WO2008075364A2 - Polynucleotides and polypeptides involved in plant fiber development and methods of using same - Google Patents

Polynucleotides and polypeptides involved in plant fiber development and methods of using same Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008075364A2
WO2008075364A2 PCT/IL2007/001590 IL2007001590W WO2008075364A2 WO 2008075364 A2 WO2008075364 A2 WO 2008075364A2 IL 2007001590 W IL2007001590 W IL 2007001590W WO 2008075364 A2 WO2008075364 A2 WO 2008075364A2
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
plant
nucleic acid
fiber
cotton
polypeptide
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Application number
PCT/IL2007/001590
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French (fr)
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WO2008075364A3 (en
WO2008075364A8 (en
Inventor
Sharon Ayal
Hagai Karchi
Evgenia Gold
Laura Bekerman
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Evogene Ltd.
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority to US12/448,359 priority Critical patent/US8168857B2/en
Application filed by Evogene Ltd. filed Critical Evogene Ltd.
Priority to EP07849616A priority patent/EP2096909A4/en
Priority to AU2007335706A priority patent/AU2007335706B2/en
Priority to CA2672756A priority patent/CA2672756C/en
Priority to MX2013000768A priority patent/MX349479B/en
Priority to MX2009006660A priority patent/MX2009006660A/en
Priority to BRPI0719602-4A priority patent/BRPI0719602B1/en
Publication of WO2008075364A2 publication Critical patent/WO2008075364A2/en
Publication of WO2008075364A8 publication Critical patent/WO2008075364A8/en
Publication of WO2008075364A3 publication Critical patent/WO2008075364A3/en
Priority to US13/418,422 priority patent/US9631000B2/en
Priority to US15/452,895 priority patent/US10844393B2/en
Priority to US17/088,729 priority patent/US20210054396A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
    • C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/415—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from plants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8216—Methods for controlling, regulating or enhancing expression of transgenes in plant cells
    • C12N15/8222—Developmentally regulated expression systems, tissue, organ specific, temporal or spatial regulation
    • C12N15/8223—Vegetative tissue-specific promoters
    • C12N15/8225—Leaf-specific, e.g. including petioles, stomata
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8216—Methods for controlling, regulating or enhancing expression of transgenes in plant cells
    • C12N15/8222—Developmentally regulated expression systems, tissue, organ specific, temporal or spatial regulation
    • C12N15/823—Reproductive tissue-specific promoters
    • C12N15/8233—Female-specific, e.g. pistil, ovule
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8216—Methods for controlling, regulating or enhancing expression of transgenes in plant cells
    • C12N15/8222—Developmentally regulated expression systems, tissue, organ specific, temporal or spatial regulation
    • C12N15/823—Reproductive tissue-specific promoters
    • C12N15/8235—Fruit-specific
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
    • C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
    • C12N15/8271—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
    • Y02A40/146—Genetically Modified [GMO] plants, e.g. transgenic plants

Definitions

  • the invention in some embodiments thereof, relates to polynucleotides and polypeptides involved in plant-fiber development and methods of using same.
  • Cotton and cotton by-products provide raw materials that are used to produce a wealth of consumer-based products in addition to textiles including cotton foodstuffs, livestock feed, fertilizer and paper.
  • the production, marketing, consumption and trade of cotton-based products generate an excess of $100 billion annually in the U.S. alone, making cotton the number one value-added crop.
  • cotton still accounts for approximately 50 % of the world's textile fiber.
  • yield and fiber quality has declined, especially over the last decade. This decline has been attributed to general erosion in genetic diversity of cotton varieties, and an increased vulnerability of the crop to environmental conditions.
  • Cotton fibers can be obtained from many varieties of cotton with a range of characteristics for various applications.
  • Cotton fibers may be characterized according to a variety of properties, some of which are considered highly desirable within the textile industry for the production of increasingly high quality products and optimal exploitation of modern spinning technologies.
  • Commercially desirable properties include length, length uniformity, fineness, maturity ratio, decreased fuzz fiber production, micronaire, bundle strength, and single fiber strength.
  • Much effort has - been put into the improvement of the characteristics of cotton fibers mainly focusing on fiber length and fiber fineness. In particular, there is a great demand for cotton fibers of specific lengths.
  • a cotton fiber is composed of a single cell that has differentiated from an epidermal cell of the seed coat, developing through four chronological stages, i.e., initiation, elongation, secondary cell wall thickening and maturation stages.
  • the elongation of a cotton fiber commences in the epidermal cell of the ovule immediately following flowering, after which the cotton fiber rapidly elongates for approximately 21 days. Fiber elongation is then terminated, and a secondary cell wall is formed and grows through maturation to become a mature cotton fiber.
  • WO0245485 describes methods and means to modulate fiber quality in fiber- producing plants, such as cotton, by modulating sucrose synthase (a sugar important for cell wall synthesis) activity and/or expression in such plants.
  • sucrose synthase a sugar important for cell wall synthesis
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,472,588 and WOOl 17333 provide methods of increasing the quality of cotton fiber (e.g., strength, length, fiber maturity ratio, immature fiber content, fiber uniformity or micronaire) by transforming a cotton plant with a DNA encoding sucrose phosphate synthase.
  • WO9508914 discloses a fiber producing plant comprising in its genome a heterologous genetic construct which includes a fiber-specific promoter and a coding sequence encoding a plant peroxidase, such as a cotton peroxidase.
  • WO9626639 provides a method utilizing an ovary specific promoter sequence to express plant growth modifying hormones in cotton ovule tissue. The method permits the modification of the characteristics of boll set in cotton plants and provides a mechanism for altering fiber quality characteristics such as fiber dimension and strength.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,834, U.S. Pat. No. 5,597,718, U.S. Pat. No. 5,620,882, U.S. Pat. No. 5,521,708 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,495,070 disclose a method of genetically engineering a fiber-producing plant and the identification of cDNA clones useful for identifying fiber genes in cotton.
  • U.S. patent applications 2002049999 and 2003074697 disclose cotton plants of the genus Gossypium expressing endoxyloglucan transferase, catalase or peroxidase with improved cotton fiber characteristics.
  • WO 01/40250 provides a method of improving cotton fiber quality by modulating transcription factor gene expression.
  • WO 96/40924 provides novel DNA constructs which may be used as molecular probes or alternatively inserted into a plant host to modify transcription of a DNA sequence-of-interest during various stages of cotton fiber development.
  • EP0834566 discloses a gene which controls the fiber formation mechanism in a cotton plant.
  • an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least 80 % homologous to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536- 791, wherein the polypeptide is capable of regulating fiber development.
  • an isolated polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80 % homologous to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536-791, wherein the polypeptide is capable of regulating fiber development
  • an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence at least 95 % identical to SEQ ID NO:851, 848, 857, or 854, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is capable of regulating an expression of a heterologous polynucleotide sequence operably linked thereto.
  • nucleic acid construct comprising the isolated polynucleotide. According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a nucleic acid construct comprising the isolated polynucleotide and a heterologous nucleic acid sequence operably attached thereto.
  • transgenic cell comprising the isolated polynucleotide. According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a transgenic cell exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide.
  • transgenic plant comprising the isolated polynucleotide.
  • transgenic plant exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide.
  • a method of increasing a biomass of a plant comprising exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide in the plant, thereby increasing the biomass of the plant.
  • a method of increasing a vigor of a plant the method comprising exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide in the plant, thereby increasing the vigor of the plant.
  • a method of increasing a yield of a plant comprising exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide in the plant, thereby increasing the yield of the plant.
  • a method of increasing a tolerance of a plant to abiotic stress comprising exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide in the plant, thereby increasing the tolerance of the plant to abiotic stress.
  • the method comprising exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide in the fiber producing plant, thereby improving the quality and/or yield of the fiber producing plant.
  • a method of increasing a biomass of a plant comprising expressing the nucleic acid construct in the plant, thereby increasing the biomass of the plant.
  • a method of increasing a vigor of a plant comprising expressing the nucleic acid construct in the plant, thereby increasing the vigor of the plant
  • a method of increasing a yield of a plant comprising expressing the nucleic acid construct in the plant, thereby increasing the yield of the plant.
  • a method of producing cotton fibers comprising: (a) generating a transgenic cotton plant exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide; and (b) harvesting the fibers of the transgenic cotton plant, thereby producing the cotton fibers.
  • nucleic acid construct comprising: (i) a first polynucleotide sequence which comprises a reporter gene operably linked to a fiber-specific promoter; and (ii) a second polynucleotide sequence which comprises a heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide-of-interest operably linked to a promoter.
  • nucleic acid construct system comprising: (i) a first nucleic acid construct which comprises a first polynucleotide sequence comprising a reporter gene operably linked to a fiber-specific promoter; and (ii) a second nucleic acid construct which comprises a second polynucleotide sequence comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide-of-interest operably linked to a promoter.
  • a method of expressing a polypeptide-of-interest in a plant comprising administering to the plant the nucleic acid construct or the nucleic acid construct system, thereby expressing the polypeptide-of-interest in the plant.
  • a method of expressing a polypeptide-of-interest in a cotton plant comprising injecting to a cotton ball of the cotton plant a nucleic acid construct which comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide-of-interest, there by expressing the polypeptide-of-interest in the cotton plant.
  • a cell comprising the nucleic acid construct or the nucleic acid construct system.
  • the nucleic acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID Nos:l, 12, 2, 17, 10, 11, 8, 4, 7, 6, 5, 3, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18-129 and 259-535.
  • the polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536-791.
  • the isolated polynucleotide is as set forth by SEQ ID NO:851, 848, 857, or 854.
  • the nucleic acid sequence is shorter than 1800 bp.
  • the fiber comprises a cotton fiber.
  • the nucleic acid construct further comprises at least one cis-acting regulatory element operably linked to the isolated polynucleotide.
  • the quality of the fiber producing plant comprises at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of fiber length, fiber strength, fiber weight per unit length, maturity ratio, uniformity and micronaire.
  • the fiber producing plant is selected from the group consisting of cotton, silk cotton tree, desert willow, creosote bush, winterfat, balsa, ramie, kenaf, hemp, roselle, jute, sisal abaca and flax. L2007/001590
  • the fiber development comprises fiber formation.
  • the fiber development comprises fiber elongation.
  • the plant is a cotton plant.
  • administering is effected by injecting the nucleic acid construct or the nucleic acid construct system to a cotton ball of the cotton plant.
  • the nucleic acid construct is comprised in agrobacteria.
  • expressing is effected in an ovule cell of the cotton plant.
  • the polypeptide-of-interest regulates fiber development.
  • all technical and/or scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains.
  • methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of the invention, exemplary methods and/or materials are described below. In case of conflict, the patent specification, including definitions, will control.
  • the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and are not intended to be necessarily limiting.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the pGI binary plasmid used for expressing the isolated polynucleotide sequences of the invention under the control of the 35S promoter.
  • RB T-DNA right border
  • LB T-DNA left border
  • X - Xbal restriction enzyme B
  • B BamHl restriction enzyme
  • S - Sail restriction enzyme Sm - Smal restriction enzyme
  • R-I - EcoRI restriction enzyme Sc - Sac ⁇ /SstVEcll36U; (numbers) - Length in base-pairs
  • NOS pro nopaline synthase promoter
  • NPT-II neomycin phosphotransferase gene
  • NOS ter nopaline synthase terminator
  • PoIy-A signal polyadenylation signal
  • GUSintron the GUS reporter gene (coding sequence and intron)
  • the isolated polynucleotide sequences of the invention were clon
  • FIGs. 2a-d are bar graph depicting the expression profile of selected fiber development genes at various developmental stages measured in days post anthesis (DPA) and tissues.
  • Figure 2a - CT4 SEQ ID NO:842
  • Figure 2b - CT74 SEQ ID NO:843
  • Figure 2c - CTIl SEQ ID NO:844
  • Figure 2d - CT9 SEQ ID NO:857).
  • the developmental stages and tissues were as follows: (a) -2 DPA; (b) 0-1 DPA; (c) 2-3 DPA; (d) 4-5 DPA; (e) 6-8 DPA; (f) 9-11 DPA; (g) 12-14 DPA; (h) 15-17 DPA; (i) 18-20 DPA; (j) young leaves: (k) young stems; (1) young roots; (m) leaves; (n) stems; (o) sepals; (p) petals; (q) stamen (G. hirsutum var. Acala) plants. Relative amounts of mRNA are presented in all examined tissues. The y-axis represents the expression level normalized against three different housekeeping genes; FIGs.
  • FIG. 3a-f are photomicrographs depicting fiber-specific promoter evaluation in Arabidopsis. Expression of GUS in leafs ( Figures 3a-c) and roots ( Figures 3d-f) under regulation of 35S promoter (SEQ ID NO:841) ( Figures 3a and d), CT4 promoter (SEQ ID NO:848) ( Figures 3b and e) and CT74 promoter (SEQ ID NO:851) ( Figures 3 c and f). Note the high staining intensity (corresponding to high expression level) of GUS in the leafs of Arabidopsis plants under the CT4 ( Figure 3b) or the CT74 ( Figure 3 c) promoters;
  • FIGs. 4a-c are photomicrographs depicting promoter detection in cotton balls using a specific embodiment of the transient assay described herein, Agroinjection of GUS under regulation of CT2 or 35S promoters.
  • FIGs. 5a-c are photomicrographs depicting overexpression of CT20 and expansin in cis to GFP reporter gene by transient transfection of cotton balls at 4 DPA development fibers.
  • CT2::GFP control
  • Figure 5b - CT2::GFP+35S::CT20 by transient transfection of the binary vector depicted in Figure 7
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration depicting an exemplary binary vector of the invention [designated pGI(CT2 promoter)+CT82(35S promoter)], in which the CT82 ORF (SEQ ID NO:890) is under the transcriptional control of the constitutive 35S promoter (SEQ ID NO:841) and the GUSIntron (SEQ ID NO:872) is under the transcriptional control of the CT2 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 873).
  • NOS pro nopaline synthase promoter
  • NPT-II neomycin phosphotransferase gene
  • NOS ter nopaline synthase terminator;
  • FIG. 1 nopaline synthase promoter
  • NPT-II neomycin phosphotransferase gene
  • NOS ter nopaline synthase terminator
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration depicting an exemplary binary vector of the invention [designated pCT20+GFP(CT2prom)], in which the GFP open reading frame (ORF) (SEQ ID NO:871) is under the transcriptional control of the CT2 promoter (SEQ ID NO:873) and the CT20 ORF (SEQ ID NO:881) is under the transcriptional control of the constitutive 35S promoter (SEQ ID NO:841).
  • -NOS pro nopaline synthase promoter
  • NPT-II neomycin phosphotransferase gene
  • NOS ter nopaline synthase terminator;
  • the invention in some embodiments thereof, relates to polynucleotides and polypeptides involved in plant-fiber development and methods of using same for improving fiber quality and/or yield/biomass/vigor of a plant, and in an exemplary embodiment a fiber-producing plant.
  • the present inventors have devised a novel computational approach combined with fiber related expression profile data generated using cotton oligonucleotide microarray and quantitative RT-PCR to identify genes which play a role in fiber development.
  • Genes which are expressed during fiber initiation and elongation, in elongated tissues such as root tips, xylem and/or under etiolating conditions such as abiotic stress (e.g., drought) were identified (Example 1 of the Examples section which follows) and their expression profile was determined in a variety of cotton plants at several fiber developmental stages (Examples 2, 3 and 4 of the Example section which follows).
  • an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least 80 % homologous to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536-791, wherein the polypeptide is capable of regulating fiber development.
  • fiber producing plant refers to plants that share the common feature of having an elongated shape and abundant cellulose in thick cell walls, typically termed as secondary walls.
  • Such walls may or may not be lignified, and the protoplast of such cells may or may be viable at maturity.
  • Such fibers have many industrial uses, for example in lumber and manufactured wood products, paper, textiles, sacking and boxing material, cordage, brushes and brooms, filling and stuffing, caulking, reinforcement of other materials, and manufacture of cellulose derivatives.
  • fiber is usually inclusive of thick- walled conducting cells such as vessels and tracheids and to fibrillar aggregates of many individual fiber cells.
  • fiber refers to (a) thick- walled conducting and non-conducting cells of the xylem; (b) fibers of extraxylary origin, including those from phloem, bark, ground tissue, and epidermis; and (c) fibers from stems, leaves, roots, seeds, and flowers or inflorescences (such as those of Sorghum vulgare used in the manufacture of brushes and brooms).
  • Example of fiber producing plants include, but are not limited to, agricultural crops such as cotton, silk cotton tree (Kapok, Ceiba pentandra), desert willow, creosote bush, winterfat, balsa, kenaf, roselle, jute, sisal abaca, flax, corn, sugar cane, hemp, ramie, kapok, coir, bamboo, Spanish moss and Agave spp. (e.g. sisal).
  • agricultural crops such as cotton, silk cotton tree (Kapok, Ceiba pentandra), desert willow, creosote bush, winterfat, balsa, kenaf, roselle, jute, sisal abaca, flax, corn, sugar cane, hemp, ramie, kapok, coir, bamboo, Spanish moss and Agave spp. (e.g. sisal).
  • the fiber producing plant is cotton.
  • cotton refers to a wild-type, a cultivated variety (e.g., hybrid) or a transgenic cotton (Gossypium) plant.
  • cotton fiber development refers to the development of the hair of the cotton seed.
  • development when used in context of fibers (e.g., cotton fibers) refers to initiation of the fiber (formation of fiber) and/or elongation thereof, as well as to the fiber secondary cell wall thickening and maturation.
  • the invention encompasses polynucleotides identified using the present methodology and their encoded polypeptide as well as polynucleotides encoding functional equivalents of the polypeptides identified herein (i.e., polypeptides which are capable of regulating fiber development, as can be determined according to the assays described in the Examples section which follows).
  • Such functional equivalents can be at least about 70 %, at least about 75 %, at least about 80 %, at least about 81 %, at least about 82 %, at least about 83 %, at least about 84 %, at least about 85 %, at least about 86 %, at least about 87 %, at least about 88 %, at least about 89 %, at least about 90 %, at least about 91 %, at least about 92 %, at least about 93 %, at least about 94 %, at least about 95 %, e.g., 96 %, 97 %, 98 %, 99 % or 100 % homologous to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536-791.
  • Homology of an amino acid sequence can be determined using any homology comparison software, including for example, the BlastP software of the National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI) such as by using default parameters.
  • NCBI National Center of Biotechnology Information
  • Polynucleotides encoding the functional equivalents can be at least about 70 %, at least about 75 %, at least about 80 %, at least about 81 %, at least about 82 %, at least about 83 %, at least about 84 %, at least about 85 %, at least about 86 %, at least about 87 %, at least about 88 %, at least about 89 %, at least about 90 %, at least about
  • nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, 12, 2, 17, 10, 11, 8, 4, 7, 6, 5, 3, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18-129 and 259-535.
  • Identity of a nucleic acid sequence can be determined using any homology comparison software, including for example, the BlastN software of the National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI) such as by using default parameters.
  • NCBI National Center of Biotechnology Information
  • an isolated polynucleotide refers to a single or double stranded nucleic acid sequences which is isolated and provided in the form of an RNA sequence, a complementary polynucleotide sequence (cDNA), a genomic polynucleotide sequence and/or a composite polynucleotide sequences (e.g., a combination of the above).
  • complementary polynucleotide sequence refers to a sequence, which results from reverse transcription of messenger RNA using a reverse transcriptase or any other RNA dependent DNA polymerase. Such a sequence can be subsequently amplified in vivo or in vitro using a DNA dependent DNA polymerase.
  • genomic polynucleotide sequence refers to a sequence derived (isolated) from a chromosome and thus it represents a contiguous portion of a chromosome.
  • composite polynucleotide sequence refers to a sequence, which is at least partially complementary and at least partially genomic.
  • a composite sequence can include some exonal sequences required to encode the polypeptide of the invention, as well as some intronic sequences interposing therebetween.
  • the intronic sequences can be of any source, including of other genes, and typically will include conserved splicing signal sequences. Such intronic sequences may further include cis acting expression regulatory elements.
  • the nucleic acid sequence is as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 12, 2, 17, 10, 11, 8, 4, 7, 6, 5, 3, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18-129, 259-534 or 535.
  • the isolated polynucleotide is as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 12, 2, 17, 10, 11, 8, 4, 7, 6, 5, 3, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18-129, 259-534 or 535.
  • the amino acid sequence is as set forth in SEQ ID NO:130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258, 536-790 or 791.
  • the polypeptide is as set forth in SEQ ID NO:130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258, 536-790 or 791.
  • the isolated polynucleotides of this aspect of the invention can be also qualified using a hybridization assay by incubating the isolated polynucleotides described above in the presence of an oligonucleotide probe or primer under moderate to stringent hybridization conditions.
  • Moderate to stringent hybridization conditions are characterized by a hybridization solution such as containing 10 % dextrane sulfate, 1 M NaCl, 1 % SDS and 5 x 10 6 cpm 32 P labeled probe, at 65 °C, with a final wash solution of 0.2 x SSC and 0.1 % SDS and final wash at 65 °C and whereas moderate hybridization is effected using a hybridization solution containing 10 % dextrane sulfate, 1 M NaCl, 1 % SDS and 5 x 10 6 cpm 32 P labeled probe, at 65 0 C, with a final wash solution of 1 x SSC and 0.1 % SDS and final wash at 50 °C.
  • a hybridization solution such as containing 10 % dextrane sulfate, 1 M NaCl, 1 % SDS and 5 x 10 6 cpm 32 P labeled probe, at 65 °C
  • moderate hybridization is effected using
  • Nucleic acid sequences encoding the polypeptides of the invention may be optimized for plant expression. Examples of such sequence modifications include, but are not limited to, an altered G/C content to more closely approach that typically found in the plant species of interest, and the removal of codons atypically found in the plant species commonly referred to as codon optimization.
  • an optimized gene or nucleic acid sequence refers to a gene in which the nucleotide sequence of a native or naturally occurring gene has been modified in order to utilize statistically-preferred or statistically-favored codons within the plant.
  • the nucleotide sequence typically is examined at the DNA level and the coding region optimized for expression in the plant species determined using any suitable procedure, for example as described in Sardana et al. (1996, Plant Cell Reports 15:677-681).
  • the standard deviation of codon usage may be calculated by first finding the squared proportional deviation of usage of each codon of the native gene relative to that of highly expressed plant genes, followed by a calculation of the average squared deviation.
  • a table of codon usage from highly expressed genes of dicotyledonous plants is compiled using the data of Murray et al (1989, Nuc Acids Res. 17:477-498).
  • Codon Usage Database contains codon usage tables for a number of different species, with each codon usage table having been statistically determined based on the data present in Genbank.
  • a naturally- occurring nucleotide sequence encoding a protein of interest can be codon optimized for that particular plant species. This is effected by replacing codons that may have a low statistical incidence in the particular species genome with corresponding codons, in regard to an amino acid, that are statistically more favored.
  • one or more less-favored codons may be selected to delete existing restriction sites, to create new ones at potentially useful junctions (5' and 3' ends to add signal peptide or termination cassettes, internal sites that might be used to cut and splice segments together to produce a correct full-length sequence), or to eliminate nucleotide sequences that may negatively effect mRNA stability or expression.
  • codon optimization of the native nucleotide sequence may comprise determining which codons, within the native nucleotide sequence, are not statistically-favored with regards to a particular plant, and modifying these codons in accordance with a codon usage table of the particular plant to produce a codon optimized derivative.
  • a modified nucleotide sequence may be fully or partially optimized for plant codon usage provided that the protein encoded by the modified nucleotide sequence is produced at a level higher than the protein encoded by the corresponding naturally occurring or native gene.
  • the invention encompasses nucleic acid sequences described hereinabove; fragments thereof, sequences hybridizable therewith, sequences homologous thereto, sequences encoding similar polypeptides with different codon usage, altered sequences characterized by mutations, such as deletion, insertion or substitution of one or more nucleotides, either naturally occurring or man induced, either randomly or in a targeted fashion.
  • polypeptides of the invention encode previously unidentified polypeptides
  • the invention also encompasses novel polypeptides or portions thereof, which are encoded by the isolated polynucleotides and respective nucleic acid fragments thereof described hereinabove.
  • the amino acid sequences of these novel polypeptides are set forth in SEQ ID NO: 130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536-791.
  • the invention also encompasses homologues of these polypeptides, such homologues can be at least about 70 %, at least about 75 %, at least about 80 %, at least about 81 %, at least about 82 %, at least about 83 %, at least about 84 %, at least about 85 %, at least about 86 %, at least about 87 %, at least about 88 %, at least about
  • the isolated polypeptide of the invention is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536- 791.
  • the invention also encompasses fragments of the above described polypeptides and polypeptides having mutations, such as deletions, insertions or substitutions of one or more amino acids, either naturally occurring or man induced, either randomly or in a targeted fashion.
  • the present inventors have isolated promoter sequences (SEQ ID NOs:851, 848, 857, or 854) of genes involved in cotton fiber development [CT4 (SEQ ID NO:842), CT9 (SEQ ID NO:843), CTl 1 (SEQ ID NO:844) and CT74 (SEQ ID NO: 845)] and demonstrated their ability to direct an expression of a reporter gene in a plant cell.
  • an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence at least 90 %, at least 91 %, at least 92 %, at least 93 %, at least 94 %, at least 95 %, at least 96 %, at least 97 %, at least 98 %, at least 99 % identical to SEQ ID NO:851, 848, 857, or 854, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is capable of regulating an expression of a heterologous polynucleotide sequence operably linked thereto.
  • heterologous polynucleotide sequence refers to a polynucleotide from a different species or from the same species but from a different gene locus as of the isolated polynucleotide sequence (e.g., the promoter sequence).
  • a heterologous polynucleotide sequence is "operably linked" to a regulatory sequence (e.g., the promoter sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:851, 848, 857, or 854) if the regulatory sequence is capable of exerting a regulatory effect on the heterologous polynucleotide sequence linked thereto.
  • the regulatory sequence is positioned 1-500 bp upstream of the ATG codon of the heterologous polynucleotide sequence, although it will be appreciated that regulatory sequences can also exert their effect when positioned elsewhere with respect to the coding nucleic acid sequence (e.g., within an intron).
  • the isolated polynucleotide sequence of this aspect of the invention comprises less than about 1800 nucleic acids in length, e.g., less than about 1500 nucleic acids in length.
  • the isolated polynucleotide sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence as set forth by SEQ ID NO:851, 857, 848 or 854.
  • the isolated promoter sequences of the invention were capable of directing an expression of a reporter gene (GUS) during fiber development.
  • GUS reporter gene
  • the isolated polynucleotide sequence (the promoter sequence) of the invention is capable of regulating expression of the heterologous polynucleotide sequence in an ovule epidermal cell.
  • the ovule epidermal cell comprises a plant fiber or a trichome.
  • the ability of polynucleotides of the invention and their products to regulate cotton fiber development can be determined directly on at least one structural parameter of a cotton fiber such as fiber length or fiber finesse, or fiber growth rate (further described hereinbelow).
  • cotton fiber development can be determined indirectly by using plant model systems for cotton fiber development such as trichome cells and root hairs [see Examples 7, 10 and 11 of the Examples section which follows and Wagner. GJ. et. al. (2004)].
  • the present inventors were able to determine the involvement of the biomolecule sequences (i.e., polynucleotides and polypeptides) of the invention in fiber initiation and/or elongation and plant biomass.
  • a method of improving fiber quality and/or yield of a fiber producing plant is effected by exogenously expressing at least a functional portion of the isolated polypeptide of the invention in the fiber producing plant, thereby improving the quality and/or yield of the fiber producing plant.
  • fiber quality refers to at least one fiber parameter which is agriculturally desired, or required in the fiber industry (further described herein below).
  • fiber parameters include but are not limited to, fiber length, fiber strength, fiber fitness, fiber weight per unit length, maturity ratio and uniformity (further described hereinbelow).
  • Cotton fiber (lint) quality is typically measured according to fiber length, strength and fineness. Accordingly, the lint quality is considered " higher when the fiber is longer, stronger and finer.
  • fiber yield refers to the amount or quantity of fibers produced from the fiber producing plant.
  • the term “improving” refers to at least about 5 %, at least about
  • exogenously expressing refers to an expression of at least a functional portion of the isolated polypeptide of the invention from an exogenous polynucleotide sequence (i.e., a polynucleotide sequence not derived from the host cell) introduced to the host cell (a plant cell in this case).
  • the exogenous polynucleotide sequence of the invention is designed and constructed to express at least a functional portion of the isolated polypeptide of the invention (e.g., the portion capable of improving fiber yield/quality, increasing biomass).
  • the exogenous polynucleotide sequence may be a DNA or RNA sequence encoding a polypeptide molecule, capable of improving fiber yield or quantity.
  • the exogenous polynucleotide may be a cis-acting regulatory region (e.g., SEQ ID NO:851, 848, or 857) which may be introduced into the plant to increase expression of any polynucleotide which is involved in fiber development (e.g., sucrose phosphate synthase, as described in U.S.
  • a polynucleotide sequence of the invention can be ligated into a nucleic acid construct suitable for plant cell expression.
  • a nucleic acid construct suitable for plant cell expression.
  • Such a nucleic acid construct includes at least one cis-acting regulatory element operably linked to the isolated polynucleotide such as a promoter sequence for directing transcription of the polynucleotide sequence in the cell in a constitutive or inducible manner.
  • the promoter may be homologous or heterologous to the transformed plant/cell.
  • Promoter sequences which can be used in accordance with this aspect of the invention are epidermal cell promoters.
  • promoter sequences of each of the polynucleotide sequences of the invention may be used in the nucleic acid constructs of the invention.
  • the promoter is at least about 80 %, at least about 81 %, at least about 82 %, at least about 83 %, at least about 84 %, at least about 85 %, at least about 86 %, at least about 87 %, at least about 88 %, at least about 89 %, at least about 90 %, at least about 91 %, at least about 92 %, at least about 93 %, at least about 94 %, at least about 95 %, at least about 96 %, at least about 97 %, at least about 98 %, at least about 99 %, or 100 % identical to SEQ ID NO:85L 848, 857, or 854, which is capable of regulating expression of at least one polynucleotide sequence operably linked thereto in an ovule epidermal cell.
  • cotton fiber-enhanced promoters include those of the cotton fiber-expressed genes E6 (John et al., Plant MoI. Biol., 30:297-306 (1996) and John et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 93:12768-12773, 1996), H6 (John et al., Plant Physiol.,
  • cotton fiber development promoters are disclosed in PCT No IL2005/000627 to the present inventors (e.g., SEQ ID NO:85 or 91 therein) .
  • Other promoters which can be used in accordance with this aspect of the invention are those that ensure expression only in specified organs, such as the leaf, root, tuber, seed, stem, flower or specified cell types such as parenchyma, epidermal, trichome or vascular cells.
  • Promoters for enhancing expression in trichome cells are disclosed in WO2004/111183, to Evogene Ltd.
  • Promoters enhancing expression in vascular tissue include the CAD 2 promoter (Samaj et al., Planta, 204:437-443, 1998), the Pt4Cl l promoter (Hu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95:5407-5412, 1998), the C4H promoter (Meyer et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95:6619-6623, 1998), the PtX3H6 and PtX14A9 promoters (Loopstra et al., Plant MoI. Biol., 27:277-291, 1995), the RoIC promoter (Graham, Plant MoI.
  • Promoters enhancing expression in- stem tissue include pith promoters (Datta, Theor. Appl. Genet., 97:20-30, 1998) and Ohta et al., MoL Gen. Genet, 225:369-378,
  • Preferred promoters enhancing expression in phloem, cortex and cork, but not xylem or pith include the Psam-1 promoter (Mijnsbrugge et al., Plant and Cell Physiol., 37:1108-1115, 1996).
  • Promoters enhancing expression in seeds include the phas promoter (Geest et al., Plant MoI. Biol. 32:579-588, 1996); the GIuB-I promoter (Takaiwa et al., Plant MoI. Biol. 30:1207-1221, 1996); the gamma-zein promoter (Torrent et al. Plant MoI.
  • Truncated or synthetic promoters including specific nucleotide regions conferring tissue-enhanced expression may also be used, as exemplified by identification of regulatory elements within larger promoters conferring xylem- enhanced expression (Seguin et al., Plant MoI. Biol., 35:281-291, 1997; Torres- Schumann et al., The Plant Journal, 9:283-296, 1996; and Leyva et al., The Plant Cell, 4:263-271, 1992).
  • the nucleic acid construct can be, for example, a plasmid, a bacmid, a phagemid, a cosmid, a phage, a virus or an artificial chromosome.
  • the nucleic acid construct of the invention is a plasmid vector, more preferably a binary vector.
  • binary vector refers to an expression vector which carries a modified T-region from Ti plasmid, enable to be multiplied both in E. coli and in Agrobacterium cells, and usually comprising reporter gene(s) for plant transformation between the two boarder regions.
  • a binary vector suitable for the invention includes pBI2113, pBI121, pGA482, pGAH, pBIG, pBHOl (Clonetech), pPI (see Examples 5 and 10 of the Examples section which follows) or modifications thereof.
  • the nucleic acid construct of the invention can be utilized to transform a host cell (e.g., bacterial, plant) or plant.
  • a host cell e.g., bacterial, plant
  • plant e.g., bacterial, plant
  • transgenic or “transformed” are used interchangeably referring to a cell or a plant into which cloned genetic material has been transferred.
  • the nucleic acid molecule of the invention is integrated into the plant genome, and as such it represents a stable and inherited trait.
  • transient transformation the nucleic acid molecule is expressed by the cell transformed but not integrated into the genome, and as such represents a transient trait.
  • the Agrobacterium-mediated system includes the use of plasmid vectors that contain defined DNA segments which integrate into the plant genomic DNA. Methods of inoculation of the plant tissue vary depending upon the plant species and the Agrobacterium delivery system. A widely used approach is the leaf-disc procedure, which can be performed with any tissue explant that provides a good source for initiation of whole-plant differentiation (Horsch, R. B. et al. (1988). "Leaf disc transformation.” Plant Molecular Biology Manual A5, 1-9, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht). A supplementary approach employs the Agrobacterium delivery system in combination with vacuum infiltration.
  • the Agrobacterium system is especially useful for in the creation of transgenic dicotyledenous plants.
  • electroporation the protoplasts are briefly exposed to a strong electric field, opening up mini-pores to allow DNA to enter.
  • microinjection the DNA is mechanically injected directly into the cells using micropipettes.
  • microparticle bombardment the DNA is adsorbed on microprojectiles such as magnesium sulfate crystals or tungsten particles, and the microprojectiles are physically accelerated into cells or plant tissues.
  • plant propagation occurs.
  • the most common method of plant propagation is by seed.
  • the disadvantage of regeneration by seed propagation is the lack of uniformity in the crop due to heterozygosity, since seeds are produced by plants according to the genetic variances governed by Mendelian rules. In other words, each seed is genetically different and each will grow with its own specific traits. Therefore, it is preferred that the regeneration be effected such that the regenerated plant has identical traits and characteristics to those of the parent transgenic plant.
  • the preferred method of regenerating a transformed plant is by micropropagation, which provides a rapid, consistent reproduction of the transformed plants.
  • Micropropagation is a process of growing second-generation plants from a single tissue sample excised from a selected parent plant or cultivar. This process permits the mass reproduction of plants having the preferred tissue and expressing a fusion protein. The newly generated plants are genetically identical to, and have all of the characteristics of, the original plant. Micropropagation allows for mass production of quality plant material in a short period of time and offers a rapid multiplication of selected cultivars with preservation of the characteristics of the original transgenic or transformed plant. The advantages of this method of plant cloning include the speed of plant multiplication and the quality and uniformity of the plants produced.
  • Micropropagation is a multi-stage procedure that requires alteration of culture medium or growth conditions between stages.
  • the micropropagation process involves four basic stages: stage one, initial tissue culturing; stage two, tissue culture multiplication; stage three, differentiation and plant formation; and stage four, greenhouse culturing and hardening.
  • stage one the tissue culture is established and certified contaminant-free.
  • stage two the initial tissue culture is multiplied until a sufficient number of tissue samples are produced to meet production goals.
  • stage three the newly grown tissue samples are divided and grown into individual plantlets.
  • the transformed plantlets are transferred to a greenhouse for hardening where the plants' tolerance to light is gradually increased so that they can continue to grow in the natural environment.
  • transient transformation of, for instance, leaf cells, meristematic cells, or the whole plant is also envisaged by the invention.
  • Transient transformation can be effected by any of the direct DNA transfer methods described above or by viral infection using modified plant viruses.
  • Viruses that have been shown to be useful for the transformation of plant hosts include cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), tobacco mosaic " virus (TMV), and baculovirus (BV). Transformation of plants using plant viruses is described in, for example: U.S. Pat. No. 4,855,237 (bean golden mosaic virus, BGMV); EPA 67,553
  • TMV Japanese Published Application No. 63-14693
  • BV EPA 194,809
  • RNA viruses for the introduction and expression of non- viral exogenous nucleic acid sequences in plants is demonstrated by the above references as well as by: Dawson, W. O. et al. (1989).
  • a tobacco mosaic virus-hybrid expresses and loses an added gene.
  • the virus can first be cloned into a bacterial plasmid for ease of constructing the desired viral vector with the foreign DNA.
  • the virus can then be excised from the plasmid.
  • the virus is a DNA virus, a bacterial origin of replication can be attached to the viral DNA, which is then replicated by the bacteria. Transcription and translation of the DNA will produce the coat protein, which will encapsidate the viral DNA.
  • the virus is an RNA virus, the virus is generally cloned as a cDNA and inserted into a plasmid.
  • the plasmid is then used to make all of the plant genetic constructs.
  • the RNA virus is then transcribed from the viral sequence of the plasmid, followed by translation of the viral genes to produce the coat proteins which encapsidate the viral RNA.
  • RNA viruses for the introduction and expression in plants of non-viral exogenous nucleic acid sequences, such as those included in the construct of the invention, is demonstrated in the above references as well as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,316,931.
  • a plant viral nucleic acid comprising a deletion of the native coat protein coding sequence from the viral nucleic acid, a non-native (foreign) plant viral coat protein coding sequence, and a non-native promoter, preferably the subgenomic promoter of the non-native coat protein coding sequence, and capable of expression in the plant host, packaging of the recombinant plant viral nucleic acid, and ensuring a systemic infection of the host by the recombinant plant viral nucleic acid.
  • the native coat protein coding sequence may be made non-transcribable by insertion of the non-native nucleic acid sequence within it, such that a non-native protein is produced.
  • the recombinant plant viral nucleic acid construct may contain one or more additional non-native subgenomic promoters. Each non-native subgenomic promoter is capable of transcribing or expressing adjacent genes or nucleic acid sequences in the plant host and incapable of recombination with each other and with native subgenomic promoters.
  • the recombinant plant viral nucleic acid construct may contain 1590
  • Non-native nucleic acid sequences may be inserted adjacent to the native plant viral subgenomic promoter or the native and non-native plant viral subgenomic promoters if more than one nucleic acid sequence is included.
  • the non- native nucleic acid sequences are transcribed or expressed in the host plant under control of the subgenomic promoter(s) to produce the desired products.
  • a recombinant plant viral nucleic acid construct is provided as in the first embodiment except that the native coat protein coding sequence is placed adjacent to one of the non-native coat protein subgenomic promoters instead of adjacent to a non-native coat protein coding sequence.
  • a recombinant plant viral nucleic acid construct comprising a native coat protein gene placed adjacent to its suhgenomic promoter and one or more non-native subgenomic promoters inserted into the viral nucleic acid construct.
  • the inserted non-native subgenomic promoters are capable of transcribing or expressing adjacent genes in a plant host and are incapable of recombination with each other and with native subgenomic promoters.
  • Non-native nucleic acid sequences may be inserted adjacent to the non-native subgenomic plant viral promoters such that the sequences are transcribed or expressed in the host plant under control of the subgenomic promoters to produce the desired product.
  • a recombinant plant viral nucleic acid construct is provided as in the third embodiment except that the native coat protein coding sequence is replaced by a non-native coat protein coding sequence.
  • Viral vectors are encapsidated by expressed coat proteins encoded by recombinant plant viral nucleic acid constructs as described hereinabove, to produce a recombinant plant virus.
  • the recombinant plant viral nucleic acid construct or recombinant plant virus is used to infect appropriate host plants.
  • the recombinant plant viral nucleic acid construct is capable of replication in a host, systemic spread within the host, and transcription or expression of one or more foreign genes (isolated nucleic acid) in the host to produce the desired protein.
  • the nucleic acid molecule of the invention can also be introduced into a chloroplast genome thereby enabling chloroplast expression.
  • a technique for introducing exogenous nucleic acid sequences to the genome of the chloroplasts is known. This technique involves the following procedures. First, plant cells are chemically treated so as to reduce the number of chloroplasts per cell to about one. Then, the exogenous nucleic acid is introduced into the cells preferably via particle bombardment, with the aim of introducing at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule into the chloroplasts.
  • the exogenous nucleic acid is selected by one ordinarily skilled in the art to be capable of integration into the chloroplast's genome via homologous recombination, which is readily effected by en2ymes inherent to the chloroplast.
  • the exogenous nucleic acid comprises, in addition to a gene of interest, at least one nucleic acid sequence derived from the chloroplast's genome.
  • the exogenous nucleic acid comprises a selectable marker, which by sequential selection procedures serves to allow an artisan to ascertain that all or substantially all copies of the chloroplast genome following such selection include the exogenous nucleic acid. Further details relating to this technique are found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,945,050 and 5,693,507, which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • a polypeptide can thus be produced by the protein expression system of the chloroplast and become integrated into the chloroplast's inner membrane.
  • fiber producing plant of desired traits can also be effected by crossing each of the above genetically modified plants with wild type, hybrid or transgenic plants, using methods which are well known in the art.
  • fibers are harvested (for example by mechanical picking and/or hand-stripping) and fiber yield and quality is determined. The following describes methods of qualifying cotton fibers.
  • Fiber length - Instruments such as a fibrograph and HVI (high volume instrumentation) systems are used to measure the length of the fiber.
  • HVI instruments compute length in terms of "mean” and “upper half mean” (UHM) length. The mean is the average length of all the fibers while UHM is the average length of the longer half of the fiber distribution.
  • Fiber strength is usually defined as the force required to break a bundle of fibers or a single fiber. In HVI testing the breaking force is converted to "grams force per tex unit.” This is the force required to break a bundle of fibers that is one tex unit in size. In HVI testing the strength is given in grams per tex units (grams/tex). Fibers can be classified as low strength (e.g., 19-22 gms/tex), average strength (e.g., 23-25 gms/tex), high strength (e.g., 26-28 gms/tex), and very high strength (e.g., 29-36 gms/tex). Fiber fineness a and fiber weight per unit length — increased fiber fineness is likely attributable to increased fiber wall thickness yielding more weight per unit length.
  • Maturity ratio is a measure of the relative amount of cellulose in the fiber cross-section. Uniformity - The degree to which the fibers in a sample are uniform is based on the ratio of mean length to the upper half mean length, given as a percentage.
  • Micronaire - The micronaire reading of a fiber is obtained from a porous air flow test. The test is conducted as follows. A weighed sample of cotton is compressed to a given volume and controlled air flow is passed through the sample. The resistance to the air flow is read as micronaire units. The micronaire readings reflect a combination of maturity and fineness. Since the fiber diameter of fibers within a given variety of cotton is fairly consistent, the micronaire index will more likely indicate maturity variation rather than variations in fineness. A micronaire reading of 2.6-2.9 is low while 3.0-3.4 is below average, 3.5-4.9 is average and 5.0 and up are high. For most textile applications a micronaire of 3.5-4.9 is used. Anything higher than this is usually not desirable. It will be appreciated though, that different applications require different fiber properties. Thus, it is understood that a fiber property that is disadvantageous in one application might be advantageous in another.
  • biomolecule sequences of the invention are capable of increasing trichome/leaf hair number and length, as well as seed hair.
  • biomolecules of the invention can be used to generate transgenic plants with increased trichome number/length which better deter herbivores, guide the path of pollinators, or affect photosynthesis, leaf temperature, or water loss through increased light reflectance.
  • transgenic plants may be used for the compartmentalized production of recombinant proteins and chemicals in trichomes, as described in details in WO2004/111183 to Evogene Ltd.
  • polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences of the invention are capable of increasing a biomass of a plant. It will be appreciated that the ability of the polypeptides of the invention to increase plant yield/biomass/vigor is inherent to their ability to promote the increase in plant cell- size or volume (as described herein).
  • the invention also envisages a method of increasing a biomass/vigor/yield of a plant. This is effected by upregulating expression and/or activity of at least one of the polynucleotides of the invention, as described above.
  • plant biomass refers to the amount or quantity of tissue produced from the plant in a growing season, which could also determine or affect the plant yield or the yield per growing area.
  • plant vigor refers to the amount or quantity of tissue produced from the plant in a given time. Hence increase vigor could determine or affect the plant yield or the yield per growing time or growing area.
  • plant yield refers to the amount or quantity of tissue produced and harvested as the plant produced product. Hence increase yield could affect the economic benefit one can obtain from the plant in a certain growing are and/or growing time.
  • the term "increasing” refers to at least about 5 %, at least about 10 %, at least about 15 %, at least about 20 %, at least about 30 %, at least about 40 %, at least about 50 %, at least about 60 %, at least about 70 %, at least about 80 %, increase in plant yield/biomass/vigor/or tolerance to abiotic stress (further described below) as compared to a native plant (i.e., not modified with the biomolecule sequences of the invention).
  • sequences were elected by their ability to increase root tips and fibers the disclosed sequences may be used to increase tolerance or improve resistance -to abiotic stress.
  • abiotic stress refers to any adverse effect on metabolism, growth, reproduction and/or viability of a plant. Accordingly, abiotic stress can be induced by suboptimal environmental growth conditions such as, for example, salinity, drought, flooding, low or high temperature, heavy metal toxicity, anaerobiosis, nutrient deficiency, atmospheric pollution or UV irradiation.
  • abiotic stress tolerance refers to the ability of a plant exogenously expressing the biomolecule sequences of the invention to endure an abiotic stress without suffering a substantial alteration in metabolism, growth, productivity and/or viability as compared to a native plant ⁇ i.e., not modified with the biomolecule sequences of the invention) under the same abiotic stress conditions.
  • such parameters can be measured in plants exogenously expressing the biomolecule sequences of the invention and can be compared to the same parameters as measured in native plants ⁇ i.e., not modified with the biomolecule sequences of the invention, e.g., wild type plants) after exposing the plants to the same abiotic stress conditions.
  • a suitable plant for use with the method of the invention can be any monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous plant including, but not limited to, maize, wheat, barely, rye, oat, rice, soybean, peanut, pea, lentil and alfalfa, cotton, rapeseed, canola, pepper, sunflower, potato, tobacco, tomato, eggplant, eucalyptus, a tree, an ornamental plant, a perennial grass and a forage crop, coniferous plants, moss, algae, as well as other plants listed in World Wide Web (dot) nationmaster (dot) com/encyclopedia/Plantae).
  • the invention also encompasses a method of producing cotton fibers by (a) generating a transgenic cotton plant exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide of the invention and (b) harvesting the fibers of the transgenic cotton plant.
  • the invention is of high agricultural value for promoting the yield of commercially desired crops (e.g., biomass of vegetative organ such as poplar wood, or reproductive organ such as number of seeds or seed biomass).
  • crops e.g., biomass of vegetative organ such as poplar wood, or reproductive organ such as number of seeds or seed biomass.
  • the present inventors have constructed vectors designed to express a cotton fiber developing gene (e.g., CT2 ⁇ ; SEQ ID NO:881) under a constitutive promoter (e.g., 35S promoter; SEQ ID NO:841) and a reporter gene (e.g., GFP; SEQ ID NO:871) under the transcriptional regulation of a cotton fiber developing promoter (e.g., CT2 promoter; SEQ ID NO: 873), such that expression of the reporter gene pinpoints on the fibers which were transformed with the construct
  • a cotton fiber developing gene e.g., CT2 ⁇ ; SEQ ID NO:881
  • a constitutive promoter e.g., 35S promoter; SEQ ID NO:841
  • a reporter gene e.g., GFP; SEQ ID NO:871
  • a cotton fiber developing promoter e.g., CT2 promoter; SEQ ID NO: 873
  • the appropriate light e.g., UV light to detect the GFP staining
  • nucleic acid construct comprising: (i) a first polynucleotide sequence which comprises a reporter gene operably linked to a fiber-specific promoter; and (ii) a second polynucleotide sequence which comprises a heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide-of-interest operably linked to a promoter.
  • first and second polynucleotide sequences can be also constructed each in a separate nucleic acid construct which together form a nucleic acid construct system.
  • a nucleic acid construct system comprising: (i) a first nucleic acid construct which comprises a first polynucleotide sequence comprising a reporter gene operably linked to a fiber-specific promoter; and (ii) a second nucleic acid construct which comprises a second polynucleotide sequence comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide-of-interest operably linked to a promoter.
  • the fiber-specific promoter can be any promoter known to regulate fiber development (e.g., enhance fiber development) or which is specifically expressed in fibers.
  • fiber-specific promoters include the CT2 promoter as set forth by SEQ ID NO:873; the CT4 promoter as set forth by SEQ ID NO:848; the CT74 promoter set forth by SEQ ID NO:851, or the promoters set forth by SEQ ID NO:857 or 854.
  • the reporter gene can be any nucleic acid coding sequence encoding a detectable polypeptide (i.e., a polypeptide which can be detected following expression in a host cell).
  • reporter genes include the GFP coding sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO:871), the GUSIntron (SEQ ID NO:872) and the cDNA encoding a non-fluorescent HaloTag protein (GenBank Accession No. AY773970) which following expression in a cell is interacted with an appropriate HaloTag ligand including a reactive linker that covalently binds to the HaloTag protein and a flexible reporter group that can be a fluorophore (Lang C, et al., 2006, J. Exp. Bot. 57: 2985-
  • the polypeptide-of-interest which is expressed in the plant can be any polypeptide which is beneficial to the plant.
  • a polypeptide can be a polypeptide which regulates fiber development such as any of the isolated polypeptides described hereinabove (SEQ ID NOs:130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536-791) or in PCT IL2005/000627 to Evogene Ltd. (e.g., the polypeptide encoded by CT20 coding sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:881).
  • heterologous nucleic acid sequences encoding the polypeptide-of-interest include any of the isolated polynucleotide sequences of the invention (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 1-129, and 259-535).
  • the heterologous nucleic acid sequence is operably linked to a constitutive promoter (e.g., the 35S promoter as set forth by SEQ ID NO:841; Actin promoter (McElroy et al, Plant Cell, 2: 163-171,
  • a constitutive promoter e.g., the 35S promoter as set forth by SEQ ID NO:841; Actin promoter (McElroy et al, Plant Cell, 2: 163-171,
  • the heterologous nucleic acid sequence is operably linked to a fiber-specific promoter (e.g., the CT2 promoter as set forth by SEQ ID NO:873 or the CT4 promoter as set forth by SEQ ID NO: 848).
  • a fiber-specific promoter e.g., the CT2 promoter as set forth by SEQ ID NO:873 or the CT4 promoter as set forth by SEQ ID NO: 848.
  • nucleic acid constructs/systems can be used to transiently express a polypeptide-of-interest (e.g., the cotton fiber developing polypeptide) in a plant (e.g., a cotton plant). While further reducing the invention to practice, the present inventors have devised a novel approach for transiently expressing a polypeptide-of-interest (e.g., a cotton fiber developing polypeptide) in cotton ovule cells by injecting a nucleic acid construct encoding the polypeptide-of-interest into a developed cotton ball.
  • a polypeptide-of-interest e.g., the cotton fiber developing polypeptide
  • the phrase "cotton ball” refers to the cotton fruit at various developmental stages [e.g., 0, 2, 4 and 6 days post anthesis (DPA)].
  • injection of the nucleic acid construct can be injected directly to the cotton ball, using e.g., a 1-ml syringe with a 0.5-316-mm needle (BD Pastipak) (See Example 11 of the Examples section). Briefly, the needle is introduced to 1 to 2 mm in depth into the fruit tissue, and the infiltration solution containing the nucleic acid construct is injected into the fruit.
  • expressing is effected at an ovule cell of the cotton plant.
  • the nucleic acid constructs (e.g., those described in Figures 6 or 7) were transfected into a cell (e.g., agrobacterium cell), and the transformed cells are further injected to the cotton ball.
  • a cell e.g., agrobacterium cell
  • Methods of transfecting nucleic acid constructs into agrobacteria are known in the art and further described hereinabove and in Example 11 of the Examples section which follows.
  • the nucleic acid construct/system of the invention is comprised in agrobacteria.
  • the term "about” refers to ⁇ 10 %.
  • compositions, methods or structure may include additional ingredients, steps and/or parts, but only if the additional ingredients, steps and/or parts do not materially alter the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed composition, method or structure.
  • a compound or “at least one compound” may include a plurality of compounds, including mixtures thereof.
  • method refers to manners, means, techniques and procedures for accomplishing a given task including, but not limited to, those manners, means, techniques and procedures either known to, or readily developed from known manners, means, techniques and procedures by practitioners of the chemical, pharmacological, biological, biochemical and medical arts.
  • the selected genes were compared to genes expressed under abiotic stresses, mainly under drought stress (details of genes clustered and analyzed are summarized in Table 1, hereinbelow). Combining the different queries, a list of 56 predicted fiber improving gene candidates was created. Those genes were further validated using RNA expression analysis (qRT-PCR).
  • Table 1 Gene clustering results. *The addition species that were used are: maize, rice, sorghum, soybean, grape, canola, barley, strawberry, peach and melon.
  • RNA expression profile of candidate genes identified as described in Example 1 above was studied.
  • RT- qPCR real time PCR
  • RNA was extracted from Cotton tissue using Hot Borate RNA Extraction protocol according to World Wide Web (dot)eeob(dot)iastate(dot)edu/faculty/ Wendel J/ultramicrorna(dot)html
  • Reverse transcription was effected using 1.5 ⁇ g total RNA, using 300 U Super Script II Reverse Transcriptase enzyme (Invitrogen), 225 ng random deoxynucleotide hexamers (Invitrogen), 500 ⁇ M dNTPs mix (Takara, Japan), 0.2 volume of x 5 reverse transcriptase (RT) buffer (Invitrogen), 0.01 M DTT, 60 U RNAsin (Promega), DEPC treated double distilled water was added up to 37.5 ⁇ l.
  • RT reverse transcriptase
  • RT reactions were incubated for 50 minutes at 42 °C, followed by 70 °C for 15 minutes.
  • Quantitative RT-PCR was performed on cDNA (5 ⁇ l), using x 1 SYBR GREEN PCR master mix (Applied Biosystems), forward and reverse primers 0.3 ⁇ M each.
  • the ABI7000 real-time PCR machine was used with the following conditions: 50 °C for 2 minutes, 95 °C for 10 minutes, 40 times of 95 0 C for 15 sec and 1 minute at 60 0 C, followed by 95 °C for 15 seconds, 60 °C for 60 seconds, and 70 times of 60 °C for 10 seconds + 0.5 °C increase in each cycle.
  • a standard curve was prepared from a pool of RTs from all samples, in 5 dilutions (dilutions - 1:60, 1:200, 1:600, 1:2000, 1:10000).
  • the standard curve plot [ct (cycle threshold) vs. log (concentration)] should have R > 0.98 with an efficiency in the range of 100 % ⁇ 5 %.
  • the dissociation curves obtained were inspected for the absence of unwanted additional PCR products or primer-dimers. Reactions were repeated at least twice. The calculation method is based in the fact that the efficiencies of the reactions of the GOI (gene-of-interest) and of the housekeeping genes are similar.
  • Table 2a Reverse-transcription following quantitative PCR was performed using real-time PCR, on tissues of either young or mature cotton (G. hirsutum var Acala) plants. Relative amounts of mRNA of each gene are presented in all examined tissues, dpa- days post anthesis, of ovule and fibers tissues (until 10 dpa) or only fiber tissue (after 10 dpa).
  • Table 3 Annotation of the 17 selected genes based on the NCBI data-base.
  • Cotton lines The 10 different cotton lines representing wide variety of fiber length characteristics included earlier G. hirsutum varieties (SA217SD and SA68SD), G. hirsutum varieties (Tamcot, Macnair, DP90 and ZG236) Fl hybrid of G. hirsutum and G. barbadense (Acalphi) and high quality of pima type (G. barbadense) (S7 and
  • RNA extraction - Fiber development stages representing different fiber characteristic, at 5, 10 and 15 DPA were sampled and RNA was extracted as described in Example 2, hereinabove.
  • Fiber length assessment Fiber length of the above lines was measured using a fibrograph.
  • the fibrograph system was used to compute length in terms of "Upper Half Mean” length.
  • the upper half mean (UHM) is the average length of longer half of the fiber distribution.
  • the fibrograph measures length in span lengths at a given percentage point [World Wide Web (dot) cottoninc
  • Table 4 The correlation between RNA expression level and the fiber length are presented for the three time points (5 dpa. 10 dpa and 15 dpa) using the Pearson correlation coefficient R and the p values.
  • This Cotton Oligonucleotide Microarray is composed of 12,006 Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT) oligonucleotides derived from an assembly of more than 180,000 Gossypium ESTs sequenced from 30 cDNA libraries.
  • IDT Integrated DNA Technologies
  • fibers from 8 different cotton lines were analyzed. These fibers were selected showing very good fiber quality and high lint index (Pima types, originating from other cotton species, namely G. barbadense), different levels of quality and lint indexes from various G. hirsutum lines: good quality and high lint index (Acala type), and poor quality and short lint index (Tamcot type, and old varieties).
  • Pima types originating from other cotton species, namely G. barbadense
  • different levels of quality and lint indexes from various G. hirsutum lines good quality and high lint index (Acala type), and poor quality and short lint index (Tamcot type, and old varieties).
  • a summary of the fiber length of the different lines is provided in Table 5.
  • Fiber length assessment Fiber length of the selected cotton lines was measured using fibrograph.
  • the f ⁇ brograph system was used to compute length in terms of "Upper Half Mean” length.
  • the upper half mean (UHM) is the average length of longer half of the fiber distribution.
  • Table 5 Presented are the means and standard deviations (STD) of 8 different cotton lines.
  • Table 6 The correlation between RNA expression level of 79 genes and the fiber length is presented for the average and the three time points (5 dpa, 10 dpa and 15 dpa) using the Pearson correlation coefficient (R) and the p values. The efficiency (E) of the amplification reaction is also presented.
  • Table 7 Summary of genes affecting cell growth and elongation and cotton fiber characteristics
  • ORF Open Reading Frame
  • RNAs from the various developmental stages of fiber producing cells was extracted, using Hot Borate RNA Extraction from Cotton Tissue grown in Rehovot, Israel, according to World Wide Web (dot) eeob (dot) iastate (dot) edu/faculty/WendelJ/rnaextraction (dot) html.
  • Complementary DNA (cDNA) molecules were produced from mRNA using M-MuLV reverse-transcriptase (RT) enzyme (Roche) and T 16 NN DNA primer, following protocol provided by the manufacturer.
  • cDNA amplification was done for 19 genes, out of the sequences above, namely CTF clones: CTFlOl, CTFIlO, CTFlI l, CTFl 13, CTF124, CTF132, CTF135, CTF162, CTF165, CTF166, CTF167, CTF169, CTF171, CTF172, CTF173, CTF175, CTF176, CTF177 and CTF178 (SEQ ID NOs: 1-17, 22 and 37; Table 7 hereinabove) by PCR using PFU proof reading DNA polymerase enzyme [Promega, World Wide Web (dot) promega (dot) com/pnotes/68/7381_07/7381_07 (dot) html] following the protocol provided by the manufacturer.
  • PFU proof reading DNA polymerase enzyme Promega, World Wide Web (dot) promega (dot) com/pnotes/68/7381_07/7381_07 (dot) html
  • PCR blunt ended products were purified using PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, Germany), digested with the appropriate restriction endonucleases (Roche) and cloned into the pPI or pGI binary vector ( Figure 1), while replacing the existing GUS reporter gene.
  • pPI is a modified version of pBI101.3 (Clontech, Accession No. U12640).
  • pPI was constructed by inserting a synthetic poly-(A) signal sequence, which originated from pGL3 Basic plasmid vector (Promega, GenBank Accession No.
  • pPI/pGI was digested with the appropriate restriction enzymes [5' prime restriction enzyme is either Smal or Xbal and 3' prime restriction enzyme is either Sad or EcoRV (Roche- using the protocol provided by the manufacturer)].
  • Open binary vector was purified using PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, Germany). 5-75 ng of PCR product of each of the CTF genes and 100 ng of open pPI/pGI plasmid vector were ligated in 10 ⁇ L ligation reaction volume using T4 DNA ligase enzyme (Roche), following the protocol provided by the manufacturer. Ligation products were introduced into E. coli cells.
  • E. coli Recombinant expression in bacteria - 60 ⁇ l of E. coli, strain DH5- ⁇ competent cells (about 10 9 cells/ml) were transformed using 1 ⁇ l of ligation reaction mixture by electroporation, using a MicroPulser electroporator (Biorad), 0.2 cm cuvettes (Biorad) and EC-2 electroporation program (Biorad). E. coli cells were grown on 0.8 ml LB liquid medium at 37 °C for 1 hour and 0.2 ml of the cell suspension were plated on LB-agar plates supplemented with the antibiotics kanamycin 50 mg/L (Sigma). Plates were then incubated at 37 °C for 16 hours.
  • PCR products were separated on 1.5 % agarose gels and product sizes were estimated by comparing to DNA ladder (MBI Fermentas). PCR products with the predicted size were sequenced using the same primers previously used for PCR amplification (See Table 9, above). Additional primers, which were designed based on the sequence of each gene insert, were used to complete the sequencing of the full length ORP insert.
  • Sequencing of the inserted sequence was performed to verify that the clones were introduced in the right orientation, and to eliminate the possibility that sequence errors were included during PCR amplification.
  • DNA sequences were determined using ABI 377 sequencer (Amersham Biosciences Inc).
  • the cloned cDNA sequences of 17 cotton genes are provided (SEQ ID NOs: 906-922), as well as their deduced amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOs:923-939). In most cases, minute changes were found between the bioinformatically predicted sequence and the cloned ones, probably due to allelic variations and sequence quality of the ESTs in the database.
  • Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO:841), originated from the pBI121 vector (Clontech, GenBank Accession No. AF485783) was cloned by digesting the pBI121 vector with the restriction endonucleases Hindlll and BarnHl (Roche) and ligated into the binary constructs, digested with the same enzymes.
  • Transformation of the binary constructs comprising the 3SS promoter upstream of the CTF genes into tomato plants via Agrobacterium tumefacience - 60 ⁇ l of Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV301 or LB4404 competent cells (about 10 9 cells/ml) were transformed with 20 ng of binary plasmid via electroporation, using a
  • Agrobacterium cells were grown on 0.8 ml LB liquid medium at 28 °C for 3 hours and 0.2 ml of the cell suspension were plated on LB-agar plates supplemented with the antibiotics gentamycin 50 mg/L (for Agrobacterium strains GV301) or streptomycin 300 mg/L (for Agrobacterium strain LB4404) and kanamycin 50 mg/L
  • PCR products were separated on 1.5 % agarose gels and product sizes were determined by comparing to DNA ladder (MBI Fermentas). PCR products with the predicted size were sequenced using the primers which were used for the PCR amplification. Sequencing of the inserted sequence was performed using the ABI 377 sequencer (Amersham Biosciences Inc.) in order to verify that the right clones were introduced into the Agrobacterium cells.
  • the micro-Tom tomato seeds (T2, origin from Tl plants), which carry the putative cotton genes following the transformation with Agrobacterium cells carrying the CTF genes, were analyzed (Table 10, hereinbelow).
  • Least Sq mean are the predicted values corresponding to some combination of levels, after setting all the other factors to some neutral value (JMPTM V5).
  • JMPTM V5 the overall mean influence of the gene
  • Best event the event that gave the best results
  • Table 10 hereinbelow. we demonstrate the results of.
  • the letters "A, B and C” refer to genes that are significantly different from each other at P ⁇ 0.05.
  • Table 10 Analysis of Micro-Tom tomato seeds (T2, origin from Tl plants) carrying the putative cotton genes is presented. a Best event was significantly higher than expansin best event; b Best event was significantly higher than WT.
  • CaMV35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus is a widely used example.
  • target genes with fiber specific promoter, to avoid influence of the genes on the cell structure in other cotton tissues, and to activate the genes at the fiber tissue in the right development stage (initiation, elongation, maturation, fiber constitutive).
  • the present inventors have selected and cloned the genomic sequence of novel cotton fiber promoters, as follows.
  • the genomic sequence upstream of CT4, CT9, CTI l, and CT74 were cloned from genomic DNA of cotton ⁇ Gossypium barbdanse L. var S5), as follows.
  • Total genomic DNA was extracted from plant leaf tissues of 4 week old cultivated cotton plants ⁇ Gossypium barbdanse L. var S5), using DNA extraction kit
  • CT4 promoter the library was originated from Stul restriction enzyme.
  • CT74 promoter the library was originated from Dral and Pvull restriction enzymes.
  • the putative promoter sequence of CT74 cloned using the above procedure is set forth by SEQ ID NO: 851.
  • CTl 1 promoter the library was originated from Smal and Stul restriction enzymes.
  • GGCATTTTTAAGATGTGAAACGTCGG-S' (SEQ ID NO:855).
  • Internal (Nested) primer CT9 GSP_NR - 5 1 - GCTCGACTTTGGGTGGACATGTATGTAG-S 1 (SEQ ID NO:856).
  • CT9 promoter the library was originated from Dral and Smal restriction enzymes.
  • the putative promoter sequence of CT9 cloned using the above procedure is set forth by SEQ ID NO:857.
  • PCR products were purified using PCR purification kit (Qiagen) and sequencing of the amplified PCR products was performed, using ABI 377 sequencer (Amersham Biosciences Inc).
  • PCR amplification was carried out using a new set of primers (below) to which 8-12 bp extension that included one restriction site (Hindlll, Sail, Xbal, BamHl, or Smal) on the 5' end.
  • restriction sites that do not exist in the promoter sequence were selected.
  • the restriction sites in the primer sequences were designed so the resultant PCR products were cloned into the binary vector pPI or pGI (see Example 5 above) in the right orientation, upstream of the GUS reporter gene.
  • CT74_1000 CT74-pro-F-H (Hindlll): (SEQ ID NO:858) - 5'
  • CT74 1400 CT74-pro-F-H-2 (Hindlll): (SEQ ID NO:860) - 5'
  • CT74JL700 (SEQ ID NO:859).
  • CT74_pro_F_H_3 (Hindlll): (SEQ ID NO:861) - 5' - GTCGAAGCTTTGGTCTGTCCGGATCACTGTG - 3'; and CT74-pro-R-SL (Sail): (SEQ ID NO:859).
  • CT4J000 (SEQ ID NO:861) - 5' - GTCGAAGCTTTGGTCTGTCCGGATCACTGTG - 3'; and CT74-pro-R-SL (Sail): (SEQ ID NO:859).
  • CT4-pro-F-H (SEQ ID NO:862) - 5' ACTTAAGCTTGGTAAAACTTCAACTTGCCTTTG - 3'; and CT4-pro-R-SL (Sail): (SEQ ID NO:863) - 5' - CAAAGTCGACTTGCCAATGTCACTTCCTCCC - 3'.
  • CT4_pro_F_H_2 (Hindill): (SEQ ID NO:864) - 5' - CAACAAGCTTAGCATGCCACTTTTCACCATC - 3'; and CT4-pro-R-SL (Sail): (SEQ ID NO: 863).
  • CTUJiO CTUJiO:
  • CT9_650 CT9_pro_F_H (HMII):(SEQ ID NO: 867) - 5'-
  • CT9_pro_R_SL (&/I):(SEQ ID NO: 868) - 5'-
  • Genomic DNA or the IPCR/UP-PCR product was used as DNA template for PCR-amplification, using the newly designed oligonucleotide primers.
  • PCR products were purified (PCR Purification Kit, Qiagen, Germany) and digested with the restriction sites exist in the primers (Roche, Switzerland).
  • the digested PCR products were re-purified and cloned into the binary vector pPI/pGI, which was digested with the same restriction enzymes.
  • PCR product and the open p ⁇ asmid vector were ligated using T4 DNA ligase enzyme (Roche, Switzerland).
  • TRANSFORMING AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENCE CELLS WITH BINARY VECTORS HARBORING COTTON FIBER PROMOTERS pPI/pGI Binary vector, including either CT4, CTI l, CT9 or CT74 promoter, upstream to the GUS reporter gene were used to transform Agrobacterium cells.
  • Agrobacterium tumefaciens The binary vectors were introduced to Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV301, or LB4404 competent cells (about 10 9 cells/ml) by electroporation. Electroporation was performed using a MicroPulser electroporator
  • LB agar supplemented with gentamycin (50 mg/L; for Agrobacterium strains GV301) or streptomycin (300 mg/L; for Agrobacterium strain LB4404) and kanamycin (50 mg/L) at 28 °C for 48 hours.
  • Agrobacterium colonies which developed on the selective media were analyzed by PCR using the primers set forth in SEQ ID NO:869
  • TO Plants were sown in 250 ml pots filled with wet peat-based growth mix.
  • the pots were covered with aluminum foil and a plastic dome, kept at 4 °C for 3-4 days, then uncovered and incubated in a growth chamber at 18-24 °C under 16/8 hours light/dark cycles.
  • the TO plants were ready for transformation six days prior to anthesis.
  • Single colonies of Agrobacterium carrying the binary constructs were cultured in LB medium supplemented with kanamycin (50 mg/L) and gentamycin (50 mg/L). The cultures were incubated at 28 °C for 48 hours under vigorous shaking and then centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 5 minutes.
  • the pellets comprising Agrobacterium cells were re- suspended in a transformation medium containing half-strength (2.15 g/L) Murashig- -Skoog (Duchefa); 0.044 ⁇ M benzylamino purine (Sigma); 112 ⁇ g/L B5 Gam strig vitamins (Sigma); 5 % sucrose; and 0.2 ml/L Silwet L-77 (OSI Specialists, CT) in double-distilled water, at pH of 5.7. Transformation of TO plants was effected by inverting each plant into an Agrobacterium suspension, such that the above ground plant tissue was submerged for 3-5 seconds.
  • Each inoculated TO plant was immediately placed in a plastic tray, then covered with clear plastic dome to maintain humidity and was kept in the dark at room temperature for 18 hours, to facilitate infection and transformation.
  • Transformed ⁇ i.e., transgenic plants were then uncovered and transferred to a greenhouse for recovery and maturation.
  • transgenic TO plants were grown in the greenhouse for 3-5 weeks until siliques were brown and dry. Seeds were harvested from plants and kept at room temperature until sowing. For generating Tl transgenic plants harboring the genes, seeds collected from transgenic TO plants were surface-sterilized by soaking in 70 % ethanol for 1 minute, followed by soaking in 5 % sodium hypochloride and 0.05 % triton for 5 minutes. The surface-sterilized seeds were thoroughly washed in sterile distilled water then placed on culture plates containing half-strength Murashig-Skoog (Duchefa); 2 % sucrose; 0.8 % plant agar; 50 mM kanamycin; and 200 mM carbenicylin (Duchefa).
  • Rinse solution is removed, replaced with Staining solution [Working solution with 5- bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl- ⁇ -D-glucuronic acid (X-GIcA, Duchefa) solubilized in N,N-Dimethylformamide (BioLab, Israel) 1.5 mg/ml and Dithiothreitol (DTT, Bio Lab) 100 mM] in dark (tubes wrapped with aluminum foil) and incubated over night at 37 °C. Distaining is carried by sinking the plant tissue in 70 % ethanol and heating at 50 0 C for about 2 hours. Distaining step is repeated until the plant tissue becomes transparent except the blue stained regions.
  • Staining solution Working solution with 5- bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl- ⁇ -D-glucuronic acid (X-GIcA, Duchefa) solubilized in N,N-Dimethylformamide (BioLab, Israel) 1.5 mg/ml and Dithiothre
  • the genes should be over-expressed in the relevant tissue, the ovule.
  • a transient expression system which uses natural grown cotton ovules/fibers, does not exist.
  • the present inventors have devised a method of infecting cotton ovule cells using agroi ⁇ jection in order to demonstrate over expression of fiber related genes on fiber development, as follows.
  • the assay is based on the co-expression of a marker gene and a tested gene.
  • a green-fluorescent-protein (GFP) (SEQ ID NO:871) or GUS-intron (GUSint, SEQ ID NO: 872) as a reporter gene is cloned under regulation of CT2 fiber specific promoter (SEQ ID NO:873) (disclosed in PCT Patent Appl. No IL2005/000627 to Evogene Ltd.) in cis to the tested fiber related genes CTl, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11 5 20, 22, 27, 40, 71, 74, 75, 76, 81, 82, 84, and 4 (SEQ ID NOs:874-892) (disclosed in PCT Patent Appl.
  • GFP_ORF_F_Sm2 5'-GACCCGGGAAACAATGAGTAAAGGAGAAGAAC-S' (forward, SEQ ID NO:893); and GFP_R_Sc: 5'-
  • pGI is a modified version of pBI101.3 (Clontech, Accession No. Ul 2640). pGI was constructed by inserting a synthetic poly-(A) signal sequence, which originated from pGL3 Basic plasmid vector (Promega, GenBank Accession No.
  • E. coli Recombinant expression in bacteria - 60 ⁇ l of E. coli, strain DH5- ⁇ competent cells (about 10 9 cells/ml) were transformed using 1 ⁇ l of ligation reaction mixture by electroporation, using a MicroPulser electroporator (BioRad), 0.2 cm cuvettes (BioRad) and EC-2 electroporation program (BioRad).
  • E. coli cells were grown on 1 ml LB liquid medium at 37 0 C for 1 hour and 0.2 ml of the cell suspension were plated on LB-agar plates supplemented with the antibiotics kanamycin 50 mg/L (Sigma). Plates were then incubated at 37 °C for 16 hours.
  • PCR products were separated on 1 % agarose gels and product sizes were estimated by comparing to DNA ladder (MBI Fermentas). PCR products with the predicted size were sequenced using the same primers previously used for PCR amplification.
  • CT2 promoter sequence originated from the pGI+CT2 promoter (PCT Patent Appl. No. IL2005/000627 to the present inventors) was cloned by digesting the pGI+CT2 promoter vector with the restriction endonucleases Hindlll and BamHl (Roche) and ligated into the binary constructs (pGFP(-35s)), digested with the same enzymes. Ligation products were introduced into E.
  • pCT vectors, harboring the tested genes [CTl, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 20, 22, 27, 40, 71, 74, 75, 76, 81, 82, 84, 4, SEQ ID NOs. 874-892; (disclosed in PCT Patent Appl. No IL2005/000627 to Evogene Ltd.)] were digested with the restriction endonuclease Hindlll (Roche) and dephosphorylated with Alkaline Phosphatase (shrimp; Roche).
  • CT2 promoter The CT2 promoter: :GFP was amplified using primer including Hindlll restriction enzyme site. Primers used for PCR amplification were: CT2_pro_H: 5'- TTCAAGCTTTTTTTGTTTGTTGTGGGGG-S' (forward, SEQ ID NO:897) and NOS_ter_R_H: 5'- GGTTAAGCTTCGACGGCCAGTGAATTCC -3' (reverse, SEQ ID NO:898).
  • PCR blunt ended products were purified using PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, Germany) digested with Hindlll (Roche) and cloned into each of the pCT dephosphorylation binary vectors (See Figure 6 for an exemplary vector). Ligation products were introduced into E. coli cells and screen for positive colonies with primers: (forward 101F, SEQ ID NO:869) and 35S_R: 5'- GGACCACTGTCGGTAGAGGC -3' (reverse, SEQ ID NO:899).
  • CT2promoter::GUS plasmid were digested using the endonucleases Hindlll (Roche) and dephosphorilation with Alkaline Phosphatase ,shrimp (Roche). Ligation products (see Figure 7 for an exemplary vector) were introduced into
  • E. coli cells and screen for positive colonies as describe previously.
  • Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58 competent cells 60 ⁇ l were transformed with 20 ng of binary plasmid via electroporation, using a MicroPulser electroporator (BioRad), 0.2 cm cuvettes (BioRad) and EC-2 - electroporation program (BioRad).
  • Agrobacterium cells were grown on 1 ml LB+ 50 mg/L of Carbenicillin + 50 mg/L of Rifampicillin liquid medium at 28 °C for 3 hours and 0.08 ml of the cell suspension were plated on LB-agar plates supplemented with the antibiotics 50 mg/L of Carbenicillin + 50 mg/L of Rifampicillin + 50 mg/L of Kanamycin Plates were then incubated at 28 °C for 72 hours.
  • Agrobacterium colonies were grown and PCR amplification was performed on Agrobacterium cells, using primers that were designed to span the inserted sequence in the binary vector. Primers used for PCR amplification were for GUS: pGI(CT2 promoter)+CT20(3 SS promoter) Forward, CT20_F_2 (SEQ ID NO.902) 5'- ACGGAGTCAACTCAGAATCG
  • CT2_pro_R_2 (SEQ ID NO:903) 5 1 - TGCATTATTCAAACCCTGTCTCC - 3'.
  • CT82_RT_F (SEQ ID NO:904) 5' TCTCTAAGCGACGAAACGGGT - 3'; and Reverse, CT2_pro_R_2 (SEQ ID NO:903).
  • pGI(CT2 promoierj+expunsin (SEQ ID NQ. 905) (3 SS promoter) Forward, ⁇ 35s_R (SEQ ID NO:899) and Reverse, CT2_pro_R_2 (SEQ ID NO.903).
  • GFP construct Forward 101F, (SEQ ID NO:869) and Reverse, GFP_R1 (SEQ ID NO:896) 5'- CACCTTCACCCTCTCCACTG -3. 1 PCR products were separated on 1 % agarose gels and product sizes were determined by comparing to DNA ladder (MBI Fermentas).
  • Agroinjection - Cotton balls (Gossypium. hirsutum cv Coker/DP&L90) at different stages of development 0, 2, 4 and 6 days post anthesis (DPA) were infiltrated (with the agrobacteria harboring the binary vector) using a 1-ml syringe with a 0.5- 316-mm needle (BD Pastipak). Needle was introduced 1 to 2 mm in depth into the fruit tissue, and the infiltration solution was gently injected into the fruit. The total volume of solution injected varied with the size of the fruit, with a minimum of 0.1 ml and a maximum of 0.3 ml.
  • Floral dip a simplified method for
  • CYP71D16 trichome-specific promoter from Nicotiana tabacum L. J Exp Bot.

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Abstract

Isolated polynucleotides are provided. Each of the isolated polynucleotides comprise a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least 80 % homologous to SEQ ID NOs:130-258 and 536-791, wherein the polypeptide is capable of regulating cotton fiber development. Also provided are methods of using such polynucleotides for improving fiber quality and/or yield of a fiber producing plant, as well as methods of using such polynucleotides for producing plants having increased biomass/vigor/yield.

Description

POLYNUCLEOTIDES AND POLYPEPTIDES INVOLVED IN PLANT FIBER DEVELOPMENT AND METHODS OF USING SAME
FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to polynucleotides and polypeptides involved in plant-fiber development and methods of using same.
Cotton and cotton by-products provide raw materials that are used to produce a wealth of consumer-based products in addition to textiles including cotton foodstuffs, livestock feed, fertilizer and paper. The production, marketing, consumption and trade of cotton-based products generate an excess of $100 billion annually in the U.S. alone, making cotton the number one value-added crop. In spite of the growth of synthetic fibers in the last 50 years, cotton still accounts for approximately 50 % of the world's textile fiber. Even though 90 % of cotton's value as a crop resides in the fiber (lint), yield and fiber quality has declined, especially over the last decade. This decline has been attributed to general erosion in genetic diversity of cotton varieties, and an increased vulnerability of the crop to environmental conditions.
Cotton fibers can be obtained from many varieties of cotton with a range of characteristics for various applications. Cotton fibers may be characterized according to a variety of properties, some of which are considered highly desirable within the textile industry for the production of increasingly high quality products and optimal exploitation of modern spinning technologies. Commercially desirable properties include length, length uniformity, fineness, maturity ratio, decreased fuzz fiber production, micronaire, bundle strength, and single fiber strength. Much effort has - been put into the improvement of the characteristics of cotton fibers mainly focusing on fiber length and fiber fineness. In particular, there is a great demand for cotton fibers of specific lengths.
Several approaches can be used to improve the characteristics or yield of cotton fibers. Variety improvement of cultivated cotton plants has been performed by cross breeding. However, breeding is relatively slow and inefficient, and the degree of variability which can be achieved is limited to the existing genetic diversity. In addition, plants can be treated with hormones such as auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene or brassinolide [see e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 588011O]. However, no measurable effect of the hormones has been documented, making practical use of these hormones on a large scale highly unlikely. Alternatively, variety improvement can be achieved by genetic engineering. In recent years, a remarkable progress has been made in plant genetic engineering with the successful variety improvement of commercially important crop plants such as cotton, soybean, corn, and canola. The broad acceptance of genetically engineered cotton in the leading producing countries make it an attractive candidate for genetic engineering for improvement of fiber yield and/or quality. For example, introducing a gene coding for an insecticidal protein toxin produced Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) into a cotton plant has improved insect resistance. In addition, cotton plants with improved herbicide (Glyphosate) resistance have been genetically engineered by the introduction of a gene coding for 5-enol- pyruvil-shikimic acid 3 -phosphate synthetase.
A cotton fiber is composed of a single cell that has differentiated from an epidermal cell of the seed coat, developing through four chronological stages, i.e., initiation, elongation, secondary cell wall thickening and maturation stages. The elongation of a cotton fiber commences in the epidermal cell of the ovule immediately following flowering, after which the cotton fiber rapidly elongates for approximately 21 days. Fiber elongation is then terminated, and a secondary cell wall is formed and grows through maturation to become a mature cotton fiber.
Little is known about the genetic control of cotton fiber initiation and elongation. Since both cotton fibers and Arabidopsis trichomes are developed from single epidermal cells it was suggested that they both share similar genetic regulation (Reviewed at Wagner GJ. et. al. 2004). In Arabidopsis, a large number of studies have revealed extensive information on the genetic mechanisms regulating trichome initiation and elongation. Several studies demonstrated the similarities between trichome and fiber by showing that cotton fiber specific promoters confer trichome specific expression in arabidopsis and tobacco plants (Kim and Triplett, 2001; Hsu et. al. 1999; Liu et. al. 2000, Wang et al. 2004). Most of the research that studies fiber development uses arabidopsis trichome as a model system to identify cotton genes in a small scale manner (Kim and Triplett, 2001; Wang et al. 2004). Several candidate genes associated with the elongation and formation of cotton fibers have been identified. For example, five genes from cotton plants which are specifically expressed at the cotton fiber elongation stage were identified by differential screening and display methods [U.S. Pat. No. 5,880,100 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,932,713, 6,225,536 and 6,166,294].
WO0245485 describes methods and means to modulate fiber quality in fiber- producing plants, such as cotton, by modulating sucrose synthase (a sugar important for cell wall synthesis) activity and/or expression in such plants.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,472,588 and WOOl 17333 provide methods of increasing the quality of cotton fiber (e.g., strength, length, fiber maturity ratio, immature fiber content, fiber uniformity or micronaire) by transforming a cotton plant with a DNA encoding sucrose phosphate synthase. WO9508914 discloses a fiber producing plant comprising in its genome a heterologous genetic construct which includes a fiber-specific promoter and a coding sequence encoding a plant peroxidase, such as a cotton peroxidase.
WO9626639 provides a method utilizing an ovary specific promoter sequence to express plant growth modifying hormones in cotton ovule tissue. The method permits the modification of the characteristics of boll set in cotton plants and provides a mechanism for altering fiber quality characteristics such as fiber dimension and strength.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,834, U.S. Pat. No. 5,597,718, U.S. Pat. No. 5,620,882, U.S. Pat. No. 5,521,708 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,495,070 disclose a method of genetically engineering a fiber-producing plant and the identification of cDNA clones useful for identifying fiber genes in cotton.
U.S. patent applications 2002049999 and 2003074697 disclose cotton plants of the genus Gossypium expressing endoxyloglucan transferase, catalase or peroxidase with improved cotton fiber characteristics. WO 01/40250 provides a method of improving cotton fiber quality by modulating transcription factor gene expression.
WO 96/40924 provides novel DNA constructs which may be used as molecular probes or alternatively inserted into a plant host to modify transcription of a DNA sequence-of-interest during various stages of cotton fiber development. EP0834566 discloses a gene which controls the fiber formation mechanism in a cotton plant.
Validation of genes which improve cotton fiber yield and quality in vivo requires a reliable model system for cotton fiber development. Models in other plant platforms, such as trichome cells and root hairs, are widely accepted for cotton fiber development. However measuring changes in growth rate, cell length and thickness is not easy because of the small size, difficult access to and lack of uniformity in sizes. The present inventors have analyzed tomato seed hairs for their possible use as a model tissue for cotton fiber development (WO2005/121364 which is incorporated herein by reference) and demonstrated a high correlation between tomato seed hair and cotton fiber.
The generation of stably transformed transgenic plants to assess gene function is a lengthy manipulative process. As an alternative, foreign gene expression in plants is often performed using transient transformation of cells or tissues. Agrobacterium mediated transient gene expression (agroinfiltration) in plant leaves has become the favorite choice in many gene functional analyses (Kapila et al., 1997; Yang et al., 2000; Goodin et al., 2002). There are existing protocols for transient gene expression in tissue-culture grown cotton fibers [such as Kim HJ, et al., 2001]. Orzaez D., et al. 2006, developed an agroinfiltration-based system (agroinjection), which allows transient expression of foreign genes directly in tomato fruit tissues.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least 80 % homologous to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536- 791, wherein the polypeptide is capable of regulating fiber development. According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided an isolated polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80 % homologous to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536-791, wherein the polypeptide is capable of regulating fiber development
According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence at least 95 % identical to SEQ ID NO:851, 848, 857, or 854, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is capable of regulating an expression of a heterologous polynucleotide sequence operably linked thereto.
According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a nucleic acid construct comprising the isolated polynucleotide. According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a nucleic acid construct comprising the isolated polynucleotide and a heterologous nucleic acid sequence operably attached thereto.
According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a transgenic cell comprising the isolated polynucleotide. According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a transgenic cell exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide.
According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a transgenic plant comprising the isolated polynucleotide.
According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a transgenic plant exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide.
According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a method of increasing a biomass of a plant, the method comprising exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide in the plant, thereby increasing the biomass of the plant. According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a method of increasing a vigor of a plant, the method comprising exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide in the plant, thereby increasing the vigor of the plant.
According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a method of increasing a yield of a plant, the method comprising exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide in the plant, thereby increasing the yield of the plant.
According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a method of increasing a tolerance of a plant to abiotic stress, the method comprising exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide in the plant, thereby increasing the tolerance of the plant to abiotic stress.
According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a method of improving fiber quality and/or yield of a fiber producing plant, 0
6 the method comprising exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide in the fiber producing plant, thereby improving the quality and/or yield of the fiber producing plant.
According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a method of increasing a biomass of a plant, the method comprising expressing the nucleic acid construct in the plant, thereby increasing the biomass of the plant.
According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a method of increasing a vigor of a plant, the method comprising expressing the nucleic acid construct in the plant, thereby increasing the vigor of the plant
According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a method of increasing a yield of a plant, the method comprising expressing the nucleic acid construct in the plant, thereby increasing the yield of the plant.
According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a method of producing cotton fibers, the method comprising: (a) generating a transgenic cotton plant exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide; and (b) harvesting the fibers of the transgenic cotton plant, thereby producing the cotton fibers.
According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a nucleic acid construct comprising: (i) a first polynucleotide sequence which comprises a reporter gene operably linked to a fiber-specific promoter; and (ii) a second polynucleotide sequence which comprises a heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide-of-interest operably linked to a promoter.
According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a nucleic acid construct system comprising: (i) a first nucleic acid construct which comprises a first polynucleotide sequence comprising a reporter gene operably linked to a fiber-specific promoter; and (ii) a second nucleic acid construct which comprises a second polynucleotide sequence comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide-of-interest operably linked to a promoter. According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a method of expressing a polypeptide-of-interest in a plant, comprising administering to the plant the nucleic acid construct or the nucleic acid construct system, thereby expressing the polypeptide-of-interest in the plant. According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a method of expressing a polypeptide-of-interest in a cotton plant, comprising injecting to a cotton ball of the cotton plant a nucleic acid construct which comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide-of-interest, there by expressing the polypeptide-of-interest in the cotton plant.
According to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention there is provided a cell comprising the nucleic acid construct or the nucleic acid construct system.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the nucleic acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:l, 12, 2, 17, 10, 11, 8, 4, 7, 6, 5, 3, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18-129 and 259-535.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536-791. According to some embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotide is as set forth by SEQ ID NO:851, 848, 857, or 854.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the nucleic acid sequence is shorter than 1800 bp.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the fiber comprises a cotton fiber.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the nucleic acid construct further comprises at least one cis-acting regulatory element operably linked to the isolated polynucleotide.
According to some embodiments of the invention/ expressing is effected at a root tip of the plant.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the quality of the fiber producing plant comprises at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of fiber length, fiber strength, fiber weight per unit length, maturity ratio, uniformity and micronaire. According to some embodiments of the invention, the fiber producing plant is selected from the group consisting of cotton, silk cotton tree, desert willow, creosote bush, winterfat, balsa, ramie, kenaf, hemp, roselle, jute, sisal abaca and flax. L2007/001590
8
According to some embodiments of the invention, the fiber development comprises fiber formation.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the fiber development comprises fiber elongation. According to some embodiments of the invention, the plant is a cotton plant.
According to some embodiments of the invention, administering is effected by injecting the nucleic acid construct or the nucleic acid construct system to a cotton ball of the cotton plant.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the nucleic acid construct is comprised in agrobacteria.
According to some embodiments of the invention, expressing is effected in an ovule cell of the cotton plant.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the polypeptide-of-interest regulates fiber development. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and/or scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of the invention, exemplary methods and/or materials are described below. In case of conflict, the patent specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and are not intended to be necessarily limiting.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Some embodiments of the invention are herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. With specific reference now to the drawings in detail, it is stressed that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of embodiments of the invention. In this regard, the description taken with the drawings makes apparent to those skilled in the art how embodiments of the invention may be practiced. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the pGI binary plasmid used for expressing the isolated polynucleotide sequences of the invention under the control of the 35S promoter. RB - T-DNA right border; LB - T-DNA left border; H- HindHl restriction enzyme; X - Xbal restriction enzyme; B - BamHl restriction enzyme; S - Sail restriction enzyme; Sm - Smal restriction enzyme; R-I - EcoRI restriction enzyme; Sc - Sacϊ/SstVEcll36U; (numbers) - Length in base-pairs; NOS pro = nopaline synthase promoter; NPT-II = neomycin phosphotransferase gene; NOS ter = nopaline synthase terminator; PoIy-A signal (polyadenylation signal); GUSintron - the GUS reporter gene (coding sequence and intron) The isolated polynucleotide sequences of the invention were cloned into the vector while replacing the GUSintron reporter gene. FIGs. 2a-d are bar graph depicting the expression profile of selected fiber development genes at various developmental stages measured in days post anthesis (DPA) and tissues. Figure 2a - CT4 (SEQ ID NO:842); Figure 2b - CT74 (SEQ ID NO:843); Figure 2c - CTIl (SEQ ID NO:844); Figure 2d - CT9 (SEQ ID NO:857). The developmental stages and tissues were as follows: (a) -2 DPA; (b) 0-1 DPA; (c) 2-3 DPA; (d) 4-5 DPA; (e) 6-8 DPA; (f) 9-11 DPA; (g) 12-14 DPA; (h) 15-17 DPA; (i) 18-20 DPA; (j) young leaves: (k) young stems; (1) young roots; (m) leaves; (n) stems; (o) sepals; (p) petals; (q) stamen (G. hirsutum var. Acala) plants. Relative amounts of mRNA are presented in all examined tissues. The y-axis represents the expression level normalized against three different housekeeping genes; FIGs. 3a-f are photomicrographs depicting fiber-specific promoter evaluation in Arabidopsis. Expression of GUS in leafs (Figures 3a-c) and roots (Figures 3d-f) under regulation of 35S promoter (SEQ ID NO:841) (Figures 3a and d), CT4 promoter (SEQ ID NO:848) (Figures 3b and e) and CT74 promoter (SEQ ID NO:851) (Figures 3 c and f). Note the high staining intensity (corresponding to high expression level) of GUS in the leafs of Arabidopsis plants under the CT4 (Figure 3b) or the CT74 (Figure 3 c) promoters;
FIGs. 4a-c are photomicrographs depicting promoter detection in cotton balls using a specific embodiment of the transient assay described herein, Agroinjection of GUS under regulation of CT2 or 35S promoters. Figure 4a - CT2::GUS at 3 DPA; Figure 4b - 35S::GUS at 3DPA; Figure 4c - 35S::GUS at 8 DPA;
FIGs. 5a-c are photomicrographs depicting overexpression of CT20 and expansin in cis to GFP reporter gene by transient transfection of cotton balls at 4 DPA development fibers. For control, the agroinjection of CT2::GFP was used; Figure 5a - CT2::GFP (control); Figure 5b - CT2::GFP+35S::CT20 (by transient transfection of the binary vector depicted in Figure 7); Figure 5c - CT2::GFP+35S::Expansin;
FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration depicting an exemplary binary vector of the invention [designated pGI(CT2 promoter)+CT82(35S promoter)], in which the CT82 ORF (SEQ ID NO:890) is under the transcriptional control of the constitutive 35S promoter (SEQ ID NO:841) and the GUSIntron (SEQ ID NO:872) is under the transcriptional control of the CT2 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 873). NOS pro = nopaline synthase promoter; NPT-II = neomycin phosphotransferase gene; NOS ter = nopaline synthase terminator; FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration depicting an exemplary binary vector of the invention [designated pCT20+GFP(CT2prom)], in which the GFP open reading frame (ORF) (SEQ ID NO:871) is under the transcriptional control of the CT2 promoter (SEQ ID NO:873) and the CT20 ORF (SEQ ID NO:881) is under the transcriptional control of the constitutive 35S promoter (SEQ ID NO:841). -NOS pro = nopaline synthase promoter; NPT-II = neomycin phosphotransferase gene; NOS ter = nopaline synthase terminator;
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION The invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to polynucleotides and polypeptides involved in plant-fiber development and methods of using same for improving fiber quality and/or yield/biomass/vigor of a plant, and in an exemplary embodiment a fiber-producing plant.
Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not necessarily limited in its application to the details set forth in the following description or exemplified by the Examples. The invention is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways.
While reducing the invention to practice, the present inventors have identified polynucleotides and polypeptides encoded thereby which are involved in fiber development and which can be used to increase fiber quality and/or yield and plant biomass.
Thus, as described in the Examples section which follows, the present inventors have devised a novel computational approach combined with fiber related expression profile data generated using cotton oligonucleotide microarray and quantitative RT-PCR to identify genes which play a role in fiber development. Genes which are expressed during fiber initiation and elongation, in elongated tissues such as root tips, xylem and/or under etiolating conditions such as abiotic stress (e.g., drought) were identified (Example 1 of the Examples section which follows) and their expression profile was determined in a variety of cotton plants at several fiber developmental stages (Examples 2, 3 and 4 of the Example section which follows). Genes in which the expression profile correlated with fiber development were selected (polynucleotides SEQ ID NOs:l-129; polypeptides SEQ ID NOs:130-258; Table 7, Example 4 of the Examples section which follows), as well as homologous polypeptides (SEQ ID NOs:536-791) from other plant species (Table 8, Example 4 of the Examples section which follows). As is further described in Examples 5, 6 and 7 of the Examples section which follows, exogenous expression of binary nucleic acid vectors harboring selected fiber development genes (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 1-17, 22 and 37) under the transcriptional control of a constitutive promoter (Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35 S promoter) in tomato plants resulted in an overall effect on the length of tomato seed hair. In addition, promoter sequences of genes involved in fiber development were isolated (SEQ ID NOs:851, 848, 857, or 854; Example 8 of the Examples section which follows), cloned in binary vectors upstream of a reported gene (GUS) (Example 9 of the Examples section) and exogenously expressed in tomato plants (Example 10 of the Examples section). These expression studies demonstrated the identification of promoter sequences which are active during initiation (CT4 promoter; SEQ ID NO:848) or elongation (CT9 and CT74 promoters; SEQ ID NOs:857 and 851, respectively) of fiber development (Example 10 of the Examples section). Altogether, these results demonstrate that the isolated polynucleotides (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 1-129 and 259-535) and polypeptides (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 130-258 and 536-791) of the invention, as well as the isolated fiber development promoters (e.g., SEQ ID NOs:851, 848, 857, or 854) can be used to improve fiber quality and/or yield of a fiber producing plant and increase the biomass/vigor/yield as well as resistance or tolerance to abiotic stress of plants altogether.
Thus, according to one aspect of the invention, there is provided an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least 80 % homologous to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536-791, wherein the polypeptide is capable of regulating fiber development. As used herein the phrase "fiber producing plant" refers to plants that share the common feature of having an elongated shape and abundant cellulose in thick cell walls, typically termed as secondary walls. Such walls may or may not be lignified, and the protoplast of such cells may or may be viable at maturity. Such fibers have many industrial uses, for example in lumber and manufactured wood products, paper, textiles, sacking and boxing material, cordage, brushes and brooms, filling and stuffing, caulking, reinforcement of other materials, and manufacture of cellulose derivatives.
The term "fiber" is usually inclusive of thick- walled conducting cells such as vessels and tracheids and to fibrillar aggregates of many individual fiber cells. Hence, the term "fiber" refers to (a) thick- walled conducting and non-conducting cells of the xylem; (b) fibers of extraxylary origin, including those from phloem, bark, ground tissue, and epidermis; and (c) fibers from stems, leaves, roots, seeds, and flowers or inflorescences (such as those of Sorghum vulgare used in the manufacture of brushes and brooms). Example of fiber producing plants, include, but are not limited to, agricultural crops such as cotton, silk cotton tree (Kapok, Ceiba pentandra), desert willow, creosote bush, winterfat, balsa, kenaf, roselle, jute, sisal abaca, flax, corn, sugar cane, hemp, ramie, kapok, coir, bamboo, Spanish moss and Agave spp. (e.g. sisal).
According to an embodiment of this aspect of the invention the fiber producing plant is cotton.
As used herein the term "cotton" refers to a wild-type, a cultivated variety (e.g., hybrid) or a transgenic cotton (Gossypium) plant.
The phrase "cotton fiber development" refers to the development of the hair of the cotton seed. As used herein the term "development" when used in context of fibers (e.g., cotton fibers) refers to initiation of the fiber (formation of fiber) and/or elongation thereof, as well as to the fiber secondary cell wall thickening and maturation. Thus, the invention encompasses polynucleotides identified using the present methodology and their encoded polypeptide as well as polynucleotides encoding functional equivalents of the polypeptides identified herein (i.e., polypeptides which are capable of regulating fiber development, as can be determined according to the assays described in the Examples section which follows). Such functional equivalents can be at least about 70 %, at least about 75 %, at least about 80 %, at least about 81 %, at least about 82 %, at least about 83 %, at least about 84 %, at least about 85 %, at least about 86 %, at least about 87 %, at least about 88 %, at least about 89 %, at least about 90 %, at least about 91 %, at least about 92 %, at least about 93 %, at least about 94 %, at least about 95 %, e.g., 96 %, 97 %, 98 %, 99 % or 100 % homologous to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536-791.
Homology of an amino acid sequence (e.g., percent homology) can be determined using any homology comparison software, including for example, the BlastP software of the National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI) such as by using default parameters.
Polynucleotides encoding the functional equivalents can be at least about 70 %, at least about 75 %, at least about 80 %, at least about 81 %, at least about 82 %, at least about 83 %, at least about 84 %, at least about 85 %, at least about 86 %, at least about 87 %, at least about 88 %, at least about 89 %, at least about 90 %, at least about
91 %, at least about 92 %, at least about 93 %, at least about 94 %, at least about 95 %, at least about 96 %, at least about 97 %, at least about 98 %, at least about 99 %, e.g.,
100 % identical or homologous to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, 12, 2, 17, 10, 11, 8, 4, 7, 6, 5, 3, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18-129 and 259-535.
Identity of a nucleic acid sequence (e.g., percent homology) can be determined using any homology comparison software, including for example, the BlastN software of the National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI) such as by using default parameters.
As used herein the phrase "an isolated polynucleotide" refers to a single or double stranded nucleic acid sequences which is isolated and provided in the form of an RNA sequence, a complementary polynucleotide sequence (cDNA), a genomic polynucleotide sequence and/or a composite polynucleotide sequences (e.g., a combination of the above).
As used herein the phrase "complementary polynucleotide sequence" refers to a sequence, which results from reverse transcription of messenger RNA using a reverse transcriptase or any other RNA dependent DNA polymerase. Such a sequence can be subsequently amplified in vivo or in vitro using a DNA dependent DNA polymerase.
As used herein the phrase "genomic polynucleotide sequence" refers to a sequence derived (isolated) from a chromosome and thus it represents a contiguous portion of a chromosome.
As used herein the phrase "composite polynucleotide sequence" refers to a sequence, which is at least partially complementary and at least partially genomic. A composite sequence can include some exonal sequences required to encode the polypeptide of the invention, as well as some intronic sequences interposing therebetween. The intronic sequences can be of any source, including of other genes, and typically will include conserved splicing signal sequences. Such intronic sequences may further include cis acting expression regulatory elements.
According to an embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the nucleic acid sequence is as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 12, 2, 17, 10, 11, 8, 4, 7, 6, 5, 3, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18-129, 259-534 or 535.
According to an embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the isolated polynucleotide is as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 12, 2, 17, 10, 11, 8, 4, 7, 6, 5, 3, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18-129, 259-534 or 535.
According to an embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the amino acid sequence is as set forth in SEQ ID NO:130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258, 536-790 or 791.
According to an embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the polypeptide is as set forth in SEQ ID NO:130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258, 536-790 or 791. The isolated polynucleotides of this aspect of the invention can be also qualified using a hybridization assay by incubating the isolated polynucleotides described above in the presence of an oligonucleotide probe or primer under moderate to stringent hybridization conditions. Moderate to stringent hybridization conditions are characterized by a hybridization solution such as containing 10 % dextrane sulfate, 1 M NaCl, 1 % SDS and 5 x 106 cpm 32P labeled probe, at 65 °C, with a final wash solution of 0.2 x SSC and 0.1 % SDS and final wash at 65 °C and whereas moderate hybridization is effected using a hybridization solution containing 10 % dextrane sulfate, 1 M NaCl, 1 % SDS and 5 x 106 cpm 32P labeled probe, at 65 0C, with a final wash solution of 1 x SSC and 0.1 % SDS and final wash at 50 °C.
Nucleic acid sequences encoding the polypeptides of the invention may be optimized for plant expression. Examples of such sequence modifications include, but are not limited to, an altered G/C content to more closely approach that typically found in the plant species of interest, and the removal of codons atypically found in the plant species commonly referred to as codon optimization.
The phrase "codon optimization" refers to the selection of appropriate DNA nucleotides for use within a structural gene or fragment thereof that approaches codon usage within the plant of interest. Therefore, an optimized gene or nucleic acid sequence refers to a gene in which the nucleotide sequence of a native or naturally occurring gene has been modified in order to utilize statistically-preferred or statistically-favored codons within the plant. The nucleotide sequence typically is examined at the DNA level and the coding region optimized for expression in the plant species determined using any suitable procedure, for example as described in Sardana et al. (1996, Plant Cell Reports 15:677-681). In this method, the standard deviation of codon usage, a measure of codon usage bias, may be calculated by first finding the squared proportional deviation of usage of each codon of the native gene relative to that of highly expressed plant genes, followed by a calculation of the average squared deviation. The formula used is: 1 SDCU = n = 1 N [ ( Xn - Yn ) / Yn ] 2 / N, where Xn refers to the frequency of usage of codon n in highly expressed plant genes, where Yn to the frequency of usage of codon n in the gene of interest and N refers to the total number of codons in the gene of interest. A table of codon usage from highly expressed genes of dicotyledonous plants is compiled using the data of Murray et al (1989, Nuc Acids Res. 17:477-498).
One method of optimizing the nucleic acid sequence in accordance with the preferred codon usage for a particular plant cell type is based on the direct use, without performing any extra statistical calculations, of codon optimization tables such as those provided on-line at the Codon Usage Database through the NIAS (National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences) DNA bank in Japan (http://www.kazusa.or.jp/codon/). The Codon Usage Database contains codon usage tables for a number of different species, with each codon usage table having been statistically determined based on the data present in Genbank.
By using the above tables to determine the most preferred or most favored codons for each amino acid in a particular species (for example, rice), a naturally- occurring nucleotide sequence encoding a protein of interest can be codon optimized for that particular plant species. This is effected by replacing codons that may have a low statistical incidence in the particular species genome with corresponding codons, in regard to an amino acid, that are statistically more favored. However, one or more less-favored codons may be selected to delete existing restriction sites, to create new ones at potentially useful junctions (5' and 3' ends to add signal peptide or termination cassettes, internal sites that might be used to cut and splice segments together to produce a correct full-length sequence), or to eliminate nucleotide sequences that may negatively effect mRNA stability or expression.
The naturally-occurring encoding nucleotide sequence may already, in advance of any modification, contain a number of codons that correspond to a statistically-favored codon in a particular plant species. Therefore, codon optimization of the native nucleotide sequence may comprise determining which codons, within the native nucleotide sequence, are not statistically-favored with regards to a particular plant, and modifying these codons in accordance with a codon usage table of the particular plant to produce a codon optimized derivative. A modified nucleotide sequence may be fully or partially optimized for plant codon usage provided that the protein encoded by the modified nucleotide sequence is produced at a level higher than the protein encoded by the corresponding naturally occurring or native gene. Construction of synthetic genes by altering the codon usage is described in for example PCT Patent Application 93/07278. Thus, the invention encompasses nucleic acid sequences described hereinabove; fragments thereof, sequences hybridizable therewith, sequences homologous thereto, sequences encoding similar polypeptides with different codon usage, altered sequences characterized by mutations, such as deletion, insertion or substitution of one or more nucleotides, either naturally occurring or man induced, either randomly or in a targeted fashion.
Since the polynucleotide sequences of the invention encode previously unidentified polypeptides, the invention also encompasses novel polypeptides or portions thereof, which are encoded by the isolated polynucleotides and respective nucleic acid fragments thereof described hereinabove. The amino acid sequences of these novel polypeptides are set forth in SEQ ID NO: 130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536-791.
The invention also encompasses homologues of these polypeptides, such homologues can be at least about 70 %, at least about 75 %, at least about 80 %, at least about 81 %, at least about 82 %, at least about 83 %, at least about 84 %, at least about 85 %, at least about 86 %, at least about 87 %, at least about 88 %, at least about
89 %, at least about 90 %, at least about 91 %, at least about 92 %, at least about 93 %, at least about 93 %, at least about 94 %, at least about 95 %, at least about 96 %, at least about 97 %, at least about 98 %, at least about 99 %, homologous to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 130, 141, 131, 146,
139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536-
791.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the isolated polypeptide of the invention is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536- 791.
The invention also encompasses fragments of the above described polypeptides and polypeptides having mutations, such as deletions, insertions or substitutions of one or more amino acids, either naturally occurring or man induced, either randomly or in a targeted fashion.
As mentioned above and described in Examples 8, 9 and 10 of the Examples section which follows, the present inventors have isolated promoter sequences (SEQ ID NOs:851, 848, 857, or 854) of genes involved in cotton fiber development [CT4 (SEQ ID NO:842), CT9 (SEQ ID NO:843), CTl 1 (SEQ ID NO:844) and CT74 (SEQ ID NO: 845)] and demonstrated their ability to direct an expression of a reporter gene in a plant cell. Thus, according to another aspect of the invention, there is provided an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence at least 90 %, at least 91 %, at least 92 %, at least 93 %, at least 94 %, at least 95 %, at least 96 %, at least 97 %, at least 98 %, at least 99 % identical to SEQ ID NO:851, 848, 857, or 854, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is capable of regulating an expression of a heterologous polynucleotide sequence operably linked thereto.
As used herein the phrase "heterologous polynucleotide sequence" refers to a polynucleotide from a different species or from the same species but from a different gene locus as of the isolated polynucleotide sequence (e.g., the promoter sequence). A heterologous polynucleotide sequence is "operably linked" to a regulatory sequence (e.g., the promoter sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:851, 848, 857, or 854) if the regulatory sequence is capable of exerting a regulatory effect on the heterologous polynucleotide sequence linked thereto. Preferably, the regulatory sequence is positioned 1-500 bp upstream of the ATG codon of the heterologous polynucleotide sequence, although it will be appreciated that regulatory sequences can also exert their effect when positioned elsewhere with respect to the coding nucleic acid sequence (e.g., within an intron).
According to an embodiment of the invention, the isolated polynucleotide sequence of this aspect of the invention (the promoter sequence) comprises less than about 1800 nucleic acids in length, e.g., less than about 1500 nucleic acids in length.
According to an embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the isolated polynucleotide sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence as set forth by SEQ ID NO:851, 857, 848 or 854.
As mentioned hereinabove and described in Figures 3a-f, Table 12 and Example 10 of the Examples section which follows, the isolated promoter sequences of the invention were capable of directing an expression of a reporter gene (GUS) during fiber development.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the isolated polynucleotide sequence (the promoter sequence) of the invention is capable of regulating expression of the heterologous polynucleotide sequence in an ovule epidermal cell.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the ovule epidermal cell comprises a plant fiber or a trichome. The ability of polynucleotides of the invention and their products to regulate cotton fiber development can be determined directly on at least one structural parameter of a cotton fiber such as fiber length or fiber finesse, or fiber growth rate (further described hereinbelow). Alternatively, cotton fiber development can be determined indirectly by using plant model systems for cotton fiber development such as trichome cells and root hairs [see Examples 7, 10 and 11 of the Examples section which follows and Wagner. GJ. et. al. (2004)].
By analyzing expression profiles of the isolated polynucleotides of the invention and correlating between gene expression profile and fiber length (see Example 3 and 4 of the Examples section), the present inventors were able to determine the involvement of the biomolecule sequences (i.e., polynucleotides and polypeptides) of the invention in fiber initiation and/or elongation and plant biomass.
Thus, according to yet another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of improving fiber quality and/or yield of a fiber producing plant. The method of this aspect of the invention is effected by exogenously expressing at least a functional portion of the isolated polypeptide of the invention in the fiber producing plant, thereby improving the quality and/or yield of the fiber producing plant.
As used herein the phrase "fiber quality" refers to at least one fiber parameter which is agriculturally desired, or required in the fiber industry (further described herein below). Examples of such parameters, include but are not limited to, fiber length, fiber strength, fiber fitness, fiber weight per unit length, maturity ratio and uniformity (further described hereinbelow).
Cotton fiber (lint) quality is typically measured according to fiber length, strength and fineness. Accordingly, the lint quality is considered "higher when the fiber is longer, stronger and finer.
As used herein the phrase "fiber yield" refers to the amount or quantity of fibers produced from the fiber producing plant.
As used herein the term "improving" refers to at least about 5 %, at least about
10 %, at least about 15 %, at least about 20 %, at least about 30 %, at least about 40 %, at least about 50 %, at least about 60 %, at least about 70 %, at least about 80 %, change in fiber quality/yield as compared to a native plant (i.e., not modified with the biomolecule sequences of the invention).
As used herein the phrase "exogenously expressing" refers to an expression of at least a functional portion of the isolated polypeptide of the invention from an exogenous polynucleotide sequence (i.e., a polynucleotide sequence not derived from the host cell) introduced to the host cell (a plant cell in this case).
The exogenous polynucleotide sequence of the invention is designed and constructed to express at least a functional portion of the isolated polypeptide of the invention (e.g., the portion capable of improving fiber yield/quality, increasing biomass). Accordingly, the exogenous polynucleotide sequence may be a DNA or RNA sequence encoding a polypeptide molecule, capable of improving fiber yield or quantity. Alternatively, the exogenous polynucleotide may be a cis-acting regulatory region (e.g., SEQ ID NO:851, 848, or 857) which may be introduced into the plant to increase expression of any polynucleotide which is involved in fiber development (e.g., sucrose phosphate synthase, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,472,588; or any of the isolated polynucleotide sequences set forth by SEQ ID NOs:l, 12, 2, 17, 10, 11, 8, 4, 7, 6, 5, 3, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18-129, 259-534 or 535). To express exogenous polynucleotides in plant cells, a polynucleotide sequence of the invention can be ligated into a nucleic acid construct suitable for plant cell expression. Such a nucleic acid construct includes at least one cis-acting regulatory element operably linked to the isolated polynucleotide such as a promoter sequence for directing transcription of the polynucleotide sequence in the cell in a constitutive or inducible manner. The promoter may be homologous or heterologous to the transformed plant/cell.
Promoter sequences which can be used in accordance with this aspect of the invention are epidermal cell promoters.
For example, promoter sequences of each of the polynucleotide sequences of the invention may be used in the nucleic acid constructs of the invention.
According to an embodiment of this aspect of the invention the promoter is at least about 80 %, at least about 81 %, at least about 82 %, at least about 83 %, at least about 84 %, at least about 85 %, at least about 86 %, at least about 87 %, at least about 88 %, at least about 89 %, at least about 90 %, at least about 91 %, at least about 92 %, at least about 93 %, at least about 94 %, at least about 95 %, at least about 96 %, at least about 97 %, at least about 98 %, at least about 99 %, or 100 % identical to SEQ ID NO:85L 848, 857, or 854, which is capable of regulating expression of at least one polynucleotide sequence operably linked thereto in an ovule epidermal cell.
Other examples of cotton fiber-enhanced promoters include those of the cotton fiber-expressed genes E6 (John et al., Plant MoI. Biol., 30:297-306 (1996) and John et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 93:12768-12773, 1996), H6 (John et al., Plant Physiol.,
108:669-676, 1995), FbL2A (Rinehart et al., Plant Physiol., 112:1331-1341, 1996) and John et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93:12768-12773, 1996), rac (Delmer et al., MoI. Gen. Genet, 248:43-51, 1995); CeIA (Pear et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA,
93:12637-12642, 1996); CAP (Kawai et al., Plant Cell Physiol. 39:1380-1383, 1998); ACP (Song et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1351:305-312, 1997); and LTP (Ma et al.,
Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1344:111-114, 1997). Other cotton fiber specific promoters are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,495,070.
Other cotton fiber development promoters are disclosed in PCT No IL2005/000627 to the present inventors (e.g., SEQ ID NO:85 or 91 therein) . Other promoters which can be used in accordance with this aspect of the invention are those that ensure expression only in specified organs, such as the leaf, root, tuber, seed, stem, flower or specified cell types such as parenchyma, epidermal, trichome or vascular cells.
Promoters for enhancing expression in trichome cells are disclosed in WO2004/111183, to Evogene Ltd.
Promoters enhancing expression in vascular tissue include the CAD 2 promoter (Samaj et al., Planta, 204:437-443, 1998), the Pt4Cl l promoter (Hu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95:5407-5412, 1998), the C4H promoter (Meyer et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95:6619-6623, 1998), the PtX3H6 and PtX14A9 promoters (Loopstra et al., Plant MoI. Biol., 27:277-291, 1995), the RoIC promoter (Graham, Plant MoI. Biol., 33:729-735, 1997), the Hvhspl7 promoter (Raho et al., J. Expt. Bot, 47:1587-1594, 1996), and the COMT promoter (Capellades et al., Plant MoI. Biol., 31:307-322, 1996).
Promoters enhancing expression in- stem tissue include pith promoters (Datta, Theor. Appl. Genet., 97:20-30, 1998) and Ohta et al., MoL Gen. Genet, 225:369-378,
1991), and the anionic peroxidase promoter (Klotz et al., Plant MoL Biol., 36:509-
520, 1998). Preferred promoters enhancing expression in phloem, cortex and cork, but not xylem or pith, include the Psam-1 promoter (Mijnsbrugge et al., Plant and Cell Physiol., 37:1108-1115, 1996).
Promoters enhancing expression in seeds include the phas promoter (Geest et al., Plant MoI. Biol. 32:579-588, 1996); the GIuB-I promoter (Takaiwa et al., Plant MoI. Biol. 30:1207-1221, 1996); the gamma-zein promoter (Torrent et al. Plant MoI.
Biol. 34:139-149, 1997), and the oleosin promoter (Sarmiento et al., The Plant Journal
11:783-796, 1997).
Other promoter sequences which mediate constitutive, inducible, tissue- specific or developmental stage-specific expression are disclosed in WO2004/081173 to Evogene Ltd.
Truncated or synthetic promoters including specific nucleotide regions conferring tissue-enhanced expression may also be used, as exemplified by identification of regulatory elements within larger promoters conferring xylem- enhanced expression (Seguin et al., Plant MoI. Biol., 35:281-291, 1997; Torres- Schumann et al., The Plant Journal, 9:283-296, 1996; and Leyva et al., The Plant Cell, 4:263-271, 1992).
The nucleic acid construct can be, for example, a plasmid, a bacmid, a phagemid, a cosmid, a phage, a virus or an artificial chromosome. Preferably, the nucleic acid construct of the invention is a plasmid vector, more preferably a binary vector.
The phrase "binary vector" refers to an expression vector which carries a modified T-region from Ti plasmid, enable to be multiplied both in E. coli and in Agrobacterium cells, and usually comprising reporter gene(s) for plant transformation between the two boarder regions. A binary vector suitable for the invention includes pBI2113, pBI121, pGA482, pGAH, pBIG, pBHOl (Clonetech), pPI (see Examples 5 and 10 of the Examples section which follows) or modifications thereof.
The nucleic acid construct of the invention can be utilized to transform a host cell (e.g., bacterial, plant) or plant.
As used herein, the terms "transgenic" or "transformed" are used interchangeably referring to a cell or a plant into which cloned genetic material has been transferred.
In stable transformation, the nucleic acid molecule of the invention is integrated into the plant genome, and as such it represents a stable and inherited trait. In transient transformation, the nucleic acid molecule is expressed by the cell transformed but not integrated into the genome, and as such represents a transient trait.
There are various methods of introducing foreign genes into both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants (Potrykus, I. (1991). Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant MoI Biol 42, 205-225; Shimamoto, K. et al. (1989). Fertile transgenic rice plants regenerated from transformed protoplasts. Nature (1989) 338, 274-276).
The principal methods of the stable integration of exogenous DNA into plant genomic DNA includes two main approaches: (i) Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer. See: Klee, H. J. et al. (1987). Annu
Rev Plant Physiol 38, 467-486; Klee, H. J. and Rogers, S. G. (1989). Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants, Vol. 6, Molecular Biology of Plant Nuclear Genes, pp. 2-25, J. Schell and L. K. Vasil, eds., Academic Publishers, San Diego, CaL; and Gatenby, A. A. (1989). Regulation and Expression of Plant Genes in Microorganisms, pp. 93-112, Plant Biotechnology, S. Kung and C. J. Arntzen, eds., Butterworth Publishers, Boston, Mass.
(ii) Direct DNA uptake. See, e.g.: Paszkowski, J. et al. (1989). Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants, Vol. 6, Molecular Biology of Plant Nuclear Genes, pp. 52-68, J. Schell and L. K. Vasil, eds., Academic Publishers, San Diego, CaL; and Toriyama, K. et al. (1988). Bio/Technol 6, 1072-1074 (methods for direct uptake of DNA into protoplasts). See also: Zhang et al. (1988). Plant Cell Rep 7, 379- 384; and Fromm, M. E. et al. (1986). Stable transformation of maize after gene transfer by electroporation. Nature 319, 791-793 (DNA uptake induced by brief electric shock of plant cells). See also: Klein et al. (1988). Bio/Technology 6, 559- 563; McCabe, D. E. et al. (1988). Stable transformation of soybean (Glycine max) by particle acceleration. Bio/Technology 6, 923-926; and Sanford, J. C. (1990). Biolistic plant transformation. Physiol Plant 79, 206-209 (DNA injection into plant cells or tissues by particle bombardment). See also: Neuhaus, J. M. et al. (1987). Theor Appl Genet 75, 30-36; and Neuhaus, J. M. and Spangenberg, G. C. (1990). Physiol Plant 79, 213-217 (use of micropipette systems). See U.S. Pat. No. 5,464,765 (glass fibers or silicon carbide whisker transformation of cell cultures, embryos or callus tissue). See also: DeWet, J. M. J. et al. (1985). "Exogenous gene transfer in maize (Zea mays) using DNA-treated pollen," Experimental Manipulation of Ovule Tissue, G. P. Chapman et al., eds., Longman, New York-London, pp. 197-209; and Ohta, Y. (1986). High-Efficiency Genetic Transformation of Maize by a Mixture of Pollen and Exogenous DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA S3, 715-719 (direct incubation of DNA with germinating pollen). The Agrobacterium-mediated system includes the use of plasmid vectors that contain defined DNA segments which integrate into the plant genomic DNA. Methods of inoculation of the plant tissue vary depending upon the plant species and the Agrobacterium delivery system. A widely used approach is the leaf-disc procedure, which can be performed with any tissue explant that provides a good source for initiation of whole-plant differentiation (Horsch, R. B. et al. (1988). "Leaf disc transformation." Plant Molecular Biology Manual A5, 1-9, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht). A supplementary approach employs the Agrobacterium delivery system in combination with vacuum infiltration. The Agrobacterium system is especially useful for in the creation of transgenic dicotyledenous plants. There are various methods of direct DNA transfer into plant cells. In electroporation, the protoplasts are briefly exposed to a strong electric field, opening up mini-pores to allow DNA to enter. In microinjection, the DNA is mechanically injected directly into the cells using micropipettes. In microparticle bombardment, the DNA is adsorbed on microprojectiles such as magnesium sulfate crystals or tungsten particles, and the microprojectiles are physically accelerated into cells or plant tissues.
Following stable transformation, plant propagation occurs. The most common method of plant propagation is by seed. The disadvantage of regeneration by seed propagation, however, is the lack of uniformity in the crop due to heterozygosity, since seeds are produced by plants according to the genetic variances governed by Mendelian rules. In other words, each seed is genetically different and each will grow with its own specific traits. Therefore, it is preferred that the regeneration be effected such that the regenerated plant has identical traits and characteristics to those of the parent transgenic plant. The preferred method of regenerating a transformed plant is by micropropagation, which provides a rapid, consistent reproduction of the transformed plants.
Micropropagation is a process of growing second-generation plants from a single tissue sample excised from a selected parent plant or cultivar. This process permits the mass reproduction of plants having the preferred tissue and expressing a fusion protein. The newly generated plants are genetically identical to, and have all of the characteristics of, the original plant. Micropropagation allows for mass production of quality plant material in a short period of time and offers a rapid multiplication of selected cultivars with preservation of the characteristics of the original transgenic or transformed plant. The advantages of this method of plant cloning include the speed of plant multiplication and the quality and uniformity of the plants produced.
Micropropagation is a multi-stage procedure that requires alteration of culture medium or growth conditions between stages. The micropropagation process involves four basic stages: stage one, initial tissue culturing; stage two, tissue culture multiplication; stage three, differentiation and plant formation; and stage four, greenhouse culturing and hardening. During stage one, the tissue culture is established and certified contaminant-free. During stage two, the initial tissue culture is multiplied until a sufficient number of tissue samples are produced to meet production goals. During stage three, the newly grown tissue samples are divided and grown into individual plantlets. At stage four, the transformed plantlets are transferred to a greenhouse for hardening where the plants' tolerance to light is gradually increased so that they can continue to grow in the natural environment.
Although stable transformation is presently preferred, transient transformation of, for instance, leaf cells, meristematic cells, or the whole plant is also envisaged by the invention.
Transient transformation can be effected by any of the direct DNA transfer methods described above or by viral infection using modified plant viruses.
Viruses that have been shown to be useful for the transformation of plant hosts include cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), tobacco mosaic " virus (TMV), and baculovirus (BV). Transformation of plants using plant viruses is described in, for example: U.S. Pat. No. 4,855,237 (bean golden mosaic virus, BGMV); EPA 67,553
(TMV); Japanese Published Application No. 63-14693 (TMV); EPA 194,809 (BV);
EPA 278,667 (BV); and Gluzman, Y. et al. (1988). Communications in Molecular
Biology: Viral Vectors, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, pp. 172-189. The use of pseudovirus particles in expressing foreign DNA in many hosts, including plants, is described in WO 87/06261.
Construction of plant RNA viruses for the introduction and expression of non- viral exogenous nucleic acid sequences in plants is demonstrated by the above references as well as by: Dawson, W. O. et al. (1989). A tobacco mosaic virus-hybrid expresses and loses an added gene. Virology 172, 285-292; French, R. et al. (1986) Science 231, 1294-1297; and Takamatsu, N. et al. (1990). Production of enkephalin in tobacco protoplasts using tobacco mosaic virus RNA vector. FEBS Lett 269, 73-76. If the transforming virus is a DNA virus, one skilled in the art may make suitable modifications to the virus itself. Alternatively, the virus can first be cloned into a bacterial plasmid for ease of constructing the desired viral vector with the foreign DNA. The virus can then be excised from the plasmid. If the virus is a DNA virus, a bacterial origin of replication can be attached to the viral DNA, which is then replicated by the bacteria. Transcription and translation of the DNA will produce the coat protein, which will encapsidate the viral DNA. If the virus is an RNA virus, the virus is generally cloned as a cDNA and inserted into a plasmid. The plasmid is then used to make all of the plant genetic constructs. The RNA virus is then transcribed from the viral sequence of the plasmid, followed by translation of the viral genes to produce the coat proteins which encapsidate the viral RNA.
Construction of plant RNA viruses for the introduction and expression in plants of non-viral exogenous nucleic acid sequences, such as those included in the construct of the invention, is demonstrated in the above references as well as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,316,931. In an embodiment, there is provided for insertion a plant viral nucleic acid, comprising a deletion of the native coat protein coding sequence from the viral nucleic acid, a non-native (foreign) plant viral coat protein coding sequence, and a non-native promoter, preferably the subgenomic promoter of the non-native coat protein coding sequence, and capable of expression in the plant host, packaging of the recombinant plant viral nucleic acid, and ensuring a systemic infection of the host by the recombinant plant viral nucleic acid. Alternatively, the native coat protein coding sequence may be made non-transcribable by insertion of the non-native nucleic acid sequence within it, such that a non-native protein is produced. The recombinant plant viral nucleic acid construct may contain one or more additional non-native subgenomic promoters. Each non-native subgenomic promoter is capable of transcribing or expressing adjacent genes or nucleic acid sequences in the plant host and incapable of recombination with each other and with native subgenomic promoters. In addition, the recombinant plant viral nucleic acid construct may contain 1590
27 one or more czs-acting regulatory elements, such as enhancers, which bind a transacting regulator and regulate the transcription of a coding sequence located downstream thereto. Non-native nucleic acid sequences may be inserted adjacent to the native plant viral subgenomic promoter or the native and non-native plant viral subgenomic promoters if more than one nucleic acid sequence is included. The non- native nucleic acid sequences are transcribed or expressed in the host plant under control of the subgenomic promoter(s) to produce the desired products.
In an embodiment of the invention, a recombinant plant viral nucleic acid construct is provided as in the first embodiment except that the native coat protein coding sequence is placed adjacent to one of the non-native coat protein subgenomic promoters instead of adjacent to a non-native coat protein coding sequence.
In an embodiment of the invention, a recombinant plant viral nucleic acid construct is provided comprising a native coat protein gene placed adjacent to its suhgenomic promoter and one or more non-native subgenomic promoters inserted into the viral nucleic acid construct. The inserted non-native subgenomic promoters are capable of transcribing or expressing adjacent genes in a plant host and are incapable of recombination with each other and with native subgenomic promoters. Non-native nucleic acid sequences may be inserted adjacent to the non-native subgenomic plant viral promoters such that the sequences are transcribed or expressed in the host plant under control of the subgenomic promoters to produce the desired product.
In an embodiment of the invention, a recombinant plant viral nucleic acid construct is provided as in the third embodiment except that the native coat protein coding sequence is replaced by a non-native coat protein coding sequence. Viral vectors are encapsidated by expressed coat proteins encoded by recombinant plant viral nucleic acid constructs as described hereinabove, to produce a recombinant plant virus. The recombinant plant viral nucleic acid construct or recombinant plant virus is used to infect appropriate host plants. The recombinant plant viral nucleic acid construct is capable of replication in a host, systemic spread within the host, and transcription or expression of one or more foreign genes (isolated nucleic acid) in the host to produce the desired protein.
In addition to the above, the nucleic acid molecule of the invention can also be introduced into a chloroplast genome thereby enabling chloroplast expression. A technique for introducing exogenous nucleic acid sequences to the genome of the chloroplasts is known. This technique involves the following procedures. First, plant cells are chemically treated so as to reduce the number of chloroplasts per cell to about one. Then, the exogenous nucleic acid is introduced into the cells preferably via particle bombardment, with the aim of introducing at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule into the chloroplasts. The exogenous nucleic acid is selected by one ordinarily skilled in the art to be capable of integration into the chloroplast's genome via homologous recombination, which is readily effected by en2ymes inherent to the chloroplast. To this end, the exogenous nucleic acid comprises, in addition to a gene of interest, at least one nucleic acid sequence derived from the chloroplast's genome. In addition, the exogenous nucleic acid comprises a selectable marker, which by sequential selection procedures serves to allow an artisan to ascertain that all or substantially all copies of the chloroplast genome following such selection include the exogenous nucleic acid. Further details relating to this technique are found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,945,050 and 5,693,507, which are incorporated herein by reference. A polypeptide can thus be produced by the protein expression system of the chloroplast and become integrated into the chloroplast's inner membrane.
It will be appreciated that the generation of fiber producing plant of desired traits according to the invention can also be effected by crossing each of the above genetically modified plants with wild type, hybrid or transgenic plants, using methods which are well known in the art.
Once the transgenic plants of the invention are generated, fibers are harvested (for example by mechanical picking and/or hand-stripping) and fiber yield and quality is determined. The following describes methods of qualifying cotton fibers.
Fiber length - Instruments such as a fibrograph and HVI (high volume instrumentation) systems are used to measure the length of the fiber. HVI instruments compute length in terms of "mean" and "upper half mean" (UHM) length. The mean is the average length of all the fibers while UHM is the average length of the longer half of the fiber distribution.
Fiber strength - As mentioned, fiber strength is usually defined as the force required to break a bundle of fibers or a single fiber. In HVI testing the breaking force is converted to "grams force per tex unit." This is the force required to break a bundle of fibers that is one tex unit in size. In HVI testing the strength is given in grams per tex units (grams/tex). Fibers can be classified as low strength (e.g., 19-22 gms/tex), average strength (e.g., 23-25 gms/tex), high strength (e.g., 26-28 gms/tex), and very high strength (e.g., 29-36 gms/tex). Fiber fineness a and fiber weight per unit length — increased fiber fineness is likely attributable to increased fiber wall thickness yielding more weight per unit length.
Maturity ratio — is a measure of the relative amount of cellulose in the fiber cross-section. Uniformity - The degree to which the fibers in a sample are uniform is based on the ratio of mean length to the upper half mean length, given as a percentage.
Micronaire - The micronaire reading of a fiber is obtained from a porous air flow test. The test is conducted as follows. A weighed sample of cotton is compressed to a given volume and controlled air flow is passed through the sample. The resistance to the air flow is read as micronaire units. The micronaire readings reflect a combination of maturity and fineness. Since the fiber diameter of fibers within a given variety of cotton is fairly consistent, the micronaire index will more likely indicate maturity variation rather than variations in fineness. A micronaire reading of 2.6-2.9 is low while 3.0-3.4 is below average, 3.5-4.9 is average and 5.0 and up are high. For most textile applications a micronaire of 3.5-4.9 is used. Anything higher than this is usually not desirable. It will be appreciated though, that different applications require different fiber properties. Thus, it is understood that a fiber property that is disadvantageous in one application might be advantageous in another.
As is illustrated in the Examples section, which follows, biomolecule sequences of the invention are capable of increasing trichome/leaf hair number and length, as well as seed hair. As such biomolecules of the invention can be used to generate transgenic plants with increased trichome number/length which better deter herbivores, guide the path of pollinators, or affect photosynthesis, leaf temperature, or water loss through increased light reflectance. Additionally such transgenic plants may be used for the compartmentalized production of recombinant proteins and chemicals in trichomes, as described in details in WO2004/111183 to Evogene Ltd.
The present inventors have also found that polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences of the invention are capable of increasing a biomass of a plant. It will be appreciated that the ability of the polypeptides of the invention to increase plant yield/biomass/vigor is inherent to their ability to promote the increase in plant cell- size or volume (as described herein).
Thus, the invention also envisages a method of increasing a biomass/vigor/yield of a plant. This is effected by upregulating expression and/or activity of at least one of the polynucleotides of the invention, as described above.
As used herein the phrase "plant biomass" refers to the amount or quantity of tissue produced from the plant in a growing season, which could also determine or affect the plant yield or the yield per growing area. As used herein the phrase "plant vigor" refers to the amount or quantity of tissue produced from the plant in a given time. Hence increase vigor could determine or affect the plant yield or the yield per growing time or growing area.
As used herein the phrase "plant yield" refers to the amount or quantity of tissue produced and harvested as the plant produced product. Hence increase yield could affect the economic benefit one can obtain from the plant in a certain growing are and/or growing time.
As used herein the term "increasing" refers to at least about 5 %, at least about 10 %, at least about 15 %, at least about 20 %, at least about 30 %, at least about 40 %, at least about 50 %, at least about 60 %, at least about 70 %, at least about 80 %, increase in plant yield/biomass/vigor/or tolerance to abiotic stress (further described below) as compared to a native plant (i.e., not modified with the biomolecule sequences of the invention).
As the sequences were elected by their ability to increase root tips and fibers the disclosed sequences may be used to increase tolerance or improve resistance -to abiotic stress.
The phrase "abiotic stress" used herein refers to any adverse effect on metabolism, growth, reproduction and/or viability of a plant. Accordingly, abiotic stress can be induced by suboptimal environmental growth conditions such as, for example, salinity, drought, flooding, low or high temperature, heavy metal toxicity, anaerobiosis, nutrient deficiency, atmospheric pollution or UV irradiation.
The phrase "abiotic stress tolerance" as used herein refers to the ability of a plant exogenously expressing the biomolecule sequences of the invention to endure an abiotic stress without suffering a substantial alteration in metabolism, growth, productivity and/or viability as compared to a native plant {i.e., not modified with the biomolecule sequences of the invention) under the same abiotic stress conditions.
Additionally or alternatively, such parameters can be measured in plants exogenously expressing the biomolecule sequences of the invention and can be compared to the same parameters as measured in native plants {i.e., not modified with the biomolecule sequences of the invention, e.g., wild type plants) after exposing the plants to the same abiotic stress conditions.
It will be appreciated that any plant is envisaged in accordance with these embodiments of the invention. A suitable plant for use with the method of the invention can be any monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous plant including, but not limited to, maize, wheat, barely, rye, oat, rice, soybean, peanut, pea, lentil and alfalfa, cotton, rapeseed, canola, pepper, sunflower, potato, tobacco, tomato, eggplant, eucalyptus, a tree, an ornamental plant, a perennial grass and a forage crop, coniferous plants, moss, algae, as well as other plants listed in World Wide Web (dot) nationmaster (dot) com/encyclopedia/Plantae).
The invention also encompasses a method of producing cotton fibers by (a) generating a transgenic cotton plant exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide of the invention and (b) harvesting the fibers of the transgenic cotton plant.
Thus, the invention is of high agricultural value for promoting the yield of commercially desired crops (e.g., biomass of vegetative organ such as poplar wood, or reproductive organ such as number of seeds or seed biomass).
As is further shown in Figures 6 and 7 and described in Example 11 of the
Examples section which follows, the present inventors have constructed vectors designed to express a cotton fiber developing gene (e.g., CT2Θ; SEQ ID NO:881) under a constitutive promoter (e.g., 35S promoter; SEQ ID NO:841) and a reporter gene (e.g., GFP; SEQ ID NO:871) under the transcriptional regulation of a cotton fiber developing promoter (e.g., CT2 promoter; SEQ ID NO: 873), such that expression of the reporter gene pinpoints on the fibers which were transformed with the construct
(e.g., by observing the fibers with the appropriate light, e.g., UV light to detect the GFP staining).
Thus, according to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a nucleic acid construct comprising: (i) a first polynucleotide sequence which comprises a reporter gene operably linked to a fiber-specific promoter; and (ii) a second polynucleotide sequence which comprises a heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide-of-interest operably linked to a promoter.
It will be appreciated that the first and second polynucleotide sequences can be also constructed each in a separate nucleic acid construct which together form a nucleic acid construct system.
Thus, according to yet another aspect of the invention, there is provided a nucleic acid construct system comprising: (i) a first nucleic acid construct which comprises a first polynucleotide sequence comprising a reporter gene operably linked to a fiber-specific promoter; and (ii) a second nucleic acid construct which comprises a second polynucleotide sequence comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide-of-interest operably linked to a promoter.
The fiber-specific promoter can be any promoter known to regulate fiber development (e.g., enhance fiber development) or which is specifically expressed in fibers. Non-limiting examples of fiber-specific promoters include the CT2 promoter as set forth by SEQ ID NO:873; the CT4 promoter as set forth by SEQ ID NO:848; the CT74 promoter set forth by SEQ ID NO:851, or the promoters set forth by SEQ ID NO:857 or 854.
The reporter gene can be any nucleic acid coding sequence encoding a detectable polypeptide (i.e., a polypeptide which can be detected following expression in a host cell). Non-limiting examples of reporter genes include the GFP coding sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO:871), the GUSIntron (SEQ ID NO:872) and the cDNA encoding a non-fluorescent HaloTag protein (GenBank Accession No. AY773970) which following expression in a cell is interacted with an appropriate HaloTag ligand including a reactive linker that covalently binds to the HaloTag protein and a flexible reporter group that can be a fluorophore (Lang C, et al., 2006, J. Exp. Bot. 57: 2985-
92).
The polypeptide-of-interest which is expressed in the plant can be any polypeptide which is beneficial to the plant. For example, such a polypeptide can be a polypeptide which regulates fiber development such as any of the isolated polypeptides described hereinabove (SEQ ID NOs:130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536-791) or in PCT IL2005/000627 to Evogene Ltd. (e.g., the polypeptide encoded by CT20 coding sequence set forth by SEQ ID NO:881). Non-limiting examples of heterologous nucleic acid sequences encoding the polypeptide-of-interest include any of the isolated polynucleotide sequences of the invention (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 1-129, and 259-535).
According to an embodiment of the invention the heterologous nucleic acid sequence is operably linked to a constitutive promoter (e.g., the 35S promoter as set forth by SEQ ID NO:841; Actin promoter (McElroy et al, Plant Cell, 2: 163-171,
1990); CaMV 19S (Nilsson et al., Physiol. Plant 100:456-462, 1997); GOS2 (de Pater et al, Plant J Nov;2(6):837-44, 1992); Rice cyclophilin (Bucholz et al, Plant MoI Biol.
25(5):837-43, 1994); ubiquitin (Christensen et al, Plant MoI. Biol. 18: 675-689, 1992 ); Maize H3 histone (Lepetit et al, MoI. Gen. Genet. 231: 276-285, 1992); Actin 2(An et al, Plant J. 10(l);107-121, 1996).
According to an embodiment of the invention, the heterologous nucleic acid sequence is operably linked to a fiber-specific promoter (e.g., the CT2 promoter as set forth by SEQ ID NO:873 or the CT4 promoter as set forth by SEQ ID NO: 848). Non-limiting examples of suitable nucleic acid constructs are depicted in
Figures 6 and 7.
Such nucleic acid constructs/systems can be used to transiently express a polypeptide-of-interest (e.g., the cotton fiber developing polypeptide) in a plant (e.g., a cotton plant). While further reducing the invention to practice, the present inventors have devised a novel approach for transiently expressing a polypeptide-of-interest (e.g., a cotton fiber developing polypeptide) in cotton ovule cells by injecting a nucleic acid construct encoding the polypeptide-of-interest into a developed cotton ball.
As is shown in Figures 4a-c and describe in Example 11 of the Examples section which follows, cotton balls which were injected with the nucleic acid sequences at e.g., 1 and 8 DPA expressed the reporter gene (beta-glucuronidase, GUS) in the developed ball. In addition, transient expression of the binary vectors comprising fiber developing gene (e.g., expansin or CT20) resulted in a significant effect on fiber length (Figures 5a-c, Table 13, Example 11 of the Examples section). Thus, according to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of expressing a polypeptide-of-interest in a cotton plant. The method is effected by injecting to a cotton ball of the cotton plant a nucleic acid construct which comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide-of-interest, there by expressing the polypeptide-of-interest in the cotton plant.
As used herein the phrase "cotton ball" refers to the cotton fruit at various developmental stages [e.g., 0, 2, 4 and 6 days post anthesis (DPA)]. Injection of the nucleic acid construct can be injected directly to the cotton ball, using e.g., a 1-ml syringe with a 0.5-316-mm needle (BD Pastipak) (See Example 11 of the Examples section). Briefly, the needle is introduced to 1 to 2 mm in depth into the fruit tissue, and the infiltration solution containing the nucleic acid construct is injected into the fruit. According to an embodiment of the invention expressing is effected at an ovule cell of the cotton plant.
As shown in Example 11 of the examples section, the nucleic acid constructs (e.g., those described in Figures 6 or 7) were transfected into a cell (e.g., agrobacterium cell), and the transformed cells are further injected to the cotton ball. Methods of transfecting nucleic acid constructs into agrobacteria are known in the art and further described hereinabove and in Example 11 of the Examples section which follows.
Thus, according to an embodiment of the invention, the nucleic acid construct/system of the invention is comprised in agrobacteria. As used herein the term "about" refers to ± 10 %.
The terms "comprises", "comprising", "includes", "including", "having" and their conjugates mean "including but not limited to".
The term "consisting of means "including and limited to". The term "consisting essentially of means that the composition, method or structure may include additional ingredients, steps and/or parts, but only if the additional ingredients, steps and/or parts do not materially alter the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed composition, method or structure.
As used herein, the singular form "a", "an" and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, the term "a compound" or "at least one compound" may include a plurality of compounds, including mixtures thereof.
As used herein the term "method" refers to manners, means, techniques and procedures for accomplishing a given task including, but not limited to, those manners, means, techniques and procedures either known to, or readily developed from known manners, means, techniques and procedures by practitioners of the chemical, pharmacological, biological, biochemical and medical arts.
It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination or as suitable in any other described embodiment of the invention. Certain features described in the context of various embodiments are not to be considered essential features of those embodiments, unless the embodiment is inoperative without those elements.
Various embodiments and aspects of the invention as delineated hereinabove and as claimed in the claims section below find experimental support in the. following examples.
EXAMPLES
Reference is now made to the following examples, which together with the above descriptions illustrate some embodiments of the invention in a non limiting fashion.
Reference is now made to the following examples, which together with the above descriptions illustrate the invention in a non limiting fashion.
Generally, the nomenclature used herein and the laboratory procedures utilized
' in the invention include molecular, biochemical, microbiological and recombinant DNA techniques. Such techniques are thoroughly explained in the literature. See, for example, "Molecular Cloning: A laboratory Manual" Sambrook et al, (1989);
"Current Protocols in Molecular Biology" Volumes I-III Ausubel, R. M., ed. (1994);
Ausubel et al., "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology", John Wiley and Sons,
Baltimore, Maryland (1989); Perbal, "A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning", John Wiley & Sons, New York (1988); Watson et al., "Recombinant DNA", Scientific
American Books, New York; Birren et al. (eds) "Genome Analysis: A Laboratory
Manual Series", VoIs. 1-4, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. New York (1998); methodologies as set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,666,828; 4,683,202; 4,801,531; 5,192,659 and 5,272,057; "Cell Biology: A Laboratory Handbook", Volumes I-III Cellis, J. E., ed. (1994); "Current Protocols in Immunology" Volumes I-III Coligan J. E., ed. (1994); Stites et al. (eds), "Basic and Clinical Immunology" (8th Edition), Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CT (1994); Mishell and Shiigi (eds), "Selected Methods in Cellular Immunology", W. H. Freeman and Co., New York (1980); available immunoassays are extensively described in the patent and scientific literature, see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,791,932; 3,839,153; 3,850,752; 3,850,578; 3,853,987; 3,867,517; 3,879,262; 3,901,654; 3,935,074; 3,984,533; 3,996,345; 4,034,074; 4,098,876; 4,879,219; 5,011,771 and 5,281,521; "Oligonucleotide Synthesis" Gait, M. J., ed. (1984); "Nucleic Acid Hybridization" Hames, B. D., and Higgins S. J., eds. (1985); "Transcription and Translation" Hames, B. D., and Higgins S. J., Eds. (1984); "Animal Cell Culture" Freshney, R. I., ed. (1986); "Immobilized Cells and Enzymes" IRL Press, (1986); "A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning" Perbal, B., (1984) and "Methods in Enzymology" Vol. 1-317, Academic Press; "PCR Protocols: A Guide To Methods And Applications", Academic Press, San Diego, CA (1990); Marshak et al., "Strategies for Protein Purification and Characterization - A Laboratory Course Manual" CSHL Press (1996); all of which are incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. Other general references are provided throughout this document. The procedures therein are believed to be well known in the art and are provided for the convenience of the reader. AU the information contained therein is incorporated herein by reference.
EXAMPLEl
IDENTIFICATION OF GENE CLUSTERS INVOLVED IN PLANT FIBER DEVELOPMENT
Bioinformatics Analysis
In silico identification of cotton genes involved in fiber formation - Putative cotton genes involved in fiber formation were selected from NCBI databases of cotton expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and cDNAs. The database sequences were clustered and assembled using the LEADS™ software (Compugen, Tel Aviv, Israel). Clustering resulted in more than 18,700 clusters, each representing a different gene. An expression profile summary was compiled for each cluster by pooling all keywords included in the sequence records comprising the cluster. Genes over-expressed in fiber initiation and elongation phase were isolated. The clusters were then screened to include polynucleotides originating from libraries of addition elongated tissues such as root tips, xylem and tissues exposed to etiolating conditions. Since the main force that acts in order to elongate the cell is the cell turgor, in addition to elongated tissues, the selected genes were compared to genes expressed under abiotic stresses, mainly under drought stress (details of genes clustered and analyzed are summarized in Table 1, hereinbelow). Combining the different queries, a list of 56 predicted fiber improving gene candidates was created. Those genes were further validated using RNA expression analysis (qRT-PCR).
Table 1 Gene Clustering Results
Figure imgf000038_0001
Table 1: Gene clustering results. *The addition species that were used are: maize, rice, sorghum, soybean, grape, canola, barley, strawberry, peach and melon.
EXAMPLE 2 ANAL YSIS OF mRNA EXPRESSION PROFILES OF GENES INVOL VED IN
PLANTFIBER DEVELOPMENT
To study the RNA expression profile of candidate genes identified as described in Example 1 above, a reverse transcription reaction followed by real time PCR (RT- qPCR) was performed on RNA extracted from cotton plants at different stages of fiber development, as follows.
Experimental Procedures Quantitative Real time PCR analysis (qRT PCR) - To verify the levels of expression specificity and trait-association, Reverse Transcription following quantitative (Real-Time) PCR (RTqPCR) was performed. Total RNA was extracted from cotton plants at different stages of fiber development (from the day of anthesis till day 20 - post anthesis). To study the specificity of expression, RNA from other tissues of the cotton plants were collected and analyzed for control expression {i.e., young leaves, young stems, mature stems, young roots, sepals, petals, and stamen). For this purpose, RNA was extracted from Cotton tissue using Hot Borate RNA Extraction protocol according to World Wide Web (dot)eeob(dot)iastate(dot)edu/faculty/ Wendel J/ultramicrorna(dot)html Reverse transcription was effected using 1.5 μg total RNA, using 300 U Super Script II Reverse Transcriptase enzyme (Invitrogen), 225 ng random deoxynucleotide hexamers (Invitrogen), 500 μM dNTPs mix (Takara, Japan), 0.2 volume of x 5 reverse transcriptase (RT) buffer (Invitrogen), 0.01 M DTT, 60 U RNAsin (Promega), DEPC treated double distilled water was added up to 37.5 μl. RT reactions were incubated for 50 minutes at 42 °C, followed by 70 °C for 15 minutes. cDNA was diluted 1:20 in Tris EDTA, pH = 8. 5 μl of the diluted cDNA was used for qRT-PCR.
Quantitative RT-PCR was performed on cDNA (5 μl), using x 1 SYBR GREEN PCR master mix (Applied Biosystems), forward and reverse primers 0.3 μM each. The ABI7000 real-time PCR machine was used with the following conditions: 50 °C for 2 minutes, 95 °C for 10 minutes, 40 times of 95 0C for 15 sec and 1 minute at 60 0C, followed by 95 °C for 15 seconds, 60 °C for 60 seconds, and 70 times of 60 °C for 10 seconds + 0.5 °C increase in each cycle.- For each gene, a standard curve was prepared from a pool of RTs from all samples, in 5 dilutions (dilutions - 1:60, 1:200, 1:600, 1:2000, 1:10000). The standard curve plot [ct (cycle threshold) vs. log (concentration)] should have R > 0.98 with an efficiency in the range of 100 % ± 5 %. The levels of expression (Qty) measured in the qPCR were calculated using the efficiency (E) of the amplification reaction and the corresponding CT. (the cycle at which the samples crossed the threshold) Qty = E - CT. The dissociation curves obtained were inspected for the absence of unwanted additional PCR products or primer-dimers. Reactions were repeated at least twice. The calculation method is based in the fact that the efficiencies of the reactions of the GOI (gene-of-interest) and of the housekeeping genes are similar.
To normalize the expression level between the different tissues, specific primers were designed for specifically hybridizing with the following housekeeping genes: Actin (GenBank Accession No. D88414 SEQ ID NO: 792, Forward and reverse primers are set forth in SEQ ID NOs:793 and 794, respectively), GAPDH ( SEQ ID NO.-795), Forward and reverse primers are set forth in SEQ ID NOs:796 and 797, respectively), and RPL19 (GenBank Accession No. AI729179, SEQ ID NO:798, Forward and reverse primers are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 799 and 800, respectively). Experimental Results
Using the above methodology it was possible to identify genes that show elevated expression during fiber elongation, as well as genes that show unique cotton fiber specificity. Genes that showed elevated expression during anthesis that decreases during fiber .elongation were considered good candidates to be involved in fiber differentiation and initiation. Notably, the above-described quantification methodology did not provide absolute expression levels, but provided good parameters for scoring the relative gene expression along fiber development as differences as high as over 1000 fold in the maximal levels of expression reached by different genes were detected (Table 2, below). 56 cotton genes were evaluated for their expression profile in different tissues of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum, var Acala).
Two main criteria were used to select cotton genes as candidates that may be involved in fiber development according to their RNA profiling, namely genes showing high degree of fiber expression specificity and genes displaying an expression level, which changes concomitantly with fiber development. Seventeen genes met these selection criteria and were predicted to improve fiber yield and quality. Expression profiles and annotation of the 17 selected genes are presented in Tables 2a and 2b and Table 3, hereinbelow. Table 2a Expression profiles of the 17 selected genes
Figure imgf000041_0001
Table 2a: Reverse-transcription following quantitative PCR was performed using real-time PCR, on tissues of either young or mature cotton (G. hirsutum var Acala) plants. Relative amounts of mRNA of each gene are presented in all examined tissues, dpa- days post anthesis, of ovule and fibers tissues (until 10 dpa) or only fiber tissue (after 10 dpa).
Table 2b Expression profiles of the 17 selected genes
Figure imgf000041_0002
Tab e 2b: Reverse-transcription following quantitative V CK was performed using real-time PCR, on tissues of either young or mature cotton (G. hirsutum var Acala) plants. Relative amounts of mRNA of each gene are presented in all examined tissues, dpa- days post anthesϊs, of ovule and fibers tissues (until 10 dpa) or only fiber tissue (after 10 dpa).
Table 3 Annotation of the 17 selected genes
Figure imgf000042_0001
Table 3: Annotation of the 17 selected genes based on the NCBI data-base.
EXAMPLES
IDENTIFΉNG CORRELATION BETWEEN EXPRESSION OF CANDIDATE
GENESAND FIBER LENGTH
The correlation between fiber length and expression of the candidate genes was determined in 10 different cotton lines representing a wide variety of fiber length characteristics, as follows.
Experimental procedures
Cotton lines — The 10 different cotton lines representing wide variety of fiber length characteristics included earlier G. hirsutum varieties (SA217SD and SA68SD), G. hirsutum varieties (Tamcot, Macnair, DP90 and ZG236) Fl hybrid of G. hirsutum and G. barbadense (Acalphi) and high quality of pima type (G. barbadense) (S7 and
Pima). RNA extraction - Fiber development stages, representing different fiber characteristic, at 5, 10 and 15 DPA were sampled and RNA was extracted as described in Example 2, hereinabove.
Fiber length assessment - Fiber length of the above lines was measured using a fibrograph. The fibrograph system was used to compute length in terms of "Upper Half Mean" length. The upper half mean (UHM) is the average length of longer half of the fiber distribution. The fibrograph measures length in span lengths at a given percentage point [World Wide Web (dot) cottoninc
(dot)com/ClassificationofCotton/?Pg=4#Length].
Experimental Results
Ten different cotton lines were grown in Rehovot Israel, and their fiber length was measured. The fibers UHM values were measured and the correlation between RNA expression level and the fiber length was calculated according to Pearson correlation [Hypertext Transfer Protocol (http)://davidmlane (dot) com/hyperstat/A34739 (dot) html], wherein "R" is the correlation coefficient, and the P value determines the significance of the correlation. Genes with R > 0.4 and P < 0.05 in at list one of the measured time points (i.e., 5, 10 or 15 dpa) have been considered as related to fiber elongation and were further selected for cloning and validation (data are summarized in Table 4, hereinbelow).
Table 4 Correlation between RNA expression level and the fiber length
Figure imgf000043_0001
Table 4: The correlation between RNA expression level and the fiber length are presented for the three time points (5 dpa. 10 dpa and 15 dpa) using the Pearson correlation coefficient R and the p values.
EXAMPLE 4
PRODUCTION OF COTTON TRΛNSCRIPTOM AND HIGH THROUGHPUT CORRELATIONANALYSIS USING COTTONOLIGONUCLEOTIDE
MICROARRAY
In order to conduct high throughput gene expression correlation analysis, the present inventors used cotton oligonucleotide microarray, designed and produced by
"Comparative Evolutionary Genomics of Cotton" [Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(http)://cottonevolution (dot) info/). This Cotton Oligonucleotide Microarray is composed of 12,006 Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT) oligonucleotides derived from an assembly of more than 180,000 Gossypium ESTs sequenced from 30 cDNA libraries.
In order to define correlations between the levels of RNA expression and fiber length, fibers from 8 different cotton lines were analyzed. These fibers were selected showing very good fiber quality and high lint index (Pima types, originating from other cotton species, namely G. barbadense), different levels of quality and lint indexes from various G. hirsutum lines: good quality and high lint index (Acala type), and poor quality and short lint index (Tamcot type, and old varieties). A summary of the fiber length of the different lines is provided in Table 5.
Experimental procedures
RNA extraction - Fiber development stages, representing different fiber characteristics, at 5, 10 and 15 DPA were sampled and RNA was extracted as described in Example 2, hereinabove.
Fiber length assessment - Fiber length of the selected cotton lines was measured using fibrograph. The fϊbrograph system was used to compute length in terms of "Upper Half Mean" length. The upper half mean (UHM) is the average length of longer half of the fiber distribution. The fibrograph measures length in span lengths at a given percentage point World Wide Web (dot) cottoninc (dot) com/ClassificationofCotton/?Pg=4#Length].
Experimental Results Eight different cotton lines were grown in Rehovot, Israel, and their fiber length was measured. The fibers UHM values are summarized in Table 5 hereinbelow. The R square was calculated for each of the genes. Genes with R square values greater than 0.8 and P < 0.05 in at list one time point, or the average expression at the different time points, were selected for further validation. The selected genes and their R square values are summarizing in Table 6.
Table 5 Summary of the fiber length of the 8 different cotton lines
Figure imgf000045_0001
Table 5: Presented are the means and standard deviations (STD) of 8 different cotton lines.
Table 6 Correlation between RNA expression level and the fiber length
Figure imgf000045_0002
Figure imgf000046_0001
Figure imgf000047_0001
Table 6: The correlation between RNA expression level of 79 genes and the fiber length is presented for the average and the three time points (5 dpa, 10 dpa and 15 dpa) using the Pearson correlation coefficient (R) and the p values. The efficiency (E) of the amplification reaction is also presented.
The 79 genes provided in Table 6, hereinabove, met the selection criteria of R square values greater than 0.8 and P < 0.05. (R and P were calculated according to Pearson correlation) [Hypertext Transfer Protocol (http)://davidmlane (dot) com/hyperstat/A34739 (dot) html).
Overall, 96 cotton genes (the 17 genes were described in Examples 2 and 3, and the 79 genes described in Example 4) were identified here as involved in cotton fiber development. In addition, 33 genes (SEQ ID NOs:97-129) were identified from other plant species, sharing common features and sequence homology to one or more of the cotton genes. Altogether, 129 genes were identified using bioinformatics tools and expression studies in the present study as being able to positively affect cell growth and elongation, as well as cotton fiber characteristics. The identified genes are summarized in Table 7, hereinbelow.
Table 7
Summary of genes affecting cell growth and elongation and cotton fiber characteristics
Figure imgf000047_0002
Figure imgf000048_0001
Figure imgf000049_0001
Figure imgf000050_0001
Table 7: Summary of genes affecting cell growth and elongation and cotton fiber characteristics
Polypeptides with significant homology to the identified cotton fiber improving genes, which are expected to serve the same function as the identified genes, have been identified from the databases using BLAST software (Table 8).
Table 8 Significantly homologous polypeptides to the cotton improving genes
Figure imgf000050_0002
Figure imgf000051_0001
Figure imgf000052_0001
Figure imgf000053_0001
Figure imgf000054_0001
Figure imgf000055_0001
Table 8: Significantly homologous polypeptides to the cotton improving genes. EXAMPLE 5
CLONING OF THE SELECTED GENESINA BINARY VECTOR UNDER CONSTITUTIVE REGULATION AND RECOMBINANT EXPRESSION OF
SAME Bioinformatics analysis
Open Reading Frame (ORF) analysis - Gene sequences of the present study were analyzed for ORFs using Gene Runner software version 3.05 [Hasting Software, Inc: World Wide Web (dot) generunner (dot) com/]. ORFs of each gene were compared to Genbank database, using Blast [World Wide Web (dot) ncbi (dot) nlm (dot) nih (dot) gov/BLAST/]. By comparing to the highest homologous ORFs, the position of the ATG initiation codon was determined. All the sequences described herein were shown to have a predicted full length ORF and to include the predicted ATG starting codon.
Experimental Procedures and Results Cloning into the pPI/pGI expression vector - For cloning the genes of the present study, total RNAs from the various developmental stages of fiber producing cells was extracted, using Hot Borate RNA Extraction from Cotton Tissue grown in Rehovot, Israel, according to World Wide Web (dot) eeob (dot) iastate (dot) edu/faculty/WendelJ/rnaextraction (dot) html. Complementary DNA (cDNA) molecules were produced from mRNA using M-MuLV reverse-transcriptase (RT) enzyme (Roche) and T16NN DNA primer, following protocol provided by the manufacturer. cDNA amplification was done for 19 genes, out of the sequences above, namely CTF clones: CTFlOl, CTFIlO, CTFlI l, CTFl 13, CTF124, CTF132, CTF135, CTF162, CTF165, CTF166, CTF167, CTF169, CTF171, CTF172, CTF173, CTF175, CTF176, CTF177 and CTF178 (SEQ ID NOs: 1-17, 22 and 37; Table 7 hereinabove) by PCR using PFU proof reading DNA polymerase enzyme [Promega, World Wide Web (dot) promega (dot) com/pnotes/68/7381_07/7381_07 (dot) html] following the protocol provided by the manufacturer. Primers for each gene were designed to span the full ORF. Additional restriction endonuclease sites were added to the 5' end of each primer to facilitate further cloning of the CTFs to the binary vector (pPI). Table 9 below, lists the primers used for cloning each of the £ Table 9 Primers used to clone each of the genes
Figure imgf000057_0001
The resultant PCR blunt ended products were purified using PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, Germany), digested with the appropriate restriction endonucleases (Roche) and cloned into the pPI or pGI binary vector (Figure 1), while replacing the existing GUS reporter gene. pPI is a modified version of pBI101.3 (Clontech, Accession No. U12640). pPI was constructed by inserting a synthetic poly-(A) signal sequence, which originated from pGL3 Basic plasmid vector (Promega, GenBank Accession No. U47295, where the synthetic poly-(A) signal sequence is located between nucleotides 4658-4811), into the Hindlll restriction site of pBI101.3 [while reconstituting the Hindlll site, downstream to the poly-(A) insert], to avoid the possibility of read-through effect of the upstream Nos-promoter. In some cases the backbone binary plasmid used was pGI which is similar to pPI but the GUS gene was replaced by the GUS-Intron gene (Vancanneyt. G, et al MGG 220, 245-50, 1990). To replace the GUS/GUS-Intron gene with each one of the CT genes in the pPI/pGI binary vector, pPI/pGI was digested with the appropriate restriction enzymes [5' prime restriction enzyme is either Smal or Xbal and 3' prime restriction enzyme is either Sad or EcoRV (Roche- using the protocol provided by the manufacturer)]. Open binary vector was purified using PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, Germany). 5-75 ng of PCR product of each of the CTF genes and 100 ng of open pPI/pGI plasmid vector were ligated in 10 μL ligation reaction volume using T4 DNA ligase enzyme (Roche), following the protocol provided by the manufacturer. Ligation products were introduced into E. coli cells.
Recombinant expression in bacteria - 60 μl of E. coli, strain DH5-α competent cells (about 109 cells/ml) were transformed using 1 μl of ligation reaction mixture by electroporation, using a MicroPulser electroporator (Biorad), 0.2 cm cuvettes (Biorad) and EC-2 electroporation program (Biorad). E. coli cells were grown on 0.8 ml LB liquid medium at 37 °C for 1 hour and 0.2 ml of the cell suspension were plated on LB-agar plates supplemented with the antibiotics kanamycin 50 mg/L (Sigma). Plates were then incubated at 37 °C for 16 hours. Bacteria colonies were grown and expression was confirmed by PCR amplification using primers which were designed to span the inserted sequence in the binary vector. Primers used for DNA amplification of the inserts in the pPI binary vector were: 5'- GGTGGCTCCTACAAATGCCATC-3' (forward, SEQ ID NO:839) and 5'- AAGTTGGGTAACGCCAGGGT-S1 (reverse, SEQ ID NO.-840).
PCR products were separated on 1.5 % agarose gels and product sizes were estimated by comparing to DNA ladder (MBI Fermentas). PCR products with the predicted size were sequenced using the same primers previously used for PCR amplification (See Table 9, above). Additional primers, which were designed based on the sequence of each gene insert, were used to complete the sequencing of the full length ORP insert.
Sequencing of the inserted sequence was performed to verify that the clones were introduced in the right orientation, and to eliminate the possibility that sequence errors were included during PCR amplification. DNA sequences were determined using ABI 377 sequencer (Amersham Biosciences Inc). The cloned cDNA sequences of 17 cotton genes are provided (SEQ ID NOs: 906-922), as well as their deduced amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOs:923-939). In most cases, minute changes were found between the bioinformatically predicted sequence and the cloned ones, probably due to allelic variations and sequence quality of the ESTs in the database.
Into each one of the 19 pPI/pGI binary constructs harboring the CTF genes, the constitutive Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter was cloned.
Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO:841), originated from the pBI121 vector (Clontech, GenBank Accession No. AF485783) was cloned by digesting the pBI121 vector with the restriction endonucleases Hindlll and BarnHl (Roche) and ligated into the binary constructs, digested with the same enzymes.
EXAMPLE 6 AGROBACTERIUM TRANSFORMATION OFBINARYPLASMIDS
HARBORING THE GENES OF INTEREST AND EXPRESSION IN TOMATO
PLANTS
In a previous study the present inventors have demonstrated the potential of using tomato seed hair as a model for cotton fiber (PCT IL2005/OO0627): Thus, to demonstrate the effect of the isolated fiber improving genes of the present study on fiber growth, tomato plants were transformed with the binary vectors comprising the isolated cotton genes under the transcriptional regulation of the 35S promoter. Each of the nineteen binary constructs, comprising the 35S promoter upstream of each of the CTFs genes was transformed into tomato plants via Agrobacterium tumefacience transformation, as follows. Experimental Procedures and Results
Transformation of the binary constructs comprising the 3SS promoter upstream of the CTF genes into tomato plants via Agrobacterium tumefacience - 60 μl of Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV301 or LB4404 competent cells (about 109 cells/ml) were transformed with 20 ng of binary plasmid via electroporation, using a
MicroPulser electroporator (Biorad), 0.2 cm cuvettes (Biorad) and EC-2 electroporation program (Biorad).
Agrobacterium cells were grown on 0.8 ml LB liquid medium at 28 °C for 3 hours and 0.2 ml of the cell suspension were plated on LB-agar plates supplemented with the antibiotics gentamycin 50 mg/L (for Agrobacterium strains GV301) or streptomycin 300 mg/L (for Agrobacterium strain LB4404) and kanamycin 50 mg/L
(Sigma). Plates were then incubated at 28 °C for 48 hours. Agrobacterium colonies were grown and PCR amplification was performed on Agrobacterium cells, using primers which were designed to span the inserted sequence in the binary vector. Primers used for PCR amplification were: 5'-
GGTGGCTCCTACAAATGCCATC-3' (forward, SEQ ID NO.839) and 5'-
AAGTTGGGTAACGCCAGGGT-S' (reverse, SEQ IDNO:840).
PCR products were separated on 1.5 % agarose gels and product sizes were determined by comparing to DNA ladder (MBI Fermentas). PCR products with the predicted size were sequenced using the primers which were used for the PCR amplification. Sequencing of the inserted sequence was performed using the ABI 377 sequencer (Amersham Biosciences Inc.) in order to verify that the right clones were introduced into the Agrobacterium cells.
Transformation of Micro-Tom tomato plants with putative cotton genes - Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, var MicroTom) transformation and cultivation of transgenic plants was effected according to Curtis et al. 1995, and Meissner et. al.
2000, with slight modifications. IL2007/001590
60
EXAMPLE 7
GROWTH OFMICROTOM TRANSFORMED PLANTSAND PHENOTYPE
CHARACTERIZATIONS
Experimental Procedures
Producing transgenic tomato plants - Plants were transformed as described in Example 6, above. Following transformation, Tl MicroTom tomato plants were grown in a mix that contained in 1000 ml pots until fruit set. The tomato seed hair length was measured. Experimental Results
The micro-Tom tomato seeds (T2, origin from Tl plants), which carry the putative cotton genes following the transformation with Agrobacterium cells carrying the CTF genes, were analyzed (Table 10, hereinbelow). Least Sq mean are the predicted values corresponding to some combination of levels, after setting all the other factors to some neutral value (JMP™ V5). For each gene, the overall mean influence of the gene (least Sq mean), and the event that gave the best results (Best event), which can pinpoint on the potential of the gene, is shown in Table 10, hereinbelow. we demonstrate the results of. The letters "A, B and C" refer to genes that are significantly different from each other at P < 0.05.
Table 10 Analysis of Micro-Tom tomato seeds carrying the putative cotton genes
Figure imgf000061_0001
Figure imgf000062_0001
Table 10: Analysis of Micro-Tom tomato seeds (T2, origin from Tl plants) carrying the putative cotton genes is presented. a Best event was significantly higher than expansin best event; b Best event was significantly higher than WT.
EXAMPLE 8
ISOLATION, CLONINGANDANALYSIS OF COTTONFIBER SPECIFIC
PROMOTERS
One of the important requirements for engineered plants is to activate the right gene in the right place. In order to improve fiber quality, a basic requirement for engineered plants is a promoter providing an expression pattern that is appropriate for fiber development. Constitutive promoters allow expression of preformed genes in which the effect of the protein is present continuously throughout the plant. The
CaMV35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus is a widely used example. In order to improve cotton fiber quality, it is advantageous to combine target genes with fiber specific promoter, to avoid influence of the genes on the cell structure in other cotton tissues, and to activate the genes at the fiber tissue in the right development stage (initiation, elongation, maturation, fiber constitutive). The present inventors have selected and cloned the genomic sequence of novel cotton fiber promoters, as follows.
Experimental procedures and Results
Cloning of promoter sequences of native cotton genes - The desired cotton promoters were chosen based on the expression profile of their encoded native genes.
Expression profiles of the chosen 4 cotton genes CT4 (SEQ ID NO: 842), CT9 (SEQ ID NO:843), CTl 1 (SEQ ID NO:844) and CT74 (SEQ ID NO:845) are presented in
Figures 2a-d.
The genomic sequence upstream of CT4, CT9, CTI l, and CT74 were cloned from genomic DNA of cotton {Gossypium barbdanse L. var S5), as follows.
Total genomic DNA was extracted from plant leaf tissues of 4 week old cultivated cotton plants {Gossypium barbdanse L. var S5), using DNA extraction kit
(Dneasy piant mini kit, Qiagen, Germany). For promoter isolation the BD Genome Walker™ kit (BD Biosciences Clontech) was used. In addition to the 4 restriction enzymes used in the kit, the blunt end restriction enzymes Smal, EcoRV and EcI 13611 were also used. For each promoter, a set of two specific primers were used for the first round: Primers for CT4 promoter were as follows (UP-PCR):
External primer: CT4 GSP R - 5'-
GTGGACCCTGAAACATACTCACCAGC -3' (SEQ ID NO:846);
Internal (Nested) primer: CT4 GSP_JNR - 5'- AAGCCATATTGCCAATGTCACTTCCTC -3' (SEQ ID NO:847); For CT4 promoter the library was originated from Stul restriction enzyme.
The putative promoter sequence of CT4 cloned using the above procedure is set forth by SEQ ID NO:848.
Primers for CT74 promoter were as follows (UP-PCR): External primer: CT74 GSP_R - 5'- GCATGAGGGTCAGGAGCTGGATAGTAG -31 (SEQ ID NO.-849);
Internal (Nested) primer: CT74 GSP NR - 51- CTTCTTTGCCTCTCCATCTCTGTATGC -3' (SEQ ID NO:850)
For CT74 promoter the library was originated from Dral and Pvull restriction enzymes. The putative promoter sequence of CT74 cloned using the above procedure is set forth by SEQ ID NO: 851.
Primers for CTIl promoter were as follows (UP-PCR): External primer: CTI l GSP_R - 51-
ACCTGAGGTATTTTGGtAAGAGTTCCG -3' (SEQ ID NO-852). Internal (Nested) primer: CTI l GSP NR - 5'-
CCAATTCAGCTTTCGGAAAATCACG -3' (SEQ ID NO:853).
For CTl 1 promoter the library was originated from Smal and Stul restriction enzymes.
The putative promoter sequence of CTl 1 cloned using the above procedure is set forth by SEQ ID NO:854.
Primers for CT9 promoter were as follows (UP-PCR): External primer: CT9 GSPJR. - 5'-
GGCATTTTTAAGATGTGAAACGTCGG-S' (SEQ ID NO:855). Internal (Nested) primer: CT9 GSP_NR - 51- GCTCGACTTTGGGTGGACATGTATGTAG-S1 (SEQ ID NO:856).
For CT9 promoter the library was originated from Dral and Smal restriction enzymes. The putative promoter sequence of CT9 cloned using the above procedure is set forth by SEQ ID NO:857.
PCR products were purified using PCR purification kit (Qiagen) and sequencing of the amplified PCR products was performed, using ABI 377 sequencer (Amersham Biosciences Inc). For cloning the putative promoters and 5' UTRs, PCR amplification was carried out using a new set of primers (below) to which 8-12 bp extension that included one restriction site (Hindlll, Sail, Xbal, BamHl, or Smal) on the 5' end. For each promoter, restriction sites that do not exist in the promoter sequence were selected. Moreover, the restriction sites in the primer sequences were designed so the resultant PCR products were cloned into the binary vector pPI or pGI (see Example 5 above) in the right orientation, upstream of the GUS reporter gene.
Following are the primers used for promoter and 5' UTR (P+U) amplification and cloning into pPI. CT74_1000: CT74-pro-F-H (Hindlll): (SEQ ID NO:858) - 5'
ATACAAGCTTGTTGAGGGAGATTGATTTCTTTGG - 3'; and CT74-pro-R-SL (Sail): (SEQ ID NO:859) - 5'
CAAAGTCGACAAGATTGGAAGATGTGTGAGTTGAG - 3\
CT74 1400: CT74-pro-F-H-2 (Hindlll): (SEQ ID NO:860) - 5'
TGTTAAGCTTGTAAAATCACAGGCTAACTATCACTC - 3'; and CT74-pro-R- SL (Sail): (SEQ ID NO:859). CT74JL700:
CT74_pro_F_H_3 (Hindlll): (SEQ ID NO:861) - 5' - GTCGAAGCTTTGGTCTGTCCGGATCACTGTG - 3'; and CT74-pro-R-SL (Sail): (SEQ ID NO:859). CT4J000:
CT4-pro-F-H (Hindllϊ): (SEQ ID NO:862) - 5' ACTTAAGCTTGGTAAAACTTCAACTTGCCTTTG - 3'; and CT4-pro-R-SL (Sail): (SEQ ID NO:863) - 5' - CAAAGTCGACTTGCCAATGTCACTTCCTCCC - 3'.
CT4JL400:
CT4_pro_F_H_2 (Hindill): (SEQ ID NO:864) - 5' - CAACAAGCTTAGCATGCCACTTTTCACCATC - 3'; and CT4-pro-R-SL (Sail): (SEQ ID NO: 863). CTUJiO:
CTll_pro_F_SL(Sα/I): (SEQ ID NO: 865) - 5'- ATATGTCGACATTGAGGCCATTAAAGTTCATC-3'; and CTl 1 jpro_R_Xb (Xbal): (SEQ ID NO: 866) - S'-CATTCTAGATCTCTTTGATCACTTGCACCTG-S'
CT9_650: CT9_pro_F_H (HMII):(SEQ ID NO: 867) - 5'-
TTCGAAGCTTGTCTCCCGTCTAAACTTATCCTG-S'; and CT9_pro_R_SL (&/I):(SEQ ID NO: 868) - 5'-
AGGAGTCGACCATGTATGTAGTAATGATAGCAGCTG-S'.
Genomic DNA or the IPCR/UP-PCR product was used as DNA template for PCR-amplification, using the newly designed oligonucleotide primers. PCR products were purified (PCR Purification Kit, Qiagen, Germany) and digested with the restriction sites exist in the primers (Roche, Switzerland). The digested PCR products were re-purified and cloned into the binary vector pPI/pGI, which was digested with the same restriction enzymes. PCR product and the open pϊasmid vector were ligated using T4 DNA ligase enzyme (Roche, Switzerland). EXAMPLE 9
TRANSFORMING AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENCE CELLS WITH BINARY VECTORS HARBORING COTTON FIBER PROMOTERS pPI/pGI Binary vector, including either CT4, CTI l, CT9 or CT74 promoter, upstream to the GUS reporter gene were used to transform Agrobacterium cells. Experimental Procedures and Results
Transformation of binary vectors including cotton fibers promoters into
Agrobacterium tumefaciens - The binary vectors were introduced to Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV301, or LB4404 competent cells (about 109 cells/ml) by electroporation. Electroporation was performed using a MicroPulser electroporator
(Biorad), 0.2 cm cuvettes (Biorad) and EC-2 electroporation program (Biorad). The treated cells were cultured in LB liquid medium at 28 °C for 3 hours, then plated over
LB agar supplemented with gentamycin (50 mg/L; for Agrobacterium strains GV301) or streptomycin (300 mg/L; for Agrobacterium strain LB4404) and kanamycin (50 mg/L) at 28 °C for 48 hours. Agrobacterium colonies which developed on the selective media were analyzed by PCR using the primers set forth in SEQ ID NO:869
101F: S'-GCTATGACCATGATTACGCC-S' and SEQ ID NO:870 GUSREV: 5'-
CTGCATCGGCGAACTGATCG-3', which were designed to span the inserted sequence in the pPI/pGI plasmid. The resulting PCR products were isolated and sequenced, to verify that the correct sequences were properly introduced to the
Agrobacterium cells.
EXAMPLE lO
COTTONFIBER SPECIFICPROMOTERSARE EXPRESSED IN TOMATO LEA VESAND FRUITS, AND IN ARABIDOPSIS AND COTTON PLANTS
To illustrate specific expression in arabidopsis and tomato trichomes and in tomato fruits, GUS staining was performed on transformed plants, as follows. Experimental Procedures Transformation of Micro-Tom tomato plants with putative cotton promoters - Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, var MicroTom) transformation and cultivation of transgenic plants was performed according to Curtis et al. 1995, and Meissner et. al. 2000. Transformation and cultivation of Arabidopsis thaliana plants with putative cotton promoters - Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia plants (TO plants) were transformed using the Floral Dip procedure described by Clough and Bent (1998) and by Desfeux et al. (2000), with minor modifications. Briefly, TO Plants were sown in 250 ml pots filled with wet peat-based growth mix. The pots were covered with aluminum foil and a plastic dome, kept at 4 °C for 3-4 days, then uncovered and incubated in a growth chamber at 18-24 °C under 16/8 hours light/dark cycles. The TO plants were ready for transformation six days prior to anthesis. Single colonies of Agrobacterium carrying the binary constructs, were cultured in LB medium supplemented with kanamycin (50 mg/L) and gentamycin (50 mg/L). The cultures were incubated at 28 °C for 48 hours under vigorous shaking and then centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 5 minutes. The pellets comprising Agrobacterium cells were re- suspended in a transformation medium containing half-strength (2.15 g/L) Murashig- -Skoog (Duchefa); 0.044 μM benzylamino purine (Sigma); 112 μg/L B5 Gambourg vitamins (Sigma); 5 % sucrose; and 0.2 ml/L Silwet L-77 (OSI Specialists, CT) in double-distilled water, at pH of 5.7. Transformation of TO plants was effected by inverting each plant into an Agrobacterium suspension, such that the above ground plant tissue was submerged for 3-5 seconds. Each inoculated TO plant was immediately placed in a plastic tray, then covered with clear plastic dome to maintain humidity and was kept in the dark at room temperature for 18 hours, to facilitate infection and transformation. Transformed {i.e., transgenic) plants were then uncovered and transferred to a greenhouse for recovery and maturation.
The transgenic TO plants were grown in the greenhouse for 3-5 weeks until siliques were brown and dry. Seeds were harvested from plants and kept at room temperature until sowing. For generating Tl transgenic plants harboring the genes, seeds collected from transgenic TO plants were surface-sterilized by soaking in 70 % ethanol for 1 minute, followed by soaking in 5 % sodium hypochloride and 0.05 % triton for 5 minutes. The surface-sterilized seeds were thoroughly washed in sterile distilled water then placed on culture plates containing half-strength Murashig-Skoog (Duchefa); 2 % sucrose; 0.8 % plant agar; 50 mM kanamycin; and 200 mM carbenicylin (Duchefa). The culture plates were incubated at 4 °C for 48 hours then transferred to a growth room at 25 °C for an additional week of incubation. Vital Tl Arabidopsis plants were transferred to a fresh culture plates for another week of incubation. Following incubation the Tl plants were removed from culture plates and planted in growth mix contained in 250 ml pots. The transgenic plants were allowed to grow in a greenhouse to maturity. Transformation of cotton tissues with putative cotton promoters - The newly cloned cotton promoters could be evaluated directly in cotton plants by transforming the cloned binary vectors into cotton tissues for either transient expression (Kim HJ,
Triplett BA. 2001), or stable gene transformation, by using commonly used protocols.
GUS staining - Gus staining of arabidopsis and tomato plants was performed according to a routine protocol described elsewhere (Jefferson RA. et. al. 1987, Meissner et. al. 2000). Briefly, leaves are fixed in 90 % ice cold acetone for 15 - 20 minutes (on ice), followed by removing acetone, rinsing tissue with the Working Solution [25 mM Sodium Phosphate (Sigma, USA) buffer pH = 7, Ferricyanide (Sigma, USA) 1.25 mM, Ferrocyanide (Sigma, USA) 1.25 mM, Triton X-100 (Sigma, USA) 0.25 %, EDTA (BioLab, Israel) 0.25 mM] for 15-20 minutes (repeat twice). Rinse solution is removed, replaced with Staining solution [Working solution with 5- bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-glucuronic acid (X-GIcA, Duchefa) solubilized in N,N-Dimethylformamide (BioLab, Israel) 1.5 mg/ml and Dithiothreitol (DTT, Bio Lab) 100 mM] in dark (tubes wrapped with aluminum foil) and incubated over night at 37 °C. Distaining is carried by sinking the plant tissue in 70 % ethanol and heating at 50 0C for about 2 hours. Distaining step is repeated until the plant tissue becomes transparent except the blue stained regions. Distained plants are stored in 70 % ethanol (BioLab, Israel) at room temperature. Experimental Results Table 11 , hereinbelow, summarizes the information on the cotton gene clusters and their cloned and evaluated promoters used by the present inventors. Table 11 Cotton gene clusters and cloned promoters
Figure imgf000069_0001
GUS staining on Tl Arabidopsis plants - GUS was expressed under the regulation of CT4 and CT74, promoters in the genetically transformed Arabidopsis plants. As shown in Figures 3a-f high level of expression was obtained in the leafs of Arabidopsis plants under the control of the CT4 (Figure 3b) or CT74 (Figure 3c) promoters as well as in the root tips under the control of the CT74 promoter (Figure 3f).
GUS staining on Tl tomoato plants - Results for tomato Tl generation are summarized in the Table 12, below.
Table 12
Arahidopsis - Reporter gene expression regulated by the two novel promoters compared to 35S promoter
Figure imgf000070_0001
Table 12: The intensity levels of expression represent an average of 4 independents events and are expressed by arbitrary numbers from 1 to 5, where 1 = low expression, and 5 = highest intensity, as was estimated by two independent observers. ND - not determined.
As shown in Table 12, a high level of expression is obtained under the control of CT4 promoter in the pores. In addition, a high level of expression is obtained under the control of the CT74 promoter in the root tips and pores, and a moderate level of expression is obtained in the leaf trichomes.
Altogether, these results demonstrate the isolation of a set of cotton fiber specific promoters which allow expression of the candidate genes at the right time and right strength. Thus, the four new fiber specific promoters which were identified, isolated and characterized in the present study exhibit different levels of expression: very high (CT74), high (CT9), moderate (CT4) and low expression (CTl 1). These promoters were shown to represent different patterns of expression: initiation (CT4), elongation (CT9 and CT74) and constitutive expression (CTl 1).
EXAMPLE Il
AGROINJECTION OF COTTON DEVELOPED BALLS -A NEW TOOL FOR RAPIDANALYSIS OF GENESAND PROMOTERSDIRECTLYIN
DEVELOPED FIBERS
In order to demonstrate fiber related gene expression, the genes should be over-expressed in the relevant tissue, the ovule. To-date, a transient expression system, which uses natural grown cotton ovules/fibers, does not exist. The present inventors have devised a method of infecting cotton ovule cells using agroiηjection in order to demonstrate over expression of fiber related genes on fiber development, as follows.
Briefly, the assay is based on the co-expression of a marker gene and a tested gene. A green-fluorescent-protein (GFP) (SEQ ID NO:871) or GUS-intron (GUSint, SEQ ID NO: 872) as a reporter gene is cloned under regulation of CT2 fiber specific promoter (SEQ ID NO:873) (disclosed in PCT Patent Appl. No IL2005/000627 to Evogene Ltd.) in cis to the tested fiber related genes CTl, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 115 20, 22, 27, 40, 71, 74, 75, 76, 81, 82, 84, and 4 (SEQ ID NOs:874-892) (disclosed in PCT Patent Appl. No IL2005/000627 to Evogene Ltd.) under regulation of the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter (SEQ ID NO: 841). Expression of the reporter gene pinpoints on the fibers that were successfully transformed with the construct. Those "reporter- positive" fibers are analyzed for fiber characteristics. The binary vector backbone is pBI101.3 (Clontech, Accession No. U12640). Experimental Procedures /. Cloning of the selected genes in a binary vector under constitutive regulation and in cis to CT2promoter::GFP recombinant expression:
Cloning GFP into the pGI expression vector - For cloning the GFP gene, primers for the GFP gene were designed to span the full ORF from the binary vector pGFP(+ATG)+35S. Additional restriction endonuclease sites were added to the 5' end of each primer (GFP_ORF_F_Sm2 and GFP_R_Sc) to facilitate further cloning of the GFP to the binary vector (pGI). Primers used for PCR amplification were: GFP_ORF_F_Sm2: 5'-GACCCGGGAAACAATGAGTAAAGGAGAAGAAC-S' (forward, SEQ ID NO:893); and GFP_R_Sc: 5'-
TTGAGCTCTCATCAGGTTGACTTGTATAGTTCATCCATG -3' (reverse, SEQ ID NO:894).
The resultant PCR blunt ended products were purified using PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, Germany), digested with SmaVSacl restriction endonucleases (Roche) and cloned into the pGI binary vector (Figure 1), while replacing the existing GUSint reporter gene. pGI is a modified version of pBI101.3 (Clontech, Accession No. Ul 2640). pGI was constructed by inserting a synthetic poly-(A) signal sequence, which originated from pGL3 Basic plasmid vector (Promega, GenBank Accession No. U47295, where the synthetic poly-(A) signal sequence is located between nucleotides 4658-4811), into the Hindlll restriction site of pBI101.3 (while reconstituting the HindΩl site, downstream to the poly-(A) insert), to avoid the possibility of read-through effect of the upstream Nos-promoter and replace GUS for GUSint. To replace the GUSint gene with the GFP gene in the pGI binary vector, pGI was digested with the appropriate restriction enzymes [5' prime restriction Smal and 3' prime restriction enzyme Sad (Roche- using the protocol provided by the manufacturer)]. Open binary vector was purified from the gel using NucleoTrap kit (Macherey-Nagel). 5-75 ng of a PCR product of the GFP gene and 100 ng of open pGI plasmid vector were ligated in 10 μl ligation reaction volume using T4 DNA ligase enzyme (Roche), following the protocol provided by the manufacturer. Ligation products were introduced into E. coli cells. The new constructs were designated pGFP(-35s).
Recombinant expression in bacteria - 60 μl of E. coli, strain DH5-α competent cells (about 109 cells/ml) were transformed using 1 μl of ligation reaction mixture by electroporation, using a MicroPulser electroporator (BioRad), 0.2 cm cuvettes (BioRad) and EC-2 electroporation program (BioRad). E. coli cells were grown on 1 ml LB liquid medium at 37 0C for 1 hour and 0.2 ml of the cell suspension were plated on LB-agar plates supplemented with the antibiotics kanamycin 50 mg/L (Sigma). Plates were then incubated at 37 °C for 16 hours. Bacteria colonies were grown and expression was confirmed by PCR amplification using primers that were designed to span the inserted sequence in the binary vector. Primers used for DNA amplification of the inserts in the pGFP(-35s) binary vector were: 101F 5'-GCTATGACCATGATTACGCC-3l•. (forward, SΕQ ID NO:869) and NOS_R: 5'-GCGGGACTCTAATCATAAAAACC-31 (reverse SΕQ ID NO:895).
PCR products were separated on 1 % agarose gels and product sizes were estimated by comparing to DNA ladder (MBI Fermentas). PCR products with the predicted size were sequenced using the same primers previously used for PCR amplification.
Sequencing of the inserted sequence was performed to verify that the clones were introduced in the right orientation, and to eliminate the possibility that sequence errors were included during PCR amplification. DNA sequences were determined using ABI 377 sequencer (Amersham Biosciences Inc). CT2 promoter sequence, originated from the pGI+CT2 promoter (PCT Patent Appl. No. IL2005/000627 to the present inventors) was cloned by digesting the pGI+CT2 promoter vector with the restriction endonucleases Hindlll and BamHl (Roche) and ligated into the binary constructs (pGFP(-35s)), digested with the same enzymes. Ligation products were introduced into E. coli cells and screen for positive colonies with primers: (forward 101F, SEQ ID NO:869) and (reverse GFP_R1,SEQ ID NO.896 5'- CACCTTCACCCTCTCCACTG -31). pCT vectors, harboring the tested genes [CTl, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 20, 22, 27, 40, 71, 74, 75, 76, 81, 82, 84, 4, SEQ ID NOs. 874-892; (disclosed in PCT Patent Appl. No IL2005/000627 to Evogene Ltd.)] were digested with the restriction endonuclease Hindlll (Roche) and dephosphorylated with Alkaline Phosphatase (shrimp; Roche). The CT2 promoter: :GFP was amplified using primer including Hindlll restriction enzyme site. Primers used for PCR amplification were: CT2_pro_H: 5'- TTCAAGCTTTTTTTGTTTGTTGTGGGGG-S' (forward, SEQ ID NO:897) and NOS_ter_R_H: 5'- GGTTAAGCTTCGACGGCCAGTGAATTCC -3' (reverse, SEQ ID NO:898).
The resultant PCR blunt ended products were purified using PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, Germany) digested with Hindlll (Roche) and cloned into each of the pCT dephosphorylation binary vectors (See Figure 6 for an exemplary vector). Ligation products were introduced into E. coli cells and screen for positive colonies with primers: (forward 101F, SEQ ID NO:869) and 35S_R: 5'- GGACCACTGTCGGTAGAGGC -3' (reverse, SEQ ID NO:899).
IL Cloning of the selected genes in a binary vector under constitutive regulation and in cis to CT2promoter::GΪJS recombinant expression: Cloning the tested genes into the pGI+CT2-promoter expression vector - For cloning the tested genes under regulation of 35S promoter, primers for the 35Spromoter and NOS terminator were designed. Additional Hindlll (Roche) restriction endonuclease sites were added to the 5' end of each primer to facilitate further cloning of the tested genes [CTl, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 20, 22, 27, 40, 71, 74, 75, 76, 81, 82, 84, 4, SEQ ID NOs:874-892; (disclosed in PCT Patent Appl. No IL2005/000627 to Evogene Ltd.)], to the binary vector (pGI+CT2 promoter). Primers used for PCR. amplification were: 5' -TTCTCTAAGCTTGCATGCCTGC -3' (forward, SEQ ID NO:900) and 5'-GGTTAAGCTTCGACGGCCAGTGAATTCC-3' (reverse, SEQ ID NO:901). Each of the above genes was cloned into the CT2 promoter GUS pGI+CT2-promoter (PCT Patent Appl. No. IL2005/000627). The CT2promoter::GUS plasmid were digested using the endonucleases Hindlll (Roche) and dephosphorilation with Alkaline Phosphatase ,shrimp (Roche). Ligation products (see Figure 7 for an exemplary vector) were introduced into
E. coli cells and screen for positive colonies as describe previously.
Agrobacterium transformation of binary plasmids harboring the genes of interest and expression in cotton ovules - Each of the 38 binary constructs, comprising the 35S promoter upstream of each of the tested CTs genes and CT2 promoter: :GFP or GUS was transformed into cotton developed ovules via
Agrobacterium tumefacience transformation.
60 μl of Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58 competent cells (about 109 cells/ml) were transformed with 20 ng of binary plasmid via electroporation, using a MicroPulser electroporator (BioRad), 0.2 cm cuvettes (BioRad) and EC-2 - electroporation program (BioRad).
Agrobacterium cells were grown on 1 ml LB+ 50 mg/L of Carbenicillin + 50 mg/L of Rifampicillin liquid medium at 28 °C for 3 hours and 0.08 ml of the cell suspension were plated on LB-agar plates supplemented with the antibiotics 50 mg/L of Carbenicillin + 50 mg/L of Rifampicillin + 50 mg/L of Kanamycin Plates were then incubated at 28 °C for 72 hours. Agrobacterium colonies were grown and PCR amplification was performed on Agrobacterium cells, using primers that were designed to span the inserted sequence in the binary vector. Primers used for PCR amplification were for GUS: pGI(CT2 promoter)+CT20(3 SS promoter) Forward, CT20_F_2 (SEQ ID NO.902) 5'- ACGGAGTCAACTCAGAATCG
- 3'; and Reverse, CT2_pro_R_2 (SEQ ID NO:903) 51 - TGCATTATTCAAACCCTGTCTCC - 3'. pGI(CT2 promoter)+CT82(35S promoter)
Forward, CT82_RT_F (SEQ ID NO:904) 5' TCTCTAAGCGACGAAACGGGT - 3'; and Reverse, CT2_pro_R_2 (SEQ ID NO:903). pGI(CT2 promoierj+expunsin (SEQ ID NQ. 905) (3 SS promoter) Forward, ρ35s_R (SEQ ID NO:899) and Reverse, CT2_pro_R_2 (SEQ ID NO.903).
For the GFP construct: Forward 101F, (SEQ ID NO:869) and Reverse, GFP_R1 (SEQ ID NO:896) 5'- CACCTTCACCCTCTCCACTG -3.1 PCR products were separated on 1 % agarose gels and product sizes were determined by comparing to DNA ladder (MBI Fermentas).
Agrobacterium tumefaciens- mediated transient assay for cotton balls - 5 ml of Agrobacterium cultures (C58) were grown overnight from individual colonies at 28 °C in LB medium plus selective antibiotics. The next day the culture cells were recovered by centrifugation, resuspended in infiltration medium (10 mM MgCl2, 10 mM MES, 200 μM acetosyringone, pH 5.6) to optical density = 2, and incubated at room temperature with gentle agitation (20 rpm) for a minimum of 2 hours. Cultures were combined when required, collected with a syringe, and 300 μl were injected in the cotton balls by using a needle. Agroinjection - Cotton balls (Gossypium. hirsutum cv Coker/DP&L90) at different stages of development 0, 2, 4 and 6 days post anthesis (DPA) were infiltrated (with the agrobacteria harboring the binary vector) using a 1-ml syringe with a 0.5- 316-mm needle (BD Pastipak). Needle was introduced 1 to 2 mm in depth into the fruit tissue, and the infiltration solution was gently injected into the fruit. The total volume of solution injected varied with the size of the fruit, with a minimum of 0.1 ml and a maximum of 0.3 ml.
GUS staining of the cotton ovules - Leaves were fixed in 90 % ice-cold acetone for 15 - 20 minutes (on ice), followed by removal of acetone, the tissue was rinsed with the Working Solution [25 mM Sodium Phosphate (Sigma, USA) buffer pH = 7, Ferricyanide (Sigma, USA) 1.25 mM, Ferrocyanide (Sigma, USA) 1.25 mM, Triton X-100 (Sigma, USA) 0.25 %, EDTA (BioLab, Israel) 0.25 mM] for 15-20 minutes (repeat twice). The rinse solution was removed, replaced with Staining solution [Working solution with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-glucuronic acid (X- GIcA, Duchefa) solubilized in N,N-Dimethylformamide (BioLab, Israel) 1.5 mg/ml and Dithiothreitol (DTT, Bio Lab) 100 mM] in dark (tubes wrapped with aluminum foil) and incubated over night at 37 °C. Distaining was carried by sinking the plant tissue in 70 % ethanol and heating at 50 °C for about 2 hours. Distaining step was repeated until the plant tissue became transparent except the blue stained regions. Distained plants were stored in 70 % ethanol (BioLab, Israel) at room temperature. Experimental Results
Detection of positive agroinjection using GUS - Validation of the agroinjection process was done using agroinjection of GUS under regulation of CT2 and 35S promoters at 1 and 8 DPA. After two days (3 and 10 DPA)5 the developed ball was picked and the ovules were GUS staining (Figures 4a-c).
Analysis of cotton developed fibers - First validation of the gene detection was done using agroinjection of 2 DPA ovules with two constructs: 35S::CT20, CT2pro::GFP; 35S::expansin, CT2pro::GFP; After two days (4 DPA), the developed ball was picked and the ovules were screened for fiber analysis. In order to detect the developed fiber length, the present inventors have made a widthwise slice of about 0.2 mm. The slices were screened for GFP expression under UV light using 1OX microscope lens. Positive GFP were points on positive infiltration. The developed fiber length of the positive GFP ovules was determined (in micron) using lens scale.
In order to measure the effect of each of the selected gene on the fiber development, three different agroinjection flowers were used; in each flower three different ovules were measured. The fiber length measurements are summarized in Table 13, hereinbelow. From the results it is possible to see that expansin (Figure 5 c) and CT20 (Figure 5b) exhibited an elongation effect on 4 DPA developed fiber as compared to control (Figure 5a). Quantitation of such an elongation effect is depicted in Table 13, hereinbelow.
Table 13
Influence of overexpression of new genes in 4 DPA developed fiber on fiber length
Figure imgf000076_0001
Using agroinjection the present inventors have demonstrated the influence of cotton genes on fiber development, and the detection of expression of reporter genes under the transcriptional control of cotton fiber promoters. Previous studies have- shown that transgenic cotton lines overexpressing Expansin produce fiber of increased length (US Pat. Application No. US20040006794). This study shows that agroinjection of expansin in 4 DPA developed fiber results with an enlarged fiber length as compared to control. Elongation of the 4 DPA developed fiber was also observed by overexpression of CT20 (SEQ ID NO:881). In previous studies, the present inventors have demonstrated the possibility to use tomato seed hair as model for cotton fiber and showed that CT20 significantly elongated tomato seed hair compare to wild type (0.366 ± 0.006 mm compare to 0.319 ± 0.008) (PCT Patent Appl. No. IL2005/000627 to the present inventors). In this study the present inventors show, for the first time, that expression of fiber developing genes such as CT20 and expasin to an already developed fibers (e.g., 2, 4 or 8 DPA) can significantly elongate cotton fibers.
Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims. All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference into the specification, to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. In addition, citation or identification of any reference in this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the invention. To the extent that section headings are used, they should not be construed as necessarily limiting. REFERENCES (Additional references cited in text)
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Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. An isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least 80 % homologous to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536-791, wherein said polypeptide is capable of regulating fiber development.
2. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein said nucleic acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:l, 12, 2, 17, 10, 11, 8, 4, 7, 6, 5, 3, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18-129 and 259-535.
3. An isolated polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80 % homologous to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536-791, wherein said polypeptide is capable of regulating fiber development.
4. The isolated polypeptide of claim 3, wherein said polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:130, 141, 131, 146, 139, 140, 137, 133, 136, 135, 134, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147-258 and 536-791.
5. An isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence at least 95 % identical to SEQ ID NO:851, 848, 857, or 854 wherein said nucleic acid sequence is capable of regulating an expression of a heterologous polynucleotide sequence operably linked thereto.
6. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 5 as set forth by SEQ ID NO:851, 848, 857, or 854.
7. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 5. wherein said nucleic acid sequence is shorter than 1800 bp.
8. The isolated polynucleotide or the isolated polypeptide of claim 1, 2, 3 or 4, wherein said fiber comprises a cotton fiber.
9. A nucleic acid construct comprising the isolated polynucleotide of claim 1 or 2.
10. A nucleic acid construct comprising the isolated polynucleotide of claim 5 and a heterologous nucleic acid sequence operably attached thereto.
11. The nucleic acid construct of claim 9, wherein the nucleic acid construct further comprises at least one cis-acting regulatory element operably linked to said isolated polynucleotide.
12. A transgenic cell comprising the isolated polynucleotide of claim 1 or
2.
13. A transgenic cell exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide of claim 3 or 4.
14. A transgenic plant comprising the isolated polynucleotide of claim 1 or 2.
15. A transgenic plant exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide of claim 3 or 4.
16. A method of increasing a biomass of a plant, the method comprising exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide of claim 3 or 4 in the plant, thereby increasing the biomass of the plant.
17. A method of increasing a vigor of a plant, the method comprising exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide of claim 3 or 4 in the plant, thereby increasing the vigor of the plant.
18. A method of increasing a yield of a plant, the method comprising exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide of claim 3 or 4 in the plant, thereby increasing the yield of the plant.
19. A method of increasing a tolerance of a plant to abiotic stress , the method comprising exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide of claim 3 or 4 in the plant, thereby increasing the tolerance of the plant to abiotic stress.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein said expressing is effected at a root tip of the plant.
21. A method of improving fiber quality and/or yield of a fiber producing plant, the method comprising exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide of claim 3 or 4 in the fiber producing plant, thereby improving the quality and/or yield of the fiber producing plant.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the quality of the fiber producing plant comprises at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of fiber length, fiber strength, fiber weight per unit length, maturity ratio, uniformity and micronaire.
23. The method of claim 21, wherein said fiber producing plant is selected from the group consisting of cotton, silk cotton tree, desert willow, creosote bush, winterfat, balsa, ramie, kenaf, hemp, roselle, jute, sisal abaca and flax.
24. A method of increasing a biomass of a plant, the method comprising expressing the nucleic acid construct of claim 9 or 11 in the plant, thereby increasing the biomass of the plant.
25. A method of increasing a vigor of a plant, the method comprising expressing the nucleic acid construct of claim 9 or 1 1 in the plant thereby increasing the vigor of the plant.
26. A method of increasing a yield of a plant, the method comprising expressing the nucleic acid construct of claim 9 or 11 in the plant, thereby increasing the yield of the plant.
27. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein said fiber development comprises fiber formation.
28. The isolated polynucleotide of claim I5 wherein said fiber development comprises fiber elongation.
29. A method of producing cotton fibers, the method comprising:
(a) generating a transgenic cotton plant exogenously expressing the isolated polypeptide of claim 3 or 4; and
(b) harvesting the fibers of said transgenic cotton plant, thereby producing the cotton fibers.
30. A nucleic acid construct comprising:
(i) a first polynucleotide sequence which comprises a reporter gene operably linked to a fiber-specific promoter; and
(ii) a second polynucleotide sequence which comprises a heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide-of-interest operably linked to a promoter.
31. A nucleic acid construct system comprising:
(i) a first nucleic acid construct which comprises a first polynucleotide sequence comprising a reporter gene operably linked to a fiber-specific promoter; and
(ii) a second nucleic acid construct which comprises a second polynucleotide sequence comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide-of-interest operably linked to a promoter.
32. A method of expressing a polypeptide-of-interest in a plant, comprising administering to the plant the nucleic acid construct or the nucleic acid construct system of claims 30 or 31, thereby expressing the polypeptide-of-interest in the plant.
33. The method of claim 32, wherein the plant is a cotton plant.
34. The method of claim 33, wherein said administering is effected by injecting the nucleic acid construct or the nucleic acid construct system to a cotton ball of said cotton plant.
35. The nucleic acid construct, the nucleic acid construct system or the method of claims 30, 31, or 32, wherein said nucleic acid construct is comprised in agrobacteria.
36. A method of expressing a polypeptide-of-interest in a cotton plant, comprising injecting to a cotton ball of the cotton plant a nucleic acid construct which comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide-of-interest, there by expressing the polypeptide-of-interest in the cotton plant.
37. The method of claim 36, wherein said expressing is effected in an ovule cell of the cotton plant.
38. The method of claim 36, wherein said nucleic acid construct is comprised in agrobacteria.
39. The method of claim 32 or 36, wherein the polypeptide-of-interest regulates fiber development.
40. A cell comprising the nucleic acid construct or the nucleic acid construct system of claim 30 or 31.
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