WO2008111790A1

WO2008111790A1 - System and method for processing wireless high definition video data using a shortened last codeword

Info

Publication number: WO2008111790A1
Application number: PCT/KR2008/001378
Authority: WO
Inventors: Huaning Niu; Pengfei Xia; Chiu Ngo
Original assignee: Samsung Electronics Co, . Ltd.
Priority date: 2007-03-12
Filing date: 2008-03-12
Publication date: 2008-09-18
Also published as: US20080225819A1; EP2074773A1; US7688908B2; CN101675631A; CN101675631B; KR100970734B1; KR20090014333A; EP2074773A4

Abstract

A method and system for processing high definition video data to be transmitted over a wireless medium is disclosed. In one embodiment, the method includes receiving an information packet having the length of L bytes, wherein L=(M×n×K)+A, and where: M is the depth of an interleaver, n is the number of interleavers, K is an encoding code length and A is the number of remainder bytes with respect to M×n×K bytes, wherein the remainder bytes are located at the end of the information packet. M×n×K bytes represent M×n codewords, wherein the remainder bytes sequentially form a plurality of remainder codewords, and wherein the plurality of remainder codewords comprise a last codeword which is located at the end of the remainder codewords. The method further includes i) shortening the last codeword such that the resultant shortened codeword is shorter in length than each of the remaining codewords of the information packet and ii) adding dummy bits to the outer encoded data so as to meet a predefined size requirement for an outer interleaver.

Description

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PROCESSING WIRELESS HIGH DEFINITION VIDEO DATA USING A SHORTENED LAST

CODEWORD

Technical Field

[1] The present invention relates to wireless transmission of video information, and in particular, to transmission of high definition video information over wireless channels. Background Art

[2] With the proliferation of high quality video, an increasing number of electronic devices, such as consumer electronic devices, utilize high definition (HD) video which can require about 1 Gbps (giga bits per second) in bandwidth for transmission. As such, when transmitting such HD video between devices, conventional transmission approaches compress the HD video to a fraction of its size to lower the required transmission bandwidth. The compressed video is then decompressed for consumption. However, with each compression and subsequent decompression of the video data, some data can be lost and the picture quality can be reduced.

[3] The High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) specification allows transfer of uncompressed HD signals between devices via a cable. While consumer electronics makers are beginning to offer HDMI-compatible equipment, there is not yet a suitable wireless (e.g., radio frequency) technology that is capable of transmitting uncompressed HD video signals. Wireless local area network (WLAN) and similar technologies can suffer interference issues when several devices, which do not have the bandwidth to carry the uncompressed HD signals, are connected together. Disclosure of Invention Technical Solution

[4] One aspect of the invention provides a method of processing high definition video data to be transmitted over a wireless medium . Advantageous Effects

[5] According to at least one embodiment, the method of encoding the information bits is intended to meet the RS codeword boundary, the block outer interleaver boundary and OFDM symbol boundary. Different schemes are provided which give different tradeoffs between simplicity and RS codeword performance, and the padding efficiency. At least one embodiment of the invention provides much more efficient padding schemes while improving the decoding performance. Furthermore, at least one embodiment of the invention does not require changes to current designs, either. At least one embodiment of the invention can be applicable to other wireless telecommu- nication standards such as IEEE 802.15.3c. Description of Drawings

[6] Figure 1 is a functional block diagram of a wireless network that implements uncompressed HD video transmission between wireless devices according to one embodiment.

[7] Figure 2 is a functional block diagram of an example communication system for transmission of uncompressed HD video over a wireless medium, according to one embodiment.

[8] Figure 3 illustrates an exemplary HD video data transmitter system 300 according to one embodiment of the invention.

[9] Figure 4 illustrates a conceptual diagram showing an encoding procedure of a HD video data transmitter for a wireless video area network (WVAN) according to one embodiment of the invention.

[10] Figure 5 is an exemplary flowchart for the encoding procedure according to one embodiment of the invention.

[11] Figure 6 illustrates a conceptual diagram showing an encoding procedure of a HD video data transmitter for a WVAN according to another embodiment of the invention.

[12] Figure 7 is an exemplary flowchart for the encoding procedure according to one embodiment of the invention.

[13] Figure 8 illustrates a conceptual diagram showing an encoding procedure of a HD video data transmitter for a WVAN according to another embodiment of the invention.

[14] Figure 9 is an exemplary flowchart for the encoding procedure according to one embodiment of the invention.

[15] Figure 10 illustrates a conceptual diagram showing an encoding procedure of a HD video data transmitter for a WVAN according to another embodiment of the invention.

[16] Figure 11 is an exemplary flowchart for the encoding procedure according to another embodiment of the invention.

[17] Figure 12A illustrates a conceptual drawing of an interleaver for the remainder codewords according to one embodiment.

[18] Figure 12B illustrates a conceptual drawing of an interleaver for the remainder codewords according to another embodiment. Best Mode

[19] One aspect of the invention provides a method of processing high definition video data to be transmitted over a wireless medium, the method comprising: i) receiving an information packet having the length of L bytes, wherein L=(MxnxK)+A, and where: M is the depth of an interleaver, n is the number of interleavers, K is an encoding code length and A is the number of remainder bytes with respect to MxnxK bytes, wherein the remainder bytes are located at the end of the information packet, wherein MxnxK bytes represent Mxn codewords, wherein the remainder bytes sequentially form a plurality of remainder codewords, and wherein the plurality of remainder codewords comprise a last codeword which is located at the end of the remainder codewords, ii) outer encoding the Mxn codewords and the plurality of remainder codewords based on the code length (K), iii) shortening the last codeword such that the resultant shortened codeword is shorter in length than each of the remaining codewords of the information packet and iv) adding dummy bits to the outer encoded data so as to meet a predefined size requirement for an outer interleaver.

[20] Another aspect of the invention provides a system for processing high definition video data to be transmitted over a wireless medium, the system comprising: i) a first module configured to receive an information packet having the length of L bytes, wherein L=(MxnxK)+A, and where: M is the depth of an interleaver, n is the number of interleavers, K is an encoding code length and A is the number of remainder bytes with respect to MxnxK bytes, wherein the remainder bytes are located at the end of the information packet, wherein MxnxK bytes represent Mxn codewords, wherein the remainder bytes sequentially form a plurality of remainder codewords, and wherein the plurality of remainder codewords comprise a last codeword which is located at the end of the remainder codewords, ii) an outer encoder configured to outer encode the Mxn codewords and the plurality of remainder codewords based on the code length (K), iii) a second module configured to shorten the last codeword such that the shortened codeword is shorter in length than each of the remaining codewords of the information packet and iii) a third module configured to add dummy bits to the outer encoded data so as to meet a predefined size requirement for the outer interleaver.

[21] Another aspect of the invention provides o ne or more processor-readable storage devices having processor-readable code, the processor-readable code for programming one or more processors to perform a method of processing high definition video data to be transmitted over a wireless medium, the method comprising : i) receiving an information packet having the length of L bytes, wherein L=(MxnxK)+A, and where: M is the depth of an interleaver, n is the number of interleavers, K is an encoding code length and A is the number of remainder bytes with respect to MxnxK bytes, wherein the remainder bytes are located at the end of the information packet, wherein MxnxK bytes represent Mxn codewords, wherein the remainder bytes sequentially form a plurality of remainder codewords, and wherein the plurality of remainder codewords comprise a last codeword which is located at the end of the remainder codewords, ii) outer encoding the Mxn codewords and the plurality of remainder codewords based on the code length (K), iii) shortening the last codeword such that the resultant shortened codeword is shorter in length than each of the remaining codewords of the information packet and iv) adding dummy bits to the outer encoded data so as to meet a predefined size requirement for an outer interleaver.

[22] Still another aspect of the invention provides a system for processing high definition video data to be transmitted over a wireless medium, the system comprising: i) means for receiving an information packet having the length of L bytes, wherein L=(MxnxK)+A, and where: M is the depth of an interleaver, n is the number of in- terleavers, K is an encoding code length and A is the number of remainder bytes with respect to MxnxK bytes, wherein the remainder bytes are located at the end of the information packet, wherein MxnxK bytes represent Mxn codewords, wherein the remainder bytes sequentially form a plurality of remainder codewords, and wherein the plurality of remainder codewords comprise a last codeword which is located at the end of the remainder codewordsk, ii) means for outer encoding the Mxn codewords and the plurality of remainder codewords based on the code length (K), iii) means for shortening the last codeword such that the resultant shortened codeword is shorter in length than each of the remaining codewords of the information packet and iv) means for adding dummy bits to the outer encoded data so as to meet a predefined size requirement for an outer interleaver. Mode for Invention

[23] This application claims priority under 35 U.S. C. § 119(e) from U.S. Provisional

Patent Application No. 60/906,382 filed on March 12, 2007, which is hereby incorporated by reference. This application also relates to U.S. patent application (Attorney Docket Number: SAMINF.104A) entitled 'System and method for processing high definition video data using remainder bytes ,' which is concurrently filed with this application and is incorporated herein by reference.

[24] Certain embodiments provide a method and system for transmission of uncompressed HD video information from a sender to a receiver over wireless channels.

[25] Example implementations of the embodiments in a wireless high definition (HD) audio/video (AfV) system will now be described. Figure 1 shows a functional block diagram of a wireless network 100 that implements uncompressed HD video transmission between A/V devices such as an A/V device coordinator and A/V stations, according to certain embodiments. In other embodiments, one or more of the devices can be a computer, such as a personal computer (PC). The network 100 includes a device coordinator 112 and multiple A/V stations 114 (e.g., Device 1, Device 2, ..., Device N). The A/V stations 114 utilize a low-rate (LR) wireless channel 116 (dashed lines in Fig. 1), and may use a high-rate (HR) channel 118 (heavy solid lines in Fig. 1), for communication between any of the devices. The device coordinator 112 uses a low-rate channel 116 and a high-rate wireless channel 118, for communication with the stations 114. [26] Each station 114 uses the low-rate channel 116 for communications with other stations 114. The high-rate channel 118 supports single direction unicast transmission over directional beams established by beamforming, with e.g., multi-giga bps bandwidth, to support uncompressed HD video transmission. For example, a set-top box can transmit uncompressed video to a HD television (HDTV) over the high-rate channel 118. The low-rate channel 116 can support bi-directional transmission, e.g., with up to 40 Mbps throughput in certain embodiments. The low-rate channel 116 is mainly used to transmit control frames such as acknowledgement (ACK) frames. For example, the low-rate channel 116 can transmit an acknowledgement from the HDTV to the set-top box. It is also possible that some low-rate data like audio and compressed video can be transmitted on the low-rate channel between two devices directly. Time division duplexing (TDD) is applied to the high-rate and low-rate channel. At any one time, the low -rate and high-rate channels cannot be used in parallel for transmission, in certain embodiments. Beamforming technology can be used in both low-rate and high- rate channels. The low-rate channels can also support omni-directional transmissions.

[27] In one example, the device coordinator 112 is a receiver of video information

(hereinafter 'receiver 112'), and the station 114 is a sender of the video information (hereinafter 'sender 114'). For example, the receiver 112 can be a sink of video and/or audio data implemented, such as, in an HDTV set in a home wireless network environment which is a type of WLAN. In another embodiment, the receiver 112 may be a projector. The sender 114 can be a source of uncompressed video or audio. Examples of the sender 114 include a set- top box, a DVD player or recorder, digital camera, camcorder, other computing device (e.g., laptop, desktop, PDA, etc.) and so forth.

[28] Figure 2 illustrates a functional block diagram of an example communication system

200. The system 200 includes a wireless transmitter 202 and wireless receiver 204. The transmitter 202 includes a physical (PHY) layer 206, a media access control (MAC) layer 208 and an application layer 210. Similarly, the receiver 204 includes a PHY layer 214, a MAC layer 216, and an application layer 218. The PHY layers provide wireless communication between the transmitter 202 and the receiver 204 via one or more antennas through a wireless medium 201.

[29] The application layer 210 of the transmitter 202 includes an A/V pre-processing module 211 and an audio video control (AV/C) module 212. The A/V pre-processing module 211 can perform pre-processing of the audio/video such as partitioning of uncompressed video. The AV/C module 212 provides a standard way to exchange A/V capability information. Before a connection begins, the AV/C module negotiates the A/V formats to be used, and when the need for the connection is completed, AV/C commands are used to stop the connection.

[30] In the transmitter 202, the PHY layer 206 includes a low-rate (LR) channel 203 and a high rate (HR) channel 205 that are used to communicate with the MAC layer 208 and with a radio frequency (RF) module 207. In certain embodiments, the MAC layer 208 can include a packetization module (not shown). The PHY/MAC layers of the transmitter 202 add PHY and MAC headers to packets and transmit the packets to the receiver 204 over the wireless channel 201.

[31] In the wireless receiver 204, the PHY/MAC layers 214, 216 process the received packets. The PHY layer 214 includes a RF module 213 connected to the one or more antennas. A LR channel 215 and a HR channel 217 are used to communicate with the MAC layer 216 and with the RF module 213. The application layer 218 of the receiver 204 includes an A/V post-processing module 219 and an AV/C module 220. The module 219 can perform an inverse processing method of the module 211 to regenerate the uncompressed video, for example. The AV/C module 220 operates in a complementary way with the AV/C module 212 of the transmitter 202.

[32] In frame based bursty communication systems, information bytes are generally grouped in packets/frames before transmission. Packetization of the information bytes is generally straightforward. However, non-negligible efficiency loss could occur if the packetization is not done properly. This is especially true toward the end of each frame/packet.

[33] In a typical HD video data transmitter for a wireless video area network (WVAN), the packetization task toward the end of the packet is generally non-trivial as the transmitter generally uses Reed Solomon (RS) codes followed by an outer block in- terleaver code and a parallel of multiple convolutional codes in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) setup.

[34] In one embodiment, in order to ensure that an integer number of OFDM symbols are created, the high rate physical layer (HRP) will add additional bits to the bit stream, generally called stuff bits, prior to performing any operations on the incoming data. Stuff bits are typically set to zero prior to adding them to the end of the bit stream. The HRP generally adds the minimum number of stuff bits necessary to create an integer number of OFDM symbols for the combination of the physical layer header field, medium access control (MAC) header field and header check sequence (HCS) field. These additional bits are typically discarded by the receiver upon reception. In addition, the HRP generally adds the minimum number of stuff bits necessary to create an integer number of OFDM symbols for each of the subpackets that end on a HRP mode change and for the last subpacket. These additional bits are not included in the calculation of the MAC protocol data unit (MPDU) length field and are discarded by the receiver upon reception.

[35] In the IEEE 802.1 In standard, the encoding procedure is defined for a low density parity check (LDPC) coded OFDM system. The design is to meet both the LDPC codeword boundary and the OFDM symbol boundary, while improving the coding performance and padding efficiency. In a wireless HD video data transmitter, more constraints may exist compared with the 802. Hn case, because the wireless transmitter may need to meet the RS codeword boundary, the block outer- interleaver boundary, the padding of tail bits for convolutional codes after the outer interleaver, and the OFDM symbol boundary. Therefore, the design is generally more complicated in the WVAN system.

[36] In the digital video broadcast-terrestrial (DVB-T) standard , where a concatenated RS code with convolutional codes is used, the encoding procedure is also much simpler than the wireless HD transmitter because a convolutional outer interleaver is used in the DVB-T system instead of a block interleaver, as well as only one convolutional code is used.

[37] In a typical WVAN system targeting multi-giga bps video/data communications over a short range, information bytes are first equally divided into two branches, with a possibly different modulation and coding method used for each branch, in order to accommodate the unequal error protection concept where the data of the two branches receive a different level of error protection.

[38] Figure 3 illustrates an exemplary HD video data transmitter system 300 according to one embodiment of the invention. It is appreciated that certain elements of the system 300 may be omitted or combined to other elements of the system 300. In another embodiment, a certain element may be broken into a plurality of sub-elements. Also, the order of certain elements in the system 300 may change. In addition, certain elements, not shown in Figure 3, may be added to the system 300. Furthermore, specific features of each element shown in Figure 3 are merely examples and many other modifications may also be possible. In one embodiment, all of the elements of the Figure 3 system 300 belong to the PHY layer 206 (see Figure 2). In one embodiment, most significant bits (MSBs) and least significant bits (LSBs) of data are equally protected (EEP) with respect to error codings. In another embodiment, MSBs and LSBs are unequally protected (UEP) with respect to error codings. In one embodiment, all of the elements of the Figure 3 system 300 can be embodied by either software or hardware or a combination.

[39] In one embodiment, instead of using RS encoders 304 and 306, other outer encoders such as a Bose, Ray-Chaudhuri, Hocquenghem (BCH) encoder can be also used. In one embodiment, instead of using one or more convolutional encoders 312, other inner encoders such as a linear block encoder can be also used. In one embodiment, each of the convolutional encoders 312 may include a plurality of parallel convolutional encoders which encode a plurality of incoming data bits, respectively. In this embodiment, the system 300 may further include at least one parser (not shown), generally located between each of outer interleavers 308, 310 and each of the convo- lutional encoders 312, which parses the outer interleaved data bits to a corresponding one of the convolutional encoders 312. However, for convenience, the Figure 3 system will be described based on RS encoders and convolutional encoders.

[40] In another embodiment, it is also possible to have a single RS (or outer) encoder and a single outer interleaver instead of using a pair of those elements 304, 306 and 308, 310. In another embodiment, it is also possible to have more than two of the RS encoders, outer interleavers, convolutional encoders and multiplexers.

[41] Referring to Figure 3, the system 300 receives an information packet from a MAC layer (see 208 in Figure T). In one embodiment, a scrambler 302 scrambles the received packet and outputs most significant bits (MSBs) and least significant bits (LSBs) to the first and second RS encoders 304, 306, respectively.

[42] The RS encoders 304, 306 encode the MSBs and LSBs, respectively. The first and second outer interleavers 308, 310 outer interleave the RS encoded data, respectively. In one embodiment, each of the outer interleavers 308, 310 is a block interleaver or a convolutional interleaver. In another embodiment, other forms of interleavers are also possible.

[43] The convolutional encoder(s) 312 perform(s) convolutional encoding and puncturing on the outer interleaved data, and output(s), for example, four bits of data, corresponding to the MSBs and LSBs, respectively, to a multiplexer 314. In one embodiment, the convolutional encoders 312 may include a plurality of convolutional (or inner) encoders some of which are for the MSBs and the others of which are for the LSBs. In this embodiment, the number of convolutional encoders for MSB data may be the same (e.g., 4 and 4) as that of inner encoders for LSB data. In another embodiment, the number of convolutional encoders for MSB data may be different (e.g., 6 and T) from that of convolutional encoders for LSB data. In one embodiment, each of the convolutional encoders may provide equal error protection (EEP) for all incoming data bits. In another embodiment, the convolutional encoders may provide unequal error protection (UEP) for all incoming data bits.

[44] The multiplexer 314 multiplexes the bit streams output from the convolutional encoders 312 to a multiplexed data stream to be provided to a bit interleaver 316. The bit interleaver 316 bit-interleaves the multiplexed data stream. A symbol mapper 318 performs symbol mapping such as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) mapping on the bit- interleaved data. A pilot/DC null insert unit 320 and a tone interleaver 322 perform pilot/DC null inserting and tone interleaving, respectively. An inverse Fourier fast transform (IFFT) unit 324 performs IFFT processing on the output of the tone interleaver 322. A guard interval unit 326 and a symbol shaping unit 328 perform guard interval and symbol shaping for the IFFT processed data, sequentially. In one em- bodiment, the IFFT unit 324 and the guard interval unit 326 together perform orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation. An upconversion unit 330 performs upconversion on the output of the symbol shaping unit 328 before transmitting the data packet to a HD video data receiver over the wireless channel 201 (see Figure 2). In one embodiment, the HD video data receiver may include a single convolutional decoder or a plurality of convolutional decoders corresponding to the convolutional encoder(s) of the transmitter system 300.

[45] In one embodiment, as shown in Figure 3, each branch is first encoded by an RS code (224, 216, t=4), followed by a block interleaver 308, 310 of size, for example, 4x224 (depth four outer interleaver). For each branch, the interleaved output is parsed into, for example, M=4 parallel convolutional encoders 312. For each convolutional code, a certain length of all-zero tail bits are inserted into the output of the outer interleaver 308, 310 by further shortening of the RS code. Insertion of the tail bits is to simplify the decoding task of convolutional codes at the receiver side.

[46] Further describing inserting tail bits based on one embodiment, the information symbols are divided into equal-sized units, with each unit containing equal 4xK information symbols, so that each unit after RS encoding matches with the interleaver size. In this embodiment, the ending unit (or the last unit) would have 0<q<4xK symbols available, while q may take arbitrary value in between.

[47] In one embodiment, the ending packet contains 4x(K-M) information symbols, with each symbol being, for example, 8-bit long. Additional zeros may be added to the data packets (with the tail-bit- zeros for convolutional codes to be added later), which will lower the overall efficiency. Since each unit is of 4K symbols (or 32K bits), each subpacket (approximately 50 μs long) may contain up to only 10 units for 1080i (1080 interlaced scan). Thus, in order to meet the boundaries of the RS encoder and block interleaver, such a packetization leads to an average efficiency reduction of about 5% and a maximum efficiency reduction of about 10% for 1080i.

[48] One embodiment of the invention provides a systematic way to do packetization of the information bits for wireless HD video communication systems and provides much higher padding efficiency (i.e., much more efficient padding) while improving the decoding performance.

[49] Summarizing the operation of the Figure 3 system, data is first RS encoded and then outer interleaved using, for example, a depth four block interleaver. The interleaved data is parsed into, for example, 8 parallel convolutional encoders where each convolutional encoder requires tail bits to terminate. The convolutional encoded data bits are multiplexed together, interleaved and mapped to QAM constellation for OFDM modulation. In one embodiment, the transmitted data bits meet the following: (1) integer number of RS codeword, (2) integer number of outer interleaver size, (3) tail bits need to be inserted before CC encoding and (4) additional padding bits are needed to ensure integer number of OFDM symbols.

[50] For convenience, four encoding schemes shown in Figures 4-11, which meet the above four requirements, will be described. Typically, as additional padding bits are inserted and transmitted, the more padding bits are added, the lower the transmission efficiency. Therefore, at least one embodiment maximizes the efficiency while maintaining the coding performance and the simplicity of the system. It is appreciated that the four schemes are merely exemplary and other schemes may also be possible. In one embodiment, the four schemes can be implemented with the Figure 3 system.

[51] Scheme 1

[52] Figure 4 illustrates a conceptual diagram showing an encoding procedure 500 (see

Figure 5) of a HD video data transmitter for a wireless video area network (WVAN) according to one embodiment of the invention. Figure 5 is an exemplary flowchart for the encoding procedure 500 according to one embodiment of the invention.

[53] In one embodiment, the encoding procedure 500 is implemented in a conventional programming language, such as C or C++ or another suitable programming language. In one embodiment of the invention, the program is stored on a computer accessible storage medium at a HD video data transmitter for a WVAN, for example, a device coordinator 112 or devices (1-N) 114 as shown in Figure 1. In another embodiment, the program can be stored in other system locations so long as it can perform the transmitting procedure 500 according to embodiments of the invention. The storage medium may comprise any of a variety of technologies for storing information. In one embodiment, the storage medium comprises a random access memory (RAM), hard disks, floppy disks, digital video devices, compact discs, video discs, and/or other optical storage mediums, etc. In another embodiment, at least one of the device coordinator 112 and devices (1-N) 114 comprises a processor (not shown) configured to or programmed to perform the transmitting procedure 900. The program may be stored in the processor or a memory of the coordinator 112 and/or the devices (1-N) 114. In various embodiments, the processor may have a configuration based on, for example, i) an advanced RISC machine (ARM) microcontroller, ii) Intel Corporation's microprocessors (e.g., the Pentium family microprocessors) and iii) Microsoft Corporation's Windows operating systems (e.g., Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 2000 or Windows NT). In one embodiment, the processor is implemented with a variety of computer platforms using a single chip or multichip microprocessors, digital signal processors, embedded microprocessors, microcontrollers, etc. In another embodiment, the processor is implemented with a wide range of operating systems such as Unix, Linux, Microsoft DOS, Microsoft Windows 2000/9x/ME/XP, Macintosh OS, OS/2 and the like. In another embodiment, the transmitting procedure 500 can be implemented with an embedded software. Depending on the embodiments, additional states may be added, others removed, or the order of the states changes in Figure 5. The description of this paragraph applies to the remaining schemes shown in Figures 6-11.

[54] Referring to Figures 3-5, the operation of the scheme 1 encoding procedure will be described in greater detail. For convenience, it is assumed that an outer encoder is an RS encoder and an inner encoder is a convolutional encoder. It is appreciated that other outer encoders or other inner encoders (for example as discussed above) may also be used. The same applies to the remaining schemes 2-4 illustrated in Figures 6-11.

[55] In one embodiment, scheme 1 provides the most straightforward encoding procedure among the four schemes. In one embodiment, the system 300 receives L information bytes 400 from the MAC layer (502). The information bytes 400 include main codewords 402 and remainder codewords 404. The remainder codewords 404 are less than, e.g., four codewords and located at the end of the information packet 400. Each block of the information bytes 400 represents a codeword having the length of, e.g., IK bytes, where K= 1024. This applies to the remaining schemes shown in Figures 6-11.

[56] The system 300 RS encodes the information bytes 402 with the RS code of (N, K, t), where K is the number of information bytes, N is the number of bytes in the codeword, and t is correction capability (504). After the RS encoding, 2t (e.g., 8) bytes of parity bits 408 are added per codeword to form the size N byte codewords as shown in Figure 4. The last codeword 412c of the three remainder codewords 412a-412c is shortened to, for example, (m+2t, m), wherein m =mod (L, K) (506). This is to reduce the transmission time, which will further improve the performance of the last codeword 412c. In one embodiment, the shortening of the last codeword 412c may be performed by at least one of the RS encoders 304, 306. In another embodiment, the shortening of the last codeword 412c may be performed by another element of the Figure 3 system or a separate element which is not shown in Figure 3. This applies to the remaining schemes shown in Figures 6-11.

[57] In one embodiment, certain length of zeros 416 are padded to the RS encoded codewords to, for example, ceil (L/4K)x4N (508). In one embodiment, each of the outer interleavers has a depth of 4 (the number of columns of each outer interleaver) as shown in Figure 4. The outer interleaver may have the size of 4x224 bytes. The zero padding is to form a set of four codewords 414 in order to meet the depth four outer interleaver requirement. In one embodiment, the zero padding may be performed by at least one of the outer interleavers 308, 310. In another embodiment, the zero padding may be performed by another element of the Figure 3 system or a separate element which is not shown in Figure 3. This applies to the remaining schemes shown in Figures 6-11.

[58] The RS encoded codewords 410 and zero-padded codewords 414 are outer in- terleaved and parsed (510). In this embodiment, each outer interleaver performs outer interleaving on a set of four codewords 410 and 414. This applies to the remaining schemes shown in Figures 6-11.

[59] Tail bits 420 are further inserted to the outer interleaved data and convolutional encoding is performed for the data having the tail bits 420 thereafter (512). Padding tail bits 420 is to terminate the convolutional codes such that decoding at the receive side is properly performed. In one embodiment, 1 byte of tail bits (e.g., 1 byte of zeros) is added per a convolutional encoder. For example, for 8 convolutional encoders, 8 bytes of tail bits are added. In one embodiment, padding tail bits 420 in state 512 may be performed by at least one of the outer interleavers 308, 310. In another embodiment, the padding of the tail bits may be performed by another element of the Figure 3 system or a separate element which is not shown in Figure 3. This applies to the remaining schemes shown in Figures 6-11.

[60] More scrambled zeros 424 are inserted to the convolutional coded bytes in order to provide an integer number of OFDM symbols (514). Multiplexing of the data having the scrambled zeros 424 is performed thereafter. In one embodiment, padding scrambled zeros 424 may be performed by the multiplexer 314. In another embodiment, padding scrambled zeros 424 may be performed by another element of the Figure 3 system or a separate element which is not shown in Figure 3. This applies to the remaining schemes shown in Figures 6-11. Thereafter, the rest of the OFDM transmission procedure is performed by the remaining elements 316-330 of the Figure 3 system (516). This applies to the remaining schemes shown in Figures 6-11

[61] Scheme 2

[62] Figure 6 illustrates a conceptual diagram showing an encoding procedure 600 (see

Figure 7) of a HD video data transmitter for a WVAN according to another embodiment of the invention. Figure 7 is an exemplary flowchart for the encoding procedure 600 according to one embodiment of the invention. Referring to Figures 3 and 6-7, the operation of the scheme 2 encoding procedure will be described in greater detail.

[63] Scheme 1 provides relatively a straightforward scheme. However, the padding efficiency may be low. Scheme 2 provides some improvement on transmission efficiency over scheme 1. The system 300 receives L information bytes 520 from the MAC layer (560). The information bytes 520 may include main codewords 522 and remainder codewords 524.

[64] The system 300 RS encodes the information bytes 520 with the RS code of (N, K, t), where K is the number of information bytes, N is the number of bytes in the codeword, and t is correction capability (562). After the RS encoding, 2t parity bytes 526 are added to form the size N byte codewords as shown in Figure 6. [65] The last codeword 528 (case 1) or 532 (case 2) of the RS encoded remainder codewords is shortened to, for example, (m+2t, m), wherein m = mod (L, K) (564). It is determined whether mod (L, 4K) for the last codeword 532 is greater than 4K-8 (566). If it is greater than 4K-8 (case 1), partial tail bits 538, for example, less than 8 bytes, are inserted into the RS encoded codewords to form a set of four codewords 536 which meets the depth four outer interleaver requirement (568). The RS encoded codewords 536 with the partial tail bits 538 added are outer interleaved and parsed (570). Additional tail bits 548, for example, 8 bytes minus the number of the partial tail bits, are added to the outer interleaved data such that total tail bits added are 8 bytes (572). Convolutional encoding is performed for the outer interleaved data having the tail bits (partial tail bits 538 + additional tail bits 548) thereafter (572).

[66] If it is determined in state 566 whether mod (L, 4K) for the last codeword 532 is not greater than 4K-8 (case 2), entire tail bits 544 (e.g., 8 bytes) are added to the RS encoded codewords (574). Thereafter, certain length of zeros 542 are padded to the RS encoded codewords to form a set of four codewords 540 which meets the depth four outer interleaver requirement (576). In one embodiment, padding tail bits 538 and 544, and padding zeros 542 may be performed by at least one of the outer interleavers 308, 310. In another embodiment, the padding of the tail bits 538, 544 and zeros 542 may be performed by another element of the Figure 3 system or a separate element which is not shown in Figure 3. The RS encoded codewords 540, with the tail bits 544 and zeros 542 added, are outer interleaved, parsed and convolutional encoded (578). In case 2, since the entire tail bits 544 have been added in state 574, additional tail bits may not need to be added unlike case 1 (see states 568 and 572).

[67] Scrambled zeros 550 are inserted to the convolutional coded bytes in order to provide an integer number of OFDM symbols (580). Multiplexing of the data having the scrambled zeros 550 is performed thereafter. In state 582, the rest of the OFDM transmission procedure is performed.

[68] Scheme 3

[69] Figure 8 illustrates a conceptual diagram showing an encoding procedure 700 (see

Figure 9) of a HD video data transmitter for a WVAN according to another embodiment of the invention. Figure 9 is an exemplary flowchart for the encoding procedure 700 according to one embodiment of the invention. Referring to Figures 3 and 8-9, the operation of the scheme 3 encoding procedure will be described in greater detail.

[70] The schemes 1 and 2 keep the size of the outer interleaver and pad zeros in different ways. However, due to the relatively large size of the outer interleaver (e.g., 4x224 bytes), the efficiency may be limited. Scheme 3 may further improve the efficiency and the RS code performance over the schemes 1 and 2. In one embodiment, in scheme 3, instead of shortening only the last codeword, all of the last four codewords are shortened, which can evenly improve the RS performance, at the same time enable the usage of a shortened outer interleaver.

[71] Referring to Figures 3 and 8-9, the operation of scheme 3 encoding procedure will be described in greater detail. The system 300 receives L information bytes 601 from the MAC layer (702). The information bytes 601 may include main codewords 602 and remainder codewords 604. The system 300 calculates the value of 'floor(L/4K)x4K', where K represents an RS code length (704). For convenience, it is assumed that L = 4nK + A (bytes), wherein n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... and n represents the number of outer in- terleavers, wherein A=I, 2, 3, ...K-I and A represents the number of remainder bytes with respect to 4nK bytes. 4nK bytes represent 4n codewords. Each outer interleaver performs outer interleaving on a set of four codewords 606. Each codeword includes 2t parity bytes (e.g., 8 bytes) 608.

[72] State 704 separates encoding processing for the first 4nK bytes from encoding processing for the remainder bytes (A). The first 4nK information bytes are RS encoded with, for example, an RS code (N, K, t), wherein t is error correction capability (bytes) and N=K+2t (706). The RS encoded data is outer interleaved, parsed and convolutional encoded (708).

[73] With regard to the remainder bytes (A), the system 300 evenly distributes the remainder bytes (A=L'=L- floor (L/4K)x4K) to four RS codewords 610a-610d, where the first three RS codes 610a-610c have Kl information bytes and the last RS codeword 61Od has K2 information bytes (710). In one embodiment, Kl is obtained using the equation 'ceil (L 74)' and K2 is obtained using the equation 'L'-3xceil (L74).' The four codewords (610a-610d) are RS encoded and shortened with an RS code (Kl+2t, Kl, t) for the first three codewords (610a-610c) and an RS code (K2+2t, K2, t) for the last codeword 61Od (712). In one embodiment, states 704, 710 and 712 may be performed by at least one of the RS encoders 304, 306. In another embodiment, states 704, 710 and 712 may be performed by another element of the Figure 3 system or a separate element which is not shown in Figure 3.

[74] If needed to meet the outer encoder size requirement, a certain length of zeros (e.g.,

1-3 bytes) may be padded to the last codeword 61Od (714). The RS encoded data is outer interleaved using a shortened outer interleaver with the size of 4x(Kl+2t) (714).

[75] In one embodiment, the system 300 adds tail bits 615 (e.g., 4x8 bytes for the four codewords) to the data which has been outer interleaved in states 708 and 714 in order to terminate convolutional codes, and performs convolutional encoding on the outer interleaved data as shown in Figure 8 (716). In one embodiment, the adding of the tail bits 615 may be performed by an element other than the outer interleavers 308, 310. In another embodiment, the adding of the tail bits 615 may be performed by the outer in- terleavers 308, 310 after the outer interleaving is complete.

[76] In one embodiment, additional zeros 618 may be added to the convolutional encoded data to satisfy the integer number requirement of OFDM symbols before multiplexing (718). Thereafter, the rest of the OFDM transmission procedures is performed (720).

[77] In one embodiment, as the RS encoders are shortened in size with respect to the remainder codewords, so is the outer interleaver for the remainder codewords. For example, if the number of the remainder bytes 604 is 32 bytes, K1=K2=8 using the above equations, thus each codeword would have 8 bytes and 8 parity bytes. This can be implemented with an outer interleaver having the size of 4x(Kl+2t)=4x(8+8)=4xl6 bytes, which provides a significantly higher efficiency compared to the outer interleaver having the size of 4x224 bytes.

[78] As another example, if the number of the remainder bytes 604 is 23 bytes, Kl=6 and

K2=5 using the above equations. In this example, one byte of zeros is added to the last codeword and each codeword would have 6 bytes and 8 parity bytes. This can be implemented with an outer interleaver having the size of 4x(Kl+2t) )=4x(6+8)=4xl4 bytes, which provides a significantly higher efficiency compared to the outer interleaver having the size of 4x224 bytes.

[79] Scheme 4

[80] Figure 10 illustrates a conceptual diagram showing an encoding procedure 900 (see

Figure 11) of a HD video data transmitter for a WVAN according to another embodiment of the invention. Figure 11 is an exemplary flowchart for the encoding procedure 900 according to another embodiment of the invention. Referring to Figures 3 and 10-11, the operation of the scheme 4 encoding procedure will be described in greater detail. States 902-908 of Figure 11 are substantially the same as states 702-708 of Figure 9. Furthermore, states 920-922 of Figure 11 are substantially the same as states 718 and 720 of Figure 9.

[81] The system 300 determines the value of 'L'=L-floor(L/4K)x4K', where K represents an RS code length (910). This state is also substantially the same as part of state 704 of Figure 9. L' 802 represents remainder bytes or the total information bytes for the last interleaver block.

[82] The system 300 determines an RS code for the last RS codeword byte K2 (816), for example, using the equation: K2=max (floor ((L'-24)/4), 0) (912). In state 914, the system 300 evenly distributes the (L'-K2) information bytes to the rest of three RS codewords 812-816, where KI l is for the first two codewords 812, 814 and K12 is for the third codeword 816. In one embodiment, Kl 1 is obtained by using the equation 'Kl l=ceil ((L'-K2)/3)' and K12 is obtained by using the equation 'K12=floor ((L'-K2)/3).'

[83] The first two codewords 812, 814 are encoded with, for example, an RS code (Kl l+2t, Kl 1, t) and the third codeword 816 is encoded with, for example, an RS code (K12+2t, Kl 1, t) (916). The last codeword 818 is encoded with, for example, an RS code (K2+2t, K2, t) (916). Thereafter, if needed, tail bits 820 may be added to the last codeword (818) in order to meet the size requirement of the RS encoder (916).

[84] In order to meet the size requirement of the outer interleaver, the system 300 may add zero bytes to the outer interleaver and outer interleave the RS encoded data using a shortened outer interleaver with the size of 4x(Kl l+2t) (918). Thereafter, parsing is performed to parse the outer interleaved data to convolutional encoders. In one embodiment, states 904 and 910-914 may be performed by at least one of the RS encoders 304, 306. In another embodiment, states 904 and 910-914 may be performed by another element of the Figure 3 system or a separate element which is not shown in Figure 3.

[85] In this scheme 4, the remainder bytes 802 are converted into four shortened codewords 812-818, where the last codeword 818 is, for example, eight bytes shorter than the remaining codewords 812-816 as shown in Figure 10. For example, if L' = 32, then K2 = 2 for the last codeword, and Kl (=K1 I=K 12) = 10 for the first three codewords in the depth four outer interleaver. So, the difference between K2 and Kl is 8 bytes. 8 bytes of tail bits are added to the last codeword 818 and 8 bytes of parity bits are added to each of the first to third codewords 812-816. In this example, the shortened outer interleaver would have the size of 4x(Kl l+2t)=4x(10+8)=4xl8 bytes which provides a significantly higher efficiency compared to the outer interleaver having the size of 4x224 bytes.

[86] The procedure 900 will be further explained with reference to Figure 12A. Figure

12A illustrates a conceptual drawing of an interleaver for the remainder codewords according to one embodiment. It is assumed that the number (L') of the remainder codewords is 23 bytes. In state 912, K2= max(floor((L'-24)/4),

0)=max(floor((23-24)/4), O)=O. In state 914, Kl l=ceil((L'-K2)/3=Ceil(23-0)/3=8. Also, K12=floor((L'-K2)/3=floor(23-0)/3=7. The first to third (information) codewords are 8, 8 and 7, respectively, as shown in Figure 12A. The fourth codeword is 0 as shown in Figure 12A. In state 916, 8 bytes of tail bits are added to the fourth codeword as shown in Figure 12A (state 916). In state 918, 1 byte of zeros is padded to the third codeword and 8 bytes of zeros are padded to the fourth codeword as shown in Figure 12A (state 918). In this example, the shortened outer interleaver has the size of 4x16 bytes as shown in Figure 12A which provides a significantly higher efficiency compared to the outer interleaver having the size of 4x224 bytes.

[87] Alternative embodiment (modified version of scheme 4)

[88] In another embodiment, the information bytes are padded to multiple of four instead of using the ceil/floor operation to calculate KI l and K12 as shown in Figure 12B. Figure 12B illustrates a conceptual drawing of an interleaver for the remainder codewords according to another embodiment. In this embodiment, the encoding can be described as following:

[89] Zeros are padded to the Ll information bytes to obtain L2 = max{(depth - l)xM, ceil(Ll/depth)xdepth}. Assuming that Ll=23 bytes and depth=4 and M=8, L2 = max{ (depth - l)xM, ceil(Ll/depth)xdepth}=max{(4 - I)x8, ceil(23/4)x4}=max{24,20}=24.

[90] The length (K2) of the last RS codeword is calculated: K2 = max{ [L2-

(depth-l)xM]/depth, 0}= max{[24- (4-l)x8]/4, 0}=max{0,0}=0. The length

(Kl=Kl I=K 12) of the remaining RS codewords is calculated: Kl = (L2 - K2)/(depth -

1) = (24 -0)/(4-l)=8. This is illustrated in Figures 12B.

[91] The i = depth- 1 column of the outer interleaver is a shortened RS (K2+2xt, K2, t = 4) code. The i=0, 1, ... depth -2 column of the outer interleaver is a shortened RS (Kl+2xt, K2, t = 4) code. The bytes of b(depth-l, K2+2xt+l), ..., b(depth-l, Kl+2xt) are padded with zeroes. A shortened block interleaver for RS(Kl+2xt, K2, t = 4) is used similar as in the scheme 4 example. Figure 12B shows that 8 bytes of zeros are padded to the last codeword and 8 bytes of tail bits are added to the last codeword, and 8 bytes of parity bits are added to each of the first to third codewords. In this example, the shortened outer interleaver has the size of 4x16 bytes as shown in Figure 12B which provides a significantly higher efficiency compared to the outer interleaver having the size of 4x224 bytes.

[92] In another embodiment, the information bytes can be padded further to meet other system requirements, for example, the bit interleaver requirement. The method of encoding the information bytes together with the padded bits follows the same as described above.

[93] According to at least one embodiment, the method of encoding the information bits is intended to meet the RS codeword boundary, the block outer interleaver boundary and OFDM symbol boundary. Different schemes are provided which give different tradeoffs between simplicity and RS codeword performance, and the padding efficiency. At least one embodiment of the invention provides much more efficient padding schemes while improving the decoding performance. Furthermore, at least one embodiment of the invention does not require changes to current designs, either. At least one embodiment of the invention can be applicable to other wireless telecommunication standards such as IEEE 802.15.3c.

[94] While the above description has pointed out novel features of the invention as applied to various embodiments, the skilled person will understand that various omissions, substitutions, and changes in the form and details of the device or process illustrated may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, although embodiments of the invention have been described with reference to uncompressed video data, those embodiments can be applied to compressed video data as well.

[95] Therefore, the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All variations coming within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are embraced within their scope

Claims

[1] L A method of processing high definition video data to be transmitted over a wireless medium, the method comprising: receiving an information packet having the length of L bytes, wherein L=(MxnxK)+A, and where: M is the depth of an interleaver, n is the number of interleavers, K is an encoding code length and

A is the number of remainder bytes with respect to MxnxK bytes, wherein the remainder bytes are located at the end of the information packet, wherein MxnxK bytes represent Mxn codewords, wherein the remainder bytes sequentially form a plurality of remainder codewords, and wherein the plurality of remainder codewords comprise a last codeword which is located at the end of the remainder codewords; outer encoding the Mxn codewords and the plurality of remainder codewords based on the code length (K); shortening the last codeword such that the resultant shortened codeword is shorter in length than each of the remaining codewords of the information packet; and adding dummy bits to the outer encoded data so as to meet a predefined size requirement for an outer interleaver.

[2] 2. The method of Claim 1, wherein the adding comprises zero padding to the last codeword so as to meet the predefined size requirement for the outer interleaver.

[3] 3. The method of Claim 2, further comprising: outer interleaving, after the zero padding, the outer encoded Mxn codewords and the plurality of remainder codewords; inner encoding the outer interleaved codewords; and multiplexing the inner encoded data.

[4] 4. The method of Claim 3, wherein the outer encoding comprises Reed Solomon

(RS) encoding and the inner encoding comprises convolutional encoding.

[5] 5. The method of Claim 4, further comprising adding tail bits, before the convolutional encoding , to the outer interleaved codewords.

[6] 6. The method of Claim 5, further comprising zero padding to the convolutional encoded data such that the convolutional encoded data has an integer number of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols.

[7] 7. The method of Claim 4, wherein the RS encoding is performed with an RS code (N, K, t), where N is the number of bytes in each unshortened codeword and t is correction capability.

[8] 8. The method of Claim 7, wherein the last codeword is shortened to (m+2t, m), where m=mod(L, K).

[9] 9. The method of Claim 1, wherein the outer encoding comprises performing

Reed Solomon (RS) encoding with an RS code (N, K, t), where N is the number of bytes in each unshortened codeword and t is the correction capability.

[10] 10. The method of Claim 9, further comprising determining whether mod (L, 4K) is greater than 4K- 8.

[11] 11. The method of Claim 10, wherein the adding of dummy bits comprises: adding partial tail bits to the shortened last codeword, if it is determined that mod

(L, 4K) is greater than 4K- 8, so as to meet the predefined size requirement for the outer interleaver; and adding additional bits to the outer interleaved data such that the sum of the partial tail bits and additional bits is the same as a predefined number of bytes.

[12] 12. The method of Claim 10, wherein the adding of dummy bits comprises: adding tail bits to the shortened last codeword if it is determined that mod (L,

4K) is (L, 4K) is not greater than 4K- 8; and padding zeros at least to the shortened last codeword so as to meet the predefined size requirement for the outer interleaver.

[13] 13. The method of Claim 1, wherein each of the M x n codewords comprises a plurality of bytes.

[14] 14. The method of Claim 1 3 , wherein the outer encoding comprises performing

Reed Solomon (RS) encoding with an RS code (N, K, t), and where in each of the M x n codewords comprises N bytes and t is the correction capability.

[15] 15. A system for processing high definition video data to be transmitted over a wireless medium, the system comprising: a first module configured to receive an information packet having the length of L bytes, wherein L=(MxnxK)+A, and where:

M is the depth of an interleaver, n is the number of interleavers,

K is an encoding code length and

A is the number of remainder bytes with respect to MxnxK bytes, wherein the remainder bytes are located at the end of the information packet, wherein MxnxK bytes represent Mxn codewords, wherein the remainder bytes sequentially form a plurality of remainder codewords, and wherein the plurality of remainder codewords comprise a last codeword which is located at the end of the remainder codewords; an outer encoder configured to outer encode the Mxn codewords and the plurality of remainder codewords based on the code length (K); a second module configured to shorten the last codeword such that the shortened codeword is shorter in length than each of the remaining codewords of the information packet; and a third module configured to add dummy bits to the outer encoded data so as to meet a predefined size requirement for the outer interleaver.

[16] 16. The system of Claim 1 5 , wherein at least one of the first and second modules is integrated into the outer encoder.

[17] 17. The system of Claim 1 5 , further comprising: an outer interleaver configured to outer interleave the outer encoded Mxn codewords and the plurality of remainder codewords with the added dummy bits; an inner encoder configured to inner encode the outer interleaved codewords; and a multiplexer configured to multiplex the inner encoded data.

[18] 18. The system of Claim 1 5 , wherein the third module is integrated into the outer interleaver.

[19] 19. The system of Claim 1 5 , wherein the outer encoder comprises a Reed

Solomon (RS) encoder and the inner encoder comprises a convolutional encoder.

[20] 20. The system of Claim 1 5 , wherein the third module is further configured to pad zeros to the last codeword so as to meet the predefined size requirement for the outer interleaver.

[21] 21. The system of Claim 1 5 , wherein one of the first and second modules is configured to determine whether mod (L, 4K) is greater than 4K- 8.

[22] 22. The system of Claim 21 , wherein the third module is further configured to: add partial tail bits to the shortened last codeword, if it mod (L, 4K) is greater than 4K- 8, so as to meet the predefined size requirement for the outer interleaver; and add additional bits to the outer interleaved data such that the sum of the partial tail bits and additional bits is the same as a predefined number of bytes.

[23] 23. The system of Claim 1 5 , wherein the system is implemented with one of the following: a set-top box, a DVD player or recorder, a digital camera, a camcorder and a computing device.

[24] 24. One or more processor-readable storage devices having processor-readable code, the processor-readable code for programming one or more processors to perform a method of processing high definition video data to be transmitted over a wireless medium, the method comprising : receiving an information packet having the length of L bytes, wherein

L=(MxnxK)+A, and where: M is the depth of an interleaver, n is the number of interleavers, K is an encoding code length and

[25] 25. A system for processing high definition video data to be transmitted over a wireless medium, the system comprising: means for receiving an information packet having the length of L bytes, wherein L=(MxnxK)+A, and where: M is the depth of an interleaver, n is the number of interleavers, K is an encoding code length and

A is the number of remainder bytes with respect to MxnxK bytes, wherein the remainder bytes are located at the end of the information packet, wherein MxnxK bytes represent Mxn codewords, wherein the remainder bytes sequentially form a plurality of remainder codewords, and wherein the plurality of remainder codewords comprise a last codeword which is located at the end of the remainder codewords; means for outer encoding the Mxn codewords and the plurality of remainder codewords based on the code length (K); means for shortening the last codeword such that the resultant shortened codeword is shorter in length than each of the remaining codewords of the information packet; and means for adding dummy bits to the outer encoded data so as to meet a predefined size requirement for an outer interleaver.