WO2008079760A2

WO2008079760A2 - Nanocomposite pigments in a topical cosmetic application

Info

Publication number: WO2008079760A2
Application number: PCT/US2007/087708
Authority: WO
Inventors: Prithwiraj Maitra; John C. Brahms
Original assignee: Avon Products, Inc.
Priority date: 2006-12-20
Filing date: 2007-12-17
Publication date: 2008-07-03
Also published as: WO2008079760A3; TW200846026A; AR064461A1

Abstract

The present invention relates to nanocomposite pigments and methods for treating and improving the aesthetic appearance of a biological surface by altering the optical properties of the biological surface, thereby resulting in a natural appearance. The compositions of the invention may be topically applied to the biological surface, including but not limited to skin, in an amount effective in improving the aesthetic and natural appearance of the biological surface.

Description

NANOCOMPOSITE PIGMENTS IN A TOPICAL COSMETIC APPLICATION

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] This invention generally relates to cosmetic, dermatological, and pharmaceutical compositions and their use, and more particularly to cosmetic compositions and their use in improving the appearance of biological surfaces.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002) There is an increasing demand in the cosmetics industry to develop products that may be applied topically to the skin to improve the appearance of skin such that the skin has a natural appearance. Ideally, a biological surface, such as skin, would have a translucent appearance with uniform coloring, a smooth and even surface, with no apparent imperfections. Consumers are interested in mitigating or delaying the dermatological signs of chronologically or hormonally aged or photo-aged skin, such as fine lines, wrinkles, drying, and sagging skin, and other conditions due to a progressive degradation of the skin matπx, as well as improving the appearance of skin damaged by environmental factors, including sun, pollutants, smoking, etc. Therefore, there is a need for cosmetics that assist in creating a flawless, natural look.

[0003] Achieving a perfect, flawless and natural look is difficult because cosmetic ingredients which provide the desired color and coverage, are generally opaque, thereby obscuring the vibrant and natural translucency of the skin. Pigments or particles with less opacity are available, but they do not provide enough coverage to mask or camouflage the flaws in or on the biological surface, including skin. Cosmetic ingredients can settle in the fine lines and wrinkles, accentuating the flaws and imperfections on the skin's surface resulting in an uneven and unnatural look. Therefore, there remains a need for cosmetic formulations and preparations that convey the perception that the consumer's skin has fewer wrinkles and imperfections by allowing the optimal refraction and reflection of light and increasing the diffusion of light to accomplish the foregoing.

[0004] Currently there is a technology gap in topical skin and color cosmetic products to efficiently blur fine lines and wrinkles, as well as provide the required hiding to cover discolorations, age spots, and blemishes to match skin tone with the natural look of a young skin. Traditional ways of optically reducing lines and wrinkles include creating a blurring or soft focus effect on the skin, or by covering lines and wrinkles with opaque pigments leading to unnatural coating on the face. Moreover, when traditional inorganic cosmetic pigments are added along with soft focus fillers, the blurring effect is diminished and the coating produces an opaque, chalky, and unnatural appearance.

[0005) There is a need for a composition and method of use thereof to improve the aesthetic appearance of skin. Therefore, safe and effective compositions that provide a translucent appearance with uniform coloring, smooth and even biological surfaces, with no apparent imperfections would be advantageous for the formulation of treatments and products for biological surfaces, including the skin.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] It is an object of the present invention to provide a composition that delivers in an acceptable vehicle or carrier, an effective amount of a nanocomposite pigment sufficient to alter the appearance of a biological surface, where the composition controls the lateral light diffusion.

[0007] In another object of the invention, a cosmetic pigment is coated with nanoparricles. The cosmetic pigment core and nanoparticle shell material may each have a different refractive index so as to control light diffusion properties. The refractive indices of the pigment core is greater than the shell and nanoparticle shell material to obtain optimal lateral light diffusion. In yet another object, a method of making a nanocomposite pigment is provided.

[0008) A further object of the invention is to provide a nanocomposite material having a core and a shell which further produce unique optical effects on skin. In yet another object, a method of improving the aesthetic or natural appearance of a biological surface by applying to the biological surface a composition having a nanocomposite pigment and carrier in an amount effective to improve the aesthetic or natural appearance of the biological surface. The composition is applied such that the appearance of dermatological signs of damaged or chronologically or hormonally aged or photo-aged skin, such as fine lines, wrinkles, and sagging skin, surface imperfections, and discoloration is diminished. Alternatively, the composition may be used topically in dental applications to correct the color of, or to improve the appearance of, the teeth.

[0009] These and other objects and advantages of the present invention, and equivalents thereof, are achieved by compositions having a nanocomposite pigment and combinations thereof, and methods of using such nanocomposite pigments for topical application in order to improve the aesthetic and natural appearance of a biological surface, including for example, skin.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

[0010] FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of light interaction with a nanocomposite pigment of the invention.

[0011] FIG. 2 shows the transmission profile of four nanocomposite pigments. [0012] FIG. 3 shows the average L* at (+/-) 55° transmission profile of soft focus materials in silicone acrylate.

[0013] FIG. 4 shows the average L* at (+/-) 55° as a function of particle loading in silicone acrylate.

[0014] FIG. 5 shows the average L* values of elastomer-particle blends.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0015] In accordance with the foregoing objectives and others detailed herein, the invention overcomes deficiencies associated with the prior art by providing nanocomposite pigment compositions, and an acceptable vehicle, which improves the aesthetic appearance of biological surface resulting from, for example, the chronological aging process, environmental damage to the biological surface, or natural imperfections. The nanocomposite pigment compositions and methods thereof, once applied to a biological surface or synthetic biological surface, enhances the appearance of the surface by altering the appearance of a biological surface by enhancing diffused transmittance and reflective properties, thereby improving the aesthetic appearance of the biological surface. The aesthetic appearance of the biological surface, including but not limited to, keratinous tissues, skin, hair, and nails, may be achieved by topical application of the inventive composition to the biological surface on a daily basis or when a natural appearance is desired. [0016] The nanocomposite pigment of the invention alters the optical properties of a cosmetic composition to provide hiding, opacity, and coverage. The nanocomposite pigment comprises a cosmetic pigment core coated or encapsulated with a nanoparticle shell. The nanocomposite pigment present in a cosmetic composition is suitable for topical skin application. The term "nanoparticle" as used herein refers to a nanometer-sized particle, having a diameter of between about 1 nanometer and about 500 nanometers; the term "nanoparticles" as used herein refers to nanometer-sized particles, nanoclusters, clusters, particles, small particles, and nanostructured materials.

[0017] Pigments suitable for cores in this invention range in particle size from about

0.3 microns to about 10 microns. More preferably, core pigment particle sizes range from about 0.3 microns to about 2 microns. Preferred inorganic pigments for use in this invention are those typically used in the personal care or cosmetic industry to provide hiding, coverage and/or color. In one embodiment of the invention, the core pigment material is about 0.5 microns; in another embodiment of the invention, core pigment material is about 1.0 microns. Reference to the size of a core or nanoparticle means the length of the largest straight dimension of the core or nanoparticle. By way of example, the size of a spherical core is its diameter, and the size of a spherical nanoparticle is its diameter.

[0018] The refractive index of the core pigments can be from about 1.38 to about

3.52; more preferably about 1.40 to about 3.50: more preferably about 1.42 to about 3.4; more preferably about 1.6 to about 3 4, and especially about 1.8 to 2.9. Pigments in this refractive index range include, but are not limited to, titanium dioxide (rutile or anatase), zinc oxide and iron oxide. The refractive indices of various materials may be evaluated using a refractometer. Details with respect to the principles of refraction can be found in Optics by Eugene Hecht (Fourth Edition), 2002. Details with respect to refractive indices of materials can be found in the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 86th Edition, 2005-2006. which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. In one embodiment of the invention, the core pigment material is titanium dioxide (anatase) with an index of refraction of about 2.5.

[0019] Suitable inorganic pigments include, but are not limited to, titanium dioxide, zirconium oxide and cerium oxide, as well as zinc oxide, iron oxide, chromium oxide. ultramarines, and ferric blue. Suitable organic pigments include, but are not limited to, carbon black and lakes of barium, strontium, calcium, and aluminum. Any pigment material of the inventive composition producing the desired effects may be used, non-limiting examples of which include a metal oxide, for example, titanium dioxide, iron oxide, and aluminum oxide; for typical pigments used in cosmetic industry, refer to the International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 10th Edition (2004) (INCI), published by the Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association (CTFA).

[0020] Organic and inorganic pigments suitable for use as cores in this invention may be substantially solid or porous. In one embodiment, the outer surface of the core pigment is substantially solid and of uniform contour. In another embodiment, the outer surface of the core pigment is porous. Organic and inorganic pigments suitable for use as cores in this invention may be substantially spherical, cylindrical, ellipsoidal, platelets, or may be polyhedral or irregular in shape. In one embodiment, the core pigment is substantially spherical. In another embodiment, the core pigment is in the shape of an ellipsoid. In another embodiment, the core pigment is cuboid. In another embodiment, the core pigment is in the shape of platelet. In another embodiment, the core pigment is irregularly and non- symmetrically shaped.

[0021] Nanoparticles suitable for the shell in this invention range in size from about 1 nm to about 500 nm; more preferably about 7 nm to about 300 nm; more preferably about 10 nm to about 200 nm. Mean particle sizes of nanoparticles comprising the shell of nanocomposite pigments of this invention range in size from about 1 nm to about 500 nm; more preferably about 7 nm to about 300 nm; more preferably about 10 nm to about 200 nm. In one embodiment of the invention, the primary particle size of nanoparticles are about 7 nm. In one embodiment of the invention, the nanoparticles are about 20 nm. In one embodiment of the invention, the nanoparticles are about 50 nm. In one embodiment of the invention, the nanoparticles are about 100 nm.

[0022] In one embodiment of the invention, the nanoparticles of the shell are smaller than the size of the core pigment. In another embodiment of the invention, the nanoparticles of the shell are about the same size as the core pigment. Preferably, the nanoparticles of the shell are smaller than the size of the core pigment.

[0023] Nanoparticles suitable for this invention include, but are not limited to, nanoparticles made of fumed silica, metal oxides such as aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide or zirconium oxide, or polymeric nanoparticles such as poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), nylon, polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polytetrafluoroethylene, or cellulosics. The refractive index of the nanoparticles can be from about 1.30 to about 3.5, preferably from about 1.4 to 2.5, and more preferably from about 1.4 to 1.6. In one embodiment of the invention, the shell nanoparticle is fumed silica having a refractive index of about 1.46. In one embodiment, the shell may be comprised on a combination of nanoparticles of different refractive indices.

[0024] The core material and the shell nanoparticles are capable of altering scattering behavior of visible light, thereby providing soft focus or blurring effects useful in cosmetic compositions which camouflage wrinkles, fine lines, or imperfections of biological surfaces. The difference between the refractive indices of the cosmetic pigment core and nanoparticle shell material may range from about 0.2 to about 2. In one embodiment of the invention, the difference between the refractive indices of the cosmetic pigment core and nanoparticle shell material is about 1.0. In another embodiment of the invention, the difference between the refractive indices of the cosmetic pigment core and nanoparticle shell material is about 0.7. In another embodiment of the invention, the difference between the refractive indices of the cosmetic pigment core and nanoparticle shell material is about 0.5. [002S] Use of a high refractive index core with a low refractive index shell achieves a drastic change in the direction of light at the interface thus enhancing light diffusion, resulting in high coverage along with a blurring effect. Lateral diffusion of light creates a blurring effect, which is instrumental in hiding lines and wrinkles on the skin. Use of a core with a high refractive index provides high coverage and blurring as well as lateral light diffusion by total internal reflection of light at the interface of the core and shell. Such nanocomposite pigments would have higher blurring effect of lines, wrinkles, and skin imperfections when used in a topical cosmetic, for example, a foundation. In one embodiment of the invention, the refractive index of the nanocomposite pigment is about 2.02; in another embodiment of the invention, the refractive index of the nanocomposite pigment is about 2.19.

[0026] Weight ratios of the nanoparticle shell to the core pigment may range from about 5% to about 95%, more preferably from about 20% to about 80%. Weight ratios determine the relative thicknesses of the shell to the core, thereby affecting the refractive index of the nanocomposite pigment. In one embodiment of the invention, the nanocomposite pigment has 40 weight % TiCh core and 60 weight % nanosize fumed silica shell; in another embodiment of the invention, the nanocomposite pigment has 30 weight % TiO₂ core and 70 weight % nanosize fumed silica shell.

[0027] Total surface area of the nanoparticles comprising the shell of a nanocomposite pigment of this invention may range from about 20 m²/g to about 700 m²/g; more preferably about 50 m²/g to about 500 m²/g; more preferably about 70 m²/g to about 400 m²/g. Total surface area of the shell's nanoparticles is related to the size of the individual nanoparticles comprising the shell as well as the volume of nanoparticles utilize, resulting in high surface to volume ratio. Accordingly, the total surface area of the nanoparticles comprising the shell may also affect the refractive index of the nanocomposite pigment. Total surface area of the nanoparticles governs the multiple scattering of light in the shell. Total surface area will dictate the density of the shell. Total surface area will also dictate the interaction of individual particles with each other or the interaction of shell nanoparticles with the core.

[0028] Nanocomposite pigments may be prepared by combining the principles of coacervation, granulation, and spray drying for the encapsulation process using M-Cap technology, described in U.S. Patent No. 4,978,483 and U.S. Patent No. 5,271,881 (the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference) and controlling parameters like time of mixing, temperature, and composition of the starting raw materials. Further, nanoparticles may be placed in the shell material using electrostatic charge and/or van der Waals interactions.

[0029) Preferably, nanocomposite pigments are prepared by first making a mixture comprising a binder, a solvent, nanoparticles and core pigments. Water is then added to the mixture to form an emulsion in a continuous water phase. Droplets suspended in the emulsion have the core pigment materials in the liquid portion of the droplet along with nanoparticles, solvent, and binding polymer. The solvent in each droplet is driven off, leaving a suspension of solid particles in water. These solid particles contain the core pigments with nanoparticles bound to the cores by the binding polymer. Conventional techniques such as spray-drying may be used to remove the water, leaving a powder of nanocomposite pigments.

Nanocomposite pigments may be prepared using suitable solvents including, for example alkanes (e.g., hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, undecane, dodecane, etc.), cycloalkanes (e.g., cyclopentane, cyclohexane, etc.), aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, toluene, etc.), and mixtures of the foregoing. Preferably, nanocomposite pigments are prepared using a volatile solvent such as cyclohexane. Nanocomposite pigments may be prepared using any of a variety of binders. Preferably, the binder is a polymeric binder including, but not limited to, those listed in Figure 5 of U.S. Patent No. 4,978,483, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyamide, polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, polymethyl methacrylate, waxes, etc. Preferably, a polymer binder is chosen based upon its optical characteristics; more preferably, a binder is chosen because it is optically at least translucent when incorporated into the nanocomposite pigment shell. "At least translucent" means translucent or transparent. Transparency is the property of allowing light to pass without significant scattering or blurring. Transparent materials can be seen through; that is, they allow clear images to pass. Translucent materials allow light to pass through them but scattered so that the material distorts the image. As used herein, the binders that are suitable allow at least 30 %, preferably at least 50%, and most preferably at least 75% of light to pass through. Preferably, melamine or epoxy resin polymers may be used as the polymer binder.

[0030| Figure 1 depicts light diffusion properties of a nanocomposite pigment of the invention. Light enters the nanocomposite pigment shell made from nanoparticles having a low refractive index. The core pigment has a higher refractive index than the shell. The difference in refractive index between the core and the shell will control the total internal reflection of light at the interface between the core and the shell. Design and choice of shell nanoparticles and core pigment can increase the angle of incidence greater than the critical angle for total internal reflection, thus enhancing the light diffusion along the interface. Use of high surface area particles increases multiple scattering along the interface. By using a high refractive index core, one can obtain high coverage along with a blurring effect. A high index of refraction core with a low index of refraction shell enable the nanocomposite pigment to produce a blurring effect by enhancing diffused transmittance and thereby improving the appearance of the biological surface onto which the composition was applied. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the efficiency of the blurring and soft focus effect or the ability to camouflage fine lines and wrinkles is believed to be a function of the diffused transmittance parameter ("Quantification of the Soft Focus Effect", Cosmetics & Toiletries, 111:57, 1996). Therefore, any nanocomposite pigment that produces high diffused transmittance would be beneficial in a cosmetic formulation or preparation for producing a blurring effect, improving the natural appearance of the biological surface to which the cosmetic is applied, and overcoming the drawbacks of typical cosmetics that are opaque, unnatural and chalky, and those that settle in fine lines and wrinkles.

(0031J The advantages of the inventive composition include, but are not limited to, the simplicity of at least one nanocomposite pigment to provide optical blurring and "coverage" without a chalky while residue resulting in the loss of the soft focus effects and inadvertently accentuating the fine lines or wrinkles into which pigments settle. Traditional commercial soft focus materials alone, such as PMMA, PE, spherical silica, although providing soft blurring, have a low refractive index, which results in a sheer film providing no coverage. In addition, the nanocomposite particles have better and more efficient blurring compared to spherical polymeric soft focus materials.

[0032] If the nanocomposite pigments are extremely small, for example, less than or about 100 nanometers, then the films and coatings may be produced that also provide ultraviolet (UV) protection. Another advantage of the nanocomposite pigment is that it absorbs oil, sebum, and moisture, for example. These properties provide additional benefits in cosmetic and dermatological formulations or compositions, and enhance the aesthetic and natural appearance of biological surfaces, such as skin, lips, hair, and nails. [0033] A further embodiment of the invention provides a nanocomposite pigment composition that has optical properties which enhance the aesthetic and natural appearance of a biological surface, while minimizing or eliminating the use of traditional pigments or dyes for coverage, and yet resulting in optical blurring and diffused light transmittance, light scattering and reflection, thereby reducing the appearance of dermatological signs of chronological aging, photo-aging, hormonal aging, and/or actinic aging; reducing the appearance of lines and/or wrinkles; reducing the noticeability of facial lines and wrinkles, facial wrinkles on the cheeks, forehead, perpendicular wrinkles between the eyes, horizontal wrinkles above the eyes, and around the mouth, marionette lines, and particularly deep wrinkles or creases; reducing the appearance and/or depth of lines and/or wrinkles; improving the appearance of suborbital lines and/or periorbital lines; reducing the appearance of crow's feet; improving the appearance of rejuvenating and/or revitalizing skin, decreasing the appearance of aging skin; reducing the appearance of skin fragility; reducing the appearance of a loss of glycosaminoglycans and/or collagen; reducing the appearance of estrogen imbalance; reducing the appearance of skin atrophy; reducing the appearance of hyperpigmentation; reducing the appearance of skin discoloration; improving the appearance of skin tone, radiance, clarity and/or tautness; reducing the appearance of sagging skin; improving the appearance of skin firmness, plumpness, suppleness and/or softness; improving the appearance of procollagen and/or collagen production; improving the appearance of skin texture and/or retexturization; improving the appearance of skin barrier repair and/or function; improving the appearance of skin contours; improving the appearance of decreased skin luster and/or brightness; improving the appearance of dermatological signs of fatigue and/or stress; improving the appearance of environmental stress; improving the appearance of cellular aging; improving the appearance of skin dehydration; improving the appearance of elastic and/or resilient skin; improving the appearance of microcirculation; decreasing the appearance of cellulite formation; or any combinations thereof. [0034J Another embodiment of the invention relates to a method of improving the aesthetic or natural appearance of a biological surface comprising applying to the biological surface, including but not limited to. keratinous tissue, skin, hair and nails, the inventive composition comprising a nanocomposite pigment having the characteristics and properties described herein, in an amount effective to improve the aesthetic or natural appearance of the biological surface.

[0035J Contacting a keratinous surface with the inventive composition comprising a nanocomposite pigment results in the formation of a film on the keratinous surface, where the film produces a blurring effect, improves the natural appearance of the keratinous surface. [0036] The biological surface may be any surface to which cosmetics, personal care products, dermatological, and pharmaceutical compositions are typically applied, including but not limited to skin, lips, hair, nails, and the like. The composition that is applied to biological surfaces improves or enhances the aesthetic appearance of skin by camouflaging the natural aging process, discoloration, chronic and cumulative damage to biological surfaces, and imperfections on the surface.

[0037] Embodiments of the invention relate to the discovery that nanocomposite pigments in a composition or formulation camouflage fine lines, wrinkles, pores, sagging, or other conditions due to aging. Thus, by relying on the optical properties of the inventive composition enables one to camouflage the signs of aging, dermatological degeneration of biological surfaces, and imperfections of biological surfaces, thereby improving the aesthetic and natural appearance of skin.

[0038] One embodiment of the invention relates to methods of applying the nanocomposite pigment composition to an affected area of the skin. The composition is preferably applied topically at least once daily, preferably twice a day, and remains on the affected area of the skin, where the affected area of the skin includes, but is not limited to, the face, neck, legs and thighs, scalp, and overall body. The compositions may be applied in accordance with a particular regimen, for example, everyday for one, two or more weeks, or maybe intended for continued daily use. The make-up compositions of the present invention may also be intended for removal following a period of use, with reapplication when desired. Topical compositions preferably have the aforementioned nanocomposite pigment which improves the cosmetic and/or aesthetic appearance of skin, particularly of aging and/or inflamed skin.

10039| In another embodiment, the composition may have a nanocomposite pigment material in an amount from about 0.1% to about 50%, preferably from about 0.5% to about 20%, more preferably from about 1% to about 10%, based on the total weight of the composition, where the composition is useful in improving the natural and aesthetic appearance of, for example, skin.

[0040] The nanocomposite pigment composition is useful in improving the natural and aesthetic appearance of a biological surface, including skin, lips, hair, and nails, when applied, preferably topically in a daily manner to the biological surface. The composition of the invention may also include, in addition to a carrier or vehicle, non-limiting examples of active ingredients useful in reducing, diminishing, or camouflaging medical and/or cosmetic conditions associated with aging, inflammation, and degeneration of the biological surface. Such conditions, as used herein, commonly include, but are not limited to, dermatological aging (chronological aging, hormonal aging and/or actinic aging), dermatitis, skin and hair fragility, hirsutism, rosacea, skin blemishes, sensitive skin, hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation, thinning skin, roughness, keratosis, skin atrophy, wrinkles, lines, hyperplasia, fibrosis, and any combinations thereof. The active components of the present invention may also be useful in enhancing the general health, vitality, condition, and aesthetic appearance of the skin.

[0041] In accordance with the invention, compositions comprising nanocomposite pigments having the desired properties may be useful in topically applied formulations, anti- oxidants, anti-inflammatories, sunscreens, cosmetics, including makeup, and formulations for reducing dermatological signs of aging, including wrinkles, fine lines, and sagging skin, and the like. Also in accordance with this invention, additional constituents in a composition, may be formulated in a variety of product forms. The compositions may be prepared in targeted delivery systems, e.g. creams, lotions, moisturizers, gels, toners, serums, sprays, foams, powders, and the like, particularly for topical application and administration. [0042] The present invention further provides the compositions comprising a nanocomposite pigment, preferably for topical administration or for targeted delivery without inducing significant irritation. The inventive compositions are suitable for all skin types, such as sensitive, normal, dry, or oily, preferably sensitive to dry skin, as well as mature skin. In particular embodiments, the compositions may be suitable for dry skin. The compositions are applied to the skin for a period of time sufficient to enhance the natural and aesthetic appearance of skin. The compositions may be applied topically once, twice, or more daily to biological surfaces, including but not limited to skin, lips, and hair.

[0043| The topical compositions may be formulated into liposomes which may comprise other additives or substances, and/or which may be modified to more specifically reach or remain at a site following administration. The compositions of embodiments of the present invention yield improvements to the aesthetic appearance of skin by camouflaging or improving upon at least one of the previously described conditions, or combinations thereof. [0044] As will be appreciated by the practitioner, cosmetic treatments comprising nanocomposite pigments may be carried out, for example, by topically applying the cosmetic composition as described herein according to the routine technique for administering such compositions. The topical cosmetic, dermatological, or pharmaceutical composition preferably is applied once daily for a period of at least one week, but may include a period of about 2, 4, 8, 12 or more weeks. The cosmetic composition is preferably applied to the face and neck, but may be applied Io any area of skin in need of aesthetic improvement, where the cosmetic composition remains on the affected area of skin, and preferably not removed or rinsed off the skin. Routine and commonly practiced techniques encompass the application of creams, lotions, gels, sera, ointments, makeup, sunscreen compositions, or the like, to the skin. Preferably the cosmetic composition is a topical leave on formulation, where spraying as a form of application is also envisioned.

(00451 Another embodiment of the invention encompasses compositions comprising a cosmetically, dermatologically, or pharmaceutically acceptable formulation of nanocomposite pigments which is suitable for contact with living mammalian tissue, including human tissue, or synthetic equivalents thereof, with virtually no adverse physiological effect to the user. Compositions embraced by this invention can be provided in any cosmetically and/or dermatologically suitable form, preferably as a lotion or cream, but also in an anhydrous or aqueous base, as well as in a sprayable liquid form. Other suitable cosmetic product forms for the compositions of this invention include but are not limited to, for example, an emulsion, a cream, a balm, a gloss, a lotion, a foam, a mask, a serum, a toner, an ointment, a mousse, a patch, a pomade, a solution, a spray, a wax-based stick, or a towelette. In addition, the compositions contemplated by this invention can include one or more compatible cosmetically acceptable adjuvants commonly used and known by the skilled practitioner, such as fragrances, emollients, humectants, preservatives, vitamins, chelators, thickeners, perilla oil or perilla seed oil (WO 01/66067 to a "Method of Treating a Skin Condition," incorporated herewith) and the like, as well as other botanicals such as aloe, chamomile, and the like, and as further described below.

[0046] The nanocomposite pigments of the present invention may be contained in a cosmetically, dematologically, physiologically, and pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle, medium, diluent or carrier, for use in reducing, ameliorating, or preventing the dermatological signs associated with aging and inflammation of biological surfaces. In an embodiment embracing topical applications, the compositions of this invention comprise a medium (vehicle, diluent or carrier) that is compatible with mammalian biological surfaces, including skin, lips, hair and nails. The compositions can be formulated as an aqueous phase, an oil phase, alcohol, or aqueous/alcohol-based solutions, ointments, creams, lotions, gels, a wax-in-water emulsion, or water-in-oil, oil-in-vvater, of water-oil-water triple emulsions having the appearance of a cream or gel, microemulsions, or aerosols. [0047] The aqueous phase is a mixture of one or more water soluble or water dispersible ingredient, which can be liquid, semi-solid or solid at room temperature (25 "C). The vehicle comprises or can be in the form of a suspension, dispersion or solution in water or an aqueous-alcoholic vehicle, which may contain a thickener or gellant. A person skilled in the art can select the appropriate cosmetic form, the ingredients contained therein, as well as the method for preparing it, on the basis of the knowledge that the skilled artisan possesses.

[0048] In one embodiment, the composition may include an aqueous phase which may contain water or a mixture of water and at least one hydrophilic organic solvent in particular an alcohol, especially a linear or branched lower monoalcohol containing from 2 to 5 carbon atoms, e.g., ethanol or propanol; a polyol, e.g., propylene glycol, sorbitol, glycerol, diglycerol, panthenol, or polyethylene glycol, and mixtures thereof. This aqueous phase may represent from about 0.5 weight % to about 99.99 weight %, based upon the total weight of the composition.

[0049] In another embodiment when the composition of the invention is in the form of an emulsion, the composition may also optionally comprise a surfactant, preferably in an amount of from about 0.1 weight % to about 30 weight %, and in particular, from about 1 weight % to about 20 weight %, based upon the total weight of the composition. [0050] In a further embodiment of the invention, the composition may also comprise a thickening polymer such as an amphophilic polyurethane, a polyacrylic homopolymer or copolymer, a polyester, or a hydrocarbon-based resin. Other non-limiting polymers include, homopolymers or copolymers of: vinyl esters of an aliphatic aid having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, such as vinyl acetate; acrylic acid esters and melhacrylic acid esters of an alcohol having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, such as methyl acrylate, ethyl acryiate, butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacryiate and butyl methacrylate; and mono and di- ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbons, including ethylene iso-butylene, styrene and aliphatic dunes, including butadiene, isoprene and chloroprene.

|0051] One embodiment of the invention further relates to a composition of the invention which may also comprise an oil phase containing oil soluble or oil dispersible ingredients that are liquid at room temperature (25 ⁰C) and/or oily or waxy substances that are solid at room temperature, such as waxes, semi-solids, gums, and mixtures thereof. This oily phase may also contain organic solvents.

[0052] Suitable oily materials that are liquid at room temperature, often referred to as oils, include hydrocarbon-based oils of animal origin such as perhydrosqualene: hydrocarbon-based plant oils such as liquid triglycerides of fatty acids of 4 to 10 carbon atoms, for instance, heptanoic or octanoic acid triglycerides, or oils such as sunflower oil, corn oil, soybean oil, grapeseed oil, castor oil, avocado oil, caprylic/capric acid triglycerides, jojoba oil; linear or branched hydrocarbons of mineral or synthetic origin such as liquid paraffins and derivatives thereof, petroleum jelly; synthetic esters and ethers, in particular esters of fatty alcohols, namely; for example, isopropyl myristate, 2-ethylhexyl pal nutate, 2- octyldodecyl slearate, isostearyl isostearate; hydroxylated esters such as isostearyl lactate, octyl hydroxystearate, octyldodecyl hydroxystearate, heptanoates, octanoates and decanoates of fatty alcohols; polyol esters such as propylene glycol dioctanoate, neopentyl glycol diheptanoate, diethylene glycol diisononanoate, and pentaerythritol esters; fatty alcohols containing from 12 to 26 carbon atoms such as octyldodecanol, 2-butyloctanol, 2- hexyldecanol, 2-undecylpentadecanol, ole>'l alcohol; partially hydrocarbon-based fluoro oils and/or fluorosilicone oils; silicone oils such as volatile or non-volatile, linear or cyclic polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) that are liquid or semisolid at room temperature such as cyclomethicones and dimethicones, optionally comprising a phenyl group, for instance phenyl trimethicones, siloxanes, and mixtures thereof. These oils are usually present in an amount of about 0 weight % to about 90 weight %, preferably from about 1 weight % to about 80 weight % by weight of the oil phase.

[0053) The oil phase of the composition of the invention may also comprise one or more cosmetically acceptable organic solvents. These solvents are present in an amount of about 0.1 weight % to about 80 weight %, preferably about 1 weight % to about 50 weight %, based on the total weight of the composition, and may be selected from the group consisting of lipophilic organic solvents, amphiphilic organic solvents and mixtures thereof. Suitable solvents which may be used in the composition of the invention include acetic acid esters such as methyl, ethyl, butyl, amyl or 2-methoxyethyl acetate; isopropyl acetate; hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene, p-xylene, hexane or heptane; ethers containing at least 3 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof.

[0054] The composition of the invention may further comprise any ingredient conventionally used in the cosmetics field. These ingredients include preserving agents, aqueous phase thickeners (polysaccharide biopolymers, synthetic polymers) and fatty-phase thickeners, fragrances, hydrophilic and lipophilic active agents, and mixtures thereof. The amounts of these various ingredients are those conventionally used in the cosmetics field to achieve their intended purpose, and range typically from about 0.1 weight % to about 20 weight %, based upon the total weight of the composition. The nature of these ingredients and their amounts must be compatible with the production of the compositions of the invention.

[0055] The composition of the invention may also comprise an additional particulate phase, typically present in an amount of about 0.1 weight % to about 30 weight %, based upon the total weight of the composition, preferably from about 0.5 weight % to about 20 weight %, and which can comprise pearlescent agents and/or fillers used in cosmetic compositions. Suitable pearlescent agents include mica coated with titanium dioxide or with iron oxide.

[0056] Fillers are normally present in an amount of about 0.1 weight % to about 30 weight %, based on the total weight of the composition, preferably about 0.5 weight % to about 15 weight %. Suitable fillers include talc, silica, zinc stearate, mica, kaolin, nylon (in particular orgasol) powder, polyethylene powder, Teflon®, starch, boron nitride, copolymer microspheres such as Expancel® (Nobel Industrie; Sweden), Polytrap® (Dow Coming, Inc.; Midland, MI), and silicone resin microbeads (Tospearl®; GE Toshiba Silicones; Japan). [0057] The oil phase of the compositions of the invention may comprise one or more waxes, gums, or mixtures thereof. The waxes include hydrocarbon-based waxes, fluoro waxes and/or silicone waxes and can be of plant, mineral, animal and/or synthetic origin. In particular, the waxes have a melting point of greater than 25 ⁰C, preferably greater than 45 ⁰C. The compositions of the present invention may contain from about 0.1 weight % to about 20 weight % waxes, based upon the total weight of the composition.

[0058] The gums are generally high molecular weight polydimethylsiloxanes

(PDMSs), cellulose gums or polysaccharides, and the semi-solid materials are generally hydrocarbon-based compounds, such as, but not limited to, lanolins and derivatives thereof, or alternatively PDMSs. The compositions of the present invention may contain from about 0.1 weight % to about 20 weight % gums, based upon the total weight of the composition, typically from about 0.5 weight % to about 10 weight %.

[00S9J More particularly, the compositions for topical application can be in the form of a protective care composition for the skin, preferably for the face, the neck, the hands, the feet, or other areas of the body. Non-limiting examples include day creams or lotions, night creams or lotions, moisturizer, salves, sunscreen creams, lotions, or oils, ointments, gels, body milks, makeup (a foundation, a bronzer). artificial tanning compositions, depilatories, patches, emulsifiers, or a solid which is poured or cast as a stick or a dish, for example. The nanocomposite pigments are ideal for use in a foundation product because it may achieve high camouflage and blurring effects to result in the perception of a natural appearance. [0060] In another embodiment, the topical compositions of the present invention may also include one or more of the following: a skin penetration enhancer, an emollient, a skin plumper, an optical diffuser, a sunscreen, an exfoliation promoter, and an antioxidant. Details with respect to these and other suitable cosmetic ingredients can be found in the International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 10th Edition (2004) (INCI), published by the Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association (CTFA), at pp. 2177-2299, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0061] An emollient provides the functional benefits of enhancing skin smoothness, reducing the appearance of fine lines and coarse wrinkles, and moisturizing. Non-limiting examples include isopropyl myristate, petrolatum, isopropyl lanolate, silicones (e.g., methicone, dimethicone), oils, mineral oils, fatty acid esters, or any mixtures thereof. The emollient is preferably present from about 0.1 weight % to about 50 weight % of the total weight of the composition.

[0062] A skin plumper serves as a collagen enhancer to the skin. An example of a suitable, and preferred, skin plumper is palmitoyl oligopeptide. Other skin plumpers are collagen and/or glycosaminoglycan (GAG) enhancing agents. The skin plumper is preferably present from about 0.1 weight % to about 20 weight % of the total weight of the composition. [0063] In addition to the nanocomposite pigments, optical diffusers or soft focus materials that change the surface optical properties of skin, resulting in a visual blurring and softening of, for example, lines and wrinkles are contemplated. Examples of optical diffusers that can be used in the present invention include, but are not limited to, boron nitride, mica, nylon, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyurethane powder, sericite, silica, silicone powder, talc, Teflon®, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, or any mixtures thereof. The optical diffuser is preferably present from about 0.01 weight % to about 20 weight % of the total weight of the composition.

[0064] A sunscreen protects the skin from damaging ultraviolet rays. In an illustrative embodiment of the invention, the sunscreen would provide both UVA and UVB protection, by using either a single sunscreen or a combination of sunscreens. Among the sunscreens that can be employed in the present compositions are avobenzone, cinnamic acid derivatives (such as octylmethoxy cinnamate), octyl salicylate, oxybenzone, non-mesoporous titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, or any mixtures thereof. The sunscreen may be present from about 1 weight % to about 30 weight % of the total weight of the composition. The addition of a sunscreen may protect the skin from ultraviolet radiation.

[0065] The nanocomposite pigment compositions of the invention having sunscreen bring about additional improvements to the aesthetic appearance of skin, including at least one of the following: minimizes sunburning, minimizes tanning, and reduces redness. [0066] In an embodiment of the invention, compositions may also have one or more exfoliation promoters. Suitable examples of an exfoliation promoter that can be used in the present compositions include alpha hydroxy acids (AHA); benzoyl peroxide; beta hydroxy acids; keto acids, such as pyruvic acid, 2-oxopropanoic acid, 2-oxobutanoic acid, and 2- oxopentanoic acid; oxa acids as disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,847,003 and 5,834,513 (the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference); salicylic acid; urea; or any mixtures thereof. One preferred exfoliation promoters are 3,6,9-trioxaundecanedioic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, or any mixtures thereof. (See also, INCI at p. 2205). [0067| When an embodiment of the invention includes an exfoliation promoter, the composition has about 0.1 weight % to 30 weight %, preferably about 1 weight % to about 15 weight % and more preferably about 1 weight % to about 10 weight %, of the exfoliation promoter based on the total weight of the composition.

[0068] An antioxidant functions, among other things, to scavenge free radicals from skin to protect the skin from environmental aggressors. Examples of antioxidants that may be used in the present compositions include compounds having phenolic hydroxy functions, such as ascorbic acid and its derivatives/esters; beta-carotene; catechins; curcumin; ferulic acid derivatives (e.g. ethyl ferulate, sodium ferulate); gallic acid derivatives (e.g. propyl gallate); lycopene; reductic acid; rosmarinic acid; tannic acid; tetrahydrocurcumin; tocopherol and its derivatives; uric acid; or any mixtures thereof. Other suitable antioxidants are those that have one or more thiol functions (-SH), in either reduced or non-reduced form, such as glutathione, lipoic acid, thioglycolic acid, and other sulfhydryl compounds. The antioxidant may be inorganic, such as bisulfites, metabisulfites, sulfites, or other inorganic salts and acids containing sulfur. Compositions of the present invention may have an antioxidant preferably from about 0.001 weight % to about 10 weight %, and more preferably from about 0.01 weight % to about 5 weight %, of the total weight of the composition. (See also, INCI at p. 2184).

[0069] In one embodiment of the invention, the composition may also have one or more of the following cosmetic and pharmaceutical active agents, excipients, ingredients, or adjuvants: anesthetics, antibiotics, e.g., erythromycins and tetracyclines, salicylic acids, anti- allergenics, antifungals, antiseptics, anti-irritants, anti-inflammatory agents, antimicrobials, analgesics, nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, insect repellents, self-tanning agents, skin penetration enhancers, skin cooling agents, chelating agents, colorants including dyes, lakes and pigments that may be untreated or chemically surface treated to improve wetability or some other property, demulcents, emollients, emulsifiers, fragrances, humectants, lubricants, skin protectants, moisturizers, pH adjusters, preservatives, stabilizers, surfactants, thickeners, film formers, plasticizers, viscosity modifiers, vitamins, or any mixtures thereof. The amounts of these various substances are those that are conventionally used in the cosmetic or pharmaceutical fields to achieve their intended purposes, for example, they may constitute from about 0.01% to 20% of the total weight of the composition.

[0070] Non-limiting examples of active agents for formulating into the compositions of the invention include those reagents having an effect on the treatment of wrinkles and/or fine lines, in addition to the actives as described, such as keratolytic agents, i.e., an active agent having desquamating, exfoliant, or scrubbing properties, or an active agent which can soften the horny layer of the skin. Other examples of anti-wrinkle or anti-fine line active agents include hydroxy acids and retinoids. These agents can be formulated, for example, in amounts of from about 0.01% to 5% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition. [00711 Suitable hydroxy acids include, for example, glycolic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, 2-hydroxyalkanoic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid and alkyl derivatives thereof, including 5-n-octanoylsalicyIic acid, 5-n-dodecanoylsalicylic acid, 5-n- decanoylsalicylic acid, 5-n-oclylsalicylic acid, 5-n-heptyloxysalicylic acid, 4-n- heptyloxysalicylic acid and 2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzoic acid or alkoxy derivatives thereof, such as 2-hydroxy-3-methyoxybenzoic acid.

|0072| Emulsifiers are typically present in the compositions of the invention in an amount of about 0.01 weight % to 30 weight %, by weight and preferably from about 0.1 weight % to 30 weight % by weight relative to the total weight of the composition. However, not all compositions will necessarily include emulsifiers. (See e.g., INCI at p. 2276-2285). [0073) Non-limiting examples of suitable thickening agents include xanthan gum, hydroxy propy l cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carbomer, gum acacia, Sepigel 305 (available from Seppic Co., France), and clays such as magnesium aluminum silicate. (See, e.g., INCI at p. 2293-2299).

[0074] The topical compositions of the present invention may include, and their utility can be enhanced by, one or more humectants, such as ureas, pyrrolidone carboxylic acids, amino acids, sodium hyaluronates, certain polyols and other compounds with hygroscopic properties. (See INCI at p. 2244).

[0075] The general activity and mildness to skin of the present topical compositions can also be enhanced by adjusting pH to about 3.5 to about 7.5, most preferably from pH about 3.7 to about 5.6. This neutralization is preferably accomplished with one or more of ammonium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, arginine or other amino acids, and/or triethanolamine.

[0076] Exemplary retinoids include, without limitation, retinoic acid (e.g., all-trans or

13-cis) and derivatives thereof, retinol (Vitamin A) and esters thereof, such as retinol palmitate, retinol acetate and retinol propionate, and salts thereof.

[0077] The nanocomposite pigments of the present invention may be contained in a cosmetically or dematologically acceptable vehicle, medium, diluent or carrier. The topical composition comprising the nanocomposite pigments may be further formulated according to procedures known in the art to provide cosmetic compositions such as emulsions, gels, creams, lotions, masks, toners, serums, oils, vvater-in-oil, oil-in-water, water-oil-water triple emulsions having the appearance of a cream or gel, microemulsions, ointments, pastes, sticks, cakes, pencils, aerosol, and essences, as well as other topical cosmetic vehicles. It is also contemplated that topical compositions of the present invention can be incorporated into delivery systems such as liposomes and topical patches, tapes, and sprays. [0078] In addition, the compositions may be in the form of vesicular dispersions containing ionic and/or nonionic lipids, as described above. Dosage units suitable for such compositions are formulated according to the conventional knowledge and techniques used in the art.

EXAMPLES

[0079| The following examples describe specific aspects of the invention to illustrate the invention and provide a description of the present methods for those skilled in the art. The examples should not be construed as limiting the invention, as the examples merely provide specific methodology useful in the understanding and practice of the invention and its various aspects.

EXAMPLE 1

[0080] In this example, nano-sized fumed silica is used to tune the refractive index of an opaque cosmetic pigment to obtain optimal light diffusion properties. The nanocomposite pigment of this example comprises a core (pigment) and a shell (nanoparticles), each with different refractive indices. A traditional TiCh pigment (~ 1 micron) was used as a core material, and nano-size (7 nm, primary particle size), high surface area (380 m²/g) fumed silica was used as a shell material. These materials provide efficient blurring properties with excellent skin feel.

[00811 The difference in the refractive index between the shell and core and their respective volume fractions dictate the optical properties. Design and choice of shell nanoparlicles and core pigment can increase the light diffusion along the interface. Use of high surface area particles increases multiple scattering along the interface. [0082] Figure 1 shows a pictorial depiction of light diffusion properties of a nanocomposite pigment of the invention. Light enters the nanocomposite pigment shell made from nanoparticles having a low refractive index.

|0083| Nanocomposite pigments are prepared by combining the principles of coacervation, granulation, and spray drying for the encapsulation process using M-Cap technology, described in U.S. Patent No. 4,978,483 and U.S. Patent No. 5,271,881 (the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference) and controlling parameters like time of mixing, temperature, and composition of the starting raw materials. Properties of the nanocomposite pigments are shown below in Table 1. Nanocomposites can be prepared by any method known to coat macroscopic particles with nanoparticles. Nanoparticles may be held together with a polymer to form a coating on the pigment or the nanoparticles may be held by electrostatic charge.

Table 1: Composition of Nanocomposite Pigments

[0084] Efficiency of blurring or soft focus effect or the ability to hide lines and wrinkles is believed to be a function of the diffused transmittance parameter ("Quantification of the Soft Focus Effect", Cosmetics & Toiletries; Vol. I l l, July 1996, p. 57) (the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference). A goniospectrophotometer from Murakami Color Research Laboratory, Model GSP-I B, was used in transmittance mode. [0085] The goniospectrophotometer is capable of measuring color as a function of angle in both reflectance as well as transmittance mode. The angle of the light source was varied from - 65° to + 65° and data was collected at every 10° increment. Light intensity (represented by L* value here) in transmission mode changes with angle. The intensity decreases from low to high angles as the source moves away from the normal. One will obtain a 'bell curve' for translucent samples.

[0086) Light diffusion profile on skin (translucent) is believed to be similar to the shape of a traditional bell-curve. A bell-curve having a low central peak (flat) means a high degree of subsurface diffusion. It is hypothesized that the flatter the curve (in transmission mode), the higher the (lateral) subsurface diffusion, which renders natural appearance due to the light scattering profile being similar to that of skin. A bell-curve with high intensity at the wide angles (+/- 55°) is an indication of efficient blurring as the light must travel a tortuous path to reach the lines and wrinkles.

[0087] Accordingly, the efficiency of blurring is believed to increase with the intensity of transmitted light at wide angles (compared to normal). Delrieu et al. developed a similar method based on forward scattering by quantifying spreading (lateral diffusion) of a light beam on a film as a parameter to evaluate soft focus efficiency ("In-Vitro Method for Quantification of Soft Focus Effect of Particulates", Pascal Delrieu. et al., NYSCC Scientific Meeting, New York City, December 8-9, 2005) (the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference).

[0088] Physical blends of nanocomposite pigments were prepared using a speed mixer with silicone acrylate copolymer (KP 550 from Shin Etsu) - which is 40% active (polymer) - in isododecane. Solutions were cast on clean (optically transparent/clear) glass plates and dried overnight to form dry films with a resulting dry film thickness of 10 microns. [0089J Figure 2 shows typical transmission profiles of soft focus materials at 2.5 (wt)

% loadings in silicone acrylate. Nanocomposite (fumed silica-TiO_∑) pigments show higher L* value at wide angles compared to other traditionally used soft focus materials used.

|0090] Figure 3 shows a plot of average L* value at (+/-) 55° (transmission mode) along with the reflectance data). Fumed silica-Tiθ₂ based nanocomposite pigments show higher L* value at comparable reflectance (opacity) in comparison to traditionally used soft focus materials such as nylon and polyethylene.

[0091] Figure 4 shows average L* value at (+/-) 55° as a function of particle loadings.

From Figure 4 it is clear that although the efficiency of soft focus effect is dependent on the particle loading (wt %), nanocomposite pigments (fumed silica- TiO₂) demonstrate higher L* values at all loadings.

[0092] Nanocomposite pigments were also evaluated in an elastomer gel matrix.

Figure 5 shows the average L* value at (+/-) 55° of nanocomposite pigments in an elastomer gel base in comparison to other particles. The higher blurring persists in a different refractive index base as well.

[0093] The high blurring efficacy of these materials can be attributed to the high surface areas shell as well as the large difference in refractive index (core to shell) which enhances multiple scattering at the interface. In addition, these nanocomposite pigments have excellent feel compared to nylon. The small silica particles produce a ball bearing effect on the skin.

[0094] Nylon is currently considered as the best soft focus material currently available in the industry, but it lacks good skin feel. Nanocomposite pigments, which are designed from cheap raw materials, demonstrate higher blurring efficacy along with a very luxurious skin feel. One can achieve a variety of optical properties such as blurring or opacity either by changing the refractive index of the core to shell and also by altering the thickness of the core to the shell.

EXAMPLE 2

[0095] Table 2 lists properties of two nanocomposite pigments of this invention.

Table 2: Composition of Nanocomposite Pigments

EXAMPLE 3

[0096] Table 3 provides formulas of three prototype foundations utilizing the nanocomposite pigments of this invention.

Table 3: Representative Formulas of Foundation Prototypes

[0097J The content of all patents, patent applications, published articles, abstracts, books, reference manuals and abstracts, as cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties to more fully describe the state of the art to which the invention pertains. All concentrations recited in the specification and claims are reported as weight percents, unless otherwise indicated.

[0098J It should be understood that the foregoing description is only illustrative of the present invention. Various alternatives and modifications can be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the present invention is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition comprising:

(a) a nanocomposite pigment comprising of:

(1) a core, and

(2) a shell comprised of nanoparticles and a binder; wherein said core has an index of refraction greater than the index of refraction of the nanoparticles; and

(b) a cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.

2. A composition of claim 1 wherein the nanoparticles are fumed silica and wherein the core is titanium dioxide.

3. A composition of claim 1 wherein the core has an index of refraction of about 1.6 to 3.4 and wherein the nanoparticles have an index of refraction is about 1.4 to 2.5.

4. A composition of claim 1 wherein the difference between the refractive indices of the core and nanoparticles is about 0.2 to about 2.

5. A composition of claim 1 wherein the nanocomposite pigment has an index of refraction, wherein said index of refraction is about 2.02 to about 2.19.

6. A composition of claim 1 wherein said core is about 0.3 microns to about 10 microns.

7. A composition of claim 1 wherein said core is about 0.5 to 2 microns.

8. A composition of claim 7 wherein the nanoparticles range in size from about 7 nm to about 300 nm.

9. A composition of claim 7 wherein the mean particle size of the nanoparticles is about 7 nm to about 300 nm.

10. A composition of claim 7 wherein the binder is at least translucent.

11. A composition of claim 1 wherein the weight ratio of the nanoparticle shell to the core pigment ranges from about 5% to about 95%.

12. A composition of claim 1 wherein the total surface area of the nanoparticles comprising the shell of the nanocomposite pigment is about 70 m²/g to about 400 m²/g.

13. A composition of claim 10 wherein said nanocomposite pigment is present in an effective amount for improving the appearance of skin when applied topically to the skin.

14. A nanocomposite pigment comprising an inner core and an outer shell, wherein the core comprises an organic or inorganic pigment and wherein the shell comprises nanoparticles and a binder, said core having an index of refraction and said nanoparticles comprising said shell having an index of refraction, wherein the index of refraction of the core is greater than the index of refraction of the nanoparticles.

15. A nanocomposite pigment comprising an inner core pigment and an outer shell of nanoparticles and a binder, said core having an index of refraction and said nanoparticles having an index of refraction, wherein the index of refraction of the core is greater than the index of refraction of the nanoparticles, and wherein the total surface area of the nanoparticles comprising the shell of the nanocomposite pigment is about 20 m²/g to about 700 m²/g.

16. A nanocomposite pigment of claim 15 wherein the total surface area of the nanoparticles comprising the shell of the nanocomposite pigment is about 70 m²/g to about 400 m²/g.

17. A composition of claim 1 wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyamide, polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, polymethyl methacrylate, waxes, melamine, epoxy resin, and mixtures thereof.

18. A composition of claim 1 wherein the binder is melamine or epoxy resin.

19. A composition of claim 2 wherein the binder is melamine or epoxy resin.

20. A composition of claim 17 wherein the core has an index of refraction of about 1.4 to about 3.5.

21. A composition of claim 17 wherein the nanoparticles have an index of refraction of about 1.4 to about 1.6.

22. A composition of claim 17 wherein the core has an index of refraction of about 1.8 to 2.8 and wherein the nanoparticles have an index of refraction of about 1.4 to 1.6.

23. A composition of claim 17 wherein the difference between the refractive indices of the core and nanoparticles is about 0.2 to about 2.

24. A composition of claim 17 wherein the nanocomposite pigment has an index of refraction, wherein said index of refraction is about 2.02 to about 2.19.

25. A composition of claim 17 wherein said core is about 0.3 microns to about 2 microns.

26. A composition of claim 17 wherein the nanoparticles range in size from about 7 nm to about 300 nm.

27. A composition of claim 17 wherein the mean particle size of the nanoparticles is about 7 nm to about 300 nm.

28. A composition of claim 17 wherein said core is about 1.0 microns and wherein the mean particle size of the nanoparticles is about 7 nm.

29. A composition of claim 17 wherein the weight ratio of the nanoparticle shell to the core pigment ranges from about 5% to about 95%.

30. A composition of claim 17 wherein the total surface area of the nanoparticles comprising the shell of the nanocomposite pigment is about 70 m²/g to about 400 m²/g.

31. A composition of claim 1 wherein the nanoparticles are fumed silica, wherein the core is titanium dioxide or iron oxide, and wherein the binder is melamine or epoxy resin, and wherein the nanocomposite pigment has an index of refraction of about 2.02 to about 2.19.

32. A composition of claim 18 wherein said nanocomposite pigment is present in an effective amount for improving the appearance of skin when applied topically to the skin.

33. A cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition comprising:

(a) a nanocomposite pigment comprising:

(1) an inner core of titanium dioxide, and

(2) an outer shell of fumed silica nanoparticles and a binder; and

(b) a cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.

34. A composition of claim 33 wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyamide, polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, polymethyl methacrylate, waxes, melamine and epoxy resin.

35. A composition of claim 33 wherein the binder is melamine or epoxy resin.

36. A composition of claim 33 wherein the binder is an at least optically translucent binder.

37. A cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition comprising: (a) a nanocomposite pigment comprising:

(1) an inner core of titanium dioxide, wherein the core is about 0.5 to

10 microns, and

(2) an outer shell of fumed silica nanoparticles and a binder, wherein the mean particle sizes of the nanoparticles are about 1 to 200 nm; and (b) a cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.

38. A composition of claim 37 wherein the binder is an optically translucent binder.

39. A composition of claim 37 wherein the binder is melamine or epoxy resin.

40. A composition of claim 38 wherein said nanocomposite pigment is present in an effective amount for improving the appearance of skin when applied topically to the skin.

41. A method of forming a nanocomposite pigment comprising:

(1) forming a mixture of nanoparticles, pigment, binder, and solvent;

(2) adding water to said mixture;

(3) removing the solvent from said mixture; and

(4) removing the water from said mixture.

42. The method of claim 41 wherein the pigment is titanium dioxide and wherein the nanoparticles are fumed silica

43. The method of claim 41 wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of carboxymelhylcellulυse, polyvinyl alcohol, polyamide, polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, polymethyl methacrylate, melamine, epoxy resin, and mixtures thereof

44. The method of claim 41 wherein the binder is melamine or epoxy resin.

45. The method of claim 41 wherein the pigment is selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide, zirconium oxide, cerium oxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, chromium oxide, ferric blue, ultramarines, barium lakes, strontium lakes, calcium lakes, aluminum lakes, and carbon black.

46. The method of claim 41 wherein the nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting fumed silica, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium oxide. poly(methyl melhacrylate), nylon, polyethylene, polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, cellulosics, and mixtures thereof.

47. The method of claim 41 wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and mixtures thereof.

48. The method of claim 41 wherein the solvent is cyclohexane.

49. The method of claim 41 wherein the pigment is titanium dioxide, wherein the nanoparticles are fumed silica, wherein the solvent is cyclohexane, and wherein the binder is melamine or epoxy resin.

50. The method of claim 41 wherein the binder is an at least optically translucent binder.