WO2008077639A1

WO2008077639A1 - Amino nicotinic and isonicotinic acid derivatives as dhodh inhibitors

Info

Publication number: WO2008077639A1
Application number: PCT/EP2007/011401
Authority: WO
Inventors: Julio Cesar Castro Palomino Laria; Montserrat Erra Sola; Maria Estrella Lozoya Toribio; Eloisa Navarro Romero
Original assignee: Laboratorios Almirall, S.A.
Priority date: 2006-12-22
Filing date: 2007-12-21
Publication date: 2008-07-03
Also published as: TWI405572B; ZA200903335B; KR101435233B1; US20120294854A1; PL2121614T3; BRPI0717697A2; AR064444A1; ES2389785T3; MX2009006408A; IL199188A; DK2121614T3; CN101589025B; NO20092380L; AU2007338321A1; US20100074898A1; RU2469024C2; CA2674512C; UY30794A1; HRP20120697T1; US8258308B2

Abstract

A compound of formula (I) wherein : - one of the groups G1 represents a nitrogen atom or a group CRc and the other represents a group CRc; - G2 represents a nitrogen atom or a group CRd; - R1 represents a group selected from hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, C1-4 alkyl groups which may be optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups, and C3-8 cycloalkyl groups which may be optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups; - R2 represents a group selected from hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, hydroxyl groups, C1-4 alkyl groups which may be optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups, C1-4 alkoxy groups which may be optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups, and C3-8 cycloalkyl groups which may be optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups; - Ra, Rb and Rc independently represent groups selected from hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, C1-4 alkyl groups which may be optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups, and C1-4 alkoxy groups which may be optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups; - Rd represents a group selected from hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, hydroxyl groups, C1-4 alkyl groups which may be optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups, and C1-4 alkoxy groups which may be optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups, and C3-8 cycloalkoxy groups which may be optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups; - one of the groups G3 and G4 is a nitrogen atom and the other is a CH group; - M is a hydrogen atom or an pharmaceutically acceptable cation with the proviso that, when at least one of the groups Ra and Rb represent a hydrogen atom and G2 is a group CRd, then Rd represents a groups selected from C1-4 alkoxy groups which may be optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups, C3-8 cycloalkoxy groups which may be optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and N-oxides thereof.

Description

AMINO ^NICOTINIC AND ISONICOTINIC ACID DERIVATIVES AS DHODH INHIBITORS

The present invention relates to new inhibitors of the dehydroo rotate dihydrogenase (DHODH). These compounds are useful in the treatment, prevention or suppression of diseases and disorders known to be susceptible to improvement by inhibition of dihydroo rotate dehydrogenase, such as autoimmune diseases, immune and inflammatory diseases, destructive bone disorders, malignant neoplastic diseases, angiogenic-related disorders, viral diseases, and infectious diseases.

The enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) is the enzyme that catalyzes the fourth step in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway namely the conversion of dihydroorotate to orotate concomitantly with a electron transfer to ubiquinone (cofactor Q) via a flavin mononucleotide intermediate (Loffler et al MoI Cell Biochem, 1997). In contrast to parasites (Plasmodium falciparum) (McRobert et al MoI Biochem Parasitol 2002) and bacteria (E.coli) which exclusively have this de novo pathway as the source of pyrimidines, mammal cells have an additional salvage pathway.

During homeostatic proliferation, the salvage pathway which is independent of DHODH seems sufficient for the cellular supply with pyrimidine bases. Only, cells with a high turnover and particularly T and B lymphocytes need the de novo pathway to proliferate. In these cells, DHODH inhibition stops the cell cycle progression suppressing DNA synthesis and consequently cell proliferation (Breedveld FC et al Ann Rheum Dis 2000). Therefore, inhibitors of DHODH show beneficial immunosuppressant and antiproliferative effects in human diseases characterized by abnormal and uncontrollable cell proliferation causing chronic inflammation and tissue destruction.

In addition to abolish lymphocyte proliferation inhibitors of DHODH (i.e. teriflunomide, Maritimus (FK778) and brequinar) have an anti-inflammatory action by inhibition of cytokine production and nuclear factor (NF)-kB- signalling, monocyte migration and increased production of transforming growth factor beta-1 and induces a shift from T helper cell type 1 (Th1 ) to type 2 (Th2) subpopulation differentiation (Manna et al. J Immunol 2000)(Dimitrova et al J. Immunol 2002). Furthemore, the osteoclast differentiation mediated by RANKL decreased by DHODH inhibition (Urushibara et al. Arthrititis Rheum 2004) In co-crystallisation experiments with two inhibitors of DHODH that reached clinical trials, Brequinar (Dexter D. L. et al.; Cancer Res. 1985) and Teriflunomide (A77-1726), were both found to bind in a common site, that is also believed to be the binding site of the cofactor ubiquinone (Liu et al; Struc. Fold. Des. 2000).

Leflunomide sold under the trade name Arava (EP 0 780 128, WO 97/34600), was the first DHODH inhibitor that reached the market place. Leflunomide is the prodrug of teriflunomide, which is the active metabolite inhibiting human DHODH with a moderate potency (Fox et al, J. Rheumatol. Suppl. 1998).

Leflunomide is a DMARD (disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug) from Aventis, which was approved by the FDA for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in 1998 and by the EMEA for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis in 2004. Currently Leflunomide is under active development for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus, Wegener's granulomatosis (Metzler et al; Rheumatology 2004; 43(3), 315-320) and HIV infection. Moreover, teriflunomide, its active metabolite is efficacious in multiple sclerosis and right now is in Phase III clinical trials (O'Connor et al Neurology 2006).

Other data are emerging in other closely related diseases such as ankylosing spondilitis (Haibel et al.; Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2005), polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (Silverman et al.; Arthritis Rheum. 2005) and Sarcoidosis (Baughman et al.; Sarcoidosis Vase. Diffuse Lung Dis. 2004). Furthemore, leflunomide and FK778 have shown and excellent antiviral activity against cytomegalovirus. Leflunomide is currently indicated as second-line therapy for cytomegalovirus disease after organ transplantation (John et al Transplantation 2004). In addition Leflunomide reduces HIV replication by about 75% at concentration that can be obtained with conventional dosing (Schlapfer E et al. AIDS 2003)

In view of the physiological effects mediated by inhibition of dehydroorotate dehydrogenase, several DHODH inhibitors have been recently disclosed for the treatment or prevention of autoimmune diseases, immune and inflammatory diseases, destructive bone disorders, malignant neoplastic diseases, angiogenic-related disorders, viral diseases, and infectious diseases. See for example WO 06/044741 ; WO 06/022442; WO 06/001961 , WO 04/056747, WO 04/056746, WO 03/006425, WO 02/080897 and WO 99/45926. Diseases or disorders in which DHODH inhibition plays a role include without limitation autoimmune diseases, immune and inflammatory diseases, destructive bone disorders, malignant neoplastic diseases, angiogenic-related disorders, viral diseases, and infectious diseases.

Autoimmune diseases which may be prevented or treated include but are not limited to rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, ankylosing spondilytis, Wegener's granulomatosis, polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, Reiter's syndrome, fibromyalgia and type-1 diabetes..

Immune and inflammatory diseases which may be prevented or treated include but are not limited to asthma, COPD, respiratory distress syndrome, acute or chronic pancreatitis, graft versus-host disease, chronic sarcoidosis, transplant rejection, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, Behcet syndrome, inflammatory eye conditions such as conjunctivitis and uveitis.

Destructive bone disorders which may be prevented or treated include but are not limited to osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and multiple myeloma-related bone disorder.

Malignant neoplastic diseases that may be prevented or treated include but are not limited to prostate, ovarian and brain cancer.

Agiogenesis-related disorders that may be prevented or treated include but are not limited to hemangiomas, ocular neovascularization, macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy.

Viral diseases which may be prevented or treated include but are not limited to HIV infection, hepatitis and cytomegalovirus infection.

Infectious diseases which may be prevented or treated include but are not limited to sepsis, septic shock, endotoxic shock, Gram negative sepsis, toxic shock syndrome, Shigellosis and other protozoal infestations such as malaria. - A -

It has now been found that certain amino(iso)nicotinic acid derivatives are novel potent inhibitors of DHODH and can therefore be used in the treatment or prevention of these diseases.

Further objectives of the present invention are to provide a method for preparing said compounds; pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of said compounds; the use of the compounds in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of pathological conditions or diseases susceptible to improvement by inhibition of DHODH wherein the pathological condition or disease is selected from rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondilytis, multiple sclerosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis and sarcoidosis and methods of treatment of pathological conditions or diseases susceptible to amelioration by inhibition of DHODH wherein the pathological condition or disease is selected from rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondilytis, multiple sclerosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis and sarcoidosis comprising the administration of the compounds of the invention to a subject in need of treatment.

Thus, the present invention is directed to new amino(iso)nicotinic acid derivatives of formula (I)

wherein:

one of the groups G¹ represents a nitrogen atom or a group CR^C and the other represents a group CR^C

G² represents a nitrogen atom or a group CR^d

R¹ represents a group selected from hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, C^ alkyl groups which may be optionally substituted by 1 , 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups, and C₃^ cycloalkyl groups which may be optionally substituted by 1 , 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups

• R² represents a group selected from hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, hydroxyl groups, Ci_-4 alkyl groups which may be optionally substituted by 1 , 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups, C_1-4 alkoxy groups which may be optionally substituted by 1 , 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups, and C_3-8 cycloalkyl groups which may be optionally substituted by 1 , 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups

• R^a, R^b and R^c independently represent groups selected from hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, Ci_-4 alkyl groups which may be optionally substituted by 1 , 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups, and C_1-4 alkoxy groups which may be optionally substituted by 1 , 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups

• R^d represents a group selected from hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, hydroxyl groups, C_1-4 alkyl groups which may be optionally substituted by 1 , 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups, and C_1-4 alkoxy groups which may be optionally substituted by 1 , 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups, and C_3-8 cycloalkoxy groups which may be optionally substituted by 1 , 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups

• one of the groups G³ and G⁴ is a nitrogen atom and the other is a CH group,

• M is a hydrogen atom or an pharmaceutically acceptable cation

with the proviso that, when at least one of the groups R^a and R^b represent a hydrogen atom and G² is a group CR^d, then R^d represents a group selected from Ci_-4 alkoxy groups which may be optionally substituted by 1 , 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups, C_3-8 cycloalkoxy groups which may be optionally substituted by 1 , 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups;

and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and N-oxides thereof. As used herein the term alkyl embraces optionally substituted, linear or branched hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Preferred substiuents on the alkyl groups are halogen atoms and hydroxy groups, and are more preferably halogen atoms.

Examples include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, /-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl radicals.

As used herein the term alkoxy embraces optionally substituted, linear or branched oxy- containing radicals each having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Preferred substituents on the alkoxy groups are halogen atoms and hydroxy groups, and are more preferably halogen atoms.

Examples include methoxy, ethoxy, π-propoxy, /-propoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy and tert- butoxy radicals.

As used herein, the term cycloalkyl embraces saturated carbocyclic radicals and, unless otherwise specified, a cycloalkyl radical typically has from 3 to 8 carbon atoms.

Examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl. When a cycloalkyl radical carries 2 or more substituents, the substituents may be the same or different. Preferred substiuents on the cycloalkyl groups are halogen atoms and hydroxy groups, and are more preferably halogen atoms.

As used herein, the term cycloalkoxy embraces saturated oxy-containing carbocyclic radicals and, unless otherwise specified, a cycloalkoxy radical typically has from 3 to 8 carbon atoms.

Examples include cyclopropyloxy, cyclobutyloxy, cyclopentyloxy, cyclohexyloxy and cycloheptyloxy. When a cycloalkoxy radical carries 2 or more substituents, the substituents may be the same or different. Preferred substituents on the cycloalkoxy groups are halogen atoms and hydroxy groups, and are more preferably halogen atoms.

As used herein, some of the atoms, radicals, moieties, chains or cycles present in the general structures of the invention are "optionally substituted". This means that these atoms, radicals, moieties, chains or cycles can be either unsubstituted or substituted in any posiition by one or more, for example 1 , 2, 3 or 4, substituents, whereby the hydrogen atoms bound to the unsubstituted atoms, radicals, moieties, chains or cycles are replaced by chemically acceptable atoms, radicals, moieties, chains or cycles. When two or more substituents are present, each substituent may be the same or different.

As used herein, the term halogen atom embraces chlorine, fluorine, bromine or iodine atoms typically a fluorine, chlorine or bromine atom, most preferably bromine or fluorine. The term halo when used as a prefix has the same meaning.

M may be a hydrogen atom or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation. When M is a pharmaceutically acceptable cation, the compound represented by formula (I) may alternatively be represented by formula (I^*) below.

(I*)

As used herein, the term pharmaceutically acceptable cation embraces both inorganic cations, for example alkali metal cations (Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺), alkaline earth cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺) and other pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic cations known in the art (Zn²⁺, Al³⁺), and organic cations, for example ammonium ion (i.e., NH₄ ⁺) and substituted ammonium ions, such as NH₃R¹⁺, NH₂(RV, NH(R¹J₃ ⁺ and N(R¹J₄ ⁺, where each R¹ is independently selected from a phenyl group, a benzyl group, Ci_-4 alkyl and C_3-8 cycloalkyl.

Examples of some suitable substituted ammonium ions are EtNH₃ ⁺, Et₂NH₂ ⁺, Et₃NH⁺, (C₆Hn)₂NH₂ ⁺, CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂NH₃ ⁺, PhCH₂NH₃ ⁺ and (Ph)(PhCH₂)NH₂ ⁺. An example of a common quaternary ammonium ion is N(CH₃J₄ ⁺.

Typically, M is a hydrogen atom or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation selected from Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺. It is preferred that M is a hydrogen atom or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation selected from Li⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺. More preferably M is a hydrogen atom or Li⁺, and most preferred is when M is a hydrogen atom. If M of formula (I) is a pharmaceutically acceptable cation having a charge greater than +1 , then additional anions are present to maintain the electroneutrality of the compound. The counteranion may be an anion X- as defined below or an anion as represented in formula (I^*) above.

As used herein, the term pharmaceutically acceptable salt embraces salts with a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base. Pharmaceutically acceptable acids include both inorganic acids, for example hydrochloric, sulphuric, phosphoric, diphosphoric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic and nitric acid and organic acids, for example citric, fumaric, maleic, malic, mandelic, ascorbic, oxalic, succinic, tartaric, benzoic, acetic, methanesulphonic, ethanesulphonic, benzenesulphonic, cyclohexylsulfamic (cyclamic) or p-toluenesulphonic acid. Pharmaceutically acceptable bases include alkali metal (e.g. sodium or potassium) and alkali earth metal (e.g. calcium or magnesium) hydroxides and organic bases, for example alkyl amines, arylalkyl amines and heterocyclic amines.

Other preferred salts according to the invention are quaternary ammonium compounds wherein an equivalent of an anion (X-) is associated with the positive charge of the N atom. X- may be an anion of various mineral acids such as, for example, chloride, bromide, iodide, sulphate, nitrate, phosphate, or an anion of an organic acid such as, for example, acetate, maleate, fumarate, citrate, oxalate, succinate, tartrate, malate, mandelate, trifluoroacetate, methanesulphonate and p-toluenesulphonate. X- is preferably an anion selected from chloride, bromide, iodide, sulphate, nitrate, acetate, maleate, oxalate, succinate or trifluoroacetate. More preferably X- is chloride, bromide, trifluoroacetate or methanesulphonate.

As used herein, an N-oxide is formed from the tertiary basic amines or imines present in the molecule, using a convenient oxidising agent.

In an embodiment of the present invention R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, bromine and fluorine atoms, methyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl and cyclobutyl.

In another embodiment of the present invention G³ represents a nitrogen atom and G⁴ represents a group CH. In still another embodiment of the present invention G³ represents a group CH and G⁴ represents a nitrogen atom.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention both groups G¹ represent a group CR^C.

In another embodiment of the present invention each R^c is independently selected from the groups consisting of hydrogen atoms, fluorine atoms, chlorine atoms and C_1-3 alkyl groups.

In still another embodiment of the present invention the group G² represents a group CR^d.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention R^d is selected from the groups consisting of hydroxy, Ci_-3 alkoxy groups, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy and C^cycloalkoxy groups. Preferably, d.₃ alkoxy groups, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy and C_3-4CyClOaIkOXy groups.

In another embodiment of the present invention R^a is selected from the groups consisting of fluorine atoms, methyl groups and trifluoromethoxy groups.

In still another embodiment of the present invention R^b is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atoms, fluorine atoms and chlorine atoms.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atoms and halogen atoms, preferably hydrogen atoms and fluorine atoms.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention both groups G¹ represent C(R^C) groups, G² represents a C(R^d) group, preferably G² is a group selected from C(OH), C(OMe) and C(OEt); R^a is a fluorine atom, R^b is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atoms and fluorine atoms and R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, bromine and fluorine atoms, methyl, ethyl and cyclopropyl groups, Preferably, both G¹ represent CH groups, G² is a group selected from C(OMe) and C(OEt); R^a is a fluorine atom, R^b is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atoms and fluorine atoms and R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, bromine and fluorine atoms, methyl, ethyl and cyclopropyl groups. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, R^c is a hydrogen atom, R^d is a hydroxy or a C_1-3 alkoxy groups and R² is a hydrogen atom, preferably R^c is a hydrogen atom, R^d is a Ci_-3 alkoxy and R² is a hydrogen atom.

Particularly preferred are the compounds wherein G³ represents a nitrogen atom, G⁴ represents a group CH and R^b is a fluorine atom and the compounds wherein G³ represents a group CH, G⁴ represents a nitrogen atom.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention both groups G¹ represent C(R^C) groups, G² represents C(R^d) group, R^a is a fluorine atom, R^b is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atoms and fluorine atoms and R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, bromine and fluorine atoms, methyl, ethyl and cyclopropyl groups, Preferably R^c is a hydrogen atom, R^d is selected from the group consisting of Ci_-3 alkoxy and C_3-4 cycloalkoxy groups and R² is a hydrogen atom. Particularly preferred are the compounds wherein G³ represents a nitrogen atom, G⁴ represents a group CH and R^b is a fluorine atom and the compounds wherein G³ represents a group CH, G⁴ represents a nitrogen atom.

Particular individual compounds of the invention include:

2-(3-Fluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

2-(3'-Ethoxy-3-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

2-(3-Fluoro-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3'-Ethoxy-3-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

2-(3'-Methoxy-3-(thfluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

2-(2,5-Difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

2-(3'-Ethoxy-2,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

2-(2',3-difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(2-Methyl-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

2-(3-Chloro-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

2-(3-Chloro-3'-ethoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

2-(3-Methyl-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

2-(3-Chloro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3'-(Difluoromethoxy)-3-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3'-Cyclobutoxy-3-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3-Fluoro-3'-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3'-Cyclobutoxy-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3,5-Difluoro-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3'-Ethoxy-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

2-(3,5-Difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid Lithium 3-(3'-ethoxy-3-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino) isonicotinate Lithium 3-(3-fluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)isonicotinate Lithium 3-(3'-methoxy-3-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)isonicotinate Lithium 3-(3-fluoro-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)isonicotinate

2-(3'-Ethoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

2-(5-Fluoro-2-methyl-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(2',3-Difluoro-5'-isopropoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3-Fluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)-5-methylnicotinic acid 2-(3,5-Difluoro-3'-hydroxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

5-Bromo-2-(3-fluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid S-Bromo^S.δ-difluoro-S'-methoxybiphenyM-ylaminoJnicotinic acid 5-Bromo-2-(3-fluoro-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3-Fluoro-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)-5-methylnicotinic acid 5-Cyclopropyl-2-(3-fluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

2-(3,5-Difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)-5-methylnicotinic acid 2-(3'-Ethoxy-5-fluoro-2-methylbiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(5-Fluoro-3'-methoxy-2-methylbiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3'-ethoxy-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)-5-methylnicotinic acid 5-cyclopropyl-2-(3'-ethoxy-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

2-(3,5-difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)-5-ethylnicotinic acid 5-bromo-2-(3'-ethoxy-2,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 5-cyclopropyl-2-(3'-ethoxy-2,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(5-fluoro-3'-methoxy-2-methylbiphenyl-4-ylamino)-5-methylnicotinic acid 5-cyclopropyl-2-(5-fluoro-3'-methoxy-2-methylbiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

2-(2',3,5-trifluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(2'-chloro-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3'-cyclopropoxy-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3,5-difluoro-2-methylbiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 5-cyclopropyl-2-(2,5-difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3'-cyclopropoxy-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)-5-cyclopropylnicotinic acid S-chloro^S.δ-difluoro-S'-methoxybiphenyl-ΦylaminoJnicotinic acid 5-cyclopropyl-2-(3_I5-difluoro-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(2,3,5-trifluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(2'-chloro-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)-5-cyclopropylnicotinic acid

2-(3,5-difluoro-3'-methoxy-2-methylbiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3,5-difluoro-2-methyl-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(2'-chloro-3,5-difluoro-2-methylbiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 5-chloro-2-(3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 5-chloro-2-(2'-chloro-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

2-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3,5-difluoro-2'-methylbiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 3-(3'-cyclopropoxy-3-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)isonicotinic acid

Of outstanding interest are:

2-(3'-Ethoxy-3-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

2-(3'-Methoxy-3-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

2-(3'-Ethoxy-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3,5-Difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Lithium 3-(3'-ethoxy-3-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)isonicotinate Lithium 3-(3-fluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)isonicotinate Lithium S-CS'-methoxy-S-CtrifluoromethoxyJbiphenyl^-ylaminoJisonicotinate 2-(3-Fluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)-5-methylnicotinic acid 5-Bromo-2-(3,5-difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

5-Cyclopropyl-2-(3-fluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3,5-Difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)-5-methylnicotinic acid 2-(3,5-difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)-5-ethylnicotinic acid 2-(2'-chloro-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3'-cyclopropoxy-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

2-(3,5-difluoro-2-methylbiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 5-cyclopropyl-2-(2,5-difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 5-cyclopropyl-2-(3,5-difluoro-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(2'-chloro-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)-5-cyclopropylnicotinic acid 2-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid Compounds of general formula (I) may be prepared following the synthetic scheme depicted in figure 1.

Figure 1

(Ib)

The compounds of general formula (Ia) (nicotinic acid derivatives) may be prepared by the reaction of these intermediates (II) with the corresponding chloronicotinic acid (III) in acid media such as acetic acid as a solvent or acetic acid or p-toluenesulphonic acid with a high boiling point solvent such as water, xylene, ethoxyethanol, DME or DMF at a temperature from 100 to 16O⁰C. These compounds can also be prepared in basic media such as DBU, DIEA or CS₂CO₃ in a high boiling point solvent such as xylene, ethoxyethanol, DMF or NMP.

The compounds of general formula (Ib) (isonicotinic acid derivatives) may be prepared by the saponification of the corresponding methyl esther (V) with a base such as lithium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide using a solvent miscible with water such as ethanol or methanol at a temperature from 0 to 5O⁰C yielding the corresponding salt.

Compounds of formula (V) may be obtained by coupling the biarylanilines (II) with the corresponding methyl chloroisonicotinate (IV). These reactions may be catalyzed by a palladium catalyst such as tris(dibenzylideneacetone)-dipalladium(0), with a ligand such as 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9H-xanthene and in the presence of an inorganic base such as cesium carbonate in an inert solvent such as toluene, dioxane or dimethylformamide, at a temperature from 8O⁰C to the boiling point of the solvent.

The biaryanilines of formula (II) may be prepared following the synthetic scheme depicted in figure 2.

Figure 2

A bromoderivative of formula (Vl) is coupled with the corresponding aryl derivative of formula (VII) under the conditions of a Suzuki reaction (Miyaura, N.; Suzuki, A. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2457) wherein G⁵ represents boronic acids or boronates or under the conditions of a Stille reaction wherein G⁵ represents stannanes. These reactions may be catalyzed by a palladium catalyst such as [1 ,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene] dichloropalladium (II) complex with dichloromethane (1 :1 ), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)- palladium(O), bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(ll) chloride or tris(dibenzylideneacetone)- dipalladium(O) in an aprotic organic solvent such as dioxane, toluene, DMF or DME and in the presence of a base such as cesium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate or potassium phosphate at a temperature from 8O⁰C to 14O⁰C.

In the particular case where R^a and R^b are both different from hydrogen, the compounds of formula (Ia) may be obtained following the synthetic path shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3

(Ia)

The compunds of formula (Ia) may be obtained from 2-(4-bromophenylamino)nicotinic acids of formula (IX) and the corresponding aryl derivative of formula (VII) under the conditions of a Suzuki reaction (Miyaura, N.; Suzuki, A. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2457) wherein G⁵ represents boronic acids or boronates or under the conditions of a Stille reaction wherein G⁵ represents stannanes.

The 2-(4-bromophenylamino)nicotinic acids of formula (IX) may be obtained by the reaction of the bromoanilines of formula (VIII) with the corresponding chloronicotinic acid (III) in acid media such as acetic acid as a solvent or with a high boiling point solvent such as xylene, ethoxyethanol or DMF at a temperature from 100 to 16O⁰C. Alternatively, the reaction can be carried out in basic media such as DBU, DIEA or Cs₂CC>₃ in a high boiling point solvent such as xylene, ethoxyethanol, DMF or NMP.

In the particular case where G² is CR^d and R^d is hydroxyl the compounds of formula (Ia2) may be prepared following the synthetic path shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4

The reaction of the nicotinic acid of formula (XII) with a methylating reagent such as dimethyl sulphate, with an inorganic base such as sodium hydrogen carbonate in a solvent such as acetone at a temperature from 0 to the boiling point of the solvent, yield the methyl nicotinate compounds of formula (Xl).

Reaction of methyl nicotinate of formula (Xl) with an alkylating agent of formula (XIII), wherein R^d is as hereinbefore defined and X is a leaving group such as chlorine or a bromine atom by standard methods yields the compounds of formula (X).

Finally, hydrolysis of the methyl nicotinate of formula (X) with a base such as lithium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide in a protic solvent such as methanol or ethanol at a temperature from 0 to 5O⁰C, yield the desired compounds of formula (Ia2).

In the particular case where R¹ is Ci_-4 alkyl groups or C_3-8 cycloalkyl groups the compounds of formula (Ia3) may be prepared following the synthetic paths shown in Figure 5 and 6.

Figure 5

(Ia3) Reaction of the bromonicotinic acids of formula (XV) with the corresponding alkyl boronic acid, boronate or stannane of formula (XIV) under the conditions of a Suzuki reaction (Miyaura, N.; Suzuki, A. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2457) wherein G⁵ represents boronic acids or boronates or under the conditions of a Stille reaction wherein G⁵ represents stannanes yield the desired compounds of general formula (Ia3).

Figure 6

Reaction of methyl bromonicotinates of formula (XVII) with the corresponding alkyl boronic acid, boronate or stannane of formula (XIV) under the conditions of a Suzuki reaction (Miyaura, N.; Suzuki, A. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2457) wherein G⁵ represents boronic acids or boronates or under the conditions of a Stille reaction wherein G⁵ represents stannanes, yield the compounds of general formula (XVI). Hydrolisis of the resulting nicotinate of formula (XVI) with a base such as lithium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide in a protic solvent such as methanol or ethanol at a temperature from 0 to 5O⁰C, yields nicotinic acid derivatives of formula (IV). Final compounds of formula (Ia3) may be obtained by the reaction of these nicotinic acids of formula (IV) with the corresponding anilines of formula (II) in acid media such as acetic acid as a solvent or with a high boiling point solvent such as xylene, ethoxyethanol or DMF at a temperature from 100 to 16O⁰C. Alternatively, the reaction can be carried out in basic media such as DBU, DIEA or Cs2CO3 in a high boiling point solvent such as xylene, ethoxyethanol, DMF or NMP. The syntheses of the compounds of the invention and of the intermediates for use therein are illustrated by the following Examples (1 to 62) including Preparation Examples (Intermediates 1 to 51 ) which do not limit the scope of the invention in any way.

¹H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra were recorded on a Varian Mercury 200 spectrometer. Low Resolution Mass Spectra (m/z) were recorded on a Micromass ZMD mass spectrometer using ESI ionization. The chromatographic separations were obtained using a Waters 2690 system equipped with a Symmetry C18 (2.1 x 10 mm, 3.5 mM) column. The mobile phase was formic acid (0.4 mL), ammonia (0.1 mL), methanol (500 mL) and acetonitrile (500 mL) (B) and formic acid (0.46 mL), ammonia (0.115 mL) and water (1000 mL) (A): initially O.δmin with 0% of B, then from 0% to 95% of B in 6.5 min, and then 1 min. with 95% of B. The reequilibration time between two injections was 1 min. The flow rate was 0.4 mL/min. The injection volume was 5 microliter. Diode array chromatograms were collected at 210 nM.

PREPARATION EXAMPLES

INTERMEDIATE 1 3'-Ethoxy-3-fluorobiphenyl-4-amine To a solution of 4-bromo-2-fluoroaniline (3.2g, 17.05mmol), 2M K₂CO₃ (24ml, 48.00mmol), Pd(PPh₃J₄ (1.2g, 1.02mmol) in toluene (120ml) under nitrogen atmosphere was added dropwise a solution of the 3-ethoxyphenylboronic acid (4.25g, 25.61 mmol) in 31 ml of MeOH. The mixture was heated to 8O⁰C overnight and then cooled to room temperature. Ethyl acetate was added and washed twice with a K₂CO₃ aqueous solution. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and the solvent evaporated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography eluting with Hexane/ AcOEt (from 10/1 to 8/1). The solid obtained was recrystallized in hexane to yield 3.78 g of the desired compound as a white solid. Yield=72% LRMS: m/z 232 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 6.44 min

1 H NMR (250 MHz, CDCI₃) δ ppm: 1.4 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H); 4.1 (q, J=6.9 Hz, 2H); 6.8 (m, 2H); 7.1 (m, 2H); 7.2-7.3 (m, 3H).

INTERMEDIATE 2 3-Fluoro-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-amine Obtained (54%) from 4-bromo-2-fluoroaniline and 3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylboronic acid following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 1. LRMS: m/z 272 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 6.81 min 1H NMR (250 MHz₁ CDCI₃) δ ppm: 6.8 (m, 1H); 7.2 (m, 3H); 7.4 (m, 3H).

INTERMEDIATE 3 3'-Ethoxy-3-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-amine

Obtained (40%) from 4-bromo-2-(trifluoromethoxy)aniline and 3-ethoxyphenylboronic acid following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 1.

LRMS: m/z 298 (M+1 )⁺.

Retention time: 7.04 min

¹H NMR (200 MHz₁ CDCI₃) δ ppm: 1.4 (t, J=7.0 Hz₁ 3 H); 3.9 (s, 2 H); 4.1 (q, J=7.0 Hz₁ 2

H); 6.8 (m, 2 H); 7.1 (m, 2 H); 7.3 (m, 3 H)

INTERMEDIATE 4

3-Fluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-amine

Obtained (35%) from 4-bromo-2-fluoroaniline and 3-methoxyphenylboronic acid following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 1. LRMS: m/z 218 (M+1 )⁺.

¹H NMR (250 MHz₁ CDCI₃) δ ppm: 3.9 (s, 3H); 6.8 (m, 2H); 7.1 (m, 2H); 7.3 (m, 3H)

INTERMEDIATE 5 3'-Methoxy-3-(tιϊfluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-amine Obtained (56%) from 4-bromo-2-(trifluoromethoxy)aniline and 3-methoxyphenylboronic acid following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 1.

LRMS: m/z 284 (M+1 )⁺.

¹H NMR (250 MHz₁ CDCI₃) δ ppm: 3.8 (s, 3H); 6.8 (m, 2H); 7.0 (m, 1 H); 7.1 (m, 1 H); 7.3-

7.4 (m, 3H).

INTERMEDIATE 6

2,5-Difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-amine

Obtained (84%) from 4-bromo-2,5-difluoroaniline and 3-methoxyphenylboronic acid following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 1. LRMS: m/z 236 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 6.20 min

INTERMEDIATE 7 3'-Ethoxy-2,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-amine Obtained (66%) from 4-bromo-2,5-difluoroaniline and 3-ethoxyphenylboronic acid following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 1. LRMS: m/z 250 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 6.58 min

INTERMEDIATE S

2',3-Difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-amine

Obtained (54%) from 4-bromo-2-fluoroaniline and 2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenylboronic acid following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 1. LRMS: m/z 236 (M+1 )⁺ Retention time: 5.93min

¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCI₃) δ ppm: 3.8 (s, 2 H); 3.9 (s, 3 H); 6.9 (m, 3 H); 7.1 (m, 3 H).

INTERMEDIATE 9 2-Methyl-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-amine Obtained (86%) from 4-bromo-3-methylaniline and 3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylboronic acid following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 1.

LRMS: m/z 268 (M+1 )⁺

Retention time: 6.54min

¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCI₃) δ ppm: 2.2 (s, 3 H); 3.7 (s, 2 H); 6.6 (m, 2 H); 7.0 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1 H); 7.2 (m, 3 H); 7.4 (m, 1 H).

INTERMEDIATE 10 3-Chloro-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-amine

Obtained (78%) from 4-bromo-2-chloroaniline and 3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylboronic acid following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 1.

LRMS: m/z 288 (M+1)⁺

Retention time: 7.12min

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm: 5.6 (s, 2 H); 6.9 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1 H); 7.2 (m, J=8.2

Hz₁ 1 H); 7.5 (m, 5 H). INTERMEDIATE 11 3-Chloro-3'-ethoxybiphenyl-4-amine

Obtained (79%) from 4-bromo-2-chloroaniline and 3-ethoxyphenylboronic acid following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 1. LRMS: m/z 248 (M+1 )⁺

Retention time: 6.75min

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm: 1.3 (t, J=7.0 Hz₁ 3 H); 4.1 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2 H); 5.5 (s,

2 H) 6.8 (m, 2 H); 7.1 (m, 2 H); 7.3 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1 H); 7.4 (dd, J=8.4, 2.1 Hz, 1 H); 7.5 (d,

J=2.3 Hz, 1 H).

INTERMEDIATE 12

3'-Ethoxybiphenyl-4-amine

Obtained (91%) from 4-bromoaniline and 3-ethoxyphenylboronic acid following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 1. LRMS: m/z 214 (M+1 )⁺

Retention time: 5.73min

¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCI₃) δ ppm: 1.4 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3 H); 3.7 (s, 2 H); 4.1 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2

H); 6.8 (m, 3 H); 7.1 (m, 2 H); 7.4 (m, 3 H).

INTERMEDIATE 13

3-Methyl-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-amine

Obtained (83%) from 4-bromo-2-methylaniline and 3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylboronic acid following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 1. LRMS: m/z 268 (M+1 )⁺ Retention time: 6.82min

¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCI₃) δ ppm: 2.2 (s, 3 H); 3.7 (s, 2 H); 6.7 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1 H); 7.1 (m, J=7.8 Hz, 1 H); 7.4 (m, 5 H).

INTERMEDIATE 14 3-Chloro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-amine

Obtained (87%) from 4-bromo-2-chloroaniline and 3-methoxyphenylboronic acid following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 1. LRMS: m/z 234 (M+1)⁺ Retention time: 6.44min ¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCI₃) δ ppm: 3.9 (s, 3 H); 4.1 (s, 2 H); 6.8 (m, 2 H); 7.1 (m, 2 H); 7.3 (m, 2 H); 7.5 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1 H).

INTERMEDIATE 15 3'-(Difluoromethoxy)-3-fluorobiphenyl-4-amine

Obtained (76%) from 4-bromo-2-fluoroaniline and 2-(3-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl)-4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-1 ,3,2-dioxaborolane following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 1. LRMS: m/z 254 (M+1 )⁺ Retention time: 6.24min

¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCI₃) δ ppm: 3.9 (s, 2 H); 6.5 (t, J=73.8 Hz, 1 H); 6.8 (m, 1 H); 7.1 (m, 1 H); 7.3 (m, 3 H); 7.4 (m, 2 H).

INTERMEDIATE 16 Methyl 2-(3-fluoro-3'-hydroxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinate

To a mixture of 2-(3-fluoro-3'-hydroxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid (1g, 3.08mmol) and NaHCO₃ (0.5g, 6.17 mmol) in acetone (20 ml) was added dropwise dimethyl sulphate (0.47g, 3.70mmol). The mixture was heated to reflux overnight and then concentrated. Ethyl acetate was added to the crude and washed twice with 4% solution of NaHCO₃ and brine. The organic phase was then dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to afford 0.4 g of solid beige pure enough for the next synthetic step. Yield= 36% LRMS: m/z 339 (M+1)⁺. Retention time: 7.02 min

INTERMEDIATE D

Methyl 2-(3,5-difluoro-3'-hydroxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinate

Obtained (52%) from 2-(3,5-difluoro-3'-hydroxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 16. LRMS: m/z 357 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 6.26min

INTERMEDIATE 18

Methyl 2-(3-fluoro-3'-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinate

A mixture of intermediate 16 (0.36g, 1.06mmol), 2-bromo-1 ,1 ,1-trifluoroethane (0.26g, 1.6mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.29g, 2.13mmol) in DMF was stirred at 12O⁰C under a nitrogen atmosphere overnight. Water was added and the mixture extracted with EtOAc (2x). The combined organic phase was washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by column chromatography (10% EtOAc in hexanes) afforded the desired compound as a yellow solid. Yield= 27% LRMS: m/z 421 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 7.73 min

INTERMEDIATE 19

Methyl 2-(3'-cyclobutoxy-3-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinate Obtained (48%) from intermediate 16 and bromocyclobutane following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 18. LRMS: m/z 393 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 8.08 min

INTERMEDIATE 20

Methyl 2-(3'-cyclobutoxy-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinate

Obtained (26%) from intermediate 17 and bromocyclobutane following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 18. LRMS: m/z 411 (M+1)⁺. Retention time: 7.53 min

INTERMEDIATE 21 2-(4-Bromo-2,6-difluorophenylamino)nicotinic acid

A mixture of 2-chloronicotinic acid (1.6g, 10.15mmol) and 4-bromo-2,6-difluoroaniline (3.24g, 15.58mmol) in acetic acid (40ml) was heated overnight at 13O⁰C under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature to give a precipitate. The mixture was filtered, and the solid was rinsed with acetic acid to afford 2-hydroxynicotinic acid (side-product). A second solid precipitate when the filtrate was partially concentrated to give another precipitate which corresponds to N-(4-bromo-2,6-difluorophenyl)acetamide (another side-product). Finally the filtrate was concentrated to dryness and 3.14g of the desired compound was obtained as a solid, containing some acetamide but the mixture was used to perform the next synthetic step. LRMS: m/z 329, 331 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 6.09 min INTERMEDIATE 22

Methyl 3-(3'-ethoxy-3-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)isonicotinate

A mixture of methyl 3-chloroisonicotinate (1.00 g, 5.83 mmol), intermediate 1 (1.35 g, 5.83 mmol), Cs₂CO₃(2.66 g, 8.16 mmol) and Xantphos (0.68 g, 1.17 mmol) in dioxane (20 mL) was stirred under argon atmosphere for 10 min. Then Pd₂(dba)₃ (0.53 g, 0.58 mmol) was added and the mixture stirred under argon atmosphere at 12O⁰C overnight. The reaction mixture was filtered over Celite and washed with CH₂CI₂. The filtrate was concentrated and purified by column chromatography eluting with EtOAc/hexane/Et3N (20/79/1) and the desired compound was obtained. Yield=51% LRMS: m/z 367 (M+1 )⁺.

¹H NMR (250 MHz₁ CDCI₃) δ ppm: 9.26 (s, 1 H); 8.8 (s, 1H); 8.25 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1 H); 7.87 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1 H); 7.72-7.45 (m, 4H); 7.3 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 H); 7.26 (s, 1H); 7.05 (dd, J = 8.2, J= 1.8 Hz, 1 H); 4.25 (c, J = 7 Hz, 2H); 4.12 (s, 3H); 1.61 (t, J = 7 Hz, 3H).

INTERMEDIATE 23

Methyl 3-(3-fluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)isonicotinate

Obtained (57%) from methyl 3-chloroisonicotinate and intermediate 4 following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 22. LRMS: m/z 353 (M+1 )⁺. 1H NMR (250 MHz, CDCI₃) δ ppm: 9.11 (s, 1 H); 8.65 (s, 1 H); 8.1 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, 1 H); 7.72 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1 H); 7.58-7.27 (m, 4H); 7.16 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1 H); 7.1 (t, J = 1.7 Hz, 1 H); 6.9 (dd, J = 8.2, J= 2.5 Hz, 1H); 3.96 (s, 3H); 3.87 (s, 3H).

INTERMEDIATE 24 Methyl 3-(3¹-methoxy-3-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)isonicotinate

Obtained (76%) from methyl 3-chloroisonicotinate and intermediate 5 following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 22. LRMS: m/z 419 (M+1 )⁺.

¹H NMR (250 MHz, CDCI₃) δ ppm: 9.44 (s, 1H); 8.95 (s, 1H); 8.3 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1 H); 7.9 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, 1 H); 7.72 (m, 3H); 7.53 (m, 1 H); 7.32 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 H); 7.27 (m, 1 H); 7.07 (d, J = 9 Hz, 1 H); 4.12 (s, 3H); 4.03 (s, 3H).

INTERMEDIATE 25

Methyl 3-(3-fluoro-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)isonicotinate Obtained (92%) from methyl 3-chloroisonicotinate and intermediate 2 following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 22. LRMS: m/z 407 (M+1 )⁺.

¹H NMR (250 MHz, CDCI₃) δ ppm: 8.98 (s, 1H); 8.5 (s, 1H); 7.95 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, 1 H); 7.58 (d, J = 4.9 Hz₁ 1H); 7.46-7.15 (m, 6H); 7.06 (m, 1H); 3.81 (s, 3H).

INTERMEDIATE 26 3'-Ethoxy-5-fluoro-2-methylbiphenyl-4-amine

Obtained (80%) from 4-bromo-2-fluoro-5-methylaniline and 3-ethoxyphenylboronic acid following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 1.

LRMS: m/z 246 (M+1)⁺

Retention time: 6.36min

¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCI₃) δ ppm: 1.4 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 3 H); 2.2 (s, 3 H); 3.7 (s, 2 H); 4.1 (q,

J=7.0 Hz, 2 H); 6.7 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1 H); 6.9 (m, 4 H); 7.3 (m, 1 H)

INTERMEDIATE 27

5-Fluoro-2-methyl-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-amine

Obtained (92%) from 4-bromo-2-fluoro-5-methylaniline and 3-

(trifluoromethoxy)phenylboronic acid following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 1.

LRMS: m/z 286 (M+1 )⁺

Retention time: 6.96min

¹H NMR (200 MHz₁ CDCI₃) δ ppm: 2.2 (s, 3 H); 3.7 (s, 2 H); 6.7 (d, J=9.0 Hz₁ 1 H); 6.9 (d,

J= 11.7 Hz₁ 1 H); 7.2 (m, 3 H); 7.4 (m, 1 H).

INTERMEDIATE 28

2',3-Difluoro-5'-isopropoxybiphenyl-4-amine

Obtained (95%) from 4-bromo-2-fluoroaniline and 2-fluoro-5-isopropoxyphenylboronic acid following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 1. LRMS: m/z 264 (M+1 )⁺

Retention time: 6.67min

¹H NMR (200 MHz₁ CDCI₃) δ ppm: 1.3 (d, J=6.2 Hz₁ 6 H); 3.8 (s, 2 H); 4.5 (m, 1 H); 6.8

(m, 3 H); 7.0 (m, 1 H); 7.2 (m, 2 H).

INTERMEDIATE 29 3,5-Difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-amine

Obtained (91%) from 4-bromo-2,6-difluoroaniline and 3-methoxyphenylboronic acid following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 1. LRMS: m/z 236 (M+1 )⁺ Retention time: 6.34min

¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCI₃) δ ppm: 3.8 (s, 2 H); 3.9 (s, 3 H); 6.9 (m, 1 H); 7.1 (m, 4 H); 7.3 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1 H)

INTERMEDIATE 30 5-Fluoro-3'-methoxy-2-methylbiphenyl-4-amine

Obtained (80%) from 4-bromo-2-fluoro-5-methylaniline and 3-methoxyphenylboronic acid following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 1.

LRMS: m/z 232 (M+1)⁺

Retention time: 6.00min 1H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm: 2.1 (s, 3 H); 3.7 (s, 3 H); 5.1 (s, 2 H); 6.6 (d, J=9.4

Hz, 1 H); 6.8 (m, 4 H); 7.3 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1 H)

INTERMEDIATE 31

Methyl 2-chloro-5-methylnicotinate To a solution of methyl 5-bromo-2-chloronicotinate (1.05g, 4.19mmol), K₃PO₄ (2.95g, 13.90mmol), methylboronic acid (0.32g, 5.26mmol) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.11g, 0.39mmol) in toluene/water (16ml/0.8ml) under nitrogen atmosphere was added Pd(OAc)₂ (0.04g, 0.18mmol). The mixture was heated at 100⁰C overnight under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature and concentrated in vacuum. Ethyl acetate was added to the residue and this organic layer was washed with water, brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated under vacuum to yield the desired product as a yellow oil. Yield=87% LRMS: m/z 186 (M+1 )⁺ Retention time: 4.84min

INTERMEDIATE 32

2-Chloro-5-methylnicotinic acid

Intermediate 31 (0.38g, 1.81mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (2ml) and 2N NaOH solution was added (1.81ml, 3.62mmol) and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness and the residue redissolved in EtOAc/ water. The organic layer was separated, dried over magnesium sulphate and concentrated in vacuum to yield the desired product as a white solid. Yield=94% LRMS: m/z 172 (M+1 )⁺ Retention time: 3.25min 1H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm: 2.2 (s, 3 H); 7.6 (d, »7=2.53 Hz, 1 H); 8.0 (d, J=2.53 Hz, 1 H)

INTERMEDIATE 33

Methyl 2-(3^f-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinate Obtained (83%) from intermediate 17 and bromocyclobutane following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 18. LRMS: m/z 411 (M+1)⁺. Retention time: 7.48 min

INTERMEDIATE 34

5-bromo-2-(3'-ethoxy-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

A mixture of δ-bromo^-chloronicotinic acid (1.42g, 6.01 mmol), intermediate 21 (1.0g,

4.01 mmol) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (0.5g, 2.42mmol) in water (10ml) was heated overnight at 11O⁰C under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and a precipitate was formed. The solid formed was filtered, washed with hot water and then with cold MeOH. The solid was finally washed with diisopropylether and dried in a vacuum oven. Yield=63%.

LRMS: m/z 449, 451 (M+1 )⁺.

Retention time: 7.52 min

INTERMEDIATE 35

5-bromo-2-(5-fluoro-3'-methoxy-2-methylbiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (73%) from intermediate 30 and 5-bromo-2-chloronicotinic acid following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 34. LRMS: m/z 431 ,433 (M+1 )⁺.

Retention time: 7.98 min

INTERMEDIATE 36 1-bromo-3-cyclopropoxybenzene A mixture of 3-bromophenol (2.4g, 13.9mmol), bomocyclopropane (6.66ml, 83mmol) and potassium carbonate (9.6g, 69.5mmol) in DMF (16ml) was heated at 18O⁰C in a microwave oven for 8 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with a mixture of diethylether and water. The organic layer was separated, washed with water, brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated. An oil was obtained, 2.87g, with a purity of 81%. This intermediate was used for the next reaction. Retention time: 6.91 min.

INTERMEDIATE 37 2-(3-cyclopropoxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1 ,3,2-dioxaborolane

A mixture of intermediate 36 (2.87g, 10.9mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (4.16g, 16.4mmol) and potassium acetate (3.2g, 32.7mmol) in anhydrous dioxane, was stirred under nitrogen atmosphere and then PdCl₂dppf.CH₂CI₂ (0.5g, 0.55mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was heated at 100⁰C for 3h. The crude was then filtered over celite, washed with dioxane and evaporated under reduce pressure. The residue obtained was purified by reverse-phase chromatography eluting with a gradient of water and AcN/MeOH (1/1 ) (from 0% to 100% of AcN/MeOH(1/1 )). The desired product was obtained as a yellow oil. Yield=55%. LRMS: m/z 261 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 7.23 min

INTERMEDIATE 38 3,5-difluoro-2-methylbiphenyl-4-amine

Obtained (92%) from 4-bromo-2,6-difluoro-3-methylaniline and phenylboronic acid following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 1.

LRMS: m/z 220 (M+1)⁺.

Retention time: 6.73 min

INTERMEDIATE 39

5-bromo-2-(2,5-difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (78%) from intermediate 6 and 5-bromo-2-chloronicotinic acid following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 34. LRMS: m/z 433,435 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 7.77 min

INTERMEDIATE 40 Methyl 2-chloro-5-cyclopropylnicotinate

Obtained (99%) from methyl δ-bromo^-chloronicotinate and cyclopropylboronic acid following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 31. LRMS: m/z 212 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 5.46 min

INTERMEDIATE 41 2-chloro-5-cyclopropylnicotinic acid

Obtained (65%) from intermediate 40 following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 32. LRMS: m/z 198 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 4.29 min

INTERMEDIATE 42

2-(4-bromo-2,6-difluorophenylamino)-5-cyclopropylnicotinic acid

Obtained (65%) from intermediate 41 and 4-bromo-2,6-difluoroanline following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 34. LRMS: m/z 369,371 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 7.06 min

INTERMEDIATE 43 2,3,5-trifluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-amine

Obtained (60%) from 4-bromo-2,3,6-trifluoroaniline and 3-methoxyphenylboronic acid following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 1.

LRMS: m/z 254 (M+1 )⁺

Retention time: 6.45min INTERMEDIATE 44 4-bromo-2,6-difluoro-3-methylaniline

To a solution of 2,6-difluoro-3-methylaniline (5g, 34.9mmol) in acetic acid (50ml) was added dropwise a solution of bromine (1.97ml, 38.4mmol) in acetic acid (10ml) at 55⁰C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour and then poured to water/ice. A solid was filtered, washed with water and dried in a vacuum oven. 6.3g of a black solid were obtained (yield=81%). Retention time: 6.28min

INTERMEDIATE 45 2-(4-bromo-2,6-difluoro-3-methylphenylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (46%) from intermediate 44 and 2-chloronicotinic acid following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 34. LRMS: m/z 343,345 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 6.50 min

INTERMEDIATE 46 2-(4-bromo-2,6-difluorophenylamino)-5-chloronicotinic acid

Obtained (36%) from 4-bromo-2,6-difluoroaniline and 2,5-dichloronicotinic acid following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 34. LRMS: m/z 363,365 (M+1)⁺ Retention time: 7.09min

INTERMEDIATE 47 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-amine

Obtained (91 %) from 4-bromo-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroaniline and 3-methoxyphenylboronic acid following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 1. LRMS: m/z 272 (M+1)⁺ Retention time: 6.49min

INTERMEDIATE 48 Methyl 3-(2-fluorophenylamino)isonicotinate

Obtained (34%) from methyl 3-chloroisonicotinate and 2-fluoroaniline following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 22. LRMS: m/z 247 (M+1 )⁺

INTERMEDIATE 49

Methyl 3-(4-bromo-2-fluorophenylamino)isonicotinate

Obtained (90%) from intermediate 48 following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 44.

LRMS: m/z 323,325 (M+1 )⁺

¹H NMR (250MHz, CDCI₃) δ ppm: 3.9 (s, 3H); 7.3 (m, 3H); 7.7 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1 H); 8.1 (d,

J=7.5 Hz, 1H); 8.5 (s, 1 H); 9.0 (s, 1H).

INTERMEDIATE 50

Methyl 3-(2'-chloro-3-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)isonicotinate

Obtained (29%) from intermediate 49 and 2-chlorophenylboronic acid following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 1. LRMS: m/z 357 (M+1 )⁺.

INTERMEDIATE 51

Methyl 3-(3'-cyclopropoxy-3-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)isonicotinate

Obtained (56%) from intermediate 50 and 2-(3-cyclopropoxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-

1 ,3,2-dioxaborolane following the experimental procedure described for intermediate 1.

LRMS: m/z 379 (M+1 )⁺

Retention time: 7.44min

PREPARATION EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 1 2-(3-Fluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid A mixture of 2-chloronicotinic acid (4.86g, 30.89mmol) and intermediate 4 (10.06g, 46.34mmol) in acetic acid (160ml) was heated overnight at 13O⁰C under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and a precipitate was formed. The yellow solid formed was filtered, washed with acetic and diethyl ether and dried in a vacuum oven. Yield=65%.

¹H NMR (200MHz, CD₃OD) δ ppm: 3.9 (s, 3H); 7.0 (m, 1 H); 7.21 (m, 3H); 7.41 (t, 1 H); 7.71 (m, 3H); 8.15 (dd, J=6.05, 1.76 Hz, 1 H); 8.83 (dd, J=7.61 , 1.76 Hz, 1 H). LRMS: m/z 339 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 7.09 min

EXAMPLE 2 2-(3'-Ethoxy-3-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (43%) from 2-chloronicotinic acid and intermediate 1 following the experimental procedure described in example 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm: 1.4 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3 H); 4.1 (q, J=6.9 Hz, 2 H); 6.9 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1 H); 7.0 (m, 1 H); 7.2 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1 H); 7.3 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1 H); 7.4 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1 H); 7.5 (d, J=8.3 Hz₁ 1 H); 7.7 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 1 H); 8.3 (m, 1 H); 8.5 (m, 1 H); 8.7 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 1 H); 10.8 (s, 1 H) LRMS: m/z 353 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 7.39 min

EXAMPLE 3 2-(3-Fluoro-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (37%) from intermediate 2 and 2-chloronicotinic acid following the experimental procedure described in example 1.

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm: 7.0 (dd, J=7.8, 4.7 Hz, 1 H); 7.4 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1 H);

7.7 (m, 5 H); 8.3 (dd, J=7.8, 2.0 Hz, 1 H); 8.5 (dd, J=4.7, 2.0 Hz, 1 H); 8.8 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 1 H); 10.8 (d, J=3.1 Hz, 1 H)

LRMS: m/z 393 (M+1 )⁺

Retention time: 7.63 min

EXAMPLE 4 2-(3'-Ethoxy-3-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid Obtained (18%) from intermediate 3 and 2-chloronicotinic acid following the experimental procedure described in example 1.

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm: 1.4 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3 H); 4.1 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2 H); 7.0 (m, 2 H); 7.3 (m, 3 H); 7.7 (m, 2 H); 8.3 (m, 1 H); 8.5 (m, 1 H); 8.9 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1 H); 11.2 (s, 1 H).

LRMS: m/z 417 (M-1 )\ Retention time: 7.65 min

EXAMPLE 5

2-(3'-Methoxy-3-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (14%) from intermediate 5 and 2-chloronicotinic acid following the experimental procedure described in example 1. LRMS: m/z 405 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 7.44 min

EXAMPLE 6 2-(2,5-Difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (12%) from intermediate 6 and 2-chloronicotinic acid following the experimental procedure described in example 1.

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm: 3.8 (s, 3 H); 7.0 (m, 4 H); 7.4 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1 H); 7.6

(dd, J=12.1 , 7.4 Hz, 1 H); 8.3 (dd, J=7.8, 2.0 Hz, 1 H); 8.5 (dd, J=4.7, 2.0 Hz, 1 H); 8.7 (dd, J=13.7, 7.0 Hz, 1 H); 11.0 (s, 1 H).

LRMS: m/z 357 (M+1)⁺.

Retention time: 7.35 min

EXAMPLE 7 2-(3'-Ethoxy-2,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (36%) from intermediate 7 and 2-chloronicotinic acid following the experimental procedure described in example 1. ¹H NMR (200 MHz₁ DMSO-D₆) δ ppm: 1.4 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3 H); 4.1 (q, J=6.9 Hz, 2 H); 7.0 (m, 4 H); 7.4 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1 H); 7.6 (dd, J=12.3, 7.2 Hz, 1 H); 8.3 (dd, J=7.4, 2.0 Hz, 1 H); 8.5 (dd, J=5.1 , 2.0 Hz, 1 H); 8.7 (dd, J=13.7, 7.0 Hz₁ 1 H); 11.0 (s, 1 H). LRMS: m/z 371 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 7.51 min

EXAMPLE 8 2-(2',3-Difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (31 %) from intermediate 8 and 2-chloronicotinic acid following the experimental procedure described in example 1.

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆): δ ppm 3.9 (s, 3 H); 7.1 (m, 4 H); 7.4 (m, 2 H); 8.3 (dd,

J=7.8, 2.0 Hz₁ 1 H); 8.5 (dd, J=4.9, 1.8 Hz, 1 H); 8.7 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 1 H); 10.8 (d, J=2.7 Hz₁

1 H). LRMS: m/z 357 (M+1)⁺.

Retention time: 7.04 min

EXAMPLE 9 2-(2-Methyl-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (61%) from intermediate 9 and 2-chloronicotinic acid following the experimental procedure described in example 1.

¹H NMR (200 MHz₁ CDCI₃): δ ppm 2.3 (s, 3 H); 6.8 (dd, J=7.8, 4.7 Hz, 1 H); 7.2 (m, 4 H)

7.5 (m, 3 H); 8.4 (m, 2 H); 10.0 (s, 1 H) LRMS: m/z 389 (M+1 )⁺.

Retention time: 7.51 min

EXAMPLE 10 2-(3-Chloro-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (44%) from intermediate 10and 2-chloronicotinic acid following the experimental procedure described in example 1.

¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCI₃): δ ppm 6.9 (dd, J=7.8, 5.1 Hz, 1 H); 7.3 (m, 2 H); 7.5 (m, 3 H);

7.7 (d, J=2.0 Hz₁ 1 H); 8.4 (dd, J=7.8, 2.0 Hz, 1 H); 8.5 (dd, J=AJ, 2.0 Hz₁ 1 H); 8.8 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1 H); 10.6 (s, 1 H). LRMS: m/z 409 (M+1)⁺ Retention time: 7.74 min

EXAMPLE 11 2-(3-Chloro-3'-ethoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (48%) from intermediate 11 and 2-chloronicotinic acid following the experimental procedure described in example 1.

¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCI₃): δ ppm 1.5 (t, J=6.9.0 Hz, 3 H); 4.1 (q, J=6.9 Hz₁ 2 H); 6.9 (m, 2 H); 7.1 (m, 2 H); 7.3 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1 H); 7.5 (dd, J=8.6, 2.0 Hz, 1 H); 7.7 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1

H); 8.4 (dd, J=7.8, 2.3 Hz, 1 H); 8.5 (dd, J=4.7, 2.0 Hz, 1 H); 8.7 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1 H); 10.5

(s, 1 H)

LRMS: m/z 369 (M+1 )⁺

Retention time: 7.57 min

EXAMPLE 12

2-(3-Methyl-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (41%) from intermediate 13 and 2-chloronicotinic acid following the experimental procedure described in example 1.

¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCI₃): δ ppm 2.4 (s, 3 H); 6.8 (m, J=7.8, 4.7 Hz, 1 H); 7.2 (m, J=1.β

Hz, 1 H); 7.3 (m, 1 H); 7.5 (m, 4 H); 8.2 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1 H); 8.3 (dd, J=7.8, 2.0 Hz, 1 H);

8.4 (dd, J=4.7, 2.0 Hz, 1 H); 10.0 (s, 1 H).

LRMS: m/z 389 (M+1)⁺ Retention time: 7.62 min

EXAMPLE 13 2-(3-Chloro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (36%) from intermediate 14 and 2-chloronicotinic acid following the experimental procedure described in example 1.

¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCI₃): δ ppm 3.9 (s, 3 H); 6.9 (m, 2 H); 7.1 (m, 2 H); 7.4 (m, 1 H); 7.5

(dd, J=8.6, 2.3 Hz, 1 H); 7.7 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1 H); 8.4 (dd, J=7.8, 2.0 Hz, 1 H); 8.5 (dd,

J=4.9, 2.1 Hz, 1 H); 8.7 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1 H); 10.5 (s, 1 H). LRMS: m/z 355 (M+1 )⁺ Retention time: 7.53 min

EXAMPLE 14 2-(3'-(Difluoromethoxy)-3-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (10%) from intermediate 15 and 2-chloronicotinic acid following the experimental procedure described in example 1.

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆): δ ppm 7.0 (dd, J=7.6, 4.7 Hz, 1 H); 7.2 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1 H); 7.3 (t, J=74.1 Hz₁ 1 H); 7.6 (m, 5 H); 8.3 (dd, J=7.8, 2.0 Hz, 1 H); 8.5 (dd, J=4.7, 2.0 Hz, 1 H); 8.7 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 1 H); 10.9 (s, 1 H). LRMS: m/z 375 (M+1)⁺ Retention time: 7.43 min

EXAMPLE 15 2-(3'-Cyclobutoxy-3-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Intermediate 19 (0.28g, 0.63mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (10ml) and 2N NaOH (2ml) was added. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by reverse phase column chromatography to afford the desired compound as a yellow solid. Yield=12%

LRMS: m/z 379 (M+1 )⁺.

Retention time: 7.68 min

¹H NMR (200 MHz, CD₃OD): δ ppm 1.8 (m, 2 H); 2.1 (m, 2 H); 2.5 (m, 2 H); 4.7 (m, 1 H);

6.8 (m, 2 H); 7.2 (m, 5 H); 8.4 (m, J=7.8 Hz, 2 H); 8.6 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1 H)

EXAMPLE 16

2-(3-Fluoro-3'-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid.

Obtained (57%) from intermediate 18 following experimental procedure described in example 15.

LRMS: m/z 407 (M+1 )⁺.

Retention time: 7.36 min

¹H NMR (200 MHz, CD₃OD): δ ppm 4.5 (q, J=S.6 Hz, 2 H); 6.8 (m, 2 H); 7.3 (m, 5 H); 8.3

(m, 2 H); 8.6 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 1 H). EXAMPLE 17 2-(3'-Cyclobutoxy-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (55%) from intermediate 20 following experimental procedure described in example 15.

LRMS: m/z 397 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 6.87 min

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆): δ ppm 1.8 (m, 2 H); 2.1 (m, 2 H); 2.5 (m, 2 H); 4.9 (m, 1 H); 6.9 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2 H); 7.2 (s, 1 H); 7.4 (m, 2 H); 7.6 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 2 H); 8.3 (d, J=4.3 Hz₁ 2 H); 9.7 (S₁ 1 H)

EXAMPLE 18 2-(3,5-Difluoro-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

To a mixture of intermediate 21 (0.2g, 0.61 mmol), 3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylboronic acid (0.19g, 0.91 mmol), potassium carbonate (0.17g, 1.21 mmol) in 11 ml of dioxane/water (10/1 ) was added, under nitrogen atmosphere, Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.25g, 0.22mmol). The mixture was heated to reflux overnight, then filtered over celite and washed with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was washed twice with water, washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and evaporated under vacuum to give an oil. This crude was purified by preparative HPLC to give a white solid, 60mg, of the desired compound. Yield= 24% ¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆): δ ppm 6.9 (m, 1H); 7.4 (m, 1H); 7.6 (m, 3H); 7.8 (m, 2H); 8.2 (m, 2H) LRMS: m/z 409 (M-1)^" Retention time: 7.27 min.

EXAMPLE 19 2-(3'-Ethoxy-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (28%) from intermediate 21 and 3-ethoxyphenylboronic acid, following the experimental procedure described in example 18.

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆): δ ppm 1.4 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3 H); 4.1 (q, J=6.9 Hz₁ 2 H); 6.9

(dd, J=7.8, 4.7 Hz, 1 H); 7.0 (m, 1 H); 7.4 (m, 5 H); 8.2 (m, 2 H); 9.5 (s, 1 H).

LRMS: m/z 371 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 6.91 min EXAMPLE 20 2-(3,5-Difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (31%) from intermediate 29 and 2-chloronicotinic acid following the experimental procedure described in example 1.

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm: 3.8 (s, 3 H); 6.9 (dd, J=7.8, 4.7 Hz₁ 1 H); 7.0 (m, 1 H); 7.4 (m, 3 H); 7.5 (m, 2 H); 8.2 (m, 2 H); 9.5 (s, 1 H); 13.6 (s, 1 H) LRMS: m/z 357 (M+1 )\ Retention time: 6.79 min

EXAMPLE 21

Lithium 3-(3'-ethoxy-3-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)isonicotinate

To a solution of intermediate 22 (0.12g, 0.33mmol) in THF (4ml) at O⁰C, was added 0.39M LiOH aqueous solution (0.02g, 0.39mmol) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was purified by column chromatography eluting with the mixture of MeOH/DCM (from 30 to 50%) and the desired product was obtained as a white solid. Yield=76%. 1H NMR (250 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm: 1.2 (t, 3H); 4.1 (q, 2H); 6.9 (m, 1 H); 7.2 (m, 2H); 7.4 (t, 1 H); 7.6 (m, 3H); 7.8 (d, 1 H); 8.0 (d, 1 H); 8.6 (s, 1 H); 11.2 (bs, 1 H). LRMS: m/z 353 (M+1)⁺. Retention time: 5.95min

EXAMPLE 22

Lithium 3-(3-fluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)isonicotinate

Obtained (80%) from intermediate 23 following the experimental procedure described in example 21. 1H NMR (250 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm: 3.8 (s, 3H); 6.9 (m, 1 H); 7.3 (m, 3H); 7.5 (m, 3H);7.8 (d, J= 6.5Hz₁ 1 H); 8.0 (d, J=6.5Hz, 1 H) 8.5 (s, 1 H); 11.1 (bs, 1 H). LRMS: m/z 339 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 5.43 min

EXAMPLE 23 Lithium 3-(3'-methoxy-3-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)isonicotinate

Obtained (70%) from intermediate 24 following the experimental procedure described in example 21. 1H NMR (250 MHz, DMSO-D₆): δ ppm 3.8 (s, 3H); 6.9 (m, 1 H); 7.2 (m, 2H); 7.4 (t, 1 H); 7.7 (m, 3H); 7.8 (d, 1 H); 8.0 (d, 1 H); 8.6 (s, 1 H); 11.4 (bs, 1 H). LRMS: m/z 405 (M+1)⁺. Retention time: 6.26min

EXAMPLE 24

Lithium 3-(3-fluoro-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)isonicotinate

Obtained (39%) from intermediate 25 following the experimental procedure described in example 21. 1H NMR (250 MHz₁ DMSO-D₆) δ ppm: 7.3 (m, 1H); 7.7 (m, 7H); 8.0 (m, 1 H); 8.6 (s, 1 H); 10.9 (bs, 1 H). LRMS: m/z 393 (M+1)⁺. Retention time: 6.53 min

EXAMPLE 25

2-(3'-Ethoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (25%) from intermediate 12 and 2-chloronicotinic acid following the experimental procedure described in example 1. 1H NMR (200 MHz, CDCI₃) δ ppm: 1.5 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3 H); 4.1 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2 H) ;6.8 (m, 1

H); 6.9 (m, 1 H); 7.2 (m, 2 H); 7.3 (m, 1 H); 7.6 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2 H); 7.8 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2 H);

8.3 (dd, J=7.8, 2.0 Hz, 1 H); 8.5 (dd, J=4.7, 2.0 Hz, 1 H); 10.1 (s, 1 H).

LRMS: m/z 335 (M+1)⁺.

Retention time: 6.97 min

EXAMPLE 26

2-(5-Fluoro-2-methyl-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (42%) from intermediate 27 and 2-chloronicotinic acid following the experimental procedure described in example 1. ¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆): δ ppm 2.3 (s, 3 H); 7.0 (dd, J=7.8, 4.7 Hz₁ 1 H); 7.2 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1 H); 7.4 (m, J=1.0 Hz, 3 H); 7.6 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1 H); 8.3 (dd, J=7.4, 2.0 Hz, 1 H); 8.5 (m, 2 H); 10.7 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1 H). LRMS: m/z 407 (M+1)⁺. Retention time: 7.63 min

EXAMPLE 27 2-(2',3-Difluoro-5'-isopropoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (57%) from intermediate 28 and 2-chloronicotinic acid following the experimental procedure described in example 1.

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆): δ ppm 1.3 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 6 H); 4.7 (m, 1 H); 7.0 (m, 3 H);

7.2 (m, 1 H); 7.5 (m, 2 H); 8.3 (dd, J=7.8, 2.0 Hz, 1 H); 8.5 (dd, J=4.7, 2.0 Hz, 1 H); 8.7 (t,

J=8.8 Hz₁ 1 H); 10.9 (d, J=2.7 Hz₁ 1 H). LRMS: m/z 385 (M+1)⁺.

Retention time: 7.51 min

EXAMPLE 28 2-(3-Fluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)-5-methylnicotinic acid

Obtained (13%) from intermediate 4 and intermediate 32 following the experimental procedure described in example 1.

LRMS: m/z 353 (M+1)⁺.

Retention time: 7.00 min 1H NMR (200 MHz, CD₃OD): δ ppm 2.2 (s, 3 H); 3.8 (s, 3 H); 6.8 (m, J=8.2, 2.3 Hz₁ 1 H);

7.1 (m, 2 H); 7.3 (m, 3 H); 8.1 (m, 2 H); 8.5 (t, J=8.6 Hz, 1 H).

EXAMPLE 29 2-(3,5-Difluoro-3'-hydroxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (46%) from intermediate 21 and 3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1 ,3_l2-dioxaborolan-2- yl)phenol, following the experimental procedure described in example 18. LRMS: m/z 343 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 5.71 min ¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆): δ ppm 6.8 (dd, J=7.6, 4.9 Hz, 2 H); 7.1 (m, 2 H); 7.3 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1 H); 7.4 (d, J=9.4 Hz₁ 2 H); 8.2 (m, 2 H); 10.2 (s, 1 H)

EXAMPLE 30 5-Bromo-2-(3-fluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (34%) from intermediate 4 and δ-bromo^-chloronicotinic acid, following the experimental procedure described in example 1. LRMS: m/z 417-419 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 7.71 min

EXAMPLE 31 5-Bromo-2-(3,5-difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (13%) from intermediate 29 and 5-bromo-2-chloronicotinic acid, following the experimental procedure described in example 1.

LRMS: m/z 435-437 (M+1 )⁺.

Retention time: 6.93min

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆): δ ppm 3.8 (s, 3 H); 7.0 (m, 1 H); 7.4 (m, 3 H) 7.6 (d, J=9.8 Hz, 2 H); 8.3 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1 H); 8.4 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1 H); 9.6 (s, 1 H).

EXAMPLE 32 S-Bromo^-ta-fluoro-S'-ttrifluoromethoxyJbiphenyl^-ylaminoJnicotinic acid

Obtained (27%) from intermediate 2 and 5-bromo-2-chloronicotinic acid, following the experimental procedure described in example 1. LRMS: m/z 471-473 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 8.04min

EXAMPLE 33

2-(3-Fluoro-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)-5-methylnicotinic acid

To a solution of example 32 (0.1g, 0.21 mmol), K₃PO₄ (204mg, 0.96mmol), methylboronic acid (20mg, 0.33mmol) and tricyclohexylphosphine (14mg, 0.04mmol) in toluene/water (2ml/0.1ml) under nitrogen atmosphere was added Pd(OAc)₂ (5mg, 0.02mmol).The mixture was heated to 100⁰C overnight and then cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue redissolved in ethyl acetate and water. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and the solvent evaporated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by reverse-phase chromatography eluting with a gradient of water and AcN/MeOH (1/1 ) (from 0% to 70% of AcN/MeOH(1/1 )). The desired product was obtained as a yellow solid. Yield=28%.

LRMS: m/z 407 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 7.80min 1H NMR (200 MHz, CD₃OD): δ ppm 2.2 (s, 3 H); 7.1 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1 H); 7.5 (m, 5 H); 8.1 (d, J=11.4 Hz, 2 H); 8.6 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1 H).

EXAMPLE 34 5-Cyclopropyl-2-(3-fluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (10%) from example 30 and cyclopropylboronic acid, following the experimental procedure described in example 33.

LRMS: m/z 379 (M+1 )⁺.

Retention time: 7.59min 1H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆): δ ppm 0.7 (m, 2 H); 1.0 (m, 2 H); 2.0 (m, 1 H); 3.8 (s, 3 H);

6.9 (m, 1 H); 7.3 (m, 3 H); 7.6 (m, 2 H); 8.0 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1 H); 8.3 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1 H); 8.7

(t, J=8.8 Hz, 1 H); 10.7 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1 H).

EXAMPLE 35 2-(3,5-Difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)-5-methylnicotinic acid

Obtained (10%) from example 31 and methylboronic acid, following the experimental procedure described in example 33. LRMS: m/z 370 (M+1)⁺. Retention time: 6.57min

¹H NMR (400 MHz₁ DMSO-D₆) :δ ppm 2.2 (s, 3 H); 3.8 (s, 3 H; 7.0 (dd, J=7.8, 1.7 Hz, 1 H); 7.4 (m, 3 H); 7.5 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 2 H); 8.1 (dd, J=20.2, 1.7 Hz, 2 H); 9.3 (s, 1 H); 13.6 (s, 1 H).

EXAMPLE 36 2-(3'-Ethoxy-5-fluoro-2-methylbiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (67%) from intermediate 26 and 2-chloronicotinic acid, following the experimental procedure described in example 1. LRMS: m/z 367

Retention time: 7.08min

¹H NMR (200 MHz₁ DMSO-D₆) δ ppm: 1.3 (t, J=6.8 Hz₁ 3 H); 2.2 (s, 3 H); 4.0 (q, J=6.8 Hz₁ 2 H); 6.9 (m, 4 H); 7.1 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1 H); 7.3 (t, J=7.8 Hz₁ 1 H); 8.3 (dd, J=7.8, 2.0 Hz₁ 1 H); 8.4 (m, 2 H); 10.6 (d, J=2.3 Hz₁ 1 H).

EXAMPLE 37 2-(5-Fluoro-3'-methoxy-2-methylbiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (73%) from intermediate 30 and 2-chloronicotinic acid, following the experimental procedure described in example 1.

LRMS: m/z 353

Retention time: 6.75min

¹H NMR (200 MHz₁ DMSO-D₆): δ ppm 2.2 (s, 3 H); 3.8 (s, 3 H); 6.9 (m, 4 H); 7.1 (d,

J=12.1 Hz₁ 1 H); 7.3 (t, J=7.8 Hz₁ 1 H); 8.4 (m, 3 H); 10.6 (d, J=2.3 Hz₁ 1 H).

EXAMPLE 38

2-(3'-ethoxy-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)-5-methylnicotinic acid

Obtained (6%) from intermediate 34 and methylboronic acid, following the experimental procedure described in example 33.

LRMS: m/z 385 (M+1 )⁺.

Retention time: 7.06 min

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm 1.4 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 3 H) 2.2 (s, 3 H) 4.1 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2

H) 7.0 (d, J=1.6 Hz₁ 1 H) 7.4 (m, 5 H) 8.1 (d, J=7.0 Hz₁ 2 H) 9.4 (s, 1 H).

EXAMPLE 39

5-cyclopropyl-2-(3'-ethoxy-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (14%) from intermediate 34 and cyclopropylboronic acid, following the experimental procedure described in example 33. LRMS: m/z 411 (M+1)⁺. Retention time: 7.33 min

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm 0.6 (m, 2 H) 0.9 (m, 2 H) 1.4 (t, J=6.9 Hz₁ 3 H) 1.9 (m, 1 H) 4.1 (q, J=6.9 Hz₁ 2 H) 7.0 (m, 1 H) 7.4 (m, 5 H) 7.9 (d, J=2.5 Hz₁ 1 H) 8.1 (d, J=2.5Hz, 1 H) 9.4 (s, 1 H).

EXAMPLE 40 2-(3,5-difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)-5-ethylnicotinic acid

To a solution of example 31 (200mg, 0.46mmol) and tributyl(vinyl)stannane (209mg, 0.66mmol) in DMF (8ml) under nitrogen atmosphere was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (37mg, 0.07mmol).The mixture was heated to 100⁰C overnight and then cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue redissolved in ethyl acetate and water. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and the solvent evaporated under vacuum. The residue obtained was purified by flash chromatography eluting with Hexane/AcOEt (from 1/0 to 1/1 ). The solid obtained was redissolved in EtOH (10ml) and Pd/C (46mg, 0.04mmol) was added and the reaction mixture stirred under hydrogen atmosphere overnight. The crude was filtered over celite and evaporated. The residue obtained was purified by reverse- phase chromatography eluting with a gradient of water and AcN/MeOH (1/1 ) (from 0% to 70% of AcN/MeOH(1/1 )). The desired product was obtained as a yellow solid. Yield=23%. LRMS: m/z 385 (M+1)⁺. Retention time: 7.01 min 1H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm 1.2 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3 H) 3.8 (m, 3 H) 7.0 (m, J=8.2 Hz, 1 H) 7.3 (m, 3 H) 7.5 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 2 H) 8.1 (m, 2 H) 9.6 (s, 1 H).

EXAMPLE 41 5-bromo-2-(3'-ethoxy-2,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (70%) from intermediate 7 and δ-bromo^-chloronicotinic acid following the experimental procedure described in intermediate 34. LRMS: m/z 447, 449 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 7.91 min ¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm 1.4 (t, J=6.9 Hz₁ 3 H) 4.1 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2 H) 7.0 (m, 3 H) 7.4 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1 H) 7.5 (dd, J=11.9, 7.6 Hz, 1 H) 8.4 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1 H) 8.6 (m, 2 H) 10.9 (s, 1 H).

EXAMPLE 42

5-cyclopropyl-2-(3'-ethoxy-2,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (26%) from example 41 and cyclopropylboronic acid, following the experimental procedure described in example 33. LRMS: m/z 411 (M+1)⁺. Retention time: 6.71 min

¹H NMR (200 MHz₁ DMSO-D₆) δ ppm 0.7 (m, 2 H) 1.0 (m, 2 H) 1.4 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3 H) 2.0 (m, 1 H) 4.1 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2 H) 6.9 (m, 1 H) 7.1 (m, J=10.5 Hz, 2 H) 7.4 (t, J=8.0 Hz₁ 1 H) 7.5 (dd, J=12.1 , 7.4 Hz, 1 H) 8.0 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1 H) 8.4 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1 H) 8.7 (dd, J=14.1 , 7.0 Hz, 1 H) 10.9 (s, 1 H).

EXAMPLE 43 2-(5-fluoro-3'-methoxy-2-methylbiphenyl-4-ylamino)-5-methylnicotinic acid

Obtained (20%) from intermediate 35 and methylboronic acid, following the experimental procedure described in example 33.

LRMS: m/z 367 (M+1 )⁺.

Retention time: 7.35 min

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm 2.2 (2s, 6 H) 3.8 (s, 3 H) 6.9 (m, 3 H) 7.1 (d. J=12.5

Hz₁ 1 H) 7.4 (m, 1 H) 8.1 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1 H) 8.3 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1 H) 8.5 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1 H) 10.9 (S₁ 1 H).

EXAMPLE 44 5-cyclopropyl-2-(5-fluoro-3'-methoxy-2-methylbiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (6%) from intermediate 35 and cyclopropylboronic acid, following the experimental procedure described in example 33. LRMS: m/z 393 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 7.62 min ¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm 0.7 (m, 2 H) 0.9 (m, 2 H) 1.9 (m, 1 H) 2.2 (s, 3 H) 3.8 (s, 3 H) 6.9 (m, 3 H) 7.1 (d, J=12.5 Hz, 1 H) 7.4 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1 H) 7.9 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1 H) 8.3 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1 H) 8.5 (d, J=8.2 Hz₁ 1 H) 10.6 (s, 1 H).

EXAMPLE 45

2-(2¹,3,5-trifluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (73%) from intermediate 21 and (2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)boronic acid, following the experimental procedure described in example 18. LRMS: m/z 375 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 6.50 min 1H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm 3.9 (s, 3 H) 6.9 (dd, J=7.8, 4.7 Hz, 1 H) 7.2 (m, 3 H)

7.4 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2 H) 8.2 (m, 2 H) 9.6 (s, 1 H).

EXAMPLE 46

2-(2'-chloro-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (73%) from intermediate 21 and 2-chlorophenylboronic acid, following the experimental procedure described in example 18. LRMS: m/z 361 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 6.75 min 1H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm 6.9 (dd, J=7.8, 4.7 Hz, 1 H) 7.3 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2 H)

7.5 (m, 4 H) 8.3 (m, 2 H) 9.6 (s, 1 H).

EXAMPLE 47

2-(3'-cyclopropoxy-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (53%) from intermediate 21 and intermediate 37, following the experimental procedure described in example 18. LRMS: m/z 383 (M+1 )⁺.

Retention time: 7.06 min

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm 0.7 (m, 2 H) 0.8 (m, 2 H) 4.0 (m, 1 H) 6.9 (dd, J=7.4,

4.7 Hz, 1 H) 7.1 (m, 1 H) 7.4 (m, 3 H) 7.5 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 2 H) 8.2 (m, 2 H) 9.5 (s, 1 H) 13.6

(s, 1 H). EXAMPLE 48 2-(3,5-difluoro-2-methylbiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (33%) from 2-chloronicotinic acid and intermediate 38 following the experimental procedure described in example 1. LRMS: m/z 341 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 7.02 min

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm 2.1 (s, 3 H) 6.9 (dd, J=7.8, 4.7 Hz, 1 H) 7.1 (dd, J=10.5, 2.0 Hz₁ 1 H) 7.4 (m, 5 H) 8.2 (m, 2 H) 9.5 (s, 1 H).

EXAMPLE 49 5-cyclopropyl-2-(2,5-difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (7%) from intermediate 39 and cyclopropylboronic acid, following the experimental procedure described in example 33.

LRMS: m/z 397 (M+1 )\

Retention time: 7.77 min

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm 0.7 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 2 H) 1.0 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2 H) 2.0 (m,

1 H) 3.8 (s, 3 H) 7.0 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1 H) 7.1 (m, 2 H) 7.4 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1 H) 7.5 (dd, J=12.1 , 7.4 Hz₁ 1 H) 8.0 (s, 1 H) 8.4 (s, 1 H) 8.7 (dd, J=13.7, 7.0 Hz, 1 H) 10.8 (s, 1 H) 13.9 (s, 1

H).

EXAMPLE 50 2-(3'-cyclopropoxy-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)-5-cyclopropylnicotinic acid

Obtained (30%) from intermediate 42 and intermediate 37, following the experimental procedure described in example 18.

LRMS: m/z 423 (M+1 )⁺.

Retention time: 7.44 min 1H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm 0.8 (m, 8 H) 1.9 (m, 1 H) 4.0 (m, 1 H) 7.1 (m, 1 H)

7.4 (m, 5 H) 7.9 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1 H) 8.1 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1 H) 9.3 (s, 1 H) 13.6 (s, 1 H).

EXAMPLE 51 5-chloro-2-(3,5-difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid Obtained (19%) from intermediate 29 and 2,5-dichloronicotinic acid following the experimental procedure described in intermediate 34. LRMS: m/z 391 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 7.28 min 1H NMR (400 MHz₁ DMSO-D₆) δ ppm 3.8 (s, 3 H) 7.0 (dd, J=7.8, 1.6 Hz₁ 1 H) 7.4 (m, 3 H) 7.6 (2s, 2 H) 8.2 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1 H) 8.3 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1 H) 9.5 (s, 1 H).

EXAMPLE 52 5-cyclopropyl-2-(3,5-difluoro-3¹-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (48%) from intermediate 42 and 3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylboronic acid, following the experimental procedure described in example 18.

LRMS: m/z 451 (M+1 )⁺.

Retention time: 7.48 min 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm 0.6 (m, 2 H) 0.9 (m, 2 H) 1.9 (m, 1 H) 7.4 (m, 1 H)

7.6 (m, 3 H) 7.8 (s, 1 H) 7.8 (dd, J=7.4, 1.2 Hz, 1 H) 7.9 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1 H) 8.1 (d, J=2.7

Hz, 1 H) 9.4 (s, 1 H) 13.6 (s, 1 H).

EXAMPLE 53 2-(2,3,5-trifluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (6%) from intermediate 43 and 2-chloronicotinic acid following the experimental procedure described in intermediate 34. LRMS: m/z 375 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 6.79 min

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm 3.8 (s, 3 H) 6.7 (m, 1 H) 7.1 (m, 3 H) 7.4 (m, 2 H) 8.0 (s, 1 H) 8.2 (m, 1 H) 11.8 (s, 1 H)

EXAMPLE 54 2-(2'-chloro-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)-5-cyclopropylnicotinic acid

Obtained (38%) from intermediate 42 and 2-chlorophenylboronic acid, following the experimental procedure described in example 18. LRMS: m/z 401 (M+1)⁺. Retention time: 7.27 min ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm 0.7 (m, 2 H) 0.9 (m, 2 H) 1.9 (m, 1 H) 7.3 (2s, 2 H) 7.5 (m, 3 H) 7.6 (dd, J=5.8, 3.6 Hz, 1 H) 7.9 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1 H) 8.1 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1 H) 9.4 (s, 1 H) 13.6 (s, 1 H)

EXAMPLE 55

2-(3,5-difluoro-3'-methoxy-2-methylbiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (68%) from intermediate 45 and 3-methoxyphenylboronic acid, following the experimental procedure described in example 18. LRMS: m/z 371 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 6.76 min

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm 2.1 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 3 H) 3.8 (s, 3 H) 6.8 (dd, J=7.6, 4.9 Hz₁ 1 H) 7.0 (m, 4 H) 7.4 (t, J=8.2 Hz, 1 H) 8.2 (m, 2 H) 9.7 (s, 1 H)

EXAMPLE 56

2-(3,5-difluoro-2-methyl-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (63%) from intermediate 45 and 3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylboronic acid, following the experimental procedure described in example 18. LRMS: m/z 425 (M+1)⁺. Retention time: 7.31 min

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm 2.1 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 3 H) 6.9 (dd, J=7.8, 5.1 Hz, 1 H) 7.1 (dd, J=10.3, 1.8 Hz, 1 H) 7.5 (m, 3 H) 7.6 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1 H) 8.2 (m, 2 H) 9.6 (s, 1 H)

EXAMPLE 57

2-(2'-chloro-3,5-difluoro-2-methylbiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (63%) from intermediate 45 and 2-chlorophenylboronic acid, following the experimental procedure described in example 18. LRMS: m/z 375 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 6.99 min

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm 2.0 (s, 3 H) 6.9 (dd, J=7.6, 4.9 Hz, 1 H) 7.0 (m, 1 H) 7.4 (m, 3 H) 7.6 (dd, J=5.9, 3.1 Hz, 1 H) 8.3 (m, 2 H) 9.6 (s, 1 H)

EXAMPLE 58 5-chloro-2-(3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (23%) from intermediate 46 and phenylboronic acid, following the experimental procedure described in example 18. LRMS: m/z 361 (M+1)⁺. Retention time: 7.37 min

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm 7.4 (t, J=7.4 Hz₁ 1 H) 7.5 (m, 4 H) 7.8 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2 H) 8.2 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1 H) 8.3 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1 H) 9.5 (s, 1 H)

EXAMPLE 59

5-chloro-2-(2'-chloro-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (15%) from intermediate 46 and 2-chlorophenylboronic acid, following the experimental procedure described in example 18. LRMS: m/z 395 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 7.48 min

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm 7.3 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2 H) 7.5 (m, 3 H) 7.6 (m, 1 H) 8.2 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1 H) 8.3 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1 H) 9.6 (s, 1 H) 14.0 (s, 1 H)

EXAMPLE 60

2-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (3%) from intermediate 47 and 2-chloronicotinic acid following the experimental procedure described in intermediate 34. LRMS: m/z 393 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 6.97 min

¹H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm 3.8 (s, 3 H) 6.9 (dd, J=7.6, 4.9 Hz, 1 H) 7.1 (m, 3 H) 7.5 (t, J=8.2 Hz, 1 H) 8.3 (m, 2 H) 10.2 (s, 1 H)

EXAMPLE 61

2-(3,5-difluoro-2'-methylbiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

Obtained (63%) from intermediate 21 and o-tolylboronic acid, following the experimental procedure described in example 18. LRMS: m/z 341 (M+1 )⁺. Retention time: 6.91 min

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm 2.3 (s, 3 H) 6.9 (dd, J=7.6, 4.9 Hz, 1 H) 7.2 (d, J=8.6

Hz, 2 H) 7.3 (m, 4 H) 8.2 (dd, J=7.6, 1.9 Hz, 1 H) 8.3 (dd, J=4.7, 1.9 Hz, 1 H) 9.5 (s, 1 H)

EXAMPLE 62

3-(3'-cyclopropoxy-3-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)isonicotinic acid

To a solution of intermediate 51 (0.13g, 0.34mmol) in THF (5ml) at O⁰C, was added 0.39M

LiOH aqueous solution (0.02g, 0.41 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. THF was evaporated and the residue diluted with water. The pH was adjusted to 4-5 by adding a 5N solution of HCI and the solid formed was filtered and washed with DCM. The desired product was obtained as a yellow solid. Yield=62%.

LRMS: m/z 365 (M+1)⁺.

Retention time: 6.42 min 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ ppm 0.7 (s, 2 H) 0.8 (m, 2 H) 4.0 (m, 1 H) 7.1 (m, 1 H)

7.4 (m, 3 H) 7.6 (m, 4 H) 8.1 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1 H) 8.5 (s, 1 H) 9.3 (s, 1 H).

TABLE 1

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

Inhibition of human PHODH activity assay

DHODH activity and its inhibition were studied using a chromogen reduction assay with DCIP (2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol). The substrate oxidation (Dihydroorotate, L-DHO), as well as cosubstrate reduction (coenzyme Q, CoQ) is coupled to the chromogen reduction, hence enzymatic activity results in a loss of chromogen absorbance at 600 nm.

Enzyme extracts (8 μl, -1.5 μg of human protein) were incubated in 96-well plates. The assay mixture (200 μl) contained 200 μM CoQD, 100 μM L-DHO, 120 μM DCIP in the assay buffer (100 mM HEPES pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCI, 10% Glicerol, 0.05% Triton X-100) and 2 μl of test compound. The compounds were dissolved in DMSO at a stock concentration of 1 mM, and tested at different concentrations varying from 10 μM to 1 pM to calculate an IC₅₀(concentration of inhibitor required for 50% of inhibition).

The reaction was initiated by adding the enzyme and then incubated for 10 min at room temperature before measuring DCIP reduction by counting a decrease in absorbance at 600 nm using standard instrumentation (Spectramax).

All reactions were carried out in duplicate and graphs, determining IC_5O values for each compound, were plotted using the ABase software.

Table 2 shows the activities in human DHODH inhibition assay of some compounds of the present invention showing that these compounds are potent DHODH inhibitors.

TABLE 2

Functional assay: Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of healthy volunteers were prepared using Ficoll density centrifugation. Cells were seeded at 1x10 ⁵ cells per well in 96 well flat bottom plates in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum, 2mM L-glutamine and penicillin/streptomycin. Then, PBMC were activated with 1 μg/ml phytohaemagglutinin (PHA, Sigma) and incubated with a dilution series of different concentrations of test compounds for 3 days. After this period, cells were pulsed with 0.5μCi per well of tritiated thymidine and incubated overnight. Next, the cultures are harvested on filter papers and counted with a B-counter. The IC₅₀ value for each compound was calculated from the dose response curves.

The compounds of the invention that have been tested using this Assay had an IC₅₀ of less than 10μM. Preferred compounds of the invention had IC₅₀ of less than 4μM, preferably lower than 2μM, most preferably lower than 1 μM.

As shown by these results, the compounds of the invention effectively inhibit DHODH thereby inhibiting the proliferation of cells with high turnover, in particular lymphocytes.

The amino(iso)nicotinic acid derivatives of the invention are useful in the treatment or prevention of diseases known to be susceptible to improvement by treatment with inhibitor of the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. Such diseases include but are not limited to rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondilytis, multiple sclerosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis and sarcoidosis. Accordingly, the amino(iso)nicotinic acid derivatives of the invention and pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compound and/or salts thereof may be used in a method of treatment of disorders of the human or animal body which comprises administering to a subject requiring such treatment an effective amount of amino(iso)nicotinic acid derivative of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The amino(iso)nicotinic acid derivatives of the invention may also be combined with other active compounds in the treatment of diseases known to be susceptible to improvement by treatment with an inhibitor of the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase.

The combinations of the invention can optionally comprise one or more additional active substances which are known to be useful in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, immune and inflammatory diseases, destructive bone disorders, malignant neoplastic diseases, angiogenic-related disorders, viral diseases, and infectious diseases such as (a) Anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibodies such as Infliximab, Certolizumab pegol, Golimumab, Adalimumab and AME-527 from Applied Molecular Evolution, (b) Antimetabolite compounds such as Mizoribine, Cyclophosphamide and Azathiopirine, (c) Calcineurin (PP-2B) Inhibitors / INS Expression Inhibitors such as cyclosporine A, Tacrolimus and ISA-247 from Isotechnika, (d) Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors such as Aceclofenac, Diclofenac, Celecoxib, Rofecoxib, Etoricoxib, Valdecoxib, Lumiracoxib, Cimicoxib and LAS-34475 from Laboratorios Almirall, S.A., (e) TNF-alpha Antagonists such as Etanercept, Lenercept, Onercept and Pegsunercept, (f) NF-kappaB (NFKB) Activation Inhibitors such as Sulfasalazine and Iguratimod, (g) IL-1 Receptor Antagonists such as Anakinra and AMG-719 from Amgen, (h) Dihydrofolate Reductase (DHFR) Inhibitors such as Methrotexate, Aminopterin and CH-1504 from Chelsea, (i) Inhibitors of lnosine 5'-Monophosphate Dehydrogenase (IMPDH) such as Mizoribine, Ribavirin, Tiazofurin, Amitivir, Mycophenolate mofetil, Ribamidine and Merimepodib, (j) Glucocorticoids such as Prednisolone, Methylprednisolone.Dexamethasone, Cortisol, Hydrocortisone, Triamcinolone acetonide, Fluocinolone acetonide, Fluocinonide, Clocortolone pivalate, Hydrocortisone aceponate, Methylprednisolone suleptanate,

Betamethasone butyrate propionate, Deltacortisone, Deltadehydrocortisone, Prednisone, Dexamethasone sodium phosphate, Triamcinolone, Betamethasone valerate, Betamethasone, Hydrocortisone sodium succinate, Prednisolone sodium phosphate, Hydrocortisone probutate and Difluprednate, (k) Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies such as Rituximab, Ofatumumab, Ocrelizumab and TRU-015 from Trubion Pharmaceuticals, (I) B-targeted cell therapies such as BLYSS₁ BAFF₁ TACI-Ig and APRIL, (m) p38 Inhibitors such as AMG-548 (from Amgen), ARRY-797 (from Array Biopharma), Chlormethiazole edisylate, Doramapimod, PS-540446 (from BMS), SB-203580, SB-242235, SB-235699, SB-281832, SB-681323, SB-856553 (all from GlaxoSmithKline), KC-706 (from Kemia), LEO-1606, LEO-15520 (all from Leo), SC-80036, SD-06 (all from Pfizer), RWJ-67657 (from R.W. Johnson), RO-3201195, RO-4402257 (all from Roche), AVE-9940 (from Aventis), SCIO-323, SCIO-469 (all from Scios), TA-5493 (from Tanabe Seiyaku), and VX- 745, VX-702 (all from Vertex) and the compounds claimed or described in Spanish patent applications numbers P200600396 and P200602174, (n) Jak3 Inhibitors such as CP690550 from Pfizer, (o) Syk inhibitors such as R-112, R-406 and R-788 all from Rigel, (p) MEK inhibitors such as ARRY-142886, ARRY-438162 (all from Array Biopharma), A2D-6244 (from AstraZeneca), PD-098059, PD-0325901 (all from Pfizer), (q) P2X7 receptor antagonist such as AZD-9056 from AstraZeneca, (r) S1 P1 agonists such as Fingolimod, CS-0777 from Sankyo and R-3477 from Actelion, (s) Anti-CD49 monoclonal antibodies such as Natalizumab, (t) lntegrin Inhibitors such as Cilengitide, Firategrast, Valategrast hydrochloride, SB-273005, SB-683698 (all from Glaxo), HMR-1031 from Sanofi-Aventis, R-1295 from Roche, BMS-587101 from BMS and CDP-323 from UCB Celltech, (u) Anti-CD88 monoclonal antibodies such as Eculizumab and Pexelizumab, (v) IL-6 receptor antagonist such as CBP-1011 from InKine and C-326 from Amgen, (w) Anti IL-6 monoclonal antibodies such as Elsilimomab, CNTO-328 from Centocor and VX-30 from Vaccinex, (x) Anti-CD152 monoclonal antibodies such as lpilimumab and Ticilimumab, (y) Fusion proteins comprising the extracellular domain of human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) linked to portions of human immunoglobulin G1 such as Abatacept, (z) Agents useful in the treatment of bone disorders such as Bisphophonates such as Tiludronate disodium, Clodronate disodium, Disodium pamidronate, Etidronate disodium, Xydiphone (K₁Na salt), Alendronate sodium, Neridronate, Dimethyl-APD, Olpadronic acid sodium salt, Minodronic acid, Apomine, lbandronate sodium hydrate and Risedronate sodium, (aa) VEGF Try kinase inhibitors such as Pegaptanib octasodium, Vatalanib succinate, Sorafenib, Vandetanib, Sunitinib malate, Cediranib, Pazopanib hydrochloride and AE-941 from AEterna Zentaris, (bb) Other compounds efficacious in autoimmune diseases such as Gold salts, hydroxycloroquinine, Penicilamine, K-832, SMP1 14 and AD452, (cc) Purine-Nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors such as Forodesine hydrochloride, R-3421 from Albert Einstein College of Medicine, CI-972 and CI-1000 both from Pfizer, (dd) Anti-RANKL monoclonal antibodies such as Denosumab, (ee) Anti-CD25 monoclonal antibodies such as Inolimomab, Dacliximab, Basiliximab and LMB-2 from the US National Cancer Institute, (ff) Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Inhibitors such as Divalproex sodium, Acetyldinaline, Depsipeptide, Sodium butyrate, Sodium phenylbutyrate, Vorinostat, MS-27-275 from Mitsui, Valproic acid, Pyroxamide, Tributyrin, PX-105684 from TopoTarget, MG-0103 from MethylGene, G2M-777 from TopoTarget and CG-781 from Celera and (gg) Anti colony- stimulating factor (GM-CSF) monoclonal antibodies such as KB-002 from KaloBios.

When amino(iso)nicotinic acid derivatives of the invention are used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondilytis, multiple sclerosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis and sarcoidosis it may be advantageous to use them in combination with other active compounds known to be useful in the treatment of such diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondilytis, multiple sclerosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis and sarcoidosis.

Particularly preferred actives to be combined with the amino(iso)nicotinic acid derivatives of the invention for treating or preventing rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondilytis, multiple sclerosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis or sarcoidosis are (a) Anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibodies such as Infliximab, Certolizumab pegol, Golimumab, Adalimumab and AME-527 from Applied Molecular Evolution, (b)TNF-alpha Antagonists such as Etanercept, Lenercept, Onercept and Pegsunercept, (c) Calcineurin (PP-2B) Inhibitors / INS Expression Inhibitors such as cyclosporine A, Tacrolimus and ISA-247 from Isotechnika, (d) IL-I Receptor Antagonists such as Anakinra and AMG-719 from Amgen, (e) Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies such as Rituximab, Ofatumumab, Ocrelizumab and TRU-015 from Trubion Pharmaceuticals, (f) p38 Inhibitors such as AMG-548 (from Amgen), ARRY-797 (from Array Biopharma), Chlormethiazole edisylate, Doramapimod, PS-540446 (from BMS), SB-203580, SB- 242235, SB-235699, SB-281832, SB-681323, SB-856553 (all from GlaxoSmithKline), KC- 706 (from Kemia), LEO-1606, LEO-15520 (all from Leo), SC-80036, SD-06 (all from Pfizer), RWJ-67657 (from R.W. Johnson), RO-3201195, RO-4402257 (all from Roche), AVE-9940 (from Aventis), SCIO-323, SCIO-469 (all from Scios), TA-5493 (from Tanabe Seiyaku), and VX-745, VX-702 (all from Vertex) and the compounds claimed or described in Spanish patent applications numbers P200600396 and P200602174, (g) NF-kappaB (NFKB) Activation Inhibitors such as Sulfasalazine and lguratimod and (h) Dihydrofolate Reductase (DHFR) Inhibitors such as Methrotexate, Aminopterin and CH-1504 from Chelsea

The combinations of the invention may be used in the treatment of disorders which are susceptible to amelioration by inhibition of the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. Thus, the present application encompasses methods of treatment of these disorders, as well as the use of the combinations of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of these disorders.

Preferred examples of such disorders are rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondilytis, multiple sclerosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis and sarcoidosis, more preferably rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis and most preferably rheumatoid arthritis.

The active compounds in the combinations of the invention may be administered by any suitable route, depending on the nature of the disorder to be treated, e.g. orally (as syrups, tablets, capsules, lozenges, controlled-release preparations, fast-dissolving preparations, etc); topically (as creams, ointments, lotions, nasal sprays or aerosols, etc); by injection (subcutaneous, intradermic, intramuscular, intravenous, etc.) or by inhalation (as a dry powder, a solution, a dispersion, etc).

The active compounds in the combination, i.e. the inhibitor of the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase of the invention, and the other optional active compounds may be administered together in the same pharmaceutical composition or in different compositions intended for separate, simultaneous, concomitant or sequential administration by the same or a different route.

One execution of the present invention consists of a kit of parts comprising an inhibitor of the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase of the invention together with instructions for simultaneous, concurrent, separate or sequential use in combination with another active compound useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondilytis, multiple sclerosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis and sarcoidosis. Another execution of the present invention consists of a package comprising an inhibitor of the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase of formula (I) and another active compound useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondilytis, multiple sclerosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis and sarcoidosis.

The pharmaceutical formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy.

Formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil- in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion. The active ingredient may also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste.

A syrup formulation will generally consist of a suspension or solution of the compound or salt in a liquid carrier for example, ethanol, peanut oil, olive oil, glycerine or water with flavouring or colouring agent.

Where the composition is in the form of a tablet, any pharmaceutical carrier routinely used for preparing solid formulations may be used. Examples of such carriers include magnesium stearate, talc, gelatine, acacia, stearic acid, starch, lactose and sucrose.

A tablet may be made by compression or moulding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, lubricating, surface active or dispersing agent. Moulded tablets may be made by moulding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein.

Where the composition is in the form of a capsule, any routine encapsulation is suitable, for example using the aforementioned carriers in a hard gelatine capsule. Where the composition is in the form of a soft gelatine capsule any pharmaceutical carrier routinely used for preparing dispersions or suspensions may be considered, for example aqueous gums, celluloses, silicates or oils, and are incorporated in a soft gelatine capsule.

Dry powder compositions for topical delivery to the lung by inhalation may, for example, be presented in capsules and cartridges of for example gelatine or blisters of for example laminated aluminium foil, for use in an inhaler or insufflator. Formulations generally contain a powder mix for inhalation of the compound of the invention and a suitable powder base (carrier substance) such as lactose or starch. Use of lactose is preferred. Each capsule or cartridge may generally contain between 2μg and 150 μg of each therapeutically active ingredient. Alternatively, the active ingredient (s) may be presented without excipients.

Packaging of the formulation for inhalation may be carried out by using suitable inhaler devices such as the Novolizer SD2FL which is described in the following patent applications: WO 97/000703, WO 03/000325 and WO 03/061742.

Typical compositions for nasal delivery include those mentioned above for inhalation and further include non-pressurized compositions in the form of a solution or suspension in an inert vehicle such as water optionally in combination with conventional excipients such as buffers, anti-microbials, tonicity modifying agents and viscosity modifying agents which may be administered by nasal pump.

Typical dermal and transdermal formulations comprise a conventional aqueous or non- aqueous vehicle, for example a cream, ointment, lotion or paste or are in the form of a medicated plaster, patch or membrane.

Preferably the composition is in unit dosage form, for example a tablet, capsule or metered aerosol dose, so that the patient may administer a single dose.

The amount of each active which is required to achieve a therapeutic effect will, of course, vary with the particular active, the route of administration, the subject under treatment, and the particular disorder or disease being treated. Effective doses are normally in the range of 2-2000 mg of active ingredient per day. Daily dosage may be administered in one or more treatments, preferably from 1 to 4 treatments, per day. Preferably, the active ingredients are administered once or twice a day.

When combinations of actives are used, it is contemplated that all active agents would be administered at the same time, or very close in time. Alternatively, one or two actives could be taken in the morning and the other (s) later in the day. Or in another scenario, one or two actives could be taken twice daily and the other (s) once daily, either at the same time as one of the twice-a-day dosing occurred, or separately. Preferably at least two, and more preferably all, of the actives would be taken together at the same time. Preferably, at least two, and more preferably all actives would be administered as an admixture.

The following preparations forms are cited as formulation examples:

COMPOSITION EXAMPLE 1

50,000 capsules, each containing 100 mg 2-(3,5-difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)- 5-methylnicotinic acid (active ingredient), were prepared according to the following formulation:

Procedure

The above ingredients were sieved through a 60 mesh sieve, and were loaded into a suitable mixer and filled into 50,000 gelatine capsules.

COMPOSITION EXAMPLE 2 50,000 tablets, each containing 50 mg of 2-(3,5-difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)-5- methylnicotinic acid (active ingredient), were prepared from the following formulation:

Procedure

All the powders were passed through a screen with an aperture of 0.6 mm, then mixed in a suitable mixer for 20 minutes and compressed into 300 mg tablets using 9 mm disc and flat bevelled punches. The disintegration time of the tablets was about 3 minutes.

Claims

1. A compound of formula (I)

wherein

• one of the groups G¹ represents a nitrogen atom or a group CR^C and the other represents a group CR^C

• G² represents a nitrogen atom or a group CR^d • R¹ represents a group selected from hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, C_1-4 alkyl groups which may be optionally substituted by 1 , 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups, and C_3-8 cycloalkyl groups which may be optionally substituted by 1 , 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups • R² represents a group selected from hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, hydroxyl groups, C_1-4 alkyl groups which may be optionally substituted by 1 , 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups, C_1-4 alkoxy groups which may be optionally substituted by 1 , 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups, and C_3-8 cycloalkyl groups which may be optionally substituted by 1 , 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups

• R^a, R^b and R^c independently represent groups selected from hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, C_1-4 alkyl groups which may be optionally substituted by 1 , 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups, and C_1-4 alkoxy groups which may be optionally substituted by 1 , 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups

• R^d represents a group selected from hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, hydroxyl groups, C_1-4 alkyl groups which may be optionally substituted by 1 , 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups, and C_1-4 alkoxy groups which may be optionally substituted by 1 , 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups, and C₃^₃ cycloalkoxy groups which may be optionally substituted by 1 , 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups • one of the groups G³ and G⁴ is a nitrogen atom and the other is a CH group,

• M is a hydrogen atom or an pharmaceutically acceptable cation

with the proviso that, when at least one of the groups R^a and R^b represent a hydrogen atom and G² is a group CR^d, then R^d represents a groups selected from C_1-4 alkoxy groups which may be optionally substituted by 1 , 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups, C_3-8 cycloalkoxy groups which may be optionally substituted by 1 , 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy groups;

and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and N-oxides thereof.

2. A compound according to claim 1 wherein each of the Ci_-4 alkyl groups, the C_3-8 cycloalkyl groups, the C_1-4 alkoxy groups and the C_3-8 cycloalkoxy groups is optionally substituted by 1 , 2 or 3 halogen atoms.

3. A compound according to claim 1 or 2 wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, bromine and fluorine atoms, methyl, ethyl, cyclopropyl and cyclobutyl.

4. A compound according to any preceding claim wherein G³ represents a nitrogen atom and G⁴ represents a group CH.

5. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein G³ represents a group CH and G⁴ represents a nitrogen atom.

6. A compound according to any preceding claim wherein both groups G¹ represent a group CR^C.

7. A compound according to any preceding claim wherein each R^c is independently selected from the groups consisting of hydrogen atoms, fluorine atoms, chlorine atoms and C_1-3 alkyl groups.

8. A compound according to any preceding claim wherein the group G² represents a CR^d group.

9. A compound according to claim 8 wherein R^d is selected from the groups consisting of hydroxy groups, C_1-3 alkoxy groups, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy and C_3-4CyClOaIkOXy groups.

10. A compound according to claim 9 wherein R^d is selected from the groups consisting of C_1-3 alkoxy groups, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy and C_3-4 cycloalkoxy groups

11. A compound according to any preceding claim wherein R^a is selected from the groups consisting of fluorine atoms, methyl groups and trifluoromethoxy groups.

12. A compound according to claim 11 wherein R^b is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atoms, fluorine atoms and chlorine atoms.

13. A compound according to any preceding claim wherein R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atoms and halogen atoms.

14. A compound according to claim 13 wherein R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atoms and fluorine atoms.

15. A compound according to claim 1 or 2 wherein both groups G¹ represent C(R^C) groups, G² represents a C(R^d) group, R^a is a fluorine atom, R^b is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atoms and fluorine atoms and R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, bromine and fluorine atoms, methyl, ethyl and cyclopropyl groups.

16. A compound according to claim 15 wherein G² is a group selected from C(OH), C(OMe) and C(OEt).

17. A compound according to claim 16 wherein both G¹ represent CH groups and G² is a group selected from C(OMe) and C(OEt).

18. A compound according to claim 15, wherein R^c is a hydrogen atom, R^d is selected from the group consisting of Ci_-3 alkoxy and C_3-4 cycloalkoxy, and R² is a hydrogen atom.

19. A compound according to claim 18 wherein R^d is a hydroxy group or a C_1-3 alkoxy group.

20. A compound according to claim 19 wherein R^d is a Ci_-3 alkoxy group.

21. A compound according to claim 18 or 19 wherein G³ represents a nitrogen atom, G⁴ represents a group CH and R^b is a fluorine atom.

22. A compound according to claim 18 or 19 wherein G³ represents a group CH, G⁴ represents a nitrogen atom.

23. A compound according to claim 1 or 2 which is one of:

2-(3-Fluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3'-Ethoxy-3-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3-Fluoro-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

2-(3'-Ethoxy-3-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3'-Methoxy-3-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(2,5-Difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3'-Ethoxy-2,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(2',3-difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

2-(2-Methyl-3'-(tπfluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3-Chloro-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3-Chloro-3'-ethoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3-Methyl-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3-Chloro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

2-(3'-(Difluoromethoxy)-3-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3'-Cyclobutoxy-3-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3-Fluoro-3'-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3'-Cyclobutoxy-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3,5-Difluoro-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

2-(3'-Ethoxy-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3,5-Difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid Lithium 3-(3'-ethoxy-3-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino) isonicotinate Lithium 3-(3-fluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)isonicotinate Lithium 3-(3'-methoxy-3-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)isonicotinate Lithium 3-(3-fluoro-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)isonicotinate 2-(3'-Ethoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

2-(5-F!uoro-2-methyl-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(2',3-Difluoro-5'-isopropoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3-Fluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)-5-nnethylnicotinic acid

2-(3,5-Difluoro-3'-hydroxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 5-Bromo-2-(3-fluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 5-Bromo-2-(3,5-difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 5-Bromo-2-(3-fluoro-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylannino)nicotinic acid 2-(3-Fluoro-3¹-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)-5-methylnicotinic acid

5-Cyclopropyl-2-(3-fluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3,5-Difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)-5-methylnicotinic acid 2-(3'-Ethoxy-5-fluoro-2-methylbiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(5-Fluoro-3'-methoxy-2-methylbiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3'-ethoxy-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)-5-methylnicotinic acid

5-cyclopropyl-2-(3'-ethoxy-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3,5-difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)-5-ethylnicotinic acid 5-bromo-2-(3'-ethoxy-2,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 5-cyclopropyl-2-(3'-ethoxy-2,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(5-fluoro-3'-methoxy-2-methylbiphenyl-4-ylamino)-5-methylnicotinic acid

5-cyclopropyl-2-(5-fluoro-3'-methoxy-2-methylbiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(2',3,5-trifluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylannino)nicotinic acid 2-(2'-chloro-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3'-cyclopropoxy-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3,5-difluoro-2-methylbiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

5-cyclopropyl-2-(2,5-difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3'-cyclopropoxy-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)-5-cyclopropylnicotinic acid 5-chloro-2-(3,5-difluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 5-cyclopropyl-2-(3,5-difluoro-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(2,3,5-trifluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid

2-(2'-chloro-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)-5-cyclopropylnicotinic acid 2-(3,5-difluoro-3'-methoxy-2-methylbiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3,5-difluoro-2-methyl-3'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(2'-chloro-3,5-difluoro-2-methylbiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 5-chloro-2-(3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 5-chloro-2-(2'-chloro-3,5-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-3'-methoxybiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 2-(3,5-difluoro-2'-methylbiphenyl-4-ylamino)nicotinic acid 3-(3'-cyclopropoxy-3-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylamino)isonicotinic acid

24. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 23 for use in the treatment of the human or animal body.

25. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 23 for use in the treatment of a pathological condition or disease susceptible to amelioration by inhibition of dehydroorotate dehydrogenase.

26. A compound according to claim 25 wherein the pathological condition or disease is selected from rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondilytis, multiple sclerosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis and sarcoidosis.

27. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 23 in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.

28. Use of a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 23 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a pathological condition or disease as defined in claims 25 or 26.

29. A method for treating a subject afflicted with a pathological condition or disease as defined in claims 25 or 25, which comprises administering to said subject an effective amount of a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 23.

30. A combination product comprising (i) a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 23; and (ii) another compound selected from:

a) Anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibodies such as Infliximab, Certolizumab pegol, Golimumab, Adalimumab and AME-527 from Applied Molecular Evolution b) TNF-alpha Antagonists such as Etanercept, Lenercept, Onercept and Pegsunercept c) Calcineurin (PP-2B) Inhibitors / INS Expression Inhibitors such as cyclosporine A, Tacrolimus and ISA-247 from lsotechnika d) IL-1 Receptor Antagonists such as Anakinra and AMG-719 from Amgen e) Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies such as Rituximab, Ofatumumab, Ocrelizumab and TRU-015 from Trubion Pharmaceuticals f) p38 Inhibitors such as AMG-548 (from Amgen), ARRY-797 (from Array Biopharma), Chlormethiazole edisylate, Doramapimod, PS-540446 (from BMS), SB-203580, SB-242235, SB-235699, SB-281832, SB-681323, SB-856553 (all from GlaxoSmithKline), KC-706 (from Kemia), LEO-1606, LEO-15520 (all from Leo), SC-80036, SD-06 (all from Pfizer), RWJ-67657 (from R.W. Johnson), RO-

3201195, RO-4402257 (all from Roche), AVE-9940 (from Aventis), SCIO-323, SCIO-469 (all from Scios), TA-5493 (from Tanabe Seiyaku), and VX-745 and VX- 702 (all from Vertex) g) NF-kappaB (NFKB) Activation Inhibitors such as Sulfasalazine and lguratimod h) Dihydrofolate Reductase (DHFR) Inhibitors such as Methrotexate, Aminopterin and CH-1504 from Chelsea