WO2008091099A1 - Electrode comprising lithium nickel oxide layer, method for preparing the same, and electrochromic device comprising the same - Google Patents
Electrode comprising lithium nickel oxide layer, method for preparing the same, and electrochromic device comprising the same Download PDFInfo
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- WO2008091099A1 WO2008091099A1 PCT/KR2008/000400 KR2008000400W WO2008091099A1 WO 2008091099 A1 WO2008091099 A1 WO 2008091099A1 KR 2008000400 W KR2008000400 W KR 2008000400W WO 2008091099 A1 WO2008091099 A1 WO 2008091099A1
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- Prior art keywords
- electrode
- voltage
- nickel oxide
- lithium nickel
- oxidation
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- URIIGZKXFBNRAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxonickel Chemical compound [Li].[Ni]=O URIIGZKXFBNRAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 86
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 80
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 59
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 58
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 57
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 44
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 50
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 43
- VEQPNABPJHWNSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel(2+) Chemical compound [Ni+2] VEQPNABPJHWNSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- JDRCAGKFDGHRNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(3+) Chemical compound [Ni+3] JDRCAGKFDGHRNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000374 eutectic mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Substances [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009831 deintercalation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- GTCAXTIRRLKXRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl carbamate Chemical compound COC(N)=O GTCAXTIRRLKXRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910001453 nickel ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonaoxidotritungsten Chemical compound O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1 QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000003980 solgel method Methods 0.000 description 4
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910003005 LiNiO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- -1 proton Chemical compound 0.000 description 3
- 238000004549 pulsed laser deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 241000270728 Alligator Species 0.000 description 2
- 229910008722 Li2NiO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910016138 LixNi1 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 description 2
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese dioxide Chemical compound O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JKQOBWVOAYFWKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum trioxide Chemical compound O=[Mo](=O)=O JKQOBWVOAYFWKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZKATWMILCYLAPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium pentoxide Chemical compound O=[Nb](=O)O[Nb](=O)=O ZKATWMILCYLAPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZNOKGRXACCSDPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten(VI) oxide Inorganic materials O=[W](=O)=O ZNOKGRXACCSDPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- WJFKNYWRSNBZNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 10H-phenothiazine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC3=CC=CC=C3SC2=C1 WJFKNYWRSNBZNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SFPQDYSOPQHZAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxypropanenitrile Chemical compound COC(C)C#N SFPQDYSOPQHZAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DCWQZPJHHVLHSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-ethoxypropanenitrile Chemical compound CCOCCC#N DCWQZPJHHVLHSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000552 LiCF3SO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001290 LiPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910016327 MxWO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002640 NiOOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910005855 NiOx Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthraquinone Natural products CCC(=O)c1c(O)c2C(=O)C3C(C=CC=C3O)C(=O)c2cc1CC(=O)OC PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004056 anthraquinones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ceric oxide Chemical compound O=[Ce]=O CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000422 cerium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003411 electrode reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007733 ion plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910003473 lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229950000688 phenothiazine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000128 polypyrrole Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000027756 respiratory electron transport chain Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004984 smart glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N triglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOCCOC YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YVTHLONGBIQYBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc indium(3+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O--].[Zn++].[In+3] YVTHLONGBIQYBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect
- G02F1/1506—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect caused by electrodeposition, e.g. electrolytic deposition of an inorganic material on or close to an electrode
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect
- G02F1/153—Constructional details
- G02F1/155—Electrodes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of preparing an electrode, which can lead to uniform electrochromism of a lithium nickel oxide layer by applying a voltage in all directions of the electrode during a formatting process.
- a lithium nickel oxide (Li x Nii- y O) electrode in which a lithium nickel oxide layer is deposited by a sputtering method, is in an unstable state where both Ni 2+ and Ni 3+ exist in the structure. Accordingly, in an electrochromic device using the lithium nickel oxide (Li x Nii- y O) , there are some serious problems in that the electrochromic range is narrowed due to incomplete oxidation/reduction of lithium nickel oxide (Li ⁇ Nii_ y O) , and especially, the device does not become colorless and transparent due to incomplete reduction of lithium nickel oxide.
- lithium nickel oxide (Li x Nii_ y O) layer having a thickness of about 150 nm or more
- lithium nickel oxide (Li x Nii- y O) is decolored by repeatedly applying oxidation/reduction voltages several hundred times.
- an electrochromic device is incompletely decolored.
- a lithium nickel oxide (Li x Nii- y O) material which is deposited by a sputtering method, exhibits poor adhesion onto the surface of FTO (Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide) glass. Accordingly, when oxidation/reduction is repeatedly performed on an electrochromic device, an electrode material is changed into NiO x or NiOOH, and thus may be stripped from an electrode surface or cause bubbles within electrolyte.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a formatting process according to
- Comparative Example 1 in which a lithium nickel oxide electrode, of which one part is connected to a voltage applying means, and a counter electrode are perpendicularly disposed on a ground surface in an electrochemical cell.
- FIG. 2 illustrates clips disposed on the outer circumference of an electrode with a predetermined interval
- FIG. 3 illustrates a jig fixed on the entire outer circumference of an electrode.
- FIG. 4 illustrates a formatting process according to Example 1, in which a lithium nickel oxide electrode (of which the outer circumference is connected to clips with a predetermined interval) and a counter electrode are perpendicularly disposed on a ground surface in an electrochemical cell.
- FIG. 5 illustrates a formatting process according to Example 2, in which a lithium nickel oxide electrode (of which the outer circumference is connected to clips with a predetermined interval) and a counter electrode are horizontally disposed above a ground surface in an electrochemical cell.
- FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the light transmittance of a lithium nickel oxide electrode formatted according to Example 1.
- FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating the light transmittance of a lithium nickel oxide electrode formatted according to Example 2.
- FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating the light transmittance of a lithium nickel oxide electrode formatted according to Comparative Example 1. ⁇ Brief Description of the Indication>
- 103 counter electrode
- 104 glass substrate
- 105 ITO thin film
- 106 lithium nickel oxide thin film
- 107 voltage applying means
- 108 power
- 201 ITO coating glass substrate
- 202 lithium nickel oxide thin film
- 203 voltage applying means (clip)
- ITO coating glass substrate ITO coating glass substrate
- 302 lithium nickel oxide thin film
- 303 voltage applying means (jig)
- 503 counter electrode
- 504 glass substrate
- 505 ITO thin film
- 506 lithium nickel oxide thin film
- 507 voltage applying means (clip)
- 508 power
- Nickel ions within lithium nickel oxide may have a single oxidation number through an electrochemical treatment of an electrode including a lithium nickel oxide (Li x Nii- y O) layer before the obtaining an electrochromic device, and then, it is possible to obtain an electrode having a wide electrochromic range.
- the electrochemical treatment there may be a difference in the rates of the electrochemical treatment, according to the thickness of Lithium nickel oxide, the temperature of electrolyte, an applied voltage, and the way of applying a voltage to a electrode. Accordingly, an electrode having uneven electrochromic properties or low durability may be obtained.
- electrochromism in an electrochemical treatment for allowing nickel within lithium nickel oxide to have a single oxidation number before obtaining an electrochromic device, a voltage is applied in all directions along the circumference of an electrode, and/or a working electrode and a counter electrode are horizontally disposed above a ground surface in an electrochemical cell including electrolyte. Therefore, electrochromism may be uniformly performed on the entire surface of the electrode through a uniform electrochemical treatment on the outer circumference of the electrode.
- a method of preparing an electrode containing lithium nickel oxide, in which nickel has a single oxidation number comprising the steps of: a) preparing an electrode including a lithium nickel oxide (Li x Nii_ y O, herein, 0.4 ⁇ x ⁇ l, and 0 ⁇ y ⁇ l) layer formed on a conductive substrate; and b) applying an oxidation voltage to the electrode, and then applying a reduction voltage to the electrode, wherein, the oxidation voltage and the reduction voltage are applied in all direction along an entire outer circumference of the electrode.
- a lithium nickel oxide Li x Nii_ y O, herein, 0.4 ⁇ x ⁇ l, and 0 ⁇ y ⁇ l
- an electrochromic device including a) a first electrode; b) a second electrode; c) an electrochromic material; and d) electrolyte, wherein the first electrode or the second electrode is prepared by the method of preparing an electrode.
- coloring/decoloring reactions represented by Reaction Scheme 1 are repeatedly performed by using reductive metal oxide (that is, tungsten oxide) as a reductive electrode, and oxidative metal oxide (that is, lithium nickel oxide) as an oxidative electrode.
- reductive metal oxide that is, tungsten oxide
- oxidative metal oxide that is, lithium nickel oxide
- M may be selected from the group including lithium, proton, potassium, etc., and lithium is particularly preferred.
- a reductive tungsten oxide electrode when a certain voltage is applied, the intercalation of metal ions and electrons into a tungsten oxide layer (a reduction reaction) turns the electrode into blue, and when a reverse voltage is applied, the deintercalation of metal ions and electrons from the tungsten oxide layer (an oxidation reaction) turns the electrode into colorless.
- an oxidative lithium nickel oxide electrode when metal ions and electrons are intercalated, the electrode turns colorless, and when metal ions and electrons are deintercalated, the electrode is colored.
- coloring/decoloring is dependent on oxidation state of Ni ions.
- an electrode in an oxidation state (Ni 3+ ), an electrode is colored, and in a reduction state (Ni 2+ ) , an electrode turns colorless.
- An electrode containing a lithium nickel oxide (Li x Ni L _ yO) layer which is prepared by a conventional method (such as sputtering, a sol-gel method, pulsed-laser deposition) by using lithium nickel oxide (Li x Nii- y O) as an electrochromic material, is basically in a colored state, and has a structure including both Ni 2+ and Ni 3+ . Therefore, in such an electrode, oxidation/reduction reactions as described above cannot be appropriately performed.
- lithium nickel oxide (Li x Nii_ y O) is forced to have a stoichiometric structure before the obtaining of an electrochromic device
- lithium nickel oxide may not include both Ni 2+ and Ni 3+ , and nickel has only a single oxidation number.
- An electrochromic device including such lithium nickel oxide can have the maximized optical and electrochromic properties through complete oxidation/reduction reactions .
- all the Ni 2+ within lithium nickel oxide (Li x Nii_ y O) are oxidized into Ni 3+ , thereby forming a structure of Lio. 5 Nio. 5 O, a colorless and transparent electrode of Li 2 NiO 2 is obtained by intercalating Li + .
- such an electrode can be obtained by the steps of: applying an oxidation voltage to lithium nickel oxide (Li x Nii_ y O) including both Ni 2+ and Ni 3+ , thereby changing Ni 2+ to Ni 3+ ; and applying a reduction voltage to the lithium nickel oxide in the electrolyte containing Li + , thereby intercalating Li + into the lithium nickel oxide.
- an oxidation voltage to lithium nickel oxide (Li x Nii_ y O) including both Ni 2+ and Ni 3+ thereby changing Ni 2+ to Ni 3+
- a reduction voltage to the lithium nickel oxide in the electrolyte containing Li + , thereby intercalating Li + into the lithium nickel oxide.
- a formatting process is performed before an electrochromic device is obtained.
- it is possible to variably change an applied voltage and processing conditions, etc., contrarily to repetition of application of oxidation/reduction voltages after the obtaining of an electrochromic device. Therefore, regardless of a thickness of an electrochromic material, nickel ions (Ni 2+ and Ni 3+ ) may be completely oxidized and reduced.
- nickel within lithium nickel oxide has a single oxidation number by formatting an electrode including a lithium nickel oxide (Li x Nii-yO) layer. Therefore, even in the case of a lithium nickel oxide (Li x Nii_ y O) layer having a thickness of about 150 nm or more, oxidation/reduction is completely performed, thereby achieving good electrochromic properties.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an electrode and a counter electrode 103 (Pt, Ir, Carbon, etc.) perpendicularly disposed on a ground surface in an electrochemical cell 101 including electrolyte 102, and a formatting process performed by applying a voltage to only one portion of the electrode.
- a glass substrate 104, an ITO film 105, and metal oxide 106 are sequentially multilayered.
- an electrochemical reaction is performed by intercalation/deintercalation of lithium ions at the surface and the inside of a metal oxide layer on an ITO-coated glass substrate.
- electrochromism may be unevenly performed due to different transparencies of each portion during a reduction reaction.
- a voltage is applied in all directions along the circumference of a transparent electrode.
- a voltage applying means capable of contacting with the entire outer circumference of an electrode (for example, a- jig surrounding the outer circumference of an electrode, like a frame) may be in contact with the outer circumference of an electrode, (see, FIG.
- a conventional voltage applying means easily contacting with an electrode and having a small contacting area may be disposed on the outer circumference of an electrode with a predetermined interval, and may be in contact with an electrode, (see, Fig. 2)
- oxidation/reduction voltages are applied in all directions along the circumference of an electrode in this manner, there is little difference in electron-transfer rates between a portion to which a voltage is directly applied and other portions to which a voltage is not directly applied, contrarily to the case where a voltage is applied to only one portion of an electrode.
- the formatting rate of all portions may be almost the same.
- the electrode obtained through the formatting process shows a high transparency of about 80-90% through reduction, and overall uniform transparency, it is possible to achieve excellent electrochromic properties.
- Such an effect according to the present invention is outstanding in a wide area electrode having an area of about 100x100 ⁇ 1000x1000 mnf, and preferably an area of 100x100 ⁇ 240*360 nun 2 .
- the temperature of the electrolyte may be varied, as long as the electrolyte is not decomposed and stability of electrode is not affected. When the temperature of the electrolyte is increased, the rate of the formatting process may be high due to easy intercalation/deintercalation of lithium ions at an electrode layer.
- a voltage is applied in all directions along the outer circumference of an electrode, and/or a lithium nickel oxide electrode and a counter electrode are disposed horizontal]]/ above a ground surface in an electrochemical cell including electrolyte. Therefore, the formatting process is uniformly performed on the entirety of the electrode, and thus it is possible to obtain an electrode having excellent electrochromic properties.
- step a) a conventional method known to one skilled in the art, such as sputtering, a sol-gel method, pulsed laser deposition, etc. may be used.
- the thickness of a lithium nickel oxide layer, which is formed on a conductive substrate by sputtering, etc. may be within the range of 150 ran ⁇ 10 ⁇ m.
- an electrode including a lithium nickel oxide (Li x Nii- y O) layer formed on a conductive substrate may be used as a working electrode, and an oxidation voltage and a reduction voltage may be alternately applied in an electrochemical cell including electrolyte having lithium ions (Li + ) and a reductive counter electrode.
- the applied voltage may be within the range where an electrode is not decomposed.
- the oxidation voltage refers to (+) voltage applied to an electrode including a lithium nickel oxide layer (that is, a working electrode), which oxidizes Ni
- the reduction voltage refers to (-) voltage applied to the working electrode, which reduces Ni.
- an oxidation voltage is within the range of 1 ⁇ 3.2V, and a reduction voltage is within the range of -1 ⁇ -2.7V.
- the maximum of an applicable voltage varies according to the thickness of an electrode and the resistance value of a voltage applying means.
- the electrode may be guickly present in an oxidation state of Ni 3+ .
- the applied voltage is 3.2V or more, such an excessive voltage may cause a decomposition reaction of an electrode.
- the reduction applied voltage also varies according to the thickness of an electrode and the resistance value of a voltage applying means.
- an applied oxidation/reduction voltage is required to be more than a value where an electrochromic material may be color- changed, and is required to be within the range of an electrochemical window of electrolyte within the device.
- the applied voltage has to have an appropriate value allowing the device to be durable through tens of thousands of repeated processes.
- an operating voltage of 1.7 V or more facilitates the decomposition reaction of electrolyte, thereby causing bubbles.
- oxidation/reduction reactions of lithium nickel oxide may be performed with a higher voltage than that of the device operation.
- a voltage applying means capable of fixedly contacting with the entire outer circumference of an electrode may be in contact with the outer circumference of an electrode, or a conventional voltage applying means may be disposed on the outer circumference of an electrode with a predetermined interval, and may be in contact with an electrode.
- the contact ratio of the voltage applying means and the electrode is preferably about 70-100 % in the circumference (ex. the length of one side) of the electrode.
- step b) it is preferable that the voltage application is performed for a sufficient time, so that nickel within lithium nickel oxide can have a single oxidation number through oxidation/reduction reactions of a lithium nickel oxide electrode.
- whether the oxidation or the reduction is completely performed or not may be determined based on decoloring of an electrode at reduction. Also, whether the electrode is completely decolored or not at reduction may be determined by measuring light transmittance of the electrode. For example, at the wavelength of 500nm, when an electrode has the light transmittance of 60% or more, and preferably has 80% or more, it is determined the reduction has been completely performed.
- a voltage may be repeatedly applied, for example twice or tree times, until the electrode is completely decolored. Then, when the electrode is completely decolored, it may be determined that nickel in lithium nickel oxide has a singe oxidation number.
- a counter electrode included in the electrochemical cell is preferably a reductive electrode, and may be an amphoteric electrode.
- Non-limiting examples of the counter electrode included in the electrochemical cell includes platinum (Pt) , tungsten oxide (WO3) , lithium foil, tin oxide, etc.
- electrolyte including a eutectic mixture in which a compound having two or more polar functional groups in a molecule, and lithium salt are included
- electrolyte including the eutectic mixture examples include electrolyte including a eutectic mixture of methyl carbamate and LiClO 4 .
- the temperature of the electrolyte may be varied according to the kind of an electrolyte solvent, but is not particularly limited as long as the temperature is higher than 15 ° C and lower than a boiling point or a decomposition point of the electrolyte.
- the temperature of the electrolyte for the formatting process may preferably be within the range of 15-120 ° C .
- An electrochromic device includes a first electrode, a second electrode, an electrochromic material, and an electrolyte, and herein, the first electrode or the second electrode may be obtained by the above described processes.
- either or both of the first electrode and the second electrode may include a transparent conductive film.
- the material for the transparent conductive film include: metal films, such as Ag, Cr, etc.; and metal oxide, such as tin oxide, zinc oxide, ITO (indium tin oxide) , FTO (fluorine doped tin oxide) , IZO (indium zinc oxide), etc.; and a mixture thereof.
- the method of forming the transparent conductive film is not particularly limited, and can use a conventional method known to one skilled in the art, such as vacuum deposition, ion plating, electron-beam vacuum deposition, sputtering, etc.
- the electrolyte included in the electrochromic device is not particularly limited as long as the electrolyte is known to one skilled in the art.
- Non-limiting examples of the electrolyte include the electrolyte included in the above described electrochemical cell, and besides, solid electrolyte such as PoIy-AMPS, PoIy(VAP), Modified PEO/LiCF 3 SO 3 , etc.
- the electrochromic device according to the present invention may be obtained by a conventional method known to one skilled in the art. For example, a first electrode and a second electrode, except for an opening for electrolyte injection, are adhered to each other with an adhering agent including a spacer, and then the electrolyte is injected into the opening, followed by sealing.
- a lithium nickel oxide (Li x Nii- y O) thin film having a thickness of about 150 nm was deposited on a glass substrate (100x100 mm 2 ) including an ITO transparent thin film, by using LiNiO 2 target through a sputtering method.
- LiNiO 2 target To the outer circumference of the lithium nickel oxide electrode, multiple lithium nickel oxide (Li x Nii- y O) thin film having a thickness of about 150 nm was deposited on a glass substrate (100x100 mm 2 ) including an ITO transparent thin film, by using LiNiO 2 target through a sputtering method.
- LiNiO 2 target LiNiO 2 target
- Electrolyte including a eutectic mixture of methyl carbamate and LiClO 4 was added in an electrochemical cell at 70 ° C , and an iridium (Ir) counter electrode and the lithium nickel oxide electrode were perpendicularly disposed in the electrochemical cell. Then, a formatting process was performed by repeatedly applying an oxidation voltage
- Example 2 A formatting process was performed in the same manner as described in Example 1, except that an iridium (Ir) counter electrode and a lithium nickel oxide electrode were horizontally disposed in an electrochemical cell including electrolyte having a eutectic mixture. (See, FIG. 5) After the formatted lithium nickel oxide electrode was decolored, light with a wavelength of 550nm was used to measure the light transmittance on every portion of the electrode. According to the measured results, every portion of the electrode showed light transmittance of about 78 %, and was almost transparent. Also, electrochromism was uniformly performed at every portion of the electrode, (see, FIG. 7)
- Example 1 A formatting process was performed in the same manner as described in Example 1, except that oxidation/reduction voltages were applied by disposing one clip to one side of a lithium nickel oxide (Li x Nii- y O) electrode, (see, FIG. 1) Light with a wavelength of 550nm was used to measure the light transmittance on every portion of the formatted lithium nickel oxide electrode. According to the measured results, every portion of the electrode showed low light transmittance of about 49 ⁇ 55 %, and was not transparent. Also, electrochromism was non-uniformly performed at every portion of the electrode, (see, FIG. 8)
- the formatting process in a formatting process for a lithium nickel oxide electrode, oxidation/reduction voltages are applied in all directions along the outer circumference of an electrode, and/or electrodes are horizontally disposed above a ground surface in electrolyte. Therefore, the formatting process may be uniformly performed on the outer circumference of an electrode, thereby improving electrochromic properties of the electrode.
Abstract
Disclosed is a method of preparing an electrode, which can lead to uniform electrochromism of a lithium nickel oxide layer by applying a voltage in all directions of the electrode during a formatting process, an electrode prepared by the same, and an electrochromic device including the electrode.
Description
ELECTRODE COMPRISING LITHIUM NICKEL OXIDE LAYER, METHOD FOR PREPARING THE SAME, AND ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICE COMPRISING THE
SAME
Technical Field
The present invention relates to a method of preparing an electrode, which can lead to uniform electrochromism of a lithium nickel oxide layer by applying a voltage in all directions of the electrode during a formatting process.
Background Art
In general, electrochromism refers to a phenomenon where a color is changed by oxidation/reduction reactions according to the potential of the electric field applied from the outside. Electrochromic materials are classified into organic material and inorganic material. The organic material includes viologen, anthraquinone, phenothiazine, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, etc. The inorganic material includes a reductive electrochromic material such as WO3, MoO3, CeO2, MnO2, Nb2O5, etc., and an oxidative electrochromic material such as Ir(OH)x, NiO, LiNiO2, etc.
In the case of the inorganic electrochromic material used for most oxidative electrodes, in preparing an electrochromic material, a sol-gel reaction is performed only at temperatures of 400 °C or more. In addition, there is a problem in that a device requires a high operating voltage, a long coloring/decoloring response time is required, and optical properties are not enough. On the other hand, lithium nickel oxide (LixNi1.^) , which is an electrochromic material used for an oxidative electrode, has advantages including high light transmittance, excellent electrochromic properties, low voltage driving ability, a high response speed, etc. Therefore, research on such lithium nickel oxide has been
recently performed. Especially, on the structure of lithium nickel oxide (LixNii_yO) prepared by a sol-gel method, a mechanism on intercalation and deintercalation of Li+, and the change in the structure, much research has already been conducted.
Lithium nickel oxide (LixNi1.^) is generally prepared by a sol-gel method, a sputtering method, a pulsed laser deposition method, etc. However, when the lithium nickel oxide (LixNii_yO) formed on a conductive substrate is used as an electrochromic material, some problems exist.
A lithium nickel oxide (LixNii-yO) electrode, in which a lithium nickel oxide layer is deposited by a sputtering method, is in an unstable state where both Ni2+ and Ni3+ exist in the structure. Accordingly, in an electrochromic device using the lithium nickel oxide (LixNii-yO) , there are some serious problems in that the electrochromic range is narrowed due to incomplete oxidation/reduction of lithium nickel oxide (LiχNii_yO) , and especially, the device does not become colorless and transparent due to incomplete reduction of lithium nickel oxide. Therefore, when an electrochromic device is obtained by cohering an oxidative electrode including a lithium nickel oxide (LixNii-yO) layer with a reductive electrode, lithium nickel oxide (LixNii_yO) is required to be completely decolored by repeatedly applying oxidation/reduction voltages to the electrochromic device.
In the case of a lithium nickel oxide (LixNii_yO) layer having a thickness of about 150 nm or more, lithium nickel oxide (LixNii-yO) is decolored by repeatedly applying oxidation/reduction voltages several hundred times. However, herein, there is a problem in that an electrochromic device is incompletely decolored.
Also, a lithium nickel oxide (LixNii-yO) material, which is deposited by a sputtering method, exhibits poor adhesion
onto the surface of FTO (Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide) glass. Accordingly, when oxidation/reduction is repeatedly performed on an electrochromic device, an electrode material is changed into NiOx or NiOOH, and thus may be stripped from an electrode surface or cause bubbles within electrolyte.
Brief Description of the Drawings
FIG. 1 illustrates a formatting process according to
Comparative Example 1, in which a lithium nickel oxide electrode, of which one part is connected to a voltage applying means, and a counter electrode are perpendicularly disposed on a ground surface in an electrochemical cell.
FIG. 2 illustrates clips disposed on the outer circumference of an electrode with a predetermined interval; FIG. 3 illustrates a jig fixed on the entire outer circumference of an electrode.
FIG. 4 illustrates a formatting process according to Example 1, in which a lithium nickel oxide electrode (of which the outer circumference is connected to clips with a predetermined interval) and a counter electrode are perpendicularly disposed on a ground surface in an electrochemical cell.
FIG. 5 illustrates a formatting process according to Example 2, in which a lithium nickel oxide electrode (of which the outer circumference is connected to clips with a predetermined interval) and a counter electrode are horizontally disposed above a ground surface in an electrochemical cell.
FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the light transmittance of a lithium nickel oxide electrode formatted according to Example 1.
FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating the light transmittance of a lithium nickel oxide electrode formatted according to
Example 2.
FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating the light transmittance of a lithium nickel oxide electrode formatted according to Comparative Example 1. <Brief Description of the Indication>
101 : electrochemical cell, 102 : electrolyte,
103 : counter electrode, 104 : glass substrate, 105 : ITO thin film, 106 : lithium nickel oxide thin film, 107 : voltage applying means, 108 : power 201 : ITO coating glass substrate, 202 : lithium nickel oxide thin film, 203 : voltage applying means (clip),
301 : ITO coating glass substrate, 302 : lithium nickel oxide thin film, 303 : voltage applying means (jig),
401 : electrochemical cell, 402 : electrolyte, 403 : counter electrode, 404 : glass substrate, 405 : ITO thin film, 406 : lithium nickel oxide thin film, 407 : voltage applying means (clip), 408 : power,
501 : electrochemical cell, 502 : electrolyte,
503 : counter electrode, 504 : glass substrate, 505 : ITO thin film, 506 : lithium nickel oxide thin film, 507 : voltage applying means (clip), 508 : power
Disclosure of the Invention
Nickel ions within lithium nickel oxide may have a single oxidation number through an electrochemical treatment of an electrode including a lithium nickel oxide (LixNii-yO) layer before the obtaining an electrochromic device, and then, it is possible to obtain an electrode having a wide electrochromic range. However, in the electrochemical treatment, there may be a difference in the rates of the electrochemical treatment, according to the thickness of Lithium nickel oxide, the temperature of electrolyte, an applied voltage, and the way of
applying a voltage to a electrode. Accordingly, an electrode having uneven electrochromic properties or low durability may be obtained.
Accordingly, in the present invention, in an electrochemical treatment for allowing nickel within lithium nickel oxide to have a single oxidation number before obtaining an electrochromic device, a voltage is applied in all directions along the circumference of an electrode, and/or a working electrode and a counter electrode are horizontally disposed above a ground surface in an electrochemical cell including electrolyte. Therefore, electrochromism may be uniformly performed on the entire surface of the electrode through a uniform electrochemical treatment on the outer circumference of the electrode. A According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of preparing an electrode containing lithium nickel oxide, in which nickel has a single oxidation number, the method comprising the steps of: a) preparing an electrode including a lithium nickel oxide (LixNii_yO, herein, 0.4<x<l, and 0<y<l) layer formed on a conductive substrate; and b) applying an oxidation voltage to the electrode, and then applying a reduction voltage to the electrode, wherein, the oxidation voltage and the reduction voltage are applied in all direction along an entire outer circumference of the electrode.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an electrochromic device including a) a first electrode; b) a second electrode; c) an electrochromic material; and d) electrolyte, wherein the first electrode or the second electrode is prepared by the method of preparing an electrode.
Hereinafer, the present invention will be explained in
more detail.
In a typical inorganic electrochromic device, coloring/decoloring reactions represented by Reaction Scheme 1 are repeatedly performed by using reductive metal oxide (that is, tungsten oxide) as a reductive electrode, and oxidative metal oxide (that is, lithium nickel oxide) as an oxidative electrode.
[Reaction Scheme 1] WO3 (colorless) + M+ + e~ → MxWO3 (blue)
LiNiO2 (brown) + M+ + e~ → Li2NiO2 (colorless)
In the Reaction Scheme 1, M may be selected from the group including lithium, proton, potassium, etc., and lithium is particularly preferred.
In the case of a reductive tungsten oxide electrode, when a certain voltage is applied, the intercalation of metal ions and electrons into a tungsten oxide layer (a reduction reaction) turns the electrode into blue, and when a reverse voltage is applied, the deintercalation of metal ions and electrons from the tungsten oxide layer (an oxidation reaction) turns the electrode into colorless. On the other hand, in the case of an oxidative lithium nickel oxide electrode, when metal ions and electrons are intercalated, the electrode turns colorless, and when metal ions and electrons are deintercalated, the electrode is colored.
Especially, in the electrochromism of lithium nickel oxide, coloring/decoloring is dependent on oxidation state of Ni ions. In other words, in an oxidation state (Ni3+), an electrode is colored, and in a reduction state (Ni2+) , an electrode turns colorless.
An electrode containing a lithium nickel oxide (LixNiL_
yO) layer, which is prepared by a conventional method (such as sputtering, a sol-gel method, pulsed-laser deposition) by using lithium nickel oxide (LixNii-yO) as an electrochromic material, is basically in a colored state, and has a structure including both Ni2+ and Ni3+. Therefore, in such an electrode, oxidation/reduction reactions as described above cannot be appropriately performed.
Especially, Ni2+ is problematic in the structure including both Ni2+ and Ni3+, because Ni2+ is positioned at a position of Ni3+ and Li+, and thus inhibits Li+ from being intercalated into an electrode material from the outside.
Accordingly, when lithium nickel oxide (LixNii_yO) is forced to have a stoichiometric structure before the obtaining of an electrochromic device, lithium nickel oxide may not include both Ni2+ and Ni3+, and nickel has only a single oxidation number. An electrochromic device including such lithium nickel oxide can have the maximized optical and electrochromic properties through complete oxidation/reduction reactions . For example, when all the Ni2+ within lithium nickel oxide (LixNii_yO) are oxidized into Ni3+, thereby forming a structure of Lio.5Nio.5O, a colorless and transparent electrode of Li2NiO2 is obtained by intercalating Li+. Specifically, such an electrode can be obtained by the steps of: applying an oxidation voltage to lithium nickel oxide (LixNii_yO) including both Ni2+ and Ni3+, thereby changing Ni2+ to Ni3+; and applying a reduction voltage to the lithium nickel oxide in the electrolyte containing Li+, thereby intercalating Li+ into the lithium nickel oxide. Such a process refers to 'formatting' in the present invention.
Conventionally, in order to solve the above described problems, after the obtaining of an electrochromic device by cohering an oxidative electrode with a reductive electrode, a
process of repeatedly applying oxidation/reduction voltages
(that is, a process of repeatedly coloring/decoloring the device) has been performed. However, in the case of a lithium nickel oxide (LixNii_yO) layer having a thickness of about 150 nm or more, there is a problem in that an electrochromic device is incompletely decolored even though oxidation/reduction voltages are repeatedly applied several hundred times. In addition, the application of oxidation/reduction voltages after the obtaining of an electrochromic device is not efficient, because there are limitations on processing conditions, such as a voltage range, due to the properties of the electrolyte within a device, or the device itself.
In the present invention, a formatting process is performed before an electrochromic device is obtained. In such a method, it is possible to variably change an applied voltage and processing conditions, etc., contrarily to repetition of application of oxidation/reduction voltages after the obtaining of an electrochromic device. Therefore, regardless of a thickness of an electrochromic material, nickel ions (Ni2+ and Ni3+) may be completely oxidized and reduced.
In other words, in the present invention, nickel within lithium nickel oxide has a single oxidation number by formatting an electrode including a lithium nickel oxide (LixNii-yO) layer. Therefore, even in the case of a lithium nickel oxide (LixNii_yO) layer having a thickness of about 150 nm or more, oxidation/reduction is completely performed, thereby achieving good electrochromic properties.
FIG. 1 illustrates an electrode and a counter electrode 103 (Pt, Ir, Carbon, etc.) perpendicularly disposed on a ground surface in an electrochemical cell 101 including electrolyte 102, and a formatting process performed by applying a voltage to only one portion of the electrode. In
the electrode, a glass substrate 104, an ITO film 105, and metal oxide 106 are sequentially multilayered. Herein, when a voltage is applied, an electrochemical reaction is performed by intercalation/deintercalation of lithium ions at the surface and the inside of a metal oxide layer on an ITO-coated glass substrate.
However, in the above described formatting process, there may be a difference in the rate of the formatting process, according to the thickness of lithium nickel oxide, the temperature of electrolyte, an applied voltage, and the way of applying a voltage to a transparent electrode. Accordingly, an electrode having uneven electrochromic properties or low durability may be obtained.
For example, in obtaining a lithium nickel oxide (LixNii_ yO) electrode of a normal area (50χ50 mm2) , even though a voltage is applied to only one portion of the electrode in a formatting process, there is little difference charge-transfer rates between a portion to which a voltage is directly applied and other portions to which a voltage is not directly applied, due to a small electrode area. Accordingly, since the entirety of the electrode is formatted at almost the same rate, regardless of a portion to which a voltage is applied or not, all nickel ions within the electrode has a single oxidation number at approximately the same time. Therefore, a lithium nickel oxide (LixNii-yO) electrode of a normal area, which is obtained by a formatting process, may be uniformly colored/decolored.
On the other hand, in obtaining a lithium nickel oxide (LixNii-yO) electrode of a wide area (100X100 mm2), when a voltage is applied to only one portion of the electrode in a formatting process, there is a difference in charge-transfer rates between a portion to which a voltage is directly applied and other portions to which a voltage is not directly applied,
due to a wide electrode area. Accordingly, since there is a difference in formatting process rates between a portion to which a voltage is directly applied and other portions to which a voltage is not applied, it is difficult that all nickel ions within the electrode has a single oxidation number at approximately the same time. Therefore, in an electrode obtained by a formatting process, electrochromism may be unevenly performed due to different transparencies of each portion during a reduction reaction. In the present invention, in order to solve the above described problem in a format process of a wide area electrode, a voltage is applied in all directions along the circumference of a transparent electrode. For example, a voltage applying means capable of contacting with the entire outer circumference of an electrode (for example, a- jig surrounding the outer circumference of an electrode, like a frame) may be in contact with the outer circumference of an electrode, (see, FIG. 3) Also, a conventional voltage applying means easily contacting with an electrode and having a small contacting area (such as an alligator clip) may be disposed on the outer circumference of an electrode with a predetermined interval, and may be in contact with an electrode, (see, Fig. 2) When oxidation/reduction voltages are applied in all directions along the circumference of an electrode in this manner, there is little difference in electron-transfer rates between a portion to which a voltage is directly applied and other portions to which a voltage is not directly applied, contrarily to the case where a voltage is applied to only one portion of an electrode. The formatting rate of all portions may be almost the same. Therefore, since the electrode obtained through the formatting process shows a high transparency of about 80-90% through reduction, and overall uniform transparency, it is possible to achieve excellent
electrochromic properties. Such an effect according to the present invention is outstanding in a wide area electrode having an area of about 100x100 ~ 1000x1000 mnf, and preferably an area of 100x100 ~ 240*360 nun2. Also, in a formatting process, the temperature of the electrolyte may be varied, as long as the electrolyte is not decomposed and stability of electrode is not affected. When the temperature of the electrolyte is increased, the rate of the formatting process may be high due to easy intercalation/deintercalation of lithium ions at an electrode layer. However, in the formatting process, when temperature of the entire electrolyte is not uniform and' there is a difference in temperatures between the upper portion and the lower portion within the electrolyte, there may be a difference in moving rates of lithium ions between the upper portion and the lower portion within the electrolyte. Herein, when a working electrode and a counter electrode are perpendicularly disposed above a ground surface in an electrochemical cell including electrolyte, there is a difference in rates of the formatting process between the upper portion and the lower portion of an electrode, due to a difference in rates of intercalated/deintercalated lithium ions at the upper portion and the lower portion. Therefore, after the formatting process, the electrode may show uneven electrochromic properties. In the present invention, since a working electrode and a counter electrode are disposed horizontally above a ground surface in an electrochemical cell, it is possible to reduce the difference in temperatures between the upper portion and the lower portion of electrolyte, thereby improving electrochromic properties.
In a formatting process in the present invention, a voltage is applied in all directions along the outer circumference of an electrode, and/or a lithium nickel oxide
electrode and a counter electrode are disposed horizontal]]/ above a ground surface in an electrochemical cell including electrolyte. Therefore, the formatting process is uniformly performed on the entirety of the electrode, and thus it is possible to obtain an electrode having excellent electrochromic properties.
An electrode containing lithium nickel oxide, in which nickel has a single oxidation number, according to the present invention, can be prepared by the method comprising the steps of: a) preparing an electrode including a lithium nickel oxide (LiχNii_yO, herein, 0.4<x<l, and 0<y<l) layer formed on a conductive substrate; and b) applying an oxidation voltage to the electrode, and then applying a reduction voltage to the electrode. Herein, in step b) the oxidation/reduction voltages are applied in all directions along the outer circumference of an electrode.
In step a) , a conventional method known to one skilled in the art, such as sputtering, a sol-gel method, pulsed laser deposition, etc. may be used. The thickness of a lithium nickel oxide layer, which is formed on a conductive substrate by sputtering, etc., may be within the range of 150 ran ~ 10 μm.
In step b) , an electrode including a lithium nickel oxide (LixNii-yO) layer formed on a conductive substrate may be used as a working electrode, and an oxidation voltage and a reduction voltage may be alternately applied in an electrochemical cell including electrolyte having lithium ions (Li+) and a reductive counter electrode. Herein, the applied voltage may be within the range where an electrode is not decomposed. In the electrochemical process, the oxidation voltage refers to (+) voltage applied to an electrode including a lithium nickel oxide layer (that is, a working electrode), which oxidizes Ni, and the reduction voltage refers to (-)
voltage applied to the working electrode, which reduces Ni.
In a formatting process, it is preferable that an oxidation voltage is within the range of 1 ~ 3.2V, and a reduction voltage is within the range of -1 ~ -2.7V. The maximum of an applicable voltage varies according to the thickness of an electrode and the resistance value of a voltage applying means. In the oxidation of an electrode, when an applied voltage is 3.0V or more, the electrode may be guickly present in an oxidation state of Ni3+. However, if the applied voltage is 3.2V or more, such an excessive voltage may cause a decomposition reaction of an electrode. In the same manner as the above oxidation voltage, the reduction applied voltage also varies according to the thickness of an electrode and the resistance value of a voltage applying means. When the applied reduction voltage is -2.7 V or less, side reactions may occur in an electrode. In the oxidation/reduction, an applied voltage is related to the time of a formatting process. In other words, as a high voltage is applied, the formatting process may be completed within a short time. However, since side reactions may occur in an electrode material, the formatting process is required to be efficiently completed within a short time by applying a maximum voltage within the range where the occurrence of the decomposition of an electrode material and the side reactions is minimized. Accordingly, it is possible to efficiently perform the formatting process by performing oxidation/reduction reactions within the range of less than 10 times where the durability of an electrode is not influenced. After a device is obtained, an applied oxidation/reduction voltage is required to be more than a value where an electrochromic material may be color- changed, and is required to be within the range of an electrochemical window of electrolyte within the device. Also, the applied voltage has to have an appropriate value allowing
the device to be durable through tens of thousands of repeated processes. In the case of a device operation, an operating voltage of 1.7 V or more facilitates the decomposition reaction of electrolyte, thereby causing bubbles. On the other hand, in the formatting process according to the present invention, oxidation/reduction reactions of lithium nickel oxide may be performed with a higher voltage than that of the device operation.
In step b) , a voltage applying means capable of fixedly contacting with the entire outer circumference of an electrode may be in contact with the outer circumference of an electrode, or a conventional voltage applying means may be disposed on the outer circumference of an electrode with a predetermined interval, and may be in contact with an electrode. Herein, the contact ratio of the voltage applying means and the electrode is preferably about 70-100 % in the circumference (ex. the length of one side) of the electrode.
The voltage applying means that may be used in the present invention is not particularly limited, as long as the voltage applying means includes a metal of no reactivity with electrolyte or is coated with such a metal. The voltage applying means includes or is coated with an inert metal such as Pt, Ir, Pd, Ta, or, an alloy of the materials.
The shape of the voltage applying means that includes or is coated with a metal of no reactivity with the electrolyte is not particularly limited, as long as the voltage applying means has a minimized electrode-contacting area so that the movement of lithium ions may not be inhibited. Non-limiting examples of the shape of the voltage applying means include a jig, an alligator clip, etc. surrounding the outer circumference of an electrode, like a frame.
Also, in step b) , it is preferable that the voltage application is performed for a sufficient time, so that nickel
within lithium nickel oxide can have a single oxidation number through oxidation/reduction reactions of a lithium nickel oxide electrode. Herein, whether the oxidation or the reduction is completely performed or not may be determined based on decoloring of an electrode at reduction. Also, whether the electrode is completely decolored or not at reduction may be determined by measuring light transmittance of the electrode. For example, at the wavelength of 500nm, when an electrode has the light transmittance of 60% or more, and preferably has 80% or more, it is determined the reduction has been completely performed.
In general, when an electrochromic device is obtained by cohering electrodes, the light transmittance is lower than that of an electrode. Accordingly, although an electrode completely reduced by a formatting process according to the present invention has the light transmittance of 60% or more, and preferably has 80% or more, an electrochromic device obtained by using the electrode may have the light transmittance of 65% or more. Herein, a voltage applying time for completely oxidizing or reducing an electrode varies according to the thickness of a lithium nickel oxide layer formed on the electrode, but is preferably within the range of 10 seconds ~ 30 minutes. When the electrode is not completely decolored by the application of a reduction voltage after the first application of an oxidation voltage, a voltage may be repeatedly applied, for example twice or tree times, until the electrode is completely decolored. Then, when the electrode is completely decolored, it may be determined that nickel in lithium nickel oxide has a singe oxidation number.
The times of repeatedly applying the oxidation/reduction voltages may be within the range of 1-50, and preferably within the range of 1-10.
A counter electrode included in the electrochemical cell is preferably a reductive electrode, and may be an amphoteric electrode. Non-limiting examples of the counter electrode included in the electrochemical cell includes platinum (Pt) , tungsten oxide (WO3) , lithium foil, tin oxide, etc.
The electrolyte included in the electrochemical cell is required to have lithium ions (Li"4). Non-limiting examples of a source of lithium ions include LiClO4, LiPF6, LiTFSI, LiI, LiBF4, etc., and non-limiting examples of an electrolyte solvent include propylene carbonate, acetonitrile, 7- butyrolatone, methoxypropionitrile, 3-ethoxypropionitrile, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, etc. Also, another electrolyte including a mixed material may be used, the mixed material including two or more materials, and lowering a melting temperature. (for example, electrolyte including a eutectic mixture, in which a compound having two or more polar functional groups in a molecule, and lithium salt are included) Examples of electrolyte including the eutectic mixture include electrolyte including a eutectic mixture of methyl carbamate and LiClO4.
As the temperature of the electrolyte in a formatting process is increased, the diffusion rate of lithium ions within the electrolyte is raised. Accordingly, it is possible to shorten the time for the formatting process by performing the formatting process at high temperatures (for example, at
15°C or more) where electrochromic properties are not changed, and at temperatures lower than a boiling point or a decomposition point of the electrolyte. In the formatting process according to the present invention, the temperature of the electrolyte may be varied according to the kind of an electrolyte solvent, but is not particularly limited as long as the temperature is higher than 15°C and lower than a boiling point or a decomposition point of the electrolyte. When
propylene carbonate is used as the electrolyte, the temperature of the electrolyte for the formatting process may preferably be within the range of 15-120 °C .
In an obtained device, there is a possibility that due to weak adhesive strength between a conductive substrate and a lithium nickel oxide (LixNii_yO) film, the film is stripped or bubbles occur within the electrolyte by repeatedly applying a voltage. This problem may be solved by inserting a heat- treatment process between steps a and b. It is preferable that the heat-treatment process is performed at 100 ~ 350°C for 30 minutes ~ 3 hours.
An electrochromic device according to the present invention includes a first electrode, a second electrode, an electrochromic material, and an electrolyte, and herein, the first electrode or the second electrode may be obtained by the above described processes.
Herein, either or both of the first electrode and the second electrode may include a transparent conductive film. Non-limiting examples of the material for the transparent conductive film include: metal films, such as Ag, Cr, etc.; and metal oxide, such as tin oxide, zinc oxide, ITO (indium tin oxide) , FTO (fluorine doped tin oxide) , IZO (indium zinc oxide), etc.; and a mixture thereof. The method of forming the transparent conductive film is not particularly limited, and can use a conventional method known to one skilled in the art, such as vacuum deposition, ion plating, electron-beam vacuum deposition, sputtering, etc.
The electrolyte included in the electrochromic device is not particularly limited as long as the electrolyte is known to one skilled in the art. Non-limiting examples of the electrolyte include the electrolyte included in the above described electrochemical cell, and besides, solid electrolyte such as PoIy-AMPS, PoIy(VAP), Modified PEO/LiCF3SO3, etc.
The electrochromic device according to the present invention may be obtained by a conventional method known to one skilled in the art. For example, a first electrode and a second electrode, except for an opening for electrolyte injection, are adhered to each other with an adhering agent including a spacer, and then the electrolyte is injected into the opening, followed by sealing.
The electrochromic device obtained as described above may be applied to various industrial fields requiring various electrochemical properties. The electrochromic device may be applied to a car mirror, a smart window, a sunroof, a display device, etc.
Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention. However, the following examples are illustrative only, and the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto.
[Example 1]
A lithium nickel oxide (LixNii-yO) thin film having a thickness of about 150 nm was deposited on a glass substrate (100x100 mm2) including an ITO transparent thin film, by using LiNiO2 target through a sputtering method. To the outer circumference of the lithium nickel oxide electrode, multiple
Ir-coated clips were disposed at an interval of about 20 mm.
(See, FIG. 4) Electrolyte including a eutectic mixture of methyl carbamate and LiClO4 was added in an electrochemical cell at 70 °C , and an iridium (Ir) counter electrode and the lithium nickel oxide electrode were perpendicularly disposed in the electrochemical cell. Then, a formatting process was performed by repeatedly applying an oxidation voltage
(+2.0V) /a reduction voltage (-1.8V) 3-5 times. Next, the
deposited lithium nickel oxide (LixNii-yO) having a thickness of about 150 ran was completely oxidized, and a reduction voltage was applied to obtain a colorless transparent lithium nickel oxide thin film. After the formatted lithium nickel oxide electrode was decolored, light with a wavelength of 550nm was used to measure the light transmittance on every portion of the electrode. According to the measured results, except for a portion C showing light transmittance of 54%, other portions A, B, D, and E showed light transmittance of about 69-71 %, and were almost transparent, (see, FIG. 6) On the other hand, in the portion C on the central portion of the electrode, a non-uniform zone (or line) appeared. It is determined that such a non-uniform zone was caused by a difference in the rates of the formatting process, due to a difference in moving rates of electrons by the difference in temperatures of electrolyte used for the formatting process.
[Example 2] A formatting process was performed in the same manner as described in Example 1, except that an iridium (Ir) counter electrode and a lithium nickel oxide electrode were horizontally disposed in an electrochemical cell including electrolyte having a eutectic mixture. (See, FIG. 5) After the formatted lithium nickel oxide electrode was decolored, light with a wavelength of 550nm was used to measure the light transmittance on every portion of the electrode. According to the measured results, every portion of the electrode showed light transmittance of about 78 %, and was almost transparent. Also, electrochromism was uniformly performed at every portion of the electrode, (see, FIG. 7)
[Comparative Example 1]
A formatting process was performed in the same manner as described in Example 1, except that oxidation/reduction voltages were applied by disposing one clip to one side of a lithium nickel oxide (LixNii-yO) electrode, (see, FIG. 1) Light with a wavelength of 550nm was used to measure the light transmittance on every portion of the formatted lithium nickel oxide electrode. According to the measured results, every portion of the electrode showed low light transmittance of about 49~55 %, and was not transparent. Also, electrochromism was non-uniformly performed at every portion of the electrode, (see, FIG. 8)
Industrial Applicability
As can be seen from the foregoing, in the present invention, in a formatting process for a lithium nickel oxide electrode, oxidation/reduction voltages are applied in all directions along the outer circumference of an electrode, and/or electrodes are horizontally disposed above a ground surface in electrolyte. Therefore, the formatting process may be uniformly performed on the outer circumference of an electrode, thereby improving electrochromic properties of the electrode.
While this invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and exemplary embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiment and the drawings, but, on the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and variations within the spirit and scope of the appended claims .
Claims
1. A method of preparing an electrode containing lithium nickel oxide, in which nickel has a single oxidation number, the method comprising the steps of: a) preparing an electrode comprising a lithium nickel oxide (LixNii-yO, herein, 0.4<x<l, and 0<y<l) layer formed on a conductive substrate; and b) applying an oxidation voltage to the electrode, and then applying a reduction voltage to the electrode, wherein, the oxidation voltage and the reduction voltage are applied in all directions along an outer circumference of the electrode.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the oxidation voltage and the reduction voltage are applied to an entire outer circumference of the electrode, or are uniformly applied to the entire outer circumference of the electrode with a predetermined interval.
3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the oxidation voltage and the reduction voltage are applied by horizontally disposing the electrode comprising the lithium nickel oxide layer and a reductive counter electrode above a ground surface in an electrochemical cell comprising electrolyte.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step b) , the oxidation voltage and the reduction voltage are alternately applied in an electrochemical cell comprising electrolyte having lithium ions (Li+) and a reductive counter electrode.
5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step b) , a voltage applying means, which can contact with an entire
outer circumference of the electrode, is disposed on the entire outer circumference of the electrode, and contacts with the electrode.
6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step b) , a voltage applying means is disposed on the outer circumference of the electrode with a predetermined interval, and contacts with the electrode.
7. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein a contact ratio of the voltage applying means and the electrode is 70~100 % in the outer circumference of the electrode.
8. The method as claimed in claim 5 or 6, wherein the voltage applying means comprises a metal of no reactivity with electrolyte or is coated with a metal of no reactivity with electrolyte.
9. The method as claimed in claim 5 or 6, wherein the voltage applying means comprises or is coated with one or more kind of metal selected from the group including Pt, Ir, Pd, and Ta, or an alloy of the materials.
10. The method as claimed Ln claim 1, wherein in step b) , the applied oxidation voltage is within a range of 1 ~
3.2V, and the applied reduction voltage is within a range of - 1 2.7V.
11. The method as claimed Ln claim 1, wherein in step b) , the oxidation and the reduction voltage are applied until the electrode is completely oxidized or reduced.
12. The method as claimed Ln claim 1, wherein in step
b) , at application of the reduction voltage, the electrode is completely reduced so that light transmittance is 60% or more at a wavelength of 500nm.
13. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step b) , temperature is higher than 15°C and lower than a boiling point or a decomposition point of electrolyte.
14. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step b) , the oxidation voltage and the reduction voltage are repeatedly applied 1 - 10 times.
15. The method as claimed in claim 1 further comprises the step of heat-treating the electrode comprising the lithium nickel oxide (LixNii_yO, herein, 0.4<x<l, and 0<y<l) layer, between the steps a) and b) .
16. The method as claimed in claim 15, wherein the step of heat-treating is performed at 100 ~ 350°C for 30 minutes ~ 3 hours.
17. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein a thickness of the lithium nickel oxide layer formed on the conductive substrate is 150 urn ~ 10 μm.
18. An electrode comprising a lithium nickel oxide layer formed on a conductive substrate, and Ni having a single oxidation number in lithium nickel oxide, which is prepared by the method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7, and 10 to 17.
19. The electrode as claimed in claim 18, wherein the oxidation number is +2 or +3.
20. An electrochromic device comprising a) a first electrode; b) a second electrode; c) an electrochromic material; and d) electrolyte, wherein, the first electrode or the second electrode is the electrode as claimed in claim 18.
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US12/448,909 US7999991B2 (en) | 2007-01-22 | 2008-01-22 | Electrode comprising lithium nickel oxide layer, method for preparing the same, and electrochromic device comprising the same |
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US (1) | US7999991B2 (en) |
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Citations (4)
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JPS5633627A (en) * | 1979-08-29 | 1981-04-04 | Hitachi Ltd | Production of electrode for electrochromic display device |
JPH04188114A (en) * | 1990-11-22 | 1992-07-06 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Electrochemical element |
KR100196009B1 (en) * | 1995-11-30 | 1999-06-15 | 김징완 | Method manufacturing cathode for molten carbonate fuel cell |
KR20030040653A (en) * | 2001-11-15 | 2003-05-23 | 주식회사 케이티 | A method for preparing a titanium oxide film for counter electrode of electrochromic display device and the film prepared thereby |
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IT1247908B (en) | 1991-05-08 | 1995-01-05 | Eniricerche Spa | NICKEL OXIDE ELECTRODE INTERCALATED WITH LITHIUM AND ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICES THAT INCORPORATE IT |
FR2821937B1 (en) * | 2001-03-07 | 2003-06-06 | Saint Gobain | ELECTRICALLY CONTROLLABLE DEVICE WITH VARIABLE OPTICAL AND / OR ENERGY PROPERTIES |
CN101365982B (en) * | 2006-01-09 | 2011-12-07 | 株式会社Lg化学 | Electrode comprising lithium nickel oxide layer, method for preparing the same, and electrochromic device comprising the same |
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2008
- 2008-01-22 KR KR1020080006818A patent/KR100957686B1/en active IP Right Grant
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Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5633627A (en) * | 1979-08-29 | 1981-04-04 | Hitachi Ltd | Production of electrode for electrochromic display device |
JPH04188114A (en) * | 1990-11-22 | 1992-07-06 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Electrochemical element |
KR100196009B1 (en) * | 1995-11-30 | 1999-06-15 | 김징완 | Method manufacturing cathode for molten carbonate fuel cell |
KR20030040653A (en) * | 2001-11-15 | 2003-05-23 | 주식회사 케이티 | A method for preparing a titanium oxide film for counter electrode of electrochromic display device and the film prepared thereby |
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US7999991B2 (en) | 2011-08-16 |
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US20100014145A1 (en) | 2010-01-21 |
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