70.
  • the detection component includes computer readable code embodied in the one or more computer usable media 80 and another computer usable medium 85 for storing data for access by the computer readable code, the other computer usable medium comprising a data structure stored in the other computer usable medium 85, the data structure including information resident in a database used by the computer readable code in detecting the presence of objects. It should be noted that embodiments in which the one or more computer usable media 80 and the other computer usable medium 85 are the same computer usable medium are within the scope of these teachings.
  • connection component 77 the connection component may be, for example, a computer bus, or a carrier wave.
  • the block diagram representation of an embodiment of the analysis component 35 shown in Figures 3 or 4 can be implemented, in one embodiment, by means of the computer readable code embodied in the one or more computer usable media 80 and, in some instances, by means of the data structure, including information resident in the database, comprised in the other computer usable medium 85.
  • the computer readable code is also capable of causing there one or more processors 72 identify one or more regions in the one or more images and to determine characteristics of the one or more regions, or/and increase a signal to noise ratio in the one or more images, or/and enhance contrast into one or more images.
  • the computer readable code is capable of causing the one or more processors 70 to utilize wavelet based noise reduction methods.
  • the computer readable code is capable of causing the one or more processors 70 to enhance contrast by applying histogram equalization to the one or more images and by binarizing, using adaptive thresholding, the one or more images .
  • the computer readable code is capable of causing the one or more processors 72 applied adaptive techniques in implementing the analysis component 35 and to obtain substantially optimal performance of the adaptive analysis component 35.
  • the computer readable code is capable of causing the one or more processors 70 to apply neural network techniques .
  • thermal body radiation (heat) 245 emanates from an investigated person 180 and is received by an infrared camera 100.
  • the infrared camera 100 can be stationary, remotely controlled or controlled by operator 120.
  • the infrared Camera 100 generates an image, which is displayed at display 140.
  • the operator 120 watching the image is a decision maker about concealed object under cloth of the investigated person 180.
  • the Infrared camera 100 provides an image signal to the computer 160.
  • the image signal is analyzed, by means of computer readable code (software) 220 embodied in a computer usable medium in the computer 160, in order to detect the presence of objects concealed under cloth on the investigated person 180.
  • the computer 160 and the computer readable code 220 represent an embodiment of the analysis component 35, such as the embodiment shown in Figure 3.
  • the investigated person 180 is located on a platform 200.
  • a motion component 215 is operatively connected to the platform 200 and capable of causing rotation of the platform 200.
  • the motion component 215 is controlled by means of the Computer 160.
  • the rotation of the platform 200 allows the camera 100 to observe the investigated person 180 from different angles. (In another embodiment, a number of cameras 100 located around the periphery of the location of the person 180 allow observation from different angles.
  • a temperature modifying device 240 creates a forced heat stream 260 changing the temperature distribution (heating in this embodiment) of the investigated person 180 to create heat misbalance between the objects under cloth and human body temperature .
  • Figures 7a-7g show results obtained for the exemplary embodiment of figure 6 for different temperature modifying components 240.
  • Figure 7a shows an image obtained from the camera 100 without any temperature modification.
  • Figure 7b shows the image obtained after preheating by forced air.
  • Figure 7c shows the image obtained after preheating and then cooling, both by forced air.
  • Figure 7d shows another image obtained from the camera 100 without any temperature modification.
  • Figure 7e shows the image, corresponding to Figure 7d, obtain after cooling with forced air.
  • Figure 7f shows yet another image obtained from the camera 100 without any temperature modification in which the object, concealed under a shirt and two sweaters, is almost invisible.
  • Figure 7g shows an image, obtained from the camera 100, of the same object as in Fig. 7f after the investigated person has been heated by a forced stream 260 from the radiator 240.
  • Figures 8a- 8f show representations of images obtained utilizing the exemplary embodiment of Figure 6 in which the analysis component 35 is an embodiment as shown in Figure 3.
  • Fig. 8a shows an image, obtained from camera 100, produced by thermal radiation from the body 180 after temperature modification (preheating) .
  • Figure 8b shows a contrasted image created from the image of Figure 8a by histogram equalization.
  • Figure 8c is a Binary image that is the output of the adaptive thresholding component. The binary image of Figure 8c is downsampled (in order to save processing time of the region detecting component 55) to obtain a downsampled image shown in Figure 8d.
  • the region detecting component 55 with input (moment invariants) from the region analysis component 50, extracts an image including a given symmetrical region (concealed object), shown in Fig. 8e.
  • An image (upsampled) shown in Fig. 8f, showing the enhanced region ⁇ concealed object, is displayed at the display 140.
  • the method for modifying temperature includes providing a device according to the current invention that provides a controlled gust (a "gust” as used herein refers both to the pulsed stream of heated gas and a continuous stream of heated gas) of heated gas (hereinafter referred to as air) .
  • a controlled gust as used herein refers both to the pulsed stream of heated gas and a continuous stream of heated gas
  • the system includes a gust generator 310 comprised of a compressed air line 320 with a pressure switch 330, a pressure regulator 340, and a solenoid valve 350.
  • a heater 360 with a thermocouple 370 and a temperature controller 380 is connected to the line 320 and disposed substantially coaxially in an ejector 390.
  • the ejector 390 in one embodiment, comprises an inductor 395 and diffuser 397.
  • the temperature controller 380 maintains predetermined standby temperature that, corresponding to a construction and thermal mass of the heater 360, sufficient to heat the intermittent pulses of the compressed air to a predetermined temperature.
  • the air released by the valve 350 through the heater 360 draws surrounding air through the inductor 395. Both airflows mix in the diffuser 397 creating single stream with approximately uniform temperature and velocity distribution. Directed appreciably normal to the surface of the clothing covering the body, the resulting gust transfers thermal and kinetic energies that both raises a temperature of the clothing and, by thermal conduction, the underlying body.
  • a gust generator 420 comprised of a fan 421 with a deflector 422.
  • the temperature controller 425 maintains predetermined standby temperature that, corresponding to a construction and thermal mass of the heater 423, ensure heating of gusts of the air from the fan 421 (intermittent gusts, in one embodiment) to a required temperature.
  • the airflow from a gust generator 530/540 is divided by a duct branching in two streams from outlets accordingly 531/541 and 532/542 directed with an account of general shape of the body 533/543 accordingly and a distance from the outlets 531/541 and 532/542 to the body 533/543 surface .
  • the system includes multiple gust generators arranged in line vertically and divided in three zones controlled separately.
  • the generators 550 form a lower zone that covers height, up to which the body is substantially covered by clothing.
  • Middle and top zones comprise respectively generators 551 and 552.
  • the generators 551 and 552 are activated together with the generators 550 if clothed parts of the body 557 are detected at their corresponding levels. In case shown, generators 550 and 551 would be activated.
  • Sensing techniques include, but not limited to, photodetecting methods, image sensing/machine vision methods, ultrasound methods, capacitive methods and others.
  • Sensing components are located at appropriate position (s) in order to allow detection of the body presence, height or/and discriminate between clothed and unclothed sections of the body.)
  • the gust generators 550, 551, and 552 are connected by a manifold 553 to the common fluid (air) line 556 with pressure regulator 554 and pressure switch 555. This arrangement requires just one temperature controller with the corresponding sensor per zone. In some instances, multiple gusts are applied to the body 557 that cover entire clothed body surface, while the body is being rotated.
  • the device comprises multiple gust generators 560 and 561 arranged approximately radially in relation to the body 566.
  • the gust generator 561 is branched so the airflow from it directed to inner leg surfaces.
  • the gust generators 560 and 561 connected by a manifold 562 to the common air line 565 with pressure regulator 563 and pressure switch 564. This arrangement requires just one temperature controller with the corresponding sensor.
  • the device travels vertically while the gust is applied that provides for a half body scan.
  • the device comprises the gust generator 570 attached to a carriage 571 (an exemplary embodiment of a supporting member) that also holds an infrared camera 572 (in the embodiment shown, although it should be noted that embodiments in which infrared cameras or other image acquisition devices are stationary are also within the scope of these teachings) and placed slideably on a vertical slide 573 ⁇ an exemplary embodiment of a substantially vertical structural member), which affixed to a horizontal member 576 that rotateably connected to a frame 577 (it should be noted that embodiments in which the vertical transport mechanism is stationary are also within the scope of these teachings) .
  • the counterweight includes another gust generator are also within the scope of these teachings.
  • the carriage 571 and the counterweight 575 are linked a mechanism (two sheaves and are substantially fixed length connector, one of which is attached to the carriage 571 and the other end attached to the counterweight to 575, the connector adapted to run on both sheaves) that balances both the carriage 571 and the member 576, an exemplary embodiment of a transport component.
  • the body 578 is positioned approximately at rotational axis of the member 576.
  • the carriage 571 with the generator 570 and the camera 572 scans the body 578 in, for example, a spiral pattern.
  • Sensing components are located at appropriate position (s) in order to allow detection of the body presence, height or/and discriminate between clothed and unclothed sections of the body and provide information to a temperature modifying system controller.
  • the temperature modifying method also includes positioning the body at predetermined location (or determining parameters and characteristics of the body) so, that airflow from the gust generator (s) would be directed appreciably normal (perpendicular) to the surface of the clothes (and would not be directed to unclothed portions of the body so that the entire body is not subjected to the airflow) .
  • the flow is guided at the emitting body in a predetermined direction.
  • data of body parameters is sensed by sensors (not shown) (such as, but not limited to, photodetectors, ultrasound sensors and other location or distance sensors) and is transmitted to a gust generator controller.
  • the temperature modifying method also includes applying the gust of heated air to the surface of the clothes resulting in the transmission of thermal and kinetic energies that raises a temperature of the clothes and, by- thermal conduction and by pressing the clothing against the body, of the underlying body.
  • the application differs in duration and may differ in the air temperature.
  • the gust controller takes control of the heaters from the temperature controller after the body positioned and turns on full power to the heaters. After a predetermined time delay, a gust is generated that produces a pulse of the heated air. At the end of the gust the gust controller turns the heater control back to the temperature controller. This counteracts thermal inertia of the heaters that leads to both decreasing energy consumption and decreasing size of the heaters.
  • the method of these teachings also includes capturing the infrared radiation from the clothed body (an object covered by one or more garments) on camera.
  • object visibility initially increases.
  • object visibility begin to diminish after about 1 to about 3 minutes .
  • the temperature of the pulse is selected to be sufficient to increase the temperature of the clothing that cover in the body (and of the body) by about 20 to about 40 degrees C, producing temperatures of the clothing that cover in the body (and of the body) , when the body is located about 30 cm away from the gust generator, of about 45 to about 60 C.
  • the velocity of the air stream at the body- is about 800 to 1100 feet per minute.
  • the velocity of the air stream at the body is about 800 to 2400 feet per minute (from about 4 to about 12.3 m/sec) .
  • the distance between the temperature modifying system and the body is about 30 cm to about 1 m.
  • the air stream can be directed substantially perpendicular to the body and can be distributed substantially homogeneously along the body in any direction.
  • the air stream can be directed (in a predetermined direction) at the emitting body by means of guiding components , such as, but not limited to, slats or louvers.
  • the temperature of the stream is selected to be sufficient to increase the temperature of the clothing that cover in the body (and of the body) by about 20 to about 40 degrees C, producing temperatures of the clothing that cover in the body (and of the body) , when the body is located about 30 cm away from the gust generator, of about 45 to about 60 C.
  • the velocity of the air stream at the body is about 800 to 1100 feet per minute. In another embodiment, the velocity of the air stream at the body is about 800 to 2400 feet per minute (from about 4 to about 12.3 m/sec) .
  • the distance between the temperature modifying system and the body can be about 30 to about 50 cm.
  • the system of these teachings can also include a component capable of reducing the thickness of a fluid layer between a portion of one or more of the garments and the portion of the emitting body covered by that portion of the one or more garments.
  • Thinness of the fluid layer is determined in a direction substantially perpendicular to the emitting body.
  • the fluid such as, but not limited to, air
  • the fluid can decrease the contrast of the acquired image, which can be detrimental to recognizing concealed objects.
  • the component capable of reducing the thickness of a fluid layer between a portion of one or more of the garments and the portion of the emitting body covered by that portion of the one or more garments includes a material (in one embodiment a flexible material) capable of substantially conforming to the one or more portions of the garments and to the one or more portions of the emitting body- covered by the one or more portions of the garments.
  • a material in one embodiment a flexible material
  • Exemplary embodiments of the material include, but not limited to, cloth, a net or mesh or a combination of cloth and net or mesh (referred to as an intermeshed material) .
  • the component may also include a subcomponent capable of positioning the material in contact with the garments and the emitting body.
  • Such a subcomponent can be, but is not limited to, a mechanical device including a holder for an area of the material, a displacement component for moving the material from one position in which it is away from the garments and the emitting body to another position where it is substantially in contact with one or more portions of the garments in the emitting body (exemplary embodiments of displacement components include mobile linkages, slides and other mechanical transport components) and displacement means (such as, but not limited to, motors, x-y displacement systems, etc.).
  • a mechanical device including a holder for an area of the material, a displacement component for moving the material from one position in which it is away from the garments and the emitting body to another position where it is substantially in contact with one or more portions of the garments in the emitting body
  • displacement components include mobile linkages, slides and other mechanical transport components
  • displacement means such as, but not limited to, motors, x-y displacement systems, etc.
  • Figure 15 shows an exemplary embodiment of an intermeshed material 610 mounted on a holding assembly 620 and portions of a displacement component 625.
  • Figure 16a shows a cross-sectional view of the intermeshed material 610 being displaced towards the emitting body (and the footprints 630 of the lower part of the emitting body- their footprints being wider than the emitting body to indicate a base or a foot) .
  • the intermeshed material 610 is being displayed directly in the direction of the emitting body, other embodiments also possible .
  • Figure 16b shows an embodiment in which the intermeshed material is being displaced at an angle (approximately 45° in the embodiment shown) with respect to a normal 635 to a mid- plane 640 of the body.
  • the intermeshed material can substantially conform to the front and the side of the garment and emitting body and can substantially reduce the depth of the air layer between the garment and the emitting body in both the front and the side of the emitting body.
  • Figure 16c shows another embodiment in with the intermeshed material forms a W- like shape by having one support 645 located at a position between the two supports 650 of the emitting body.
  • the holding assembly 620 also includes the support 645 located such that, as the intermeshed material becomes contiguous with the garment and the emitting body, the support 645 is located in a position between the two supports 650 of the emitting body.
  • the component capable of reducing the thickness of a fluid layer between a portion of one or more of the garments and the portion of the emitting body covered by that portion of the one or more garments includes a suction component capable of exerting suction on the garment and one or more locations.
  • the exerted suction causes the garment to substantially conform to one or more other portions of the emitting body at a region including at least one more locations substantially opposite to the location at which the suction is applied.
  • Figure 17 shows an embodiment of the system of these teachings in which a vacuum suction component 670 is applied to a portion of a garment covered emitting body 675 causing the garment to substantially conform to the body in a region 680 substantially centered at about a location 685 substantially opposite to the location at which the suction is applied.
  • Figure 18 shows an embodiment of the system of these teachings with two temperature modifying components and cameras capable of obtaining an image of the front and on one side of an emitting body. In the embodiment shown in Figure 18, the emitting body only needed to rotate once by substantially 180° in order to obtain a substantially complete image.
  • Figure 19 Another embodiment is shown in Figure 19. In the embodiment shown in Figure 19, the counterweight 575 of Figure 13 is replaced by another temperature modifying component 690 (gust generator) and another image acquisition device (camera) 695.
  • parameters of interest such as, but not limited to, the temperature at the exit of the temperature modifying component, the displacement speed of the carriage 571, the operation of the component for reducing the thickness of the fluid layer (whether a material or a suction device) and interaction between the sensing components capable of sensing body presence and the temperature modifying component, can be controlled by a controller components such as a PLC or a computer are within the scope of these teachings.
  • the techniques described above may be implemented in one or more computer programs executing on a programmable computer including a processor, a storage medium readable by the processor (including, for example, volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements) , and, in some embodiments, also including at least one input device, and/or at least one output device.
  • Program code may be applied to data entered using the input device (or user interface) to perform the functions described and to generate output information.
  • the output information may be applied to one or more output devices .
  • Each computer program (computer readable code) may be implemented in any programming language, such as assembly language, machine language, a high-level procedural programming language, an object-oriented programming language, or a combination thereof .
  • the programming language may be a compiled or interpreted programming language.
  • Each computer program may be implemented in a computer program product tangibly embodied in a computer-readable storage device for execution by a computer processor. Method steps of the invention may be performed by a computer processor executing a program tangibly embodied on a computer-readable medium to perform functions of the invention by operating on input and generating output.
  • Computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, or any other magnetic medium, a CDROM, any other optical medium, punched cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, and EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, or any other medium from which a computer can read.
  • a signal or carrier wave (such as used for Internet distribution of software) encoded with functional descriptive material is similar to a computer-readable medium encoded with functional descriptive material, in that they both create a functional interrelationship with a computer.
  • a computer is able to execute the encoded functions, regardless of whether the format is a disk or a signal.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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  • Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)

Abstract

Procédés et systèmes de détection d'objets dissimulés. Dans un mode de réalisation, le procédé est passif, ne nécessite pas de source de radiation extérieur et utilise le rayonnement thermique d'un corps comme source de rayonnement. D'autres modes de réalisations font intervenir des systèmes, dispositifs, procédés et appareillage uniques pour déterminer la présence d'un objet dissimulé.
PCT/US2008/054513 2007-02-21 2008-02-21 Procédés et systèmes de détection d'objets dissimulés WO2008118573A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US89087507P 2007-02-21 2007-02-21
US60/890,875 2007-02-21

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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1991000985A1 (fr) * 1989-07-08 1991-01-24 Gabriele Manner Borne de capteur sans contact
US5007432A (en) * 1987-04-27 1991-04-16 Eltec Instruments, Inc. Radiation detection method and apparatus
US6234669B1 (en) * 1996-12-24 2001-05-22 Raytek Gmbh Device for measuring temperature without contact
US6442419B1 (en) * 2000-09-20 2002-08-27 Industrial Technology Research Institute Infrared 3D scanning system

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5007432A (en) * 1987-04-27 1991-04-16 Eltec Instruments, Inc. Radiation detection method and apparatus
WO1991000985A1 (fr) * 1989-07-08 1991-01-24 Gabriele Manner Borne de capteur sans contact
US6234669B1 (en) * 1996-12-24 2001-05-22 Raytek Gmbh Device for measuring temperature without contact
US6442419B1 (en) * 2000-09-20 2002-08-27 Industrial Technology Research Institute Infrared 3D scanning system

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