WO2008084473A1 - Systèmes pour supporter les accélérateurs readydrive et readyboost dans un dispositif de stockage à mémoire flash unique - Google Patents

Systèmes pour supporter les accélérateurs readydrive et readyboost dans un dispositif de stockage à mémoire flash unique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008084473A1
WO2008084473A1 PCT/IL2008/000023 IL2008000023W WO2008084473A1 WO 2008084473 A1 WO2008084473 A1 WO 2008084473A1 IL 2008000023 W IL2008000023 W IL 2008000023W WO 2008084473 A1 WO2008084473 A1 WO 2008084473A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
flash
memory
readydrive
memory module
readyboost
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IL2008/000023
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Leonid Shmulevitz
Tavi Salomon
Itzhak Pomerantz
Original Assignee
Sandisk Il Ltd.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US11/772,227 external-priority patent/US20080172518A1/en
Application filed by Sandisk Il Ltd. filed Critical Sandisk Il Ltd.
Publication of WO2008084473A1 publication Critical patent/WO2008084473A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/06—Digital input from, or digital output to, record carriers, e.g. RAID, emulated record carriers or networked record carriers
    • G06F3/0601—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems
    • G06F3/0628—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems making use of a particular technique
    • G06F3/0638—Organizing or formatting or addressing of data
    • G06F3/0644—Management of space entities, e.g. partitions, extents, pools
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/06—Digital input from, or digital output to, record carriers, e.g. RAID, emulated record carriers or networked record carriers
    • G06F3/0601—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems
    • G06F3/0602—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems specifically adapted to achieve a particular effect
    • G06F3/061—Improving I/O performance
    • G06F3/0611—Improving I/O performance in relation to response time
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/06—Digital input from, or digital output to, record carriers, e.g. RAID, emulated record carriers or networked record carriers
    • G06F3/0601—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems
    • G06F3/0602—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems specifically adapted to achieve a particular effect
    • G06F3/061—Improving I/O performance
    • G06F3/0613—Improving I/O performance in relation to throughput
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/06—Digital input from, or digital output to, record carriers, e.g. RAID, emulated record carriers or networked record carriers
    • G06F3/0601—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems
    • G06F3/0668—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems adopting a particular infrastructure
    • G06F3/0671—In-line storage system
    • G06F3/0673—Single storage device
    • G06F3/068—Hybrid storage device
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F12/00—Accessing, addressing or allocating within memory systems or architectures
    • G06F12/02—Addressing or allocation; Relocation
    • G06F12/08—Addressing or allocation; Relocation in hierarchically structured memory systems, e.g. virtual memory systems
    • G06F12/0802—Addressing of a memory level in which the access to the desired data or data block requires associative addressing means, e.g. caches
    • G06F12/0866—Addressing of a memory level in which the access to the desired data or data block requires associative addressing means, e.g. caches for peripheral storage systems, e.g. disk cache
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F2212/00—Indexing scheme relating to accessing, addressing or allocation within memory systems or architectures
    • G06F2212/20—Employing a main memory using a specific memory technology
    • G06F2212/202—Non-volatile memory
    • G06F2212/2022—Flash memory

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to systems for supporting ReadyDriveTM and ReadyBoostTM WindowsTM PC accelerators in a single flash-memory storage device.
  • Hybrid Hard-Disk Drives are well-known in the art of computer engineering, and combine the large capacity of hard-disk drives (HDDs) with the high speed of flash-memory drives.
  • HDDs hard-disk drives
  • flash-memory component of an H- HDD is embedded as a part of the disk-drive assembly, and both are managed by a single controller.
  • ReadyBoost and ReadyDrive are hardware and software modules configured for two different modes of interaction between an HDD and a flash-memory device. Each of the hardware modules is configured to work with its own flash-memory device.
  • Each of the flash-memory devices has its own capacity; there is no way to shift storage space between the two devices in order to maintain storage-space balance with varying demand.
  • flash-memory storage device that supports both the ReadyDrive and the ReadyBoost Windows PC accelerators, and does so as a single device that can apply "wall-to-wall” wear-leveling and offer maximum storage space for each of the accelerators.
  • ReadyDrive is used herein to refer to a feature of Windows Vista that allows Vista-enabled computers equipped with an H-HDD to boot up faster, resume from hibernation in less time, and reduce battery-power consumption. Further information regarding ReadyDrive can be found in Appendix A.
  • ReadyBoost is used herein to refer to a disk-caching technology, intended to make computers running Windows Vista more responsive by using flash memory on a USB 2.0 drive, SD Card, Compact Flash, or other form of flash memory. Further information regarding ReadyBoost can be found in Appendix A.
  • SuperFetch is used herein to refer to a technology that speeds up the loading of commonly-used files and programs by pre-loading the files into memory. SuperFetch also keeps track of which applications are used, and at what time, during a day, enabling SuperFetch to intelligently pre-load information that is expected to be used in the near future. Further information regarding SuperFetch can be found in Appendix A.
  • H-HDD is used herein to refer to a hybrid drive. H-HDDs are a new type of large-buffer HDD. H-HDDs differ from standard HDDs in that an H-HDD employs a large buffer (e.g. up to 1 GB) of non- volatile flash memory to cache data during normal use.
  • partitioning is used herein to refer to changing the partitioning of a flash-memory storage device that implements both ReadyDrive and ReadyBoost accelerators, so that the storage space used for each of the two accelerators is modified.
  • the present invention teaches a single flash-based, non-volatile memory (NVM) storage device that can support both the ReadyDrive and the ReadyBoost accelerators.
  • NVM non-volatile memory
  • a host system can apply a conventional wear-leveling process over the entire flash-memory storage-space in order to maximize the life expectancy of the flash media beyond the life expectancy of the prior art.
  • a conventional flash-memory management system can partition the storage space between the two functional units arbitrarily, and shift storage space from one functional unit to the other.
  • the partition can be either for customization of the computer for the user upon installation, or for fulfilling an active requirement or request.
  • the partition can be modified by repartitioning (described in detail below).
  • a flash controller monitors the performance of the flash-memory device, and alerts the host system upon deterioration of the flash memory.
  • the partitioning of the flash-memory storage-space between a ReadyBoost storage-space and a ReadyDrive storage-space is performed, after both storage spaces are emptied, by copying the content from each storage space to the HDD, and restoring the content after the process of changing the partition is completed.
  • a flash-memory storage device for implementing both ReadyBoost and ReadyDrive Windows PC accelerators, the device including: (a) a single flash- memory module adapted to be configured as a ReadyBoost accelerator and as a ReadyDrive accelerator; and (b) a controller for controlling the flash-memory module.
  • the device further includes: (c) a mechanism for wear-leveling the flash-memory module.
  • the device further includes: (c) a mechanism for repartitioning the flash-memory module.
  • the mechanism is configured to erase the flash-memory module.
  • a flash- memory storage device including: (a) a flash-memory module having at least one partition, wherein at least one partition is adapted to be alternatively reversibly configured as a ReadyBoost accelerator and as a ReadyDrive accelerator; and (b) a controller for controlling the flash-memory module.
  • the device further includes: (c) a mechanism for wear-leveling the flash-memory module.
  • Figure IA is a simplified block diagram of an HDD having two main logical units, according to the prior art
  • Figure IB is a simplified block diagram of an H-HDD, according to the prior art.
  • Figure 2A is a simplified schematic block diagram of the high-level hardware and software architecture of a host system and a storage device having an embedded H-HDD device, according to the prior art;
  • Figure 2B is a simplified schematic block diagram of the high-level hardware and software architecture of a host system and a storage device having a split H-HDD device, according to the prior art;
  • Figure 3 is a simplified schematic block diagram of the high-level hardware and software architecture of a host system and a storage device having an integrated external H-HDD, according to preferred embodiments of the present invention
  • Figure 4 is a simplified schematic block diagram of selected components of Figure 3 in greater detail, according to preferred embodiments of the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
  • the present invention relates to systems for supporting ReadyDrive and ReadyBoost Windows PC accelerators in a single flash-memory device.
  • the principles and operation for supporting ReadyDrive and ReadyBoost Windows PC accelerators in a single flash-memory device, according to the present invention, may be better understood with reference to the accompanying description and the drawings.
  • Figure IA is a simplified block diagram of a hard-disk drive having two main logical units, according to the prior art.
  • the HDD includes a hardware controller 20 and magnetic parts 22.
  • Hardware controller 20 shown simplistically as one block in Figure IA, actually includes a logic-controller interface, an analog controller that manages the disk-spinning operation, and a magnetic-head signal amplifier.
  • Figure IB is a simplified block diagram of a hybrid disk drive, according to the prior art.
  • the H-HDD includes a special internal flash- memory module 24 that supports the ReadyDrive accelerator.
  • FIG. 2A is a simplified schematic block diagram of the high-level hardware and software architecture of a host system and a storage device having an embedded H-HDD device, according to the prior art.
  • the architecture is separated into two parts: a host system 30 and a storage device 32.
  • Host system 30 has two main logic components: an OS 34 and standard drivers 36 for an HDD.
  • the Windows Vista OS provides two logical interfaces for supporting a ReadyBoost interface A and a ReadyDrive interface B.
  • Standard drivers 36 use two different interfaces to communicate with two hardware modules of storage device 32: an H-HDD 38 and a ReadyBoost NVM 40.
  • SATA interface C the SATA designation stands for serial ATA
  • ReadyBoost NVM 40 host system 30 supports a high-speed USB 2.0 interface, a PCI-e interface, and other standard interfaces.
  • H-HDD 38 is managed by a controller 42 that has two logical functions: management of a flash memory 44 and management of magnetic media 46.
  • controller 42 can be two different controllers.
  • SATA interface C supports a special set of ATA8-ACS commands in order to support the ReadyDrive accelerator.
  • Controller 42 directs the commands and data to and from the relevant destination/origin (i.e. flash memory 44 and/or magnetic media 46).
  • Flash memory 44 provides a write-buffer caching space to satisfy read operations while rotating magnetic media 46 is spinning down, and supports "pinning" management for fast hibernation power-up and hibernation power-down.
  • ReadyBoost NVM 40 has a controller 48 that supports the relevant protocol of a physical interface D and a flash memory 50.
  • Flash memory 50 is the cache memory that host system 30 uses to store the performance data crucial for fast random-access read-operations.
  • FIG. 2B is a simplified schematic block diagram of the high-level hardware and software architecture of a host system and a storage device having a split H-HDD device, according to the prior art.
  • the configuration of Figure 2B differs from the configuration of Figure 2A in that H-HDD 38 of Figure 2A is replaced by two separate hardware modules in a storage device 52 of Figure 2B: a regular magnetic HDD 54, and a flash-NVM cache module 56 that serves both the ReadyDrive and ReadyBoost accelerators.
  • Cache module 56 includes a controller 58 that is linked to special drivers 60 of a host system 62 through a PCI-e interface E. Controller 58 has two separate flash-memory modules 64 and 66, one for each accelerator ⁇ i.e. ReadyDrive and ReadyBoost).
  • HDD 54 has a controller 68 to support a basic SATA (or PATA) interface F.
  • host system 62 requires add-on special drivers 60 in order to distribute HDD 54 and the special ATA8-ACS commands of cache module 56 between controllers 68 and 58, respectively.
  • FIG. 3 is a simplified schematic block diagram of the high-level hardware and software architecture of a host system and a storage device having an integrated external H-HDD, according to preferred embodiments of the present invention.
  • a storage device 70 has two hardware modules. HDD 54, having magnetic media 46 and controller 68, and interface F remain as described with regard to Figure 2B.
  • Storage device 70 also has a flash-NVM cache module 72 having only one flash- memory module 74 that provides a single wear-leveling space for the entire memory.
  • a unique controller 76 calibrates the relevant shared memory for ReadyDrive and ReadyBoost according to a chosen flash-memory management policy. Controller 76 provides efficient flash-memory management that allows the entire flash media to be used as a single manageable unit.
  • a host system 80 has special drivers 82 for supporting this configuration.
  • Drivers 82 communicate with OS 84 through two unique Windows Vista interfaces: a ReadyBoost interface G and a ReadyDrive interface H.
  • Drivers 82 are required for emulation associated with HDD 54, and can be used to support PCI-e or SATA interfaces for communication with controller 76 through a physical interface I.
  • FIG 4 is a simplified schematic block diagram of selected components of Figure 3 in greater detail, according to preferred embodiments of the present invention.
  • Flash-NVM cache module 72 is shown with flash-memory module 74 and controller 76.
  • Controller 76 includes unique and efficient flash-memory management components that provide one wear-leveling space for the entire flash media, which can include several physical elements (i.e. chip components). Access to the NAND- type flash-memory components is provided through a NAND-type flash-memory interface J.
  • Controller 76 also enables flash-memory module 74 to be partitioned into two logical units: a main storage-space 86 (for use by ReadyBoost), and a hidden storage-space 88 (for use by ReadyDrive).
  • Controller 76 communicates with host system 80 through physical interface I (e.g. a PCI-e or SATA interface). Controller 76 can be logically partitioned into two functional components: a physical-interface component 90 and a microcontroller 92. Physical-interface component 90 can be implemented with a bridge solution for physical connectivity, but is depicted in Figure 4 as one functional component. Hidden storage-space 88 is transparent to the file system of host system 80, and is accessible only through a logical command channel K via microcontroller 92.
  • physical interface I e.g. a PCI-e or SATA interface
  • Controller 76 can be logically partitioned into two functional components: a physical-interface component 90 and a microcontroller 92.
  • Physical-interface component 90 can be implemented with a bridge solution for physical connectivity, but is depicted in Figure 4 as one functional component.
  • Hidden storage-space 88 is transparent to the file system of host system 80, and is accessible only through a logical command channel K via microcontroller 92
  • Microcontroller 92 needs to support logical command channel K with special drivers 82.
  • drivers 82 redirect special commands coming from OS 84 through two virtual command channel: a ReadyDrive channel L and a ReadyBoost channel M to microcontroller 92.
  • the special commands must support the following functionality: (1) emulate ATA-8 NVRAM commands, (2) flash-media configuration commands, and (3) flash-media "health"-monitoring commands. All commands are implemented over a unique software protocol that is based on standard ATA vendor-specific commands in drivers 82.
  • host system 80 protects flash-memory module 74, which embeds the ReadyDrive and ReadyBoost accelerators, by monitoring the frequency of write commands. If the frequency becomes dangerous to the life expectancy of flash-memory module 74, host system 80 suspends the use of flash-memory module 74, and serves an application request with longer latency. This procedure, which results in longer access times, is preferable compared to the risk of reducing the life expectancy of flash-memory module 74. Once the frequency of write commands to flash-memory module 74 returns to an acceptable frequency, the use of flash-memory module 74 resumes.
  • Windows Vista includes a collection of performance-enhancing features called Windows PC Accelerators that address responsiveness issues related to demand paging.
  • Windows SuperFetch memory management technology intelligently maintains optimal memory content based on historic usage patterns on the Windows-based PC, allowing Windows Vista to make intelligent decisions about what content should be present in system memory at any given time. SuperFetch also allows Windows Vista to detect and evade troublesome memory usage patterns that would otherwise push higher priority content out of memory.
  • Windows ReadyBoost-capable Flash Devices extend the disk caching capabilities of Windows Vista main memory.
  • ReadyBoost-capable devices can be implemented as USB 2.0 flash drives, Secure Digital (SD) cards, or CompactFlash cards.
  • SD Secure Digital
  • Using ReadyBoost-capable flash memory devices for caching allows Windows Vista to service random disk reads with performance that is typically 8-10 times faster than random reads from traditional hard drives.
  • ReadyBoost-capable device An external ReadyBoost-capable device might be removed at any time, but ReadyBoost technology ensures there is no interruption of system service or loss of data. All data writes are made to the hard disk before being copied to the flash device, so every bit of data held within the flash device is safely duplicated on the hard disk. ReadyBoost also encrypts the content for use only on the PC system where the data was generated.
  • Windows ReadyDrive and Hybrid Hard Disk Drives are standard hard drives that include both rotating media and an integrated cache of non- volatile flash memory (also known as NVRAM). This cache buffers disk writes and allows the disk drive to stay spun down for longer periods of time to increase battery life and the overall reliability of the drives in mobile systems. Serving data from the non-volatile cache increases the performance of the boot and resume processes as well as disk- and memory-intensive applications by avoiding the latency of random disk I/Os.
  • NVRAM non- volatile flash memory
  • Hybrid Hard Drive is a new type of large-buffer computer hard disk drive. It is different from standard hard drives in that it employs a large buffer (up to 1 GB) of non- volatile flash memory to cache data during normal use. By primarily using this large buffer for non-volatile data storage, the platters of the hard drive are at rest almost all of the time, instead of constantly spinning as they are in current hard drives. This offers numerous benefits, chief among them speed, decreased power consumption, improved reliability, and a faster boot process.
  • Hybrid drives were anticipated to be released, primarily for notebook computers, in early 2007, with Samsung introducing their first drives in January, and Seagate in the first three months. Samsung does appear to be the first to market with the new drives, having released the first hybrid drives to OEMs in March of 2007.
  • the command interface will be standardized in the new revision 8 of the ATA standard.
  • the hybrid drive in its normal state has its platters at rest, as if it were off. During this time, any data that the user must write to the hard drive is written instead to the buffer. While working on a text document, for example, or browsing through the Internet, any temporary save files or the browser's disk cache will be saved to the buffer, instead of being written to the hard drive every time.
  • the hybrid drive's platters will spin up in only two situations.
  • the platters of the hard drive will spin up, and all of the data in the buffer will be cleared onto the hard drive, whereupon the platters will again return to an off state, and the cache will be empty for use again.
  • the second instance is when the user must access data from the hard drive that is not already stored in the buffer. In this case, the platters must spin up to access the file and place it onto the buffer, whereupon the platters will once again return to an off state.
  • the buffer is able to retain all the data even in the event of a sudden power failure or reboot, and can even store boot-up data into the buffer (see below).
  • the hybrid drive is claimed to offer several benefits over the standard hard drive, especially for use in notebook computers.
  • ⁇ Decreased Power Consumption Because the platters will almost always be in an off state, power consumption by the hard drive will be reduced. Although not so much of an issue for desktop computers (apart from the impact on pollution), this can greatly extend the battery life of notebook computers.
  • ⁇ Decreased Heat Generation The reduced spinning of the platters also greatly decreases the amount of heat generated, as few parts of the hard drive are physically moving (and generating friction).
  • Hybrid drives should be able to last much longer than today's standard notebook drives.
  • head crashes in which a sudden movement, such as a violent impact, causes the read/write head of the hard drive to physically impact one of the platters — can become much less frequent, as the head will be able to be docked most of the time.
  • Flash memory chips are much more expensive per-gigabyte than comparably-sized traditional hard drives.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Techniques For Improving Reliability Of Storages (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention décrit un dispositif de stockage à mémoire flash destiné à mettre en œuvre des accélérateurs de PC Windows à la fois Readyboost et Readydrive, le dispositif comprenant : un unique module à mémoire flash apte à être configuré en tant qu'accélérateur Readyboost et en tant qu'accélérateur Readydrive; et un contrôleur pour commander le module à mémoire flash. De préférence, le dispositif comprend en outre : un mécanisme pour déterminer le niveau d'usure du module à mémoire flash. De préférence, le dispositif comprend en outre : un mécanisme pour repartitionner le module à mémoire flash. De façon privilégiée, le mécanisme est configuré pour effacer le module à mémoire flash. Un dispositif de stockage à mémoire flash comprend : un module à mémoire flash ayant au moins une partition, au moins une partition pouvant être configurée de façon alternée et réversible en tant qu'accélérateur Readyboost et en tant qu'accélérateur Readydrive; et un contrôleur pour commander le module à mémoire flash. De préférence, le dispositif comprend en outre : un mécanisme pour déterminer le niveau d'usure du module à mémoire flash. Des procédés d'amélioration de la performance d'un système hôte comprennent les étapes consistant à : fournir un système d'exploitation, l'exécuter sur le système hôte, qui supporte un accélérateur Readydrive et Readyboost; et fournir un dispositif de stockage à mémoire flash, qui supporte les deux accélérateurs, ayant un seul module à mémoire flash.
PCT/IL2008/000023 2007-01-11 2008-01-03 Systèmes pour supporter les accélérateurs readydrive et readyboost dans un dispositif de stockage à mémoire flash unique WO2008084473A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US88441907P 2007-01-11 2007-01-11
US60/884,419 2007-01-11
US11/772,227 2007-07-01
US11/772,227 US20080172518A1 (en) 2007-01-11 2007-07-01 Systems For Supporting Readydrive And Readyboost Accelerators In A Single Flash-Memory Storage Device
US11/772,228 2007-07-01
US11/772,228 US20080172519A1 (en) 2007-01-11 2007-07-01 Methods For Supporting Readydrive And Readyboost Accelerators In A Single Flash-Memory Storage Device

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CN109460369A (zh) * 2017-09-06 2019-03-12 忆锐公司 基于闪存的加速器及包括该加速器的计算设备

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109460369A (zh) * 2017-09-06 2019-03-12 忆锐公司 基于闪存的加速器及包括该加速器的计算设备

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