WO2008054748A2 - Dérivés d'indazole en tant que modulateurs du récepteur de la sérotonine 5-ht2a utiles pour le traitement des troubles relatifs à celui-ci - Google Patents
Dérivés d'indazole en tant que modulateurs du récepteur de la sérotonine 5-ht2a utiles pour le traitement des troubles relatifs à celui-ci Download PDFInfo
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- WO2008054748A2 WO2008054748A2 PCT/US2007/022921 US2007022921W WO2008054748A2 WO 2008054748 A2 WO2008054748 A2 WO 2008054748A2 US 2007022921 W US2007022921 W US 2007022921W WO 2008054748 A2 WO2008054748 A2 WO 2008054748A2
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- piperazin
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- 0 CCC*(C)(C*1)c2c(*)c(*)c(C)c(C)c2C1C(*1**(*C)*1)=O Chemical compound CCC*(C)(C*1)c2c(*)c(*)c(C)c(C)c2C1C(*1**(*C)*1)=O 0.000 description 2
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
- C07D231/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
- C07D231/56—Benzopyrazoles; Hydrogenated benzopyrazoles
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/18—Antipsychotics, i.e. neuroleptics; Drugs for mania or schizophrenia
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
- C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
- C07D403/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
Definitions
- the present invention relates to certain indazole derivatives of Formula (Ia) and pharmaceutical compositions thereof that modulate the activity of the 5-HT 2A serotonin receptor.
- Compounds and pharmaceutical compositions thereof are directed to methods useful in the treatment of insomnia and related sleep disorders, platelet aggregation, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, angina, stroke, atrial fibrillation, reducing the risk of blood clot formation, asthma or symptoms thereof, agitation or symptoms thereof, behavioral disorders, drug induced psychosis, excitative psychosis, Gilles de Ia Tourette's syndrome, manic disorder, organic or NOS psychosis, psychotic disorders, psychosis, acute schizophrenia, chronic schizophrenia, NOS schizophrenia and related disorders, diabetic-related disorders, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and the like.
- the present invention also relates to the methods for the treatment of 5-HT 2A serotonin receptor mediated disorders in combination with other pharmaceutical agents administered separately or together.
- Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) are an important class of G protein coupled receptors. Serotonin is thought to play a role in processes related to learning and memory, sleep, thermoregulation, mood, motor activity, pain, sexual and aggressive behaviors, appetite, neurodegenerative regulation, and biological rhythms. Not surprisingly, serotonin is linked to pathophysiological conditions such as anxiety, depression, obsessive compulsive disorders, schizophrenia, suicide, autism, migraine, emesis, alcoholism, and neurodegenerative disorders.
- Serotonin receptors are divided into seven subfamilies, referred to as 5-HTi through 5- HT 7 , inclusive. These subfamilies are further divided into subtypes.
- the 5-HT 2 subfamily is divided into three receptor subtypes: 5-HT 2A , 5-HT 2B , and 5-HT 2C .
- the human 5- HT 2A receptor was first isolated and cloned in 1990.
- One aspect of the present invention encompasses certain indazole derivatives as shown in Formula (Ia):
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, Q- C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 alkyl, aryl, cyano, Q-C 6 haloalkoxy, halogen and heteroaryl; and wherein Q- C 6 alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents selected independently from the group consisting Of Q-C 6 acyl, Q-C 6 acyloxy, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Q-C 6 alkyl, Q-C 6 alkylcarboxamide, Q-C 6 alkylsulfonamide, Ci-C 6 alkylsulfinyl, Q- C 6 alkylsulfonyl, Q-C 6 alkylthio, Q-C 6 alkylureyl, Q-C 6 alkylamino, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, amino, carbo-C
- R 5 is selected from the group consisting of H, Ci-C 6 acyl, Ci -C 6 alkyl, arylcarbonyl, arylsulfonyl, Q-Q cycloalkyl and heteroarylcarbonyl; and wherein arylcarbonyl and heteroarylcarbonyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 halogens;
- a and X are each -CH 2 CH 2 -, and each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected independently from the group consisting Of Ci-C 4 alkoxy, Q-C 3 alkyl, carboxy, cyano, Ci -C 3 haloalkyl, halogen, hydroxyl and oxo;
- J is -CH 2 CH 2 - optionally substituted with 1 , 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected independently from the group consisting Of Ci-C 4 alkoxy, Ci-C 3 alkyl, carboxy, cyano, Ci-C 3 haloalkyl, halogen, hydroxyl and oxo; and
- Ar is aryl or heteroaryl each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents selected independently from the group consisting of Q-C 6 acyl, Q-C 6 acyloxy, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C]-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 alkyl, CpC 6 alkylcarboxamide, C]-C 6 alkylsulfonamide, Q-C 6 alkylsulfinyl, Q-C 6 alkylsulfonyl, Q-C 6 alkylthio, Q-C 6 alkylureyl, Q-C 6 alkylamino, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, amino, carbo-Q-C 6 -alkoxy, carboxamide, carboxy, cyano, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, C 2 -C 6 dialkylamino, C 2 -C 6 dialkylcarboxamide, C 2 -C 6 dialkylsulfonamide, Q-
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for treating 5-HT 2A mediated disorders in an individual comprising administering to said individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for treating 5-HT 2A mediated disorders selected from the group consisting of coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, angina, stroke, and atrial fibrillation in an individual comprising administering to said individual m need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for treating sleep disorders m an individual comprising administering to said individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for treating dyssomnias in an individual comprising administering to said individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for treating insomnia in an individual comprising administering to said individual m need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for treating parasomnias in an individual comprising administering to said individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for increasing slow wave sleep in an individual comprising administering to said individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for improving sleep consolidation in an individual comprising administering to said individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for improving sleep maintenance in an individual compnsing administering to said individual m need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for treating conditions associated with platelet aggregation in an individual comprising administering to said individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for reducing the risk of blood clot formation in an angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery individual comprising administering to said individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for reducing the risk of blood clot formation in an individual suffering from atrial fibrillation, comprising administering to said individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for treating diabetic-related disorders in an individual comprising administering to said individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for treating progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in an individual comprising administering to said individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for treating hypertension in an individual comprising administering to the individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for treating pain in an individual comprising administering to the individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to use of compounds of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a sleep disorder.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to use of compounds of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a dyssomnia.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to use of compounds of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of insomnia.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to use of compounds of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a parasomnia.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to use of compounds of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for increasing slow wave sleep.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to use of compounds of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for improving sleep consolidation.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to use of compounds of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for improving sleep maintenance.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to use of compounds of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a 5-HT 2A mediated disorder.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to use of compounds of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a 5-HT 2A mediated disorder selected from the group consisting of coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, angma, stroke and atrial fibrillation.
- a 5-HT 2A mediated disorder selected from the group consisting of coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, angma, stroke and atrial fibrillation.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to use of compounds of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a condition associated with platelet aggregation.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to use of compounds of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the reduction of the risk of blood clot formation in an angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery individual.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to use of compounds of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the reduction of the ⁇ sk of blood clot formation in an individual.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to use of compounds of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the reduction of the ⁇ sk of blood clot formation in an individual suffering from atrial fibrillation.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to use of compounds of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a diabetic-related disorder.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to use of compounds of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to use of compounds of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of hypertension.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to use of compounds of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of pain.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to use of compounds of the present invention for use in a method of treatment of the human or animal body by therapy.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method for the treatment of a 5-HT 2A mediated disorder in the human or animal body by therapy.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method for the treatment of a 5-HT 2A mediated disorder selected from the group consisting of coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, angina, stroke and atrial fibrillation in the human or animal body by therapy.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method for the treatment of a sleep disorder in the human or animal body by therapy.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method for the treatment of a dyssomma m the human or animal body by therapy.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method for the treatment of insomnia in the human or animal body by therapy.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method for the treatment of a parasomnia in the human or animal body by therapy.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method for increasing slow wave sleep in the human or animal body by therapy.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method for improving sleep consolidation in the human or animal body by therapy.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method for improving sleep maintenance in the human or animal body by therapy.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method for the treatment of a condition associated with platelet aggregation in the human or animal body by therapy.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of reducing the ⁇ sk of blood clot formation in an angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery individual by therapy.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use m a method of reducing the nsk of blood clot formation in an individual by therapy.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method of reducing the nsk of blood clot formation in an individual suffering from atrial fibrillation by therapy.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method for the treatment of a diabetic-related disorder in the human or animal body by therapy.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method for the treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy m the human or animal body by therapy.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method for the treatment of hypertension m the human or animal body by therapy.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the present invention for use in a method for the treatment of pain in the human or animal body by therapy.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to processes for prepa ⁇ ng a composition comprising admixing a compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable earner.
- Figure 1 shows a general synthetic scheme for the preparation of compounds of the invention.
- a mono Boc-protected piperazine derivative is reacted with a halide, the Boc-group is removed and the piperazine is subsequently acylated with a mdazole derivative.
- an unprotected piperazine derivative may be used.
- Figure 2 shows two different methods used to modify the indazole moiety.
- the first is the palladium catalyzed conversion of an indazole halide to an indazole carbonit ⁇ le with zinc cyanide.
- the second is a Suzuki reaction of an mdazole halide with a boronic acid to form an aryl or alkyl indazole.
- Figure 3 shows three methods for the functionahzation of the indazole nitrogens. Reaction of an indazole carboxyhc acid with an alkyl or aryl sulfonyl chloride in the presence of base affords the sulfonamide.
- the mdazole may also be N-alkylated by treatment with an alkyl halide in the presence of a base.
- Figure 4 shows an alternative route for preparation of compounds of the present invention involving first a HOBt/EDAC mediated amide coupling of an aryl carboxyhc acid derivative with a mono Boc-protected piperazine derivative. The resulting amide is reduced with borane, deprotected with HCl and coupled with an indazole carboxyhc acid de ⁇ vative in the presence of HATU.
- Figure 5 shows a third general route to compounds of the invention.
- the first step is a HATU mediated amide coupling between a piperazine de ⁇ vative and an indazole carboxyhc acid.
- the intermediate is further de ⁇ vatized by treatment with a halide in the presence of a base.
- Figure 6 shows the efficacy of Compound 8 m the attenuation of DOI-induced hypolocomotion in rats.
- Figure 7 shows the efficacy of Compound 17 in the attenuation of DOI-induced hypolocomotion in rats.
- agonists is intended to mean moieties that interact and activate the receptor, such as the 5-HT 2A serotonin receptor, and initiate a physiological or pharmacological response characteristic of that receptor. For example, when moieties activate the intracellular response upon binding to the receptor, or enhance GTP binding to membranes.
- antagonists is intended to mean moieties that competitively bind to the receptor at the same site as agonists (for example, the endogenous hgand), but which do not activate the intracellular response initiated by the active form of the receptor, and can thereby inhibit the intracellular responses by agonists or partial agonists. Antagonists do not diminish the baseline intracellular response in the absence of an agonist or partial agonist.
- contacting is intended to mean b ⁇ nging the indicated moieties together, whether in an in vitro system or an in vivo system.
- "contacting" a 5-HT 2A serotonin receptor with a compound of the invention includes the administration of a compound of the present invention to an individual, preferably a human, having a 5-HT 2A serotonin receptor, as well as, for example, introducing a compound of the invention into a sample containing a cellular or more purified preparation containing a 5-HT 2A serotonin receptor.
- in need of treatment and the term “in need thereof when referring to treatment are used interchangeably to mean a judgment made by a caregiver (e g. physician, nurse, nurse practitioner, etc. in the case of humans; vete ⁇ na ⁇ an in the case of animals, including non-human mammals), or a judgment made by a human individual that the individual or an animal requires or will benefit from treatment. This judgment is made based on a variety of factors that are m the realm of a caregiver's expertise, but that includes the knowledge that the individual or animal is ill, or will become ill, as the result of a disease, condition or disorder that is treatable by the compounds of the invention. Accordingly, the compounds of the invention can be used in a protective or preventive manner; or compounds of the invention can be used to alleviate, inhibit or ameliorate the disease, condition or disorder.
- a caregiver e g. physician, nurse, nurse practitioner, etc. in the case of humans; vete ⁇ na ⁇ an in the case of animals, including non-human mammals
- mice rats, other rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, swine, cattle, sheep, horses, or p ⁇ mates, and most preferably humans.
- inverse agonists is intended to mean moieties that bind to the endogenous form of the receptor or to the constitutively activated form of the receptor, and which inhibit the baseline intracellular response initiated by the active form of the receptor below the normal base level of activity which is observed in the absence of agonists or partial agonists, or decrease GTP binding to membranes
- the baseline intracellular response is inhibited in the presence of the inverse agonist by at least 30%, more preferably by at least 50%, and most preferably by at least 75%, as compared with the baseline response in the absence of the inverse agonist.
- modulate or modulating is intended to mean an increase or decrease in the amount, quality, response or effect of a particular activity, function or molecule.
- composition is intended to mean a composition comprising at least one active ingredient; including but not limited to, salts, solvates and hydrates of compounds of the present invention; whereby the composition is amenable to investigation for a specified, efficacious outcome in a mammal (for example, without limitation, a human).
- a mammal for example, without limitation, a human.
- terapéuticaally effective amount is intended to mean the amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue, system, animal, individual or human that is being sought by a researcher, vete ⁇ na ⁇ an, medical doctor or other clinician or caregiver; or by a human individual, which includes one or more of the following:
- Preventing the disease for example, preventing a disease, condition or disorder in an individual that may be predisposed to the disease, condition or disorder but does not yet expe ⁇ ence or display the pathology or symptomatology of the disease, (2) Inhibiting the disease; for example, inhibiting a disease, condition or disorder in an individual that is expe ⁇ encing or displaying the pathology or symptomatology of the disease, condition or disorder (i.e., arresting further development of the pathology and/or symptomatology), and
- Ameliorating the disease for example, ameliorating a disease, condition or disorder in an individual that is expe ⁇ encing or displaying the pathology or symptomatology of the disease, condition or disorder (i.e., reversing the pathology and/or symptomatology).
- Ci-C 6 acyl is intended to mean a Q-C 6 alkyl radical attached to the carbon of a carbonyl group wherein the definition of alkyl has the same definition as desc ⁇ bed herein; some examples include, but are not limited to, acetyl, propionyl, «-butanoyl, w ⁇ -butanoyl, pivaloyl, pentanoyl, hexanoyl and the like.
- Ci-C 6 acyloxy is intended to mean an acyl radical attached to an oxygen atom wherein acyl has the same definition as descnbed herein; some embodiments are when acyloxy is Ci-C 5 acyloxy, some embodiments are when acyloxy is Q-C 4 acyloxy. Some examples include, but are not limited to, acetyloxy, propionyloxy, /i-butanoyloxy, iso- butanoyloxy, pivaloyloxy, pentanoyloxy, hexanoyloxy and the like.
- C 2 -C 6 alkenyl is intended to mean a radical containing 2 to 6 carbons wherein at least one carbon-carbon double bond is present; some embodiments are 2 to 5 carbons, some embodiments are 2 to 4 carbons, some embodiments are 2 to 3 carbons, and some embodiments have 2 carbons. Both E and Z isomers are embraced by the term “alkenyl.” Furthermore, the term “alkenyl” includes di- and tri-alkenyls. Accordingly, if more than one double bond is present then the bonds may be all E or all Z or a mixture thereof.
- alkenyl examples include vinyl, allyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 2- hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 4-hexenyl, 5-hexenyl, 2,4-hexadienyl and the like.
- Ci-C 6 alkoxy is intended to mean a Ci-C 6 alkyl radical, as defined herein, attached directly to an oxygen atom, some embodiments are 1 to 5 carbons, some embodiments are 1 to 4 carbons, some embodiments are 1 to 3 carbons, and some embodiments are 1 or 2 carbons. Examples include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, /so-propoxy, n-butoxy, f-butoxy, iso- butoxy, sec-butoxy and the like.
- Ci-C 6 alkyl is intended to mean a straight or branched carbon radical containing 1 to 6 carbons, some embodiments are 1 to 5 carbons, some embodiments are 1 to 4 carbons, some embodiments are 1 to 3 carbons, and some embodiments are 1 or 2 carbons.
- alkyl examples include, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, wo-butyl, f-butyl, pentyl, iso-pentyl, /-pentyl, we ⁇ -pentyl, 1-methylbutyl [i.e., - CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ], 2-methylbutyl [i.e., -CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 ], w-hexyl and the like.
- Ci-C 6 alkylcarboxamido or "C]-C 6 alkylcarboxamide” is intended to mean a single Ci -C 6 alkyl group attached to either the carbon or the nitrogen of an amide group, wherein alkyl has the same definition as found herein.
- the Ci-C 6 alkylcarboxamido may be represented by the following:
- Examples include, but are not limited to, N-methylcarboxamide, N-ethylcarboxamide,
- N-H-propylcarboxamide N-isopropylcarboxamide, N-n-butylcarboxamide, N-sec- butylcarboxamide, N- /s ⁇ -butylcarboxamide, N-/-butylcarboxamide and the like.
- Ci-C 6 alkylsulfinyl is intended to mean a Ci -C 6 alkyl radical attached to the sulfur of a sulfoxide radical having the formula: -S(O)- wherein the alkyl radical has the same definition as described herein. Examples include, but are not limited to, methyl sulfinyl, ethylsulfmyl, /i-propylsulfinyl, isopropylsulfinyl, n-butylsulfinyl, jec-butylsulfinyl, iso- butylsulfinyl, /-butylsulf ⁇ nyl, and the like.
- Ci-C 6 alkylsulfonamide is intended to mean the groups shown below: alkyl wherein Ci-C 6 alkyl has the same definition as described herein
- C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl is intended to mean a Ci -C 6 alkyl radical attached to the sulfur of a sulfone radical having the formula: -S(O) 2 - wherein the alkyl radical has the same definition as desc ⁇ bed herein. Examples include, but are not limited to, methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, /i-propylsulfonyl, isopropylsulfonyl, n-butylsulfonyl, sec-butylsulfonyl, iso- butylsulfonyl, /-butylsulfonyl, and the like.
- Ci-C 6 alkylthio is intended to mean a C r C 6 alkyl radical attached to a sulfur atom (i.e., -S-) wherein the alkyl radical has the same definition as desc ⁇ bed herein.
- alkyl radical has the same definition as desc ⁇ bed herein. Examples include, but are not limited to, methylsulfanyl (i.e., CH 3 S-), ethylsulfanyl, n- propylsulfanyl, isopropylsulfanyl, «-butylsulfanyl, sec-butylsulfanyl, zso-butylsulfanyl, t- butylsulfanyl, and the like.
- Ci-C 6 alkylureyl is intended to mean the group of the formula: -NC(O)N- wherein one are both of the nitrogens are substituted with the same or different Ci-C 6 alkyl group wherein alkyl has the same definition as desc ⁇ bed herein.
- alkylureyl include, but are not limited to, CH 3 NHC(O)NH-, NH 2 C(O)NCH 3 -, (CH 3 ) 2 NC(O)NH-, (CH 3 ) 2 NC(O)NCH 3 -, CH 3 CH 2 NHC(O)NH-, CH 3 CH 2 NHC(O)NCH 3 -, and the like.
- C 2 -C 6 alkynyl is intended to mean a radical containing 2 to 6 carbons and at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, some embodiments have 2 to 4 carbons, some embodiments have 2 to 3 carbons, and some embodiments have 2 carbons.
- alkynyl examples include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 1-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 4- hexynyl, 5-hexynyl and the like.
- alkynyl includes di- and t ⁇ -ynes.
- amino is intended to mean the group -NH 2 .
- Ci-C 6 alkylamino is intended to mean one alkyl radical attached to a -NH- radical wherein the alkyl radical has the same meaning as desc ⁇ bed herein. Some examples include, but are not limited to, methylamino, ethylamino, «-propylamino, isopropylamino, n- butylammo, sec-butylamino, jso-butylamino, /-butylammo, and the like. Some embodiments are "Ci-C 2 alkylamino.”
- aryl is intended to mean an aromatic nng radical containing 6 to 10 ⁇ ng carbons. Examples include phenyl and naphthyl.
- arylcarbonyl is intended to mean an aryl radical attached to the carbon of a carbonyl group wherein the definition of aryl has the same definition as desc ⁇ bed herein; some examples include, but are not limited to, benzoyl and naphthylcarbonyl.
- carbo-Ci-C 6 -alkoxy is intended to mean a Ci-C 6 alkyl ester of a carboxylic acid, wherein the alkyl group is as defined herein.
- carboxylic acid group is intended to mean the group -CONH 2 .
- carboxy or “carboxyl” is intended to mean the group -CO 2 H; also referred to as a carboxylic acid group.
- cyano is intended to mean the group -CN.
- C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl is intended to mean a saturated ring radical containing 3 to 7 carbons; some embodiments contain 3 to 6 carbons; some embodiments contain 3 to 5 carbons; some embodiments contain 5 to 7 carbons; some embodiments contain 3 to 4 carbons. Examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and the like.
- C 2 -C 6 dialkylamino is intended to mean an amino substituted with two of the same or different C 1 -C 3 alkyl radicals wherein alkyl radical has the same definition as described herein. Some examples include, but are not limited to, dimethylamino, methylethylamino, diethylamino, methylpropylamino, methylisopropylamino, ethylpropylamino, ethylisopropylamino, dipropylamino, propylisopropylamino and the like.
- C 2 -C 4 dialkylamino Some embodiments are "C 2 -C 4 dialkylamino.”
- C 2 -C 6 dialkylcarboxamido or "C 2 -C 6 dialkylcarboxamide”is intended to mean two alkyl radicals, that are the same or different, attached to an amide group, wherein alkyl has the same definition as described herein.
- a C 2 -C 6 dialkylcarboxamido may be represented by the following groups:
- dialkylcarboxamide examples include, but are not limited to, N,N-dimethylcarboxamide, N-methyl-N-ethylcarboxamide, N,N- diethylcarboxamide, N-methyl-N-isopropylcarboxamide, and the like.
- C 2 -C 6 dialkylsulfonamide is intended to mean one of the following groups shown below:
- Ci-C 3 has the same definition as described herein, for example but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, and the like.
- the term "Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy" is intended to mean a C r C 6 haloalkyl, as defined herein, which is directly attached to an oxygen atom. Examples include, but are not limited to, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, pentafluoroethoxy and the like.
- Ci-C 6 haloalkyl is intended to mean an Ci-C 6 alkyl group, defined herein, wherein the alkyl is substituted with one halogen up to fully substituted and a fully substituted Ci-C 6 haloalkyl can be represented by the formula C n L 2n+! wherein L is a halogen and "n" is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; when more than one halogen is present then they may be the same or different and selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I, preferably F. Some embodiments are 1 to 5 carbons, some embodiments are 1 to 4 carbons, some embodiments are 1 to 3 carbons, and some embodiments are 1 or 2 carbons.
- haloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chlorodifluoromethyl, 2,2,2- trifluoroethyl, pentafluoroethyl and the like.
- Ci-C 6 haloalkylsulfinyl is intended to mean a Ci-C 6 haloalkyl radical attached to the sulfur atom of a sulfoxide group having the formula: -S(O)- wherein the haloalkyl radical has the same definition as described herein. Examples include, but are not limited to, trifluoromethylsulfinyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethylsulfinyl, 2,2-difluoroethylsulfmyl and the like.
- C]-C 6 haloalkylsulfonyl is intended to mean a C r C 6 haloalkyl radical attached to the sulfur atom of a sulfone group having the formula: -S(O) 2 - wherein haloalkyl has the same definition as described herein. Examples include, but are not limited to, trifluoromethylsulfonyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethylsulfonyl, 2,2-difluoroethylsulfonyl and the like.
- Cj-C 6 haloalkylthio is intended to mean a Ci -C 6 haloalkyl radical directly attached to a sulfur wherein the haloalkyl has the same meaning as described herein. Examples include, but are not limited to, trifluoromethylthio (i.e., CF 3 S-, also referred to as trifluoromethylsulfanyl), 1,1-difluoroethylthio, 2,2,2-trifluoroethylthio and the like.
- halogen or halo is intended to mean a fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo group.
- heteroaryl is intended to mean an aromatic ring system that may be a single ring, two fused rings or three fused rings wherein at least one ring carbon is replaced with a heteroatom selected from, for example, but not limited to, the group consisting of O, S and N wherein the N can be optionally substituted with H, Ci-C 4 acyl or Ci-C 4 alkyl.
- heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrazolyl, indazolyl, pyridyl, benzofuranyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, IH- benzimidazolyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl and the like.
- the heteroatom is selected from, for example, but not limited to, the group consisting of O, S and N, wherein N is substituted with ⁇ (i.e., NH), examples include, but are not limited to, pyrrolyl, indolyl, lH-benzimidazol-2-yl, and the like.
- heteroarylcarbonyl is intended to mean a heteroaryl radical attached to the carbon of a carbonyl group wherein the definition of heteroaryl has the same definition as described herein; some examples include, but are not limited to, pyrazoloyl and indazoloyl.
- hydroxyl is intended to mean the group -OH.
- nitro is intended to mean the group -NO 2 .
- sulfonamide is intended to mean the group -SO 2 NH 2 .
- thiol is intended to mean the group -SH.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to certain compounds as shown in Formula (Ia):
- a chemical group herein when a chemical group herein is "substituted" it may have up to the full valance of substitution; for example, a methyl group can be substituted by 1 , 2, or 3 substituents, a methylene group can be substituted by 1 or 2 substituents, a phenyl group can be substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents, a naphthyl group can be substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 substituents and the like.
- substituted with one or more substituents refers to the substitution of a group with one substituent up to the total number of substituents physically allowed by the group.
- a group when a group is substituted with more than one group they can be identical or they can be different.
- Tautomeric forms can be in equilibrium or sterically locked into one form by appropriate substitution. It is understood that the various tautomeric forms are within the scope of the compounds of the present invention.
- Compounds of the invention can also include all isotopes of atoms occurring in the intermediates and/or final compounds.
- Isotopes include those atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
- isotopes of hydrogen include deuterium and tritium.
- compounds of Formula (Ia) and formulae related therefrom may have one or more chiral centers, and therefore can exist as enantiomers and/or diastereomers.
- the invention is understood to extend to and embrace all such enantiomers, diastereomers and mixtures thereof, including but not limited to racemates.
- some embodiments of the present invention pertain to compounds of the present invention that are R enantiomers.
- some embodiments of the present invention pertain to compounds of the present invention that are S enantiomers.
- some embodiments of the present invention include compounds that are RS or SR enantiomers.
- compounds of the present invention are RR or SS enantiomers. It is understood that compounds of Formula (Ia) and formulae used throughout this disclosure are intended to represent all individual enantiomers and mixtures thereof, unless stated or shown otherwise.
- Some embodiments of the present invention pertain to compounds of Formula (Ic):
- Some embodiments of the present invention pertain to compounds of Formula (Ie):
- each R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 is selected independently from the group consisting of H, C r C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 alkyl, aryl, cyano, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, halogen and heteroaryl; each optionally substituted with Ci-C 6 alkyl.
- each R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 is selected independently from the group consisting of H, methoxy, methyl, 2-methylphenyl, cyano, trifluoromethoxy, fluoro, chloro and bromo.
- R 1 is H or C r C 6 alkyl
- R 2 is H, C r C 6 alkoxy, Cj-C 6 alkyl, aryl or halogen, and aryl is optionally substituted with Ci-C 6 alkyl
- R 3 is H, C r C 6 alkoxy, C r C 6 alkyl, cyano, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy or halogen
- R 4 is H or Ci-C 6 alkoxy.
- R 1 is H or methyl
- R 2 is H, methoxy, methyl, 2-methyl-phenyl, fluoro, chloro or bromo
- R 3 is H, methoxy, methyl, cyano, trifluoromethoxy, fluoro, chloro or bromo
- R 4 is H or methoxy.
- R 5 is selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 6 acyl, CpC 6 alkyl, arylcarbonyl, arylsulfonyl, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl and heteroarylcarbonyl; and wherein arylcarbonyl and heteroarylcarbonyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 halogens.
- R 5 is selected from the group consisting of H, lH-indazole-3- carbonyl, 4-fluorobenzoyl, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, benzenesulfonyl and cyclopropyl.
- a and X are each -CH 2 CH 2 -, and each optionally substituted with C-C 3 alkyl. In some embodiments A and X are each -CH 2 CH 2 -, and each optionally substituted with methyl.
- a and X are each independently -CH 2 CH 2 - or -CH(CH 3 )CH 2 -.
- J is -CH 2 CH 2 - optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected independently from the group consisting of halogen and oxo.
- J is -CH 2 CH 2 - optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected independently from the group consisting of fluoro and oxo.
- Ar is aryl or heteroaryl each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 halogen atoms.
- Ar is aryl or heteroaryl each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents selected independently from the group consisting of fluoro and chloro.
- Ar is 2-fluorophenyl, 3 -fluorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2,4- difluorophenyl, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl or 4-chlorophenyl.
- Some embodiments of the present invention pertain to compounds of Formula (Ic):
- R 2 is H, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 alkyl, aryl or halogen, and aryl is optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl;
- a and X are each independently -CH 2 CH 2 -, and each optionally substituted with CpC 3 alkyl; J is -CH 2 CH 2 - optionally substituted with 1 , 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected independently from the group consisting of halogen and oxo; and
- Ar is aryl or heteroaryl each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 halogen atoms.
- R 1 is H or methyl
- R 2 is H, methoxy, methyl, 2-methyl-phenyl, fluoro, chloro or bromo
- R 3 is H, methoxy, methyl, cyano, trifluoromethoxy, fluoro, chloro or bromo
- R 4 is H or methoxy
- R 5 is H, lH-indazole-3-carbonyl, 4-fluorobenzoyl, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, benzenesulfonyl or cyclopropyl;
- Ar is 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4- difluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl or 4-chlorophenyl.
- Some embodiments of the present invention pertain to compounds of Formula (Ie):
- R 2 is H, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 alkyl, aryl or halogen, and aryl is optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl;
- R 3 is H, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, cyano, C r C 6 haloalkoxy or halogen;
- R 4 is H or C 1 -C 6 alkoxy;
- R 5 is selected from the group consisting of H, Ci-C 6 acyl, C r C 6 alkyl, arylcarbonyl, arylsulfonyl, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl and heteroarylcarbonyl; and wherein arylcarbonyl and heteroarylcarbonyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 halogens;
- a and X are each independently -CH 2 CH 2 -, and each optionally substituted with Ci-C 3 alkyl;
- J is -CH 2 CH 2 - optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected independently from the group consisting of halogen and oxo; and Ar is aryl or heteroaryl each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 halogen atoms.
- Some embodiments of the present invention pertain to compounds of Formula (Ie):
- R 1 is H or methyl
- R 2 is H, methoxy, methyl, 2-methyl-phenyl, fluoro, chloro or bromo;
- R 3 is H, methoxy, methyl, cyano, trifluoromethoxy, fluoro, chloro or bromo;
- R 4 is H or methoxy
- R 5 is H, lH-indazole-3-carbonyl, 4-fluorobenzoyl, methyl, ethyl, w-propyl, isopropyl, benzenesulfonyl or cyclopropyl;
- a and X are each independently -CH 2 CH 2 - or -CH(CH 3 )CH 2 -;
- Ar is 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4- di fluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl or 4-chlorophenyl.
- Some embodiments of the present invention include every combination of one or more compounds selected from the following group shown in TABLE A.
- individual compounds and chemical genera of the present invention encompass all pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, and particularly hydrates, thereof.
- the compounds of the Formula (Ia) of the present invention may be prepared according to relevant published literature procedures that are used by one skilled in the art. Exemplary reagents and procedures for these reactions appear hereinafter in the working Examples. Protection and deprotection may be carried out by procedures generally known in the art (see, for example, Greene, T. W. and Wuts, P. G. M., Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3 rd Edition, 1999 [Wiley]; incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
- the present invention embraces each diastereomer, each enantiomer and mixtures thereof of each compound and generic formulae disclosed herein just as if they were each individually disclosed with the specific stereochemical designation for each chiral carbon. Separation of the individual isomers (such as, chiral ⁇ PLC, recrystallization of diastereomeric mixtures, and the like) or selective synthesis (such as, enantiomeric selective syntheses, and the like) of the individual isomers is accomplished by application of various methods which are well known to practitioners in the art.
- the compounds disclosed herein are believed to be useful in the treatment of several additional diseases and disorders, and in the amelioration of symptoms thereof. Without limitation, these include the following: 1. Sleep disorders It is reported in the National Sleep Foundation's 2002 Sleep In America Poll, more than one-half of the adults surveyed (58%) report having experienced one or more symptoms of insomnia at least a few nights a week in the past year. Additionally, about three in ten (35%) say they have experienced insomnia-like symptoms every night or almost every night. The normal sleep cycle and sleep architecture can be disrupted by a variety of organic causes as well as environmental influences. According to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, there are over 80 recognized sleep disorders. Of these, compounds of the present invention are effective, for example, in any one or more of the following sleep disorders (ICSD - International Classification of Sleep Disorders: Diagnostic and Coding Manual. Diagnostic Classification Steering Committee, American Sleep Disorders Association, 1990):
- Time zone change (jet lag) syndrome shift work sleep disorder, irregular sleep-wake pattern, delayed sleep phase syndrome, advanced sleep phase syndrome, non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder and circadian rhythm sleep disorder NOS.
- Rhythmic movement disorder sleep starts, sleep talking and nocturnal leg cramps.
- SLEEP DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH MEDICAL/PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
- Sleeping sickness nocturnal cardiac ischemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sleep-related asthma, sleep-related gastroesophageal reflux, peptic ulcer disease, fibrositis syndrome, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia and post-surgical.
- benzodiazepines The most common class of medications for the majority of sleep disorders are the benzodiazepines, but the adverse effect profile of benzodiazepines include daytime sedation, diminished motor coordination, and cognitive impairments. Furthermore, the National Institutes of Health Consensus conference on Sleeping Pills and Insomnia in 1984 have developed guidelines discouraging the use of such sedative-hypnotics beyond 4-6 weeks because of concerns raised over drug misuse, dependency, withdrawal and rebound insomnia. Therefore, it is desirable to have a pharmacological agent for the treatment of insomnia, which is more effective and/or has fewer side effects than those currently used. In addition, benzodiazepines are used to induce sleep, but have little to no effect on the maintenance of sleep, sleep consolidation or slow wave sleep.
- Some sleep disorders are sometimes found in conjunction with other conditions and accordingly those conditions are treatable by compounds of Formula (Ia).
- patients suffering from mood disorders typically suffer from a sleep disorder that can be treatable by compounds of Formula (Ia).
- Having one pharmacological agent which treats two or more existing or potential conditions, as does the present invention, is more cost effective, leads to better compliance and has fewer side effects than taking two or more agents
- Compounds of the present invention descnbed herein may be used alone or in combination with a mild sleep inducer (i.e. antihistamine).
- NREM sleep consists of four stages, each of which is characterized by progressively slower brain wave patterns, with the slower patterns indicating deeper sleep. Delta sleep, stages 3 and 4 of NREM sleep, is the deepest and most refreshing type of sleep. Many patients with sleep disorders are unable to adequately achieve the restorative sleep of stages 3 and 4. In clinical terms, patients' sleep patterns are descnbed as fragmented, meaning the patient spends a lot of time alternating between stages 1 and 2 (semi -wakefulness) and being awake and very little time in deep sleep.
- fragmented sleep architecture means an individual, such as a sleep disorder patient, spends the majority of their sleep time in NREM sleep stages 1 and 2, lighter periods of sleep from which the individual can be easily aroused to a waking state by limited external stimuli. As a result, the individual cycles through frequent bouts of light sleep interrupted by frequent awakenings throughout the sleep penod. Many sleep disorders are characterized by a fragmented sleep architecture. For example, many elderly patients with sleep complaints have difficulty achieving long bouts of deep, refreshing sleep (NREM stages 3 and 4) and instead spend the majority of their sleep time in NREM sleep stages 1 and 2.
- the term “sleep consolidation” means a state in which the number of NREM sleep bouts, particularly Stages 3 and 4, and the length of those sleep bouts are increased, while the number and length of waking bouts are decreased.
- the architecture of the sleep disorder patient is consolidated to a sleeping state with increased pe ⁇ ods of sleep and fewer awakenings during the night and more time is spent in slow wave sleep (stages 3 and 4) with fewer oscillation stage 1 and 2 sleep.
- Compounds of the present invention can be effective in consolidating sleep patterns so that the patient with previously fragmented sleep can now achieve restorative, delta-wave sleep for longer, more consistent pe ⁇ ods of time.
- NREM sleep makes up about 75% of total sleep time; stage 1 accounting for 5-10% of total sleep time, stage 2 for about 45-50%, stage 3 approximately 12%, and stage 4 13-15%. About 90 minutes after sleep onset, NREM sleep gives way to the first REM sleep episode of the night.
- REM makes up approximately 25% of total sleep time.
- REM sleep is characterized by high pulse, respiration, and blood pressure, as well as other physiological patterns similar to those seen in the active waking stage.
- REM sleep is also known as "paradoxical sleep.”
- Sleep onset occurs during NREM sleep and takes 10-20 minutes in healthy young adults.
- the four stages of NREM sleep together with a REM phase form one complete sleep cycle that is repeated throughout the duration of sleep, usually four or five times.
- the cyclical nature of sleep is regular and reliable: a REM period occurs about every 90 minutes during the night.
- the first REM period tends to be the shortest, often lasting less than 10 minutes, whereas the later REM periods may last up to 40 minutes.
- delta power means a measure of the duration of EEG activity in the 0.5 to 3.5 Hz range during NREM sleep and is thought to be a measure of deeper, more refreshing sleep. Delta power is hypothesized to be a measure of a theoretical process called Process S and is thought to be inversely related to the amount of sleep an individual experiences during a given sleep period.
- Subjective and objective determinations of sleep disorders There are a number of ways to determine whether the onset, duration or quality of sleep
- Non-restorative or restorative sleep is impaired or improved.
- One method is a subjective determination of the patient, e.g., do they feel drowsy or rested upon waking.
- Other methods involve the observation of the patient by another during sleep, e.g., how long it takes the patient to fall asleep, how many times the patient wakes up during the night, how restless is the patient during sleep, etc.
- Another method is to measure the stages of sleep objectively using polysomnography.
- Polysomnography is the monitoring of multiple electrophysiological parameters during sleep and generally includes measurement of EEG activity, electroculographic activity and electromyographic activity, as well as other measurements.
- sleep latency the amount of time required to fall asleep
- sleep continuity overall balance of sleep and wakefulness
- sleep consolidation percent of sleeping time spent in delta-wave or restorative sleep
- Stage 1 NREM sleep is a transition from wakefulness to sleep and occupies about 5% of time spent asleep in healthy adults.
- Stage 2 NREM sleep which is characterized by specific EEG waveforms (sleep spindles and K complexes), occupies about 50% of time spent asleep.
- Stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep are the deepest levels of sleep and occupy about 10-20% of sleep time. REM sleep, during which the majority of vivid dreams occur, occupies about 20-25% of total sleep.
- NREM stages 3 and 4 tend to occur in the first one-third to one-half of the night and increase in duration in response to sleep deprivation.
- REM sleep occurs cyclically through the night. Alternating with NREM sleep about every 80-100 minutes. REM sleep periods increase in duration toward the morning. Human sleep also varies characteristically across the life span. After relative stability with large amounts of slow-wave sleep in childhood and early adolescence, sleep continuity and depth deteriorate across the adult age range. This deterioration is reflected by increased wakefulness and stage 1 sleep and decreased stages 3 and 4 sleep.
- the compounds of the invention can be useful for the treatment of the sleep disorders characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness such as narcolepsy.
- Inverse agonists at the serotonin 5-HT 2A receptor improve the quality of sleep at nighttime which can decrease excessive daytime sleepiness.
- Another aspect of the present invention relates to the therapeutic use of compounds of the present invention for the treatment of sleep disorders.
- Compounds of the present invention are potent inverse agonists at the serotonin 5-HT 2A receptor and can be effective in the treatment of sleep disorders by promoting one or more of the following: reducing the sleep onset latency period (measure of sleep induction), reducing the number of nighttime awakenings, and prolonging the amount of time in delta-wave sleep (measure of sleep quality enhancement and sleep consolidation) without effecting REM sleep.
- compounds of the present invention can be effective either as a monotherapy or m combination with sleep inducing agents, for example but not limited to, antihistamines.
- APD125 a potent and selective 5-HT 2A serotonin receptor inverse agonist is a member of the genus disclosed in the European Patent EP1558582.
- APD125 showed vigilance-lowering effects on waking EEG, with maximal effects at 40-80 mg; peak effects were observed at 2-4 h after dosing.
- APD 125 increased slow wave sleep and associated parameters in a dose-dependent manner, pnma ⁇ ly du ⁇ ng the early part of sleep. These effects occurred at the expense of REM sleep. Sleep onset latency was not decreased by APD 125.
- APD 125 decreased microarousals, the number of sleep stage shifts, and number of awakenings after sleep onset.
- APD125 a 5-HT 2A serotonin receptor inverse agonist
- improved parameters of sleep consolidation and maintenance in humans In conclusion, APD125, a 5-HT 2A serotonin receptor inverse agonist, improved parameters of sleep consolidation and maintenance in humans.
- compounds of the invention also highly selective 5-HT 2A serotonin receptor inverse agonists, will offer similar improvements in sleep parameters.
- Antiplatelet therapies (Conditions related to platelet aggregation):
- Antiplatelet agents are presc ⁇ bed for a variety of conditions. For example, in coronary artery disease they are used to help prevent myocardial infarction or stroke in patients who are at ⁇ sk of developing obstructive blood clots (e.g., coronary thrombosis).
- obstructive blood clots e.g., coronary thrombosis
- heart attack In a myocardial infarction (heart attack), the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen- ⁇ ch blood because of a blockage in the coronary blood vessels. If taken while an attack is in progress or immediately afterward (preferably within 30 minutes), antiplatelets can reduce the damage to the heart.
- TIA transient ischemic attack
- mini-stroke A transient ischemic attack
- Antiplatelet drugs have been found to be effective in preventing TIAs.
- Angina is a temporary and often recurring chest pain, pressure or discomfort caused by inadequate oxygen-nch blood flow (ischemia) to some parts of the heart.
- ischemia oxygen-nch blood flow
- antiplatelet therapy can reduce the effects of angina and the ⁇ sk of myocardial infarction.
- Stroke is an event in which the bram does not receive enough oxygen- ⁇ ch blood, usually due to blockage of a cerebral blood vessel by a blood clot. In high- ⁇ sk patients, taking antiplatelets regularly has been found to prevent the formation of blood clots that cause first or second strokes.
- Angioplasty is a catheter-based technique used to open arteries obstructed by a blood clot.
- antiplatelets can reduce the risk of forming additional blood clots following the procedures.
- Coronary bypass surgery is a surgical procedure in which an artery or vein is taken from elsewhere in the body and grafted to a blocked coronary artery, rerouting blood around the blockage and through the newly attached vessel. After the procedure, antiplatelets can reduce the risk of secondary blood clots.
- Atrial fibrillation is the most common type of sustained irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia). Atrial fibrillation affects about two million Americans every year. In atrial fibrillation, the atria (the heart's upper chambers) rapidly fire electrical signals that cause them to quiver rather than contract normally. The result is an abnormally fast and highly irregular heartbeat. When given after an episode of atrial fibrillation, antiplatelets can reduce the risk of blood clots forming in the heart and traveling to the brain (embolism).
- 5-HT 2A serotonin receptors are expressed on smooth muscle of blood vessels and 5-HT secreted by activated platelets causes vasoconstriction as well as activation of additional platelets during clotting.
- 5-HT 2A inverse agonist will inhibit platelet aggregation and thus be a potential treatment as an antiplatelet therapy (see Satimura, K., et al., Clin. Cardiol. 2002 Jan 25 (l):28-32; and Wilson, H. C. et al, Thromb. Haemost. 1991 Sep 2;66(3):355-60).
- 5-HT 2A inverse agonists can be used to treat, for example, claudication or peripheral artery disease as well as cardiovascular complications (see Br. Med. J.
- 5-HT 2A inverse antagonists can also be used alone or in combination with thrombolytic therapy, for example, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (see, Yamashita, T. et al. Haemostasis 30:321-332, 2000), to provide cardioprotection following MI or postischemic myocardial dysfunction (see, Muto, T. et al. MoI. Cell. Biochem. 272: 119-132, 2005) or protection from ischemic injury during percutaneous coronary intervention (see, Horibe, E. Circulation Research 68: 68-72, 2004), and the like, including complications resulting therefrom.
- tissue plasminogen activator see, Yamashita, T. et al. Haemostasis 30:321-332, 2000
- tPA tissue plasminogen activator
- 5-HT 2A inverse antagonists can increase circulating adiponectin in patients, suggesting that they would also be useful in protecting patients against indications that are linked to adiponectin, for example, myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury and atherosclerosis (see Nomura et al. Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis 2005, 16, 423-428).
- the 5-HT 2A inverse agonists disclosed herein provide beneficial improvement in microcirculation to patients in need of antiplatelet therapy by antagonizing the vasoconstrictive products of the aggregating platelets in, for example and not limited to the indications desc ⁇ bed above. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the present invention provides methods for reducing platelet aggregation in a patient m need thereof comprising administering to the patient a composition comprising a 5-HT 2A inverse agonist disclosed herein.
- the present invention provides methods for treating coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, angina, stroke, atrial fibrillation, or a symptom of any of the foregoing in a patient in need of the treatment, comp ⁇ sing administering to the patient a composition comprising a 5-HT 2A inverse agonist disclosed herein.
- the present invention provides methods for reducing ⁇ sk of blood clot formation m an angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery patient, or a patient suffering from atrial fibrillation, comp ⁇ sing administering to the patient a composition comprising a 5-HT 2A inverse agonist disclosed herein at a time where such ⁇ sk exists.
- Asthma 5 -HT (5-hydroxytryptamine) has been linked to the pathophysiology of acute asthma (see
- the present invention provides methods for treating asthma in a patient in need of the treatment, comp ⁇ sing administe ⁇ ng to the patient a composition comp ⁇ sing a 5-HT 2A inverse agonist disclosed herein.
- Agitation is a well-recognized behavioral syndrome with a range of symptoms, including hostility, extreme excitement, poor impulse control, tension and uncooperativeness (See Cohen- Mansfield, J. and Bilhg, N. (1986), Agitated Behaviors in the Elderly. I. A Conceptual Review. J Am Genatr Soc 34(10): 711-721). Agitation is a common occurrence in the elderly and is often associated with dementia such as those caused by Alzheimer's disease, Lewy Body, Parkinson's, and Huntington's, which are degenerative diseases of the nervous system. Diseases that affect blood vessels, such as stroke, or multi-infarct dementia, which is caused by multiple strokes in the brain can also induce agitation.
- Alzheimer's disease accounts for approximately 50 to 70% of all dementias (See Koss, E. et al., (1997), Assessing patterns of agitation in Alzheimer's disease patients with the Cohen- Mansfield Agitation Inventory. The Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord l l(suppl 2):S45-S50). An estimated 5% of people aged 65 and older and up to 20% of those aged 80 and older are affected by dementia; of these sufferers, nearly half exhibit behavioral disturbances, such as agitation, wandering and violent outbursts.
- Agitated behaviors can also be manifested in cognitively intact elderly people and by those with psychiatric disorders other than dementia.
- the present invention provides methods for treating agitation in a patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to the patient a composition comprising a 5-HT 2A inverse agonist disclosed herein.
- the agitation is due to a psychiatric disorder other than dementia.
- the present invention provides methods for treatment of agitation or a symptom thereof in a patient suffering from dementia comprising administering to the patient a composition comprising a 5-HT 2A inverse agonist disclosed herein.
- the dementia is due to a degenerative disease of the nervous system, for example and without limitation, Alzheimer's disease, Lewy Body, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, or dementia due to diseases that affect blood vessels, including, without limitation, stroke and multi-infarct dementia.
- methods are provided for treating agitation or a symptom thereof in a patient in need of such treatment, where the patient is a cognitively intact elderly patient, comprising administering to the patient a composition comprising a 5-HT 2A inverse agonist disclosed herein.
- Schizophrenia is a psychopathic disorder of unknown origin, which usually appears for the first time in early adulthood and is marked by a number of characteristics, psychotic symptoms, progression, phasic development and deterioration in social behavior and professional capability in the region below the highest level ever attained.
- Characteristic psychotic symptoms are disorders of thought content (multiple, fragmentary, incoherent, implausible or simply delusional contents or ideas of doctrine) and of mentality (loss of association, flight of imagination, incoherence up to incomprehensibility), as well as disorders of perceptibility (hallucinations), of emotions (superficial or inadequate emotions), of self-perception, of intentions and impulses, of interhuman relationships, and finally psychomotor ⁇ disorders (such as catatonia).
- Haloperidol is a potent dopamine D 2 receptor antagonist. It is widely prescribed for acute schizophrenic symptoms, and is very effective for the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. However, Haldol is not effective for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia and may actually induce negative symptoms as well as cognitive dysfunction. In accordance with some methods of the invention, adding a 5-HT 2A inverse agonist concomitantly with Haldol will provide benefits including the ability to use a lower dose of Haldol without losing its effects on positive symptoms, while reducing or eliminating its inductive effects on negative symptoms, and prolonging relapse to the patient's next schizophrenic event.
- Haloperidol is used for treatment of a variety of behavioral disorders, drug induced psychosis, excitative psychosis, Gilles de Ia Tourette's syndrome, manic disorders, psychosis (organic and NOS), psychotic disorder, psychosis, schizophrenia (acute, chronic and NOS). Further uses include in the treatment of infantile autism, Huntington's chorea, and nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy and chemotherapeutic antibodies. Administration of 5-HT 2A inverse agonists disclosed herein with haloperidol will also provide benefits in these indications.
- the present invention provides methods for treating a behavioral disorder, drug induced psychosis, excitative psychosis, Gilles de Ia Tourette's syndrome, manic disorders, psychosis (organic and NOS), psychotic disorder, psychosis, schizophrenia (acute, chronic and NOS) comprising administering to the patient a dopamine D 2 receptor antagonist and a 5-HT 2A inverse agonist disclosed herein.
- the present invention provides methods for treating a behavioral disorder, drug induced psychosis, excitative psychosis, Gilles de Ia Tourette's syndrome, manic disorders, psychosis (organic and NOS), psychotic disorder, psychosis, schizophrenia (acute, chronic and NOS) comprising administering to the patient haloperidol and a 5-HT 2A inverse agonist disclosed herein.
- the present invention provides methods for treating infantile autism, Huntington's chorea, or nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy or chemotherapeutic antibodies comprising administering to the patient a dopamine D 2 receptor antagonist and a 5-HT 2A inverse agonist disclosed herein.
- the present invention provides methods for treating infantile autism, Huntington's chorea, or nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy or chemotherapeutic antibodies comprising administering to the patient haloperidol and a 5-HT 2A inverse agonist disclosed herein.
- the present invention provides methods for treating schizophrenia in a patient in need of the treatment comprising administering to the patient a dopamine D 2 receptor antagonist and a 5-HT 2A inverse agonist disclosed herein.
- the dopamine D 2 receptor antagonist is haloperidol.
- the administration of the dopamine D 2 receptor antagonist can be concomitant with administration of the 5-HT 2A inverse agonist, or they can be administered at different times. Those of skill in the art will easily be able to determine appropriate dosing regimes for the most efficacious reduction or elimination of deleterious haloperidol effects.
- haloperidol and the 5-HT 2A inverse agonist are administered in a single dosage form, and in other embodiments, they are administered in separate dosage forms.
- the present invention further provides methods of alleviating negative symptoms of schizophrenia induced by the administration of haloperidol to a patient suffering from schizophrenia, comprising administering to the patient a 5-HT 2A inverse agonist as disclosed herein.
- DPN diabetic peripheral neuropathy
- DN diabetic nephropathy
- DR diabetic retinopathy
- Serotonin is believed to play a role in vasospasm and increased platelet aggregability. Improving microvascular blood flow is beneficial to diabetic complications.
- sarpogrelate was evaluated for the prevention of the development or progression of diabetic nephropathy (Takahashi, T., et al. Diabetes. Res. Clin. Pract. 2002 Nov; 58(2):123-9). In the trial of 24 months of treatment, sarpogrelate significantly reduced urinary albumin excretion level.
- Topical ocular administration of 5-HT 2 receptor antagonists result in a decrease in intra ocular pressure (IOP) in monkeys (Chang et al. J. Ocul. Pharmacol. 1: 137-147 (1985)) and humans (Mastropasqua et al. Acta. Ophthalmol. Scand. Suppl. 224:24-25 (1997)) indicating utility for similar compounds such as 5-HT 2A inverse agonists in the treatment of ocular hypertension associated with glaucoma.
- the 5-HT 2 receptor antagonist ketanserin (Mastropasqua supra) and sarpogrelate (Takenaka et al. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. ScL 36:S734
- Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a lethal demyelinating disease caused by an opportunistic viral infection of oligodendrocytes in immunocompromised patients.
- the causative agent is JC virus, a ubiquitous papovavirus that infects the majority of the population before adulthood and establishes a latent infection in the kidney.
- JC virus a ubiquitous papovavirus that infects the majority of the population before adulthood and establishes a latent infection in the kidney.
- the virus can reactivate and productively infect oligodendrocytes. This previously rare condition, until 1984 reported primarily in persons with underlying lymphoproliferative disorders, is now more common because it occurs in 4% of patients with AIDS.
- JC virus enters cells by receptor-mediated clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Binding of JC virus to human glial cells (e.g., oligodendrocytes) induces an intracellular signal that is critical for entry and infection by a ligand-inducible clathrin-dependent mechanism [Querbes et al. J. Virology (2004) 78:250-256]. Recently, 5-HT 2A was shown to be the receptor on human glial cells mediating infectious entry of JC virus by clathrin-dependent endocytosis [Elphick et al. Science (2004) 306:1380-1383]. 5-HT 2A antagonists, including ketanserin and ritanserin, inhibited JC virus infection of human glial cells. Ketanserin and ritanserin have inverse agonist activity at 5-HT 2A .
- 5-HT 2A antagonists including inverse agonists have been contemplated to be useful in the treatment of PML [Elphick et al. Science (2004) 306: 1380-1383].
- Prophylactic treatment of HIV-infected patients with 5-HT 2A antagonists is envisioned to prevent the spread of JC virus to the central nervous system and the development of PML.
- Aggressive therapeutic treatment of patients with PML is envisioned to reduce viral spread within the central nervous system and prevent additional episodes of demyelination.
- One aspect of the present invention encompasses methods for the treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in an individual comprising administering to the individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to any of the embodiments described herein or a pharmaceutical composition.
- the individual in need thereof has a lymphoproliferative disorder.
- the lymphoproliferative disorder is leukemia or lymphoma.
- the leukemia or lymphoma is chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, or the like.
- the individual in need thereof has a myeloproliferative disorder. In some embodiments, the individual in need thereof has carcinomatosis. In some embodiments, the individual in need thereof has a granulomatous or inflammatory disease. In some embodiments, the granulomatous or inflammatory disease is tuberculosis or sarcoidosis.
- the individual in need thereof is immunocompromised.
- the immunocompromised individual has impaired cellular immunity.
- the impaired cellular immunity comprises impaired T-cell immunity.
- the individual in need thereof is infected with HIV.
- the HIV-infected individual has a CD4+ cell count of ⁇ 200/mm 3 .
- the HIV-infected individual has AIDS.
- the HIV-infected individual has AIDS-related complex (ARC).
- ARC is defined as the presence of two successive CD4+ cell counts below 200/mm 3 and at least two of the following signs or symptoms: oral hairy leukoplakia, recurrent oral candidiasis, weight loss of at least 15 Ib or 10% of body weight within last six months, multidermatomal herpes zoster, temperature above 38.5 0 C for more than 14 consecutive days or more than 15 days in a 30-day period, or diarrhea with more than three liquid stools per day for at least 30 days [Yamada et al. Clin. Diagn. Virol. (1993) 1:245-256].
- the individual in need thereof is undergoing immunosuppressive therapy.
- the immunosuppressive therapy comprises administering an immunosuppressive agent [Mueller, Ann. Thorac. Surg. (2004) 77:354-362; and Krieger and Emre, Pediatr. Transplantation (2004) 8:594-599].
- the immunosuppressive therapy comprises administering an immunosuppressive agent selected from the group consisting of: corticosteroids (for example, prednisone and the like), calcineurin inhibitors (for example, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and the like), antiproliferative agents (for example, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, sirolimus, everolimus, and the like), T-cell depleting agents (for example, OKT ® 3 monoclonal antibody (mAb), anti-CD3 immunotoxin FN18-CRM9, Campath-lH(anti-CD52) mAb, anti-CD4 mAb, anti-T cell receptor mAb, and the like), anti-IL-2 receptor (CD25) mAb (for example, basiliximab, daclizumab, and the like), inhibitors of co-stimulation (for example, CTLA4-Ig, anti-CD154 (CD40 ligand) mAb, and the group consisting of
- the individual in need thereof is undergoing immunosuppressive therapy after organ transplantation.
- the organ is liver, kidney, lung, heart, or the like [Smgh et al. Transplantation (2000) 69:467-472].
- the individual in need thereof is undergoing treatment for a rheumatic disease.
- the rheumatic disease is systemic lupus erythematosus or the like.
- the compound or the pharmaceutical composition inhibits JC virus infection of human glial cells
- 5-HT 2A inverse agonists are also effective for the treatment of pain.
- Sarpogrelate has been observed to provide a significant analgesic effect both on thermal induced pain in rats after intraperitoneal administration and on inflammatory pain in rats after either intrathecal or intraperitoneal administration (Nishiyama, T. Eur. J Pharmacol. 516:18-22 2005).
- This same 5-HT 2A inverse agonist in humans has been shown to be an effective treatment for lower back pain, leg pain and numbness associated with sciatica brought on by lumbar disc herniation (Kanayama, M. et al. J. Neurosurg : Spine 2:441-446 2005).
- a further aspect of the present invention pertains to pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more compounds as described herein and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Some embodiments pertain to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Some embodiments of the present invention include a method of producing a pharmaceutical composition comprising admixing at least one compound according to any of the compound embodiments disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- Formulations may be prepared by any suitable method, typically by uniformly mixing the active compounds with liquids or finely divided solid carriers, or both, in the required proportions, and then, if necessary, forming the resulting mixture into a desired shape.
- Liquid preparations for oral administration may be in the form of solutions, emulsions, aqueous or oily suspensions, and syrups.
- the oral preparations may be in the form of dry powder that can be reconstituted with water or another suitable liquid vehicle before use. Additional additives such as suspending or emulsifying agents, nonaqueous vehicles (including edible oils), preservatives, and flavorings and colorants may be added to the liquid preparations.
- Parenteral dosage forms may be prepared by dissolving the compound of the invention in a suitable liquid vehicle and filter sterilizing the solution before filling and sealing an appropriate vial or ampule. These are just a few examples of the many appropriate methods well known in the art for preparing dosage forms.
- a compound of the present invention can be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions using techniques well known to those in the art. Suitable pharmaceutically- acceptable carriers, outside those mentioned herein, are known in the art; for example, see Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th Edition, 2000, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, (Editors: Gennaro et al.).
- a compound of the invention may, in an alternative use, be administered as a raw or pure chemical, it is preferable however to present the compound or active ingredient as a pharmaceutical formulation or composition further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- the invention thus further provides pharmaceutical formulations comprising a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers thereof and/or prophylactic ingredients.
- the carriers must be "acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not overly deleterious to the recipient thereof.
- Transdermal patches dispense a drug at a controlled rate by presenting the drug for absorption in an efficient manner with a minimum of degradation of the drug.
- transdermal patches comprise an impermeable backing layer, a single pressure sensitive adhesive and a removable protective layer with a release liner.
- the compounds of the invention may thus be placed into the form of pharmaceutical formulations and unit dosages thereof, and in such form may be employed as solids, such as tablets or filled capsules, or liquids such as solutions, suspensions, emulsions, elixirs, gels or capsules filled with the same, all for oral use, in the form of suppositories for rectal administration; or in the form of sterile injectable solutions for parenteral (including subcutaneous) use.
- Such pharmaceutical compositions and unit dosage forms thereof may comprise conventional ingredients in conventional proportions, with or without additional active compounds or principles, and such unit dosage forms may contain any suitable effective amount of the active ingredient commensurate with the intended daily dosage range to be employed.
- the pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of, for example, a tablet, capsule, suspension or liquid.
- the pharmaceutical composition is preferably made in the form of a dosage unit containing a particular amount of the active ingredient.
- Examples of such dosage units are capsules, tablets, powders, granules or a suspension, with conventional additives such as lactose, mannitol, corn starch or potato starch; with binders such as crystalline cellulose, cellulose derivatives, acacia, corn starch or gelatins; with disintegrators such as corn starch, potato starch or sodium carboxymethyl-cellulose; and with lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate.
- the active ingredient may also be administered by injection as a composition wherein, for example, saline, dextrose or water may be used as a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- active ingredient is defined in the context of a "pharmaceutical composition” and is intended to mean a component of a pharmaceutical composition that provides the primary pharmacological effect, as opposed to an "inactive ingredient” which would generally be recognized as providing no pharmaceutical benefit.
- the dose when using the compounds of the present invention can vary within wide limits, and as is customary and is known to the physician, it is to be tailored to the individual conditions in each individual case.
- doses of the present invention include, but not limited to, about 0.001 mg to about 5000 mg, about 0.001 mg to about 2500 mg, about 0.001 mg to about 1000 mg, 0.001 mg to about 500 mg, 0.001 mg to about 250 mg, about 0.001 mg to 100 mg, about 0.001 mg to about 50 mg, and about 0.001 mg to about 25 mg.
- Multiple doses may be administered during the day, especially when relatively large amounts are deemed to be needed, for example 2, 3 or 4, doses. Depending on the individual and as deemed appropriate from the patient's physician or caregiver it may be necessary to deviate upward or downward from the doses described herein.
- the amount of active ingredient, or an active salt or derivative thereof, required for use in treatment will vary not only with the particular salt selected but also with the route of administration, the nature of the condition being treated and the age and condition of the patient and will ultimately be at the discretion of the attendant physician or clinician.
- a model system typically an animal model
- these extrapolations may merely be based on the weight of the animal model in comparison to another, such as a mammal, preferably a human, however, more often, these extrapolations are not simply based on weights, but rather incorporate a variety of factors.
- compositions of this invention are selected in accordance with a variety factors as cited above.
- the actual dosage regimen employed may vary widely and therefore may deviate from a preferred dosage regimen and one skilled in the art will recognize that dosage and dosage regimen outside these typical ranges can be tested and, where appropriate, may be used in the methods of this invention.
- the desired dose may conveniently be presented in a single dose or as divided doses administered at appropriate intervals, for example, as two, three, four or more sub-doses per day.
- the sub-dose itself may be further divided, e.g., into a number of discrete loosely spaced administrations.
- the daily dose can be divided, especially when relatively large amounts are administered as deemed appropriate, into several, for example 2, 3 or 4, part administrations. If approp ⁇ ate, depending on individual behavior, it may be necessary to deviate upward or downward from the daily dose indicated
- the compounds of the present invention can be administrated in a wide variety of oral and parenteral dosage forms. It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the following dosage forms may comp ⁇ se, as the active component, either a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of the invention.
- a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable earner can be either solid, liquid or a mixture of both.
- Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, pills, capsules, cachets, supposito ⁇ es, and dispersible granules.
- a solid earner can be one or more substances which may also act as diluents, flavonng agents, solubihzers, lubncants, suspending agents, binders, preservatives, tablet disintegrating agents, or an encapsulating matenal.
- the earner In powders, the earner is a finely divided solid which is in a mixture with the finely divided active component. In tablets, the active component is mixed with the earner having the necessary binding capacity in suitable proportions and compacted to the desire shape and size.
- the powders and tablets may contain varying percentage amounts of the active compound.
- a representative amount in a powder or tablet may contain from 0.5 to about 90 percent of the active compound; however, an artisan would know when amounts outside of this range are necessary.
- Suitable earners for powders and tablets are magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar, lactose, pectin, dextrin, starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, a low melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like.
- preparation is intended to include the formulation of the active compound with encapsulating matenal as earner providing a capsule in which the active component, with or without earners, is surrounded by a earner, which is thus in association with it.
- earner providing a capsule in which the active component, with or without earners, is surrounded by a earner, which is thus in association with it.
- cachets and lozenges are included. Tablets, powders, capsules, pills, cachets, and lozenges can be used as solid forms suitable for oral administration.
- a low melting wax such as an admixture of fatty acid glycendes or cocoa butter
- the active component is dispersed homogeneously therein, as by stirnng.
- the molten homogenous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowed to cool, and thereby to solidify.
- Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessanes, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or sprays containing in addition to the active ingredient such earners as are known in the art to be appropriate.
- Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions, for example, water or water-propylene glycol solutions.
- parenteral injection liquid preparations can be formulated as solutions in aqueous polyethylene glycol solution.
- injectable preparations for example, ste ⁇ le injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
- the sterile injectable preparation may also be a ste ⁇ le injectable solution or suspension in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
- a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
- acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
- ste ⁇ le, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
- any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycendes.
- fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.
- the compounds according to the present invention may thus be formulated for parenteral administration (e.g.
- compositions by injection, for example bolus injection or continuous infusion) and may be presented in unit dose form in ampoules, pre-filled sy ⁇ nges, small volume infusion or m multi-dose containers with an added preservative.
- the pharmaceutical compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
- the active ingredient may be in powder form, obtained by aseptic isolation of stenle solid or by lyophihzation from solution, for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g. ste ⁇ le, pyrogen-free water, before use.
- a suitable vehicle e.g. ste ⁇ le, pyrogen-free water
- Aqueous formulations suitable for oral use can be prepared by dissolving or suspending the active component m water and adding suitable colorants, flavors, stabilizing and thickening agents, as desired.
- Aqueous suspensions suitable for oral use can be made by dispersing the finely divided active component in water with viscous mate ⁇ al, such as natural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, or other well-known suspending agents. Also included are solid form preparations which are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for oral administration. Such liquid forms include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. These preparations may contain, in addition to the active component, colorants, flavors, stabilizers, buffers, artificial and natural sweeteners, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizing agents, and the like.
- the compounds according to the invention may be formulated as ointments, creams or lotions, or as a transdermal patch.
- Ointments and creams may, for example, be formulated with an aqueous or oily base with the addition of suitable thickening and/or gelling agents.
- Lotions may be formulated with an aqueous or oily base and will in general also contain one or more emulsifying agents, stabilizing agents, dispersing agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, or colo ⁇ ng agents.
- Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comp ⁇ sing active agent in a flavored base, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert base such as gelatin and glycerin or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier.
- Solutions or suspensions are applied directly to the nasal cavity by conventional means, for example with a dropper, pipette or spray.
- the formulations may be provided in single or multi-dose form. In the latter case of a dropper or pipette, this may be achieved by the patient administering an appropriate, predetermined volume -of the solution or suspension. In the case of a spray, this may be achieved for example by means of a metering atomizing spray pump.
- Administration to the respiratory tract may also be achieved by means of an aerosol formulation in which the active ingredient is provided in a pressurized pack with a suitable propellant.
- the compounds of the present invention or pharmaceutical compositions comprising them are administered as aerosols, for example as nasal aerosols or by inhalation, this can be carried out, for example, using a spray, a nebulizer, a pump nebulizer, an inhalation apparatus, a metered inhaler or a dry powder inhaler.
- Pharmaceutical forms for administration of the compounds of the present invention as an aerosol can be prepared by processes well known to the person skilled in the art.
- solutions or dispersions of the compounds of the present invention in water, water/alcohol mixtures or suitable saline solutions can be employed using customary additives, for example benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption enhancers for increasing the bioavailability, solubilizers, dispersants and others, and, if appropriate, customary propellants, for example include carbon dioxide, CFCs, such as, dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofiuoromethane, or dichlorotetrafluoroethane; and the like.
- the aerosol may conveniently also contain a surfactant such as lecithin.
- the dose of drug may be controlled by provision of a metered valve.
- the compound In formulations intended for administration to the respiratory tract, including intranasal formulations, the compound will generally have a small particle size for example of the order of 10 microns or less. Such a particle size may be obtained by means known in the art, for example by micronization. When desired, formulations adapted to give sustained release of the active ingredient may be employed.
- the active ingredients may be provided in the form of a dry powder, for example, a powder mix of the compound in a suitable powder base such as lactose, starch, starch derivatives such as hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).
- a powder mix of the compound in a suitable powder base such as lactose, starch, starch derivatives such as hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).
- the powder carrier will form a gel in the nasal cavity.
- the powder composition may be presented in unit dose form for example in capsules or cartridges of, e.g., gelatin, or blister packs from which the powder may be administered by means of an inhaler.
- the pharmaceutical preparations are preferably in unit dosage forms.
- the preparation is subdivided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active component.
- the unit dosage form can be a packaged preparation, the package containing discrete quantities of preparation, such as packeted tablets, capsules, and powders in vials or ampoules.
- the unit dosage form can be a capsule, tablet, cachet, or lozenge itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any of these in packaged form.
- compositions Tablets or capsules for oral administration and liquids for intravenous administration are preferred compositions.
- the compounds according to the invention may optionally exist as pharmaceutically acceptable salts including pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids including inorganic and organic acids.
- Representative acids include, but are not limited to, acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethenesulfonic, dichloroacetic, formic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hippuric, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, oxalic, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfiric, tartaric, oxalic, p-toluenesulfonic and the like, such as those pharmaceutically acceptable salts listed in Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 66
- the free base may be dissolved in a suitable solvent containing the appropriate acid, and the salt isolated by evaporating the solvent or otherwise separating the salt and solvent.
- the compounds of this invention may form solvates with standard low molecular weight solvents using methods known to the skilled artisan.
- Compounds of the present invention can be converted to "pro-drugs.”
- the term “prodrugs” refers to compounds that have been modified with specific chemical groups known in the art and when administered into an individual these groups undergo biotransformation to give the parent compound. Pro-drugs can thus be viewed as compounds of the invention containing one or more specialized non-toxic protective groups used in a transient manner to alter or to eliminate a property of the compound.
- the "pro-drug” approach is utilized to facilitate oral absorption.
- a thorough discussion is provided in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems Vol. 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series; and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
- Some embodiments of the present invention include a method of producing a pharmaceutical composition for "combination-therapy" comprising admixing at least one compound according to any of the compound embodiments disclosed herein, together with at least one known pharmaceutical agent as described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- 5-HT 2A serotonin receptor modulators are utilized as active ingredients in a pharmaceutical composition, these are not intended for use only in humans, but in other non-human mammals as well. Indeed, recent advances in the area of animal healthcare mandate that consideration be given for the use of active agents, such as 5-HT 2A serotonin receptor modulators, for the treatment of a 5-HT 2A -associated disease or disorder in domestic animals (e.g., cats and dogs) and in other domestic animals (e.g., cows, chickens, fish, etc.). Those of ordinary skill in the art are readily credited with understanding the utility of such compounds in such settings.
- Another object of the present invention relates to radio-labeled compounds of the present invention that would be useful not only in radio-imaging but also in assays, both in vitro and in vivo, for localizing and quantitating the 5-HT 2A serotonin receptor in tissue samples, including human, and for identifying 5-HT 2A serotonin receptor ligands by inhibition binding of a radio-labeled compound. It is a further object of this invention to develop novel 5- HT 2A -receptor assays of which comprise such radio-labeled compounds.
- the present invention embraces isotopically-labeled compounds of the present invention.
- Isotopically or radio-labeled compounds are those which are identical to compounds disclosed herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced or substituted by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number typically found in nature (i.e., naturally occurring).
- Suitable radionuclides that may be incorporated in compounds of the present invention include but are not limited to 2 H (also written as D for deuterium), 3 H (also written as T for tritium), 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 13 N, 15 N, 15 0, 17 O, 18 0, 18 F, 35 S, 36 Cl, 82 Br, 75 Br, 76 Br, 77 Br, 123 1, 124 1, 125 I and 131 I.
- radionuclide that is incorporated in the instant radio-labeled compounds will depend on the specific application of that radio-labeled compound. For example, for in vitro 5-HT 2A serotonin receptor labeling and competition assays, compounds that incorporate 3// , 14 C, 82 Br, 125 1, 131 I or 35 S will generally be most useful. For radio-imaging applications 11 C, 18 F, 125 1, 123 1, 124 1, 131 1, 75 Br, 76 Br or 77 Br will generally be most useful.
- a “radio-labeled” or “labeled compound” is a compound of Formula (Ia) that has incorporated at least one radionuclide; in some embodiments the radionuclide is selected from the group consisting of 3// , 14 C, 125 1 , 35 S and 82 Br.
- isotopically-labeled compounds of the present invention are useful in compound and/or substrate tissue distribution assays.
- the radionuclide 3// and/or 14 C isotopes are useful in these studies.
- substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium (i.e., 2 H) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability (e.g., increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements) and hence may be preferred in some circumstances.
- Isotopically labeled compounds of the present invention can generally be prepared by following procedures analogous to those disclosed in the Drawings and Examples infra, by substituting an isotopically labeled reagent for a non- isotopically labeled reagent Other synthetic methods that are useful are discussed infra Moreover, it should be understood that all of the atoms represented in the compounds of the invention can be either the most commonly occurring isotope of such atoms or the scarcer radio-isotope or nonradioactive isotope.
- Synthetic methods for incorporating radio-isotopes into organic compounds are applicable to compounds of the invention and are well known in the art These synthetic methods, for example, incorporating activity levels of tritium into target molecules, are as follows: A. Catalytic Reduction with T ⁇ tium Gas - This procedure normally yields high specific activity products and requires halogenated or unsaturated precursors.
- D. T ⁇ tium Gas Exposure Labeling This procedure involves exposing precursors containing exchangeable protons to tritium gas in the presence of a suitable catalyst.
- Synthetic methods for incorporating activity levels of 125 I into target molecules include: A. Sandmeyer and like reactions - This procedure transforms an aryl or heteroaryl amine into a diazonium salt, such as a tetrafluoroborate salt, and subsequently to 125 I labeled compound using Na 125 I. A represented procedure was reported by Zhu, G-D. and co-workers in J Org Chem , 2002, 67, 943-948.
- Aryl and heteroaryl bromide exchange with 125 I - This method is generally a two step process.
- the first step is the conversion of the aryl or heteroaryl bromide to the corresponding tri-alkyltin intermediate using for example, a Pd catalyzed reaction [i.e. Pd(Ph 3 P) 4 ] or through an aryl or heteroaryl lithium, in the presence of a t ⁇ -alkyltinhalide or hexaalkylditm [e.g., (CH 3 ) 3 SnSn(CH 3 ) 3 ].
- Pd catalyzed reaction i.e. Pd(Ph 3 P) 4
- a t ⁇ -alkyltinhalide or hexaalkylditm e.g., (CH 3 ) 3 SnSn(CH 3 ) 3 .
- a radiolabeled 5-HT 2A serotonin receptor compound of Formula (Ia) can be used in a screening assay to identify/evaluate compounds.
- a newly synthesized or identified compound i.e., test compound
- test compound can be evaluated for its ability to reduce binding of the "radio-labeled compound of Formula (Ia)" to the 5-HT 2A -receptor. Accordingly, the ability of a test compound to compete with the "radio-labeled compound of Formula (Ia)" for the binding to the 5-HT 2A serotonin receptor directly correlates to its binding affinity.
- the labeled compounds of the present invention bind to the 5-HT 2A serotonin receptor.
- the labeled compound has an IC 50 less than about 500 ⁇ M
- the labeled compound has an IC 50 less than about 100 ⁇ M
- the labeled compound has an IC 50 less than about 10 uM
- the labeled compound has an IC 50 less than about 1 ⁇ M
- the labeled inhibitor has an IC 50 less than about 0.1 ⁇ M.
- LCMS specs HPLC-pumps: LC-IOAD VP, Shimadzu Inc.; HPLC system controller: SCL-IOA VP, Shimadzu Inc; UV-Detector: SPD-IOA VP, Shimadzu Inc; Autosampler: CTC HTS, PAL, Leap Scientific; Mass spectrometer: API 150EX with Turbo Ion Spray source, AB/MDS Sciex; Software: Analyst 1.2.
- Example 1.1 Preparation of ⁇ 4-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-piperazin-l-yl ⁇ -(l-methyl-lH- indazol-3-yI)-methanone (Compound 28).
- Step A Preparation of Intermediate tert-Butyl 4-(4-Fluorophenethyl)piperazine-l- carboxylate.
- tert-Butyl piperazine-1 -carboxylate (1.00 g, 5.37 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (20 mL).
- l-(2-Bromoethyl)-4-fluorobenzene (2.62 g, 12.9 mmol)
- potassium carbonate 2.23 g, 16.1 mmol
- Step B Preparation of Intermediate l-(4-Fluorophenethyl)piperazine. tert-Butyl 4-(4-fluorophenethyl)piperazine-l -carboxylate (1.65 g, 5.37 mmol) and 4 M HCl in dioxane (6 mL) were stirred at 43 0 C for 1 h.
- Step C Preparation of ⁇ 4-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-piperazin-l-yl ⁇ -(l-methyl- lH-indazol-3-yl)-methanone.
- l-(4-Fuorophenethyl)piperazine (68 mg, 0.33 mmol), 1 -methyl -lH-indazole-3- carboxylic acid (63 mg, 0.36 mmol), ⁇ ATU (162 mg, 0.42 mmol), triethylamine (228 ⁇ L, 1.64 mmol) and T ⁇ F (2 mL) were heated for 15 min at 100 0 C under microwave irradiation in a heavy-walled sealed tube.
- Example 1.2 Preparation of l-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-2-[4-(7-methoxy-l//-indazole-3- carbonyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-ethanone (Compound 11).
- Step A Preparation of Intermediate tert-Butyl 4-(2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2- oxoethyl)piperazine-l-carboxylate.
- tert-Butyl piperazine-1-carboxylate (5.00 g, 26.8 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (15 mL).
- 2-Bromo-l-(4-fiuorophenyl)ethanone (7.00 g, 32.2 mmol) and potassium carbonate (11.1 g, 80.5 mmol) were then added to the solution. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 min.
- Step B Preparation of Intermediate l-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-(piperazin-l- yl)ethanone.
- 4 M HCl in dioxane (6 mL) and dioxane (20 mL) were stirred at 43 0 C for 1 h.
- the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and dried in a vacuum oven to afford the title compound (5.29 g).
- Exact mass calculated for C 2 H 15 FN 2 O: 222.1; Found: LCMS m/z 223.4 (M+H + ).
- Step C Preparation of l-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-2-[4-(7-methoxy-lH-indazole-3- carbonyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-ethanone.
- l-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-(piperazin-l-yl)ethanone dihydrochloride (59 mg, 0.20 mmol), 7- methoxy-3a,7a-dihydro-lH-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (50 mg, 0.26 mmol), ⁇ ATU (99 mg, 0.26 mmol), triethylamine (139 ⁇ L, 1.00 mmol) and T ⁇ F (2 mL) were heated for 20 min at 100 0 C under microwave irradiation in a heavy-walled sealed tube.
- Example 1.3 Preparation of 2-[4-(6-Fluoro-lH-indazole-3-carbonyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-l-(4- fluoro-phenyl)-ethanone (Compound 7).
- Example 1.4 Preparation of 2-[4-(5-Chloro-lH-indazole-3-carbonyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-l-(4- fluoro-phenyl)-ethanone (Compound 3).
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.2, using l-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(piperazin-l-yl)ethanone dihydrochloride (59 mg, 0.20 mmol), and 5-chloro-lH-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (51 mg, 0.26 mmol) as starting materials, to afford the TFA salt (16 mg) as a solid.
- Example 1.5 Preparation of l-(4-FIuoro-phenyl)-2-[4-(6-trifluoromethoxy-lH-indazole-3- carbonyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-ethanone (Compound 29).
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.2, using l-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(piperazin-l-yl)ethanone dihydrochloride (85 mg, 0.29 mmol), and 6-(trifluoromethoxy)-lH-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (92 mg, 0.37 mmol) as starting materials, to afford the TFA salt (45 mg) as a solid.
- Example 1.6 Preparation of 2-[4-(l-Ethyl-l//-indazole-3-carbonyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-l-(4- fluoro-phenyl)-ethanone (Compound 8).
- Example 1.7 Preparation of l-(4-Fluoro-phenyI)-2-[4-(l-isopropyl-lH-indazole-3- carbonyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-ethanone (Compound 4).
- Step A Preparation of Intermediate l-Isopropyl-lH-indazoIe-3-carboxylic acid.
- Step B Preparation of l-(4-Fluoro-pheny-)-2-[4-(l-isopropyl-l//-indazole-3- carbonyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-ethanone.
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.2, Step C, using l-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(piperazin-l-yl)ethanone dihydrochloride (59 mg, 0.20 mmol), and l-isopropyl-lH-indazole-S-carboxylic acid (45 mg, 0.22 mmol) as starting materials, to afford the TFA salt (94 mg) as a solid.
- Example 1.8 Preparation of l-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-2-[4-(l-propyl-lH-indazole-3-carbonyl)- piperazin-l-yl]-ethanone (Compound 30).
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.7, using l-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(piperazin-l-yl)ethanone dihydrochloride (25 mg, 0.085 mmol), and l-propyl-lH-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (17 mg, 0.08 mmol) as starting materials, to afford the TFA salt (41 mg) as a solid.
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.2, using l-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(piperazin-l-yl)ethanone dihydrochloride (200 mg, 0.678 mmol), and 5-bromo-lH-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (180 mg, 0.74 mmol) as starting materials, to afford the TFA salt (196 mg) as a solid.
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.2, using l-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(piperazin-l-yl)ethanone dihydrochloride (200 mg, 0.678 mmol), and 6-bromo-lH-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (180 mg, 0.74 mmol) as starting materials, to afford the TFA salt (166 mg) as a solid.
- Example 1.11 Preparation of l-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-2-[4-(6-methoxy-lH-indazole-3- carbonyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-ethanone (Compound 17).
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.2, using l-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(piperazin-l-yl)ethanone dihydrochloride (60 mg, 0.20 mmol), and 6-methoxy-lH-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (43 mg, 0.22 mmol) as starting materials, to afford the TFA salt (45 mg) as a solid.
- Example 1.12 Preparation of 2-[4-(6-Chloro-lH-indazole-3-carbonyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-l- (4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethanone (Compound 13).
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.2, using l-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(piperazin-l-yl)ethanone dihydrochloride (60 mg, 0.20 mmol), and ⁇ -chloro-lH-indazole-S-carboxylic acid (44 mg, 0.22 mmol) as starting materials, to afford the TFA salt (66 mg) as a solid.
- Example 1.13 Preparation of 2-[4-(l-Cyclopentyl-lH-indazole-3-carbonyl)-piperazin-l- yl]-l-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethanone (Compound 9).
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.7, using l-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(piperazin-l-yl)ethanone dihydrochloride (59 mg, 0.20 mmol), and l-cyclopentyl-lH-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (51 mg, 0.22 mmol) as starting materials, to afford the TFA salt (85 mg) as a solid.
- Example 1.14 Preparation of l-(4-Fluoro-phenyI)-2-[4-(5- ⁇ -tolyl-lH-indazole-3- carbonyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-ethanone (Compound 34).
- Example 1.15 Preparation of l-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-2-[4-(6- ⁇ -tolyl-lH-indazole-3- carbonyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-ethanone (Compound 31).
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.14, using 2-[4-(6-bromo-lH-indazole-3-carbonyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-l-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethanone (60 mg, 0.13 mmol), and o-tolylboronic acid (27 mg, 0.20 mmol) as starting materials, to afford the TFA salt (11 mg) as a solid.
- Example 1.16 Preparation of l-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-2-[4-(6-methyl-lH-indazole-3- carbonyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-ethanone (Compound 26).
- Example 1.17 Preparation of 2-[4-(6-Bromo-l-methyl-lH-indazole-3-carbonyl)- pi ⁇ erazin-l-yl]-l-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethanone (Compound 22).
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.7, using l-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(piperazin-l-yl)ethanone dihydrochloride (70 mg, 0.24 mmol), and 6-bromo-l-methyl-lH-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (67 mg, 0.26 mmol) as starting materials, to afford the TFA salt (122 mg) as a solid.
- Example 1.18 Preparation of l-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-2-[4-(5-methoxy-l//-indazole-3- carbonyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-ethanone (Compound 14).
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.2, using l-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(piperazin-l-yl)ethanone dihydrochloride (100 mg, 0.339 mmol), and 5-methoxy-lH-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (72 mg, 0.37 mmol) as starting materials, to afford the TFA salt (73 mg) as a solid.
- Example 1.19 Preparation of 2-[4-(5,6-Dimethoxy-lH-indazole-3-carbonyl)-piperazin-l- yl]-l-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethanone (Compound 10).
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.2, using l-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(piperazin-l-yl)ethanone dihydrochloride (118 mg, 0.400 mmol), and S. ⁇ -dimethoxy-lH-indazole-S-carboxylic acid (116 mg, 0.52 mmol) as starting materials, to afford the TFA salt (88 mg) as a solid.
- Example 1.20 Preparation of 2-[4-(6-Bromo-2-methyl-2//-indazole-3-carbonyI)- piperazin-l-yl]-l-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethanone (Compound 6).
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.7 using l-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(piperazin-l-yl)ethanone dihydrochloride (49 mg, 0.17 mmol) and 6- bromo-2-methyl-2H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (47 mg, 0.18 mmol) as starting materials, to afford the TFA salt (65 mg) as a solid.
- Example 1.21 Preparation of 3- ⁇ 4-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-2-oxo-ethyl]-piperazine-l- carbonyl ⁇ -l-methyl-lH-indazole-6-carbonitrile (Compound 2).
- Example 1.22 Preparation of l-(4-FIuoro-phenyl)-2-[(S)-4-(lH-indazole-3-carbonyl)-2- methyl-piperazin-l-yl]-ethanone (Compound 1).
- Step A Preparation of Intermediate (S)-tert-Butyl 4-(2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2- oxoethyl)-3-methylpiperazine-l-carboxylate.
- Step C Preparation of l-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-2-[(S)-4-(l/7-indazole-3-carbonyl)-2- methyl-piperazin-l-yl]-ethanone.
- Example 1.23 Preparation of l-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-2-[(S>2-methyl-4-(l-methyl-li/- indazole-3-carbonyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-ethanone (Compound 5).
- Example 1.24 Preparation of l-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-2-[(S)-3-methyl-4-(l-methyl-lH- indazole-3-carbonyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-ethanone (Compound 18).
- Acetonitrile- ⁇ ⁇ 1.58 (s, 3H), 2.25-2.45 (s, 4H), 3.20 (m, IH), 3.57 (s, IH), 3.58 (m, IH), 4.10
- Example 1.25 Preparation of ⁇ (i?)-4-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-3-methyl-piperazin-l- yl ⁇ -(lH-indazol-3-yl)-methanone (Compound 33).
- lH-Indazole-3-carboxylic acid 48.6 mg, 299.7 ⁇ mol
- (R)-I -(4-fluorophenethyl)-2- methylpiperazine (56.3 mg, 253.3 ⁇ mol) were dissolved in DMA (3 mL) and DIEA (50 ⁇ L).
- ⁇ ATU (104.9 mg, 275.9 ⁇ mol) was added. The stirring was continued for 2 h.
- Example 1.26 Preparation of ⁇ (5)-4-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-3-methyl-piperazin-l-yl ⁇ - (lH-indazol-3-yl)-methanone (Compound 24).
- lH-Indazole-3-carboxylic acid (48.6 mg, 300 ⁇ mol) and (S)-I -(4-fiuorophenethyl)-2- methylpiperazine (55.1 mg, 248 ⁇ mol) were dissolved in DMA (3 mL) and DIEA (50 ⁇ L).
- ⁇ ATU 110 mg, 289 ⁇ mol
- Example 1.27 Preparation of ⁇ ( ⁇ )-4-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-2-methyl-piperazin-l- yl ⁇ -(lH-indazol-3-yl)-methanone (Compound 20).
- lH-Indazole-3-carboxylic acid (50.0 mg, 308 ⁇ mol)
- ( ⁇ )-l-(4-fluorophenethyl)-3- methylpiperazine (60.6 mg, 273 ⁇ mol) were dissolved in DMA (3 mL) and DIEA (50 ⁇ L).
- ⁇ ATU 110 mg, 289 ⁇ mol
- Example 1.28 Preparation of ⁇ (S)-4-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-2-methyl-piperazin-l-yl ⁇ - (lH-indazol-3-yl)-methanone (Compound 16).
- lH-Indazole-3-carboxylic acid (50.0 mg, 308 ⁇ mol)
- (5)-l-(4-fluorophenethyl)-3- methylpiperazine (60.6 mg, 273 ⁇ mol) were dissolved in DMA (3 mL) and DEEA (50 ⁇ L).
- Example 1.29 Preparation of ⁇ 4-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-piperazin-l-yl ⁇ -(lH-indazol- 3-yl)-methanone (Compound 23).
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.2, using lH-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (41 mg, 0.253 mmol) as starting material, to afford the TFA salt (63 mg) as an off-white solid.
- Example 1.30 Preparation of l-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-2-[4-(lH-indazole-3-carbonyl)- piperazin-l-yl]-ethanone (Compound 19).
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.2, using lH-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (664 mg, 4.1 mmol) and l-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-2-piperazin- 1 -yl-ethanone (1.33 g, 4.51 mmol) as starting materials, to afford the TFA salt (458 mg) as an off-white solid.
- Example 1.31 Preparation of l-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-2-[4-(l-methyl-lH-indazole-3- carbonyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-ethanone (Compound 15).
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.2, using l-methyl-lH-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (352 mg, 2.00 mmol) and l-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-2- piperazin-1-yl-ethanone (649 mg, 2.20 mmol) as starting materials, to afford the TFA salt (865 mg) as a light yellow solid.
- Example 1.32 Preparation of l-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-2- ⁇ 4-[l-(lH-indazole-3-carbonyl)-l//- indazole-3-carbonyl]-piperazin-l-yl ⁇ -ethanone (Compound 12).
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.2, using lH-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (664 mg, 4.10 mmol) and l-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-2-piperazin- 1-yl-ethanone (1.33 g, 4.51 mmol) as starting materials, to afford the TFA salt (22 mg) as an off-white solid.
- Example 1.33 Preparation of 2-[4-(l-Benzenesulfonyl-lH-indazole-3-carbonyl)- piperazin-l-yl]-l-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethanone (Compound 32).
- the crude product was then coupled with l-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-2-piperazin-l-yl- ethanone dihydrochloride (100 mg, 0.339 mmol) using HATU (125 mg, 0.330 mmol) and triethylamine (0.2 mL) in DMF (1.5 mL). The mixture was heated under microwave irradiation at 100 0 C for 10 min. The crude product was purified by HPLC to afford the TFA salt of the title compound (35 mg) as a light yellow solid.
- Example 1.34 Preparation of 2- ⁇ 4-[l-(4-Fluoro-benzoyl)-lH-indazole-3-carbonyl]- piperazin-l-yI ⁇ -l-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethanone (Compound 27).
- Example 1.35 Preparation of ⁇ 4-[2-(2,4-Difluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-piperazin-l-yI ⁇ -(l- methyl-l//-indazol-3-yI)-methanone (Compound 53).
- Step A Preparation of tert-Butyl 4-(2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)acetyl)piperazine-l- carboxylate.
- Step B Preparation of tert-Butyl 4-(2,4-Difluorophenethyl)piperazine-l- carboxylate.
- tert-Butyl 4-(2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)acetyl)piperazine-l -carboxylate (1.12 g, 3.30 mmol) was dissolved in THF (8.5 mL) and borane tetrahydrofuran complex (1.0 M, 15.8 mL, 15.8 mmol) was added. The reaction was heated to reflux temperature. The reaction was quenched slowly with methanol (0.4 mL) dropwise.
- Step C Preparation of l-(2,4-Difluorophenethyl)piperazine.
- tert-Butyl 4-(2,4-difluorophenethyl)piperazine-l-carboxylate (0.853 g, 2.61 mmol) was dissolved in 4 M HCl in dioxane (10.0 mL) and stirred for 1 h. The reaction was concentrated to afford the dihydrochloride salt of the title compound (0.718 g) as a pale solid.
- Step D Preparation of ⁇ 4-[2-(2,4-Difluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-piperazin-l-yl ⁇ -(l- methyl-lH-indazol-3-yl)-methanone.
- ⁇ ATU l-methyl-lH-indazole-S-carboxylic acid
- Example 1.36 Preparation of 3- ⁇ 4-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-piperazine-l-carbonyl ⁇ - lH-indazole-6-carbonitrile (Compound 50).
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described in , using l-(4- fluorophenethyl)piperazine (70 mg, 0.25 mmol) and 6-cyano-lH-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (51 mg, 0.27 mmol) as starting materials, to afford the TFA salt (90 mg) as a solid.
- Example 1.37 Preparation of (6-Bromo-l-methyl-lH-indazol-3-yl)- ⁇ 4-[2-(4-fluoro- phenyl)-ethyl]-piperazin-l-yl ⁇ -methanone (Compound 45).
- Step A Preparation of Intermediate 6-Bromo-l-methyl-lH-indazole-3-carboxylic acid.
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- 6-bromo-lH-indazole-3-carboxylic acid 820 mg, 3.40 mmol.
- the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min before iodomethane (614 ⁇ L, 9.87 mmol) was added while keeping the reaction temperature near 25 0 C.
- the resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 45 min before it was poured into ice cold water (80 mL).
- Step B Preparation of ⁇ 4-[2-(4-FIuoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-piperazin-l-yl ⁇ -(6-bromo-l- methyl- lH-indazol-3-yl)-methanone.
- Example 1.38 Preparation of 3- ⁇ 4-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-piperazine-l-carbonyl ⁇ -2- methyl-2H-indazole-6-carbonitrile (Compound 35).
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.37, using l-(4-fluorophenethyl)piperazine (70 mg, 0.25 mmol) and 6-cyano-2-methyl-2H-indazole- 3-carboxylic acid (55 mg, 0.27 mmol) as starting materials, to afford the TFA salt of the title compound (11 mg) as a solid.
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.37, using l-(4-fluorophenethyl)piperazine (70 mg, 0.25 mmol) and l-ethyl-lH-indazole-3- carboxylic acid (52 mg, 0.27 mmol) as starting materials, to afford the TFA salt of the title compound (39 mg) as a solid.
- Example 1.40 Preparation of 3- ⁇ 4-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-piperazine-l-carbonyl ⁇ -l- methyl-lH-indazole-6-carbonitrile (Compound 42).
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.37, using l-(4-fluorophenethyl)piperazine (70 mg, 0.25 mmol) and 6-cyano-l-methyl-lH-indazole- 3-carboxylic acid (55 mg, 0.27 mmol) as starting materials, to afford the TFA salt of the title compound (60 mg) as a solid.
- Example 1.41 Preparation of (6-Bromo-l-methyl-lH-indazol-3-yl)- ⁇ 4-[2-(2,4-difluoro- phenyl)-ethyl]-piperazin-l-yl ⁇ -methanone (Compound 43).
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.35,
- Example 1.42 Preparation of 3- ⁇ 4-[2-(2,4-Difluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-piperazine-l-carbonyl ⁇ - l-methyl-lH-indazoIe-6-carbonitrile (Compound 40).
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.41, using l-(2,4-difluorophenethyl)piperazine (45 mg, 0.2 mmol) and 6-cyano-l-methyl-lH- indazole-3-carboxylic acid (44 mg, 0.22 mmol) as starting mate ⁇ als, to afford the TFA salt (49 mg) as a solid.
- Example 1.43 Preparation of l-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-2-[4-(6-methoxy-l-methyl-lH-indazole- 3-carbonyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-ethanone (Compound 37).
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as desc ⁇ bed in Example 1.41, using l-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(piperazin-l-yl)ethanone dihydrochlo ⁇ de (60 mg, 0.20 mmol) and 6-methoxy-l -methyl- lH-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (46 mg, 0.22 mmol) as starting mate ⁇ als, to afford the TFA salt (78 mg) as a solid.
- Example 1.44 Preparation of ⁇ 4-[2,2-Difluoro-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-piperazin-l-yl ⁇ - (l-methyl-Lf/-indazol-3-yl)-methanone (Compound 51).
- Step A Preparation of Intermediate l-(2,2-Difluoro-2-(4- fluorophenyl)ethyl)piperazine.
- Step B Preparation of ⁇ 4-[2,2-Difluoro-2-(4-fluoro-phenyI)-ethyl]-piperazin-l-yl ⁇ - (l-methyl-l//-indazol-3-yl)-methanone EDAC (65.9 mg, 344 ⁇ mol) was added to a suspension of l-methyl-lH-indazole-3- carboxyhc acid (60.6 mg, 344 ⁇ mol) and ⁇ OBt (43.9 mg, 287 ⁇ mol) in DCM (1 mL), and the mixture was stirred at 20 0 C. After 5 mm, a clear solution was obtained.
- the solution was transferred to a vial containing l-(2,2-difluoro-2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl)piperazine (70 mg, 287 ⁇ mol), and the resulting solution was stirred for 4 h.
- the solution was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate, dried with sodium sulfate, filtered, and evaporated to dryness.
- the crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (2:3 ethyl acetate/hexanes). LCMS showed that the product obtained after flash chromatography contained the HOBt-ester of 1 - methyl-lH-indazole-3-carboxylic acid as an impurity.
- the partially purified product was dissolved in DCM, hydrazine hydrate (0.1 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature. After 5 min the mixture was filtered over a short silica column (3:1 ethyl acetate/hexanes), and the filtrate was evaporated to give the title compound (80 mg) as a colorless oil.
- Example 1.45 Preparation of ⁇ 4-[2-Fluoro-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-piperazin-l-yl ⁇ -(l- methyl-lH-indazol-3-yl)-methanone (Compound 47).
- Step A Preparation of Intermediate l-(2-Fluoro-2-(4- fluorophenyl)ethyl)piperazine
- Step B Preparation of ⁇ 4-[2-Fluoro-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethyi]-piperazin-l-yl ⁇ -(l- methyl-lH-indazol-3-yl)-methanone
- Example 1.46 Preparation of l-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-2-[(i?)-2-methyl-4-(l-methyl-lH- indazole-3-carbonyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-ethanone (Compound 44).
- Step A Preparation of Intermediate (R)-tert-Butyl 4-(2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2- oxoethyl)-3-methylpiperazine-l-carboxylate.
- Step B Preparation of Intermediate (/?)-l-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-(2-methylpiperazin- l-yl)ethanone.
- Example 1.48 Preparation of 2-[4-(5,6-Difluoro-lH-indazole-3-carbonyl)-piperazin-l-yl]- l-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethanone (Compound 52).
- Example 1.49 Preparation of 2-[4-(5,6-Dichloro-lH-indazole-3-carbonyl)-piperazin-l-yl]- l-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-ethanone (Compound 48).
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.2, using l-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(piperazin-l-yl)ethanone dihydrochloride (60.0 mg, 0.200 mmol) and 5,6-dichloro-lH-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (55.4 mg, 0.240 mmol) as starting materials, to afford the TFA salt (13.5 mg) as a solid.
- Example 1.50 Preparation of l-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-2-[4-(5-methyl-l//-indazole-3- carbonyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-ethanone (Compound 49).
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.2, using l-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(piperazin-l-yl)ethanone dihydrochloride (60.0 mg, 0.200 mmol) and 5-methyl-lH-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (42.3 mg, 0.240 mmol) as starting materials, to afford the TFA salt (20.1 mg) as a solid.
- Example 1.51 Preparation of ⁇ 4-[2-(2-Chloro-phenyl)-ethyl]-piperazin-l-yl ⁇ -(l-methyl- lH-indazol-3-yl)-methanone (Compound 41).
- Step A Preparation of Intermediate (l-methyl-lH-indazol-3-yl)-piperazin-l-yl- methanone.
- Step B Preparation of ⁇ 4-[2-(2-Chloro-phenyl)-ethyl]-piperazin-l-yl ⁇ -(l-methyI- lH-indazoI-3-yl)-methanone
- Example 1.52 Preparation of ⁇ 4-[2-(2-Fluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-piperazin-l-yl ⁇ -(l-methyl- lH-indazol-3-yl)-methanone (Compound 38).
- Example 1.53 Preparation of ⁇ 4-[2-(3-Fluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-piperazin-l-yl ⁇ -(l-methyI- lH-indazol-3-yl)-methanone (Compound 57).
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.51, using (l-methyl-lH-indazol-3-yl)-piperazin-l-yl-methanone (0.025 g, 69.8 ⁇ mol) and l-(2- bromoethyl)-3-fluorobenzene (21.3 mg, 105 ⁇ mol) as starting materials, to afford the TFA salt (12.7 mg) as a white solid.
- Exact mass calculated for C 21 ⁇ 23 FN 4 O: 366.2; Found: LCMS m/z 367.3 (M+H + ).
- Example 1.54 Preparation of ⁇ 4-[2-(4-ChIoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-piperazin-l-yl ⁇ -(l-methyI- lH-indazol-3-yl)-methanone (Compound 54).
- Example 1.55 Preparation of l-(4-ChIoro-phenyl)-2-[4-(l-methyl-lH-indazole-3- carbonyl)-piperazin-l-yi]-ethanone (Compound 39).
- Example 1.56 Preparation of ⁇ 4-[2-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-ethyl]-piperazin-l-yI ⁇ -(l-methyl- l//-indazol-3-yl)-methanone (Compound 36).
- the title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described in Example 1.51, using (1 -methyl- lH-indazol-3-yl)-piperazin-l-yl-methanone (25.0 mg, 69.8 ⁇ mol) and l-(2- bromoethyl)-3-chlorobenzene (23.0 mg, 105 ⁇ mol) as starting materials, to afford the TFA salt (16.9 mg) as a white solid.
- Exact mass calculated for C 2 i ⁇ 23 ClN 4 O: 382.2; Found: LCMS m/z 383.2 (M+H + 35 Cl, 100%), 385.2 (M+H + 37 Cl, 35%).
- Example 1.57 Preparation of l-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-2-[4-(2-methyl-2H-indazoie-3- carbonyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-ethanone (Compound 56).
- Example 2 Receptor Expression. A. pCMV.
- the vector utilized be pCMV.
- This vector was deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) on October 13, 1998 (10801 University Boulevard., Manassas, VA 20110-2209 USA) under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty for the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purpose of Patent Procedure. The DNA was tested by the ATCC and determined to be viable. The ATCC has assigned the following deposit number to pCMV: ATCC #203351.
- HEK293 cells were transfected while for the DOI binding assay (Example 3) COS7 cells were transfected.
- Several protocols well known in the art can be used to transfect cells. The following protocol is representative of the transfection procedures used herein for COS7 or HEK293 cells.
- COS-7 cells or HEK293 cells were plated onto 24-well plates, usually 1 x 10 5 cells/well or 2 x 10 5 cells/well respectively.
- the cells were transfected by first mixing 0.25 ⁇ g cDNA in 50 ⁇ l serum-free DMEM/well and then 2 ⁇ l lipofectamine in 50 ⁇ l serum-free DMEM/well. The solutions (transfection media) were gently mixed and incubated for 15-30 minutes at room temperature. The cells were washed with 0.5 mL PBS and then 400 ⁇ l of serum free medium was mixed with the transfection media and added to the cells. The cells were then incubated for 3-4 hours at 37 °C/5% CO 2 . Then the transfection medium was removed and replaced with 1 mL/well of regular growth medium.
- HEK293 cells For HEK293 cells, on day one, 13 x 10 6 cells per 150 mm plate were plated out. On day two, 2 mL of serum Optimeml (Invitrogen Corporation) was added per plate followed by addition of 60 ⁇ L of lipofectamine and 16 ⁇ g of cDNA. Note that lipofectamine must be added to the Optimeml and mixed well before addition of cDNA. While complexes between lipofectamine and the cDNA are forming, medium was carefully aspirated and cells were gently rinsed with 5 mL of Optimeml medium followed by careful aspiration.
- serum Optimeml Invitrogen Corporation
- COS7 cells transfected with recombinant human 5-HT 2A serotonin receptors were cultured for 48 h post transfection, collected, washed with ice-cold phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4 (PBS), and then centrifuged at 48,000 g for 20 min at 4 0 C. The cell pellet was then resuspended in wash buffer containing 20 niM HEPES pH 7.4 and 0.1 mM EDTA, homogenized on ice using a Brinkman polytron, and recentrifuged at 48,000 g for 20 min at 4 0 C.
- PBS phosphate buffered saline
- the resultant pellet was then resuspended in 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, homogenized on ice, and centrifuged (48,000 g for 20 min at 4 0 C). Crude membrane pellets were stored at -80 0 C until used for radioligand binding assays.
- Radioligand binding assays for human 5-HT 2A serotonin receptor was conducted using the 5-HT 2 agonist [ 125 I]DOI as radioligand. To define nonspecific binding, 10 ⁇ M DOI was used for all assays. For competitive binding studies, 0.5 nM [ 125 I]DOI was used and compounds were assayed over a range of 0.01 nM to 10 ⁇ M. Assays were conducted in a total volume of 200 ⁇ l in 96-well Perkin Elmer GF/C filter plates in assay buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 0.5 mM EDTA, 5 mM MgCl 2 , and 10 ⁇ M pargyline).
- Certain other compounds of the invention had activity values ranging from about 10 ⁇ M to about 0.4 nM in this assay.
- LSD Lysergic acid diethylamide
- D 2 receptor ligand D 2 receptor ligand.
- An indication of the selectivity of compounds for either or both of these receptors involves displacement of radiolabeled-bound LSD from pre-treated brain sections.
- radiolabeled 125 I-LSD NN Life Sciences, Boston, MA; Catalog number NEX-199 can be utilized; spiperone (RBI, Natick, MA; Catalog number s-128) a 5-HT 2A receptor and dopamine D 2 receptor antagonist, can also utilized.
- Buffer consists of 50 nanomolar TRIS-HCl, pH 7.4.
- Brain sections are incubated in (a) Buffer plus 1 nanomolar 125 I-LSD; (b) Buffer plus 1 nanomolar 125 I-LSD and 1 micromolar spiperone; or Buffer plus 1 nanomolar 125 I-LSD and 1 micromolar compound of interest for 30 min at room temperature. Sections are then washed 2 x 10 min at 4 0 C in Buffer, followed by 20 s in distilled H 2 O. Slides are then air-dried.
- Example 5 In vitro Human Platelet Aggregation Assays. Compounds of the invention were tested for their ability to aggregate human platelets.
- Aggregation assays were performed using a Chrono-Log Optical aggregometer model 410.
- Human blood ⁇ 100 mL was collected from human donors into glass Vacutainers containing 3.8% sodium citrate (light blue tops) at room temperature.
- Platelet rich plasma PRP was isolated via centrifugation at 100 g for 15 min at room temperature.
- the platelet poor plasma PPP was prepared via high speed centrifugation at 2400 g for 20 min. Platelets were counted and their concentration was set to 250,000 cells/ ⁇ L by dilution with PPP.
- Aggregation assays were conducted according to the manufacturer's specifications.
- HEK293 cells are transiently transfected with a pCMV expression vector containing a human 5-HT 2A receptor (for the sequence of the receptor see U.S. Patent No. 6,541,209, SEQ K) NO:24).
- An IP accumulation assay can be performed as described below.
- A. Constitutively Active 5-HT 2A Receptor Compounds of the invention can be tested for their ability to inhibit a constitutively active 5-HT 2A receptor clone using an IP accumulation assay. Briefly, 293 cells are transiently transfected with a pCMV expression vector containing a constitutively active human 5-HT 2A receptor (for the sequence of the receptor see U.S. Patent No. 6,541,209, SEQ ID NO:30). The constitutively active human 5-HT 2A receptor contained the human 5-HT 2A receptor described in part A except that intracellular loop 3 (IC3) and the cytoplasmic tail are replaced by the corresponding human INI 5-HT 2 c cDNA. An IP accumulation assay can be performed as described below.
- Frozen plates are then thawed over the course of 1 h, and the contents of the wells (approximately 220 ⁇ L) are placed over 400 ⁇ L of washed ion-exchange resin (AG 1-X8) contained in a Multi Screen Filtration plate and incubated for 10 min followed by filtration under reduced pressure. Resin is then washed with 9 x 200 ⁇ L of water and then tritiated inositol phosphates (IP, IP2, and IP3) are eluted into a collecting plate by the addition of 200 ⁇ l of 1 M ammonium formate and an additional 10 min incubation.
- AG 1-X8 washed ion-exchange resin
- the eluent is then transferred to 20 mL scintillation vials, 8 mL of SuperMix or Hi-Safe scintillation cocktail is added, and vials are counted for 0.5-1 min in a Wallac 1414 scintillation counter.
- Example 7 Efficacy of Compounds of the Invention in the Attenuation of DOI-induced Hypolocomotion in Rats.
- DOI is a potent 5-HT 2A / 2C receptor agonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier.
- the standard protocol used is described briefly below. Animals:
- (R)-DOI HCl (C 11 H 16 INO 2 HCl) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, and was dissolved in 0.9% saline.
- Compounds of the invention were synthesized at Arena Pharmaceuticals Inc., San Diego, CA, and were dissolved in 100% PEG400. DOI was injected s.c. in a volume of 1 rtiL/kg, while compounds of the invention were administered p.o. in a volume of 1 mL/kg.
- the "Motor Monitor” (Hamilton-Kinder, Poway, CA) was used for all activity measurement. This apparatus recorded rears using infrared photobeams.
- Locomotor activity testing was conducted during the light cycle between 9:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. Animals were allowed 30 min acclimation to the testing room before testing began.
- the 5-HT 2A receptor occupancy of a compound of the invention can be measured.
- the study can be carried out in rhesus monkeys using PET and 18 F-altanserin.
- Radioligand :
- the PET radioligand used for the occupancy studies is 18 F-altanserin. Radiosynthesis of 18 F-altanserin is achieved in high specific activities and is suitable for radiolabeling 5-HT 2A receptors in vivo (see Staley et al, Nucl. Med. Biol, 28:271-279 (2001) and references cited within). Quality control issues (chemical and radiochemical purity, specific activity, stability etc) and appropriate binding of the radioligand are verified in rat brain slices prior to use in PET experiments. Drug Doses and Formulations:
- the radiopharmaceutical is dissolved in sterile 0.9% saline, pH approx 6-7.
- the compounds of the invention are dissolved in 60% PEG 400 - 40% sterile saline on the same day of the PET experiment.
- PET Experiments The monkey is anesthetized by using ketamine (10 mg/kg) and is maintained using 0.7 to 1.25% isoflurane. Typically, the monkey has two i.v. lines, one on each arm. One i.v. line is used to administer the radioligand, while the other line is used to draw blood samples for pharmacokinetic data of the radioligand as well as the cold drugs. Generally, rapid blood samples are taken as the radioligand is administered which then taper out by the end of the scan. A volume of approximately 1 mL of blood is taken per time point, which is spun down, and a portion of the plasma is counted for radioactivity in the blood.
- PET scans on the monkey are separated by at least two weeks.
- Unlabeled Compound of the invention is administered intravenously, dissolved in 80% PEG 400:40% sterile saline.
- PET data are analyzed by using cerebellum as the reference region and using the distribution volume region (DVR) method. This method has been applied for the analysis of l8 F-altanserin PET data in nonhuman primate and human studies (Smith et al., Synapse,
- Example 9 The Effect of Compounds of the Invention and Zolpidem on Delta Power in Rats.
- the effect of compounds of the invention on sleep and wakefulness can be compared to the reference drug Zolpidem. Drugs are administered during the middle of the light period (inactivity period).
- compounds of the invention are tested for their effects on sleep parameters and are compared to Zolpidem (5.0 mg/kg, Sigma, St. Louis, MO) and vehicle control (80% Tween 80, Sigma, St. Louis, MO).
- Zolpidem 5.0 mg/kg, Sigma, St. Louis, MO
- vehicle control 80% Tween 80, Sigma, St. Louis, MO.
- a repeated measures design is employed in which each rat is to receive seven separate dosings via oral gavage.
- the first and seventh dosings are vehicle and the second through sixth are the test compounds and Zolpidem given in counter-balanced order. Since all dosings are administered while the rats are connected to the recording apparatus, 60% CO 2 /40% O 2 gas is employed for light sedation during the oral gavage process. Rats are fully recovered within 60 seconds following the procedure. A minimum of three days elapses between dosings.
- dosing occurs during the middle of the rats' normal inactive period (6 h following lights on). Dosing typically occurs between 13:15 and 13:45 using a 24 hour notation. All dosing solutions are made fresh on the day of dosing. Following each dosing, animals are continuously recorded until lights out the following day ( ⁇ 30 h). Animal Recording and Surgical Procedures:
- Animals are housed in a temperature controlled recording room under a 12/12 light/dark cycle (lights on at 7:00 am) and have food and water available ad libitum. Room temperature (24 ⁇ 2 0 C), humidity (50 ⁇ 20% relative humidity) and lighting conditions are monitored continuously via computer. Drugs are administered via oral gavage as described above, with a minimum of three days between dosings. Animals are inspected daily in accordance with NIH guidelines.
- Wistar rats 300 ⁇ 25 g; Charles River, Wilmington, MA
- EEG electroencephalograph
- EMG electromyograph
- isoflurane anesthesia 1-4%), the fur is shaved from the top of the skull and the skin was disinfected with Betadine and alcohol.
- a dorsal midline incision is made, the temporalis muscle retracted, and the skull cauterized and thoroughly cleaned with a 2% hydrogen peroxide solution.
- Stainless steel screws (#000) are implanted into the skull and served as epidural electrodes.
- EEG electrodes are positioned bilaterally at +2.0 mm AP from bregma and 2.0 mm ML and at -6.0 mm AP and 3.0 mm ML.
- Multi-stranded twisted stainless steel wire electrodes are sutured bilaterally in the neck muscles for recording of the EMG.
- EMG and EEG electrodes are soldered to a head plug connector that was affixed to the skull with dental acrylic. Incisions are closed with suture (silk 4-0) and antibiotics administered topically. Pain is relieved by a long-lasting analgesic (buprenorphine) administered intramuscularly once post-operatively. Post-surgery, each animal is placed in a clean cage and observed until it is recovered. Animals are permitted a minimum of one week post-operative recovery before study.
- mice For sleep recordings, animals are connected via a cable and a counter-balanced commutator to a Neurodata model 15 data collection system (Grass-Telefactor, West Warwick, RI). The animals are allowed an acclimation period of at least 48 hours before the start of the experiment and are connected to the recording apparatus continuously throughout the experimental period except to replace damaged cables.
- the amplified EEG and EMG signals are digitized and stored on a computer using SleepSign software (Kissei Comtec, Irvine, CA). Data Analysis:
- EEG and EMG data are scored visually in 10 s epochs for waking (W), REMS and NREMS. Scored data are analyzed and expressed as time spent in each state per half hour. Sleep bout length and number of bouts for each state are calculated in hourly bins. A "bout" consists of a minimum of two consecutive epochs of a given state. EEG delta power (0.5-3.5 Hz) within NREMS is also analyzed in hourly bins. The EEG spectra during NREMS are obtained offline with a fast Fourier transform algorithm on all epochs without artifact. The delta power is normalized to the average delta power in NREMS between 23:00 and 1 :00, a time when delta power is normally lowest.
- Example 10 Efficacy of Compounds of the Invention in the Inhibition of JC Virus Infection of Human Glial Cells.
- a compound of the invention can be shown to inhibit JC virus infection of human glial cells using the in vitro model of Elphick et al. [Science (2004) 306:1380-1383], essentially as described briefly here.
- SVG human glial cell line
- SVG-A human glial cell line established by transformation of human fetal glial cells by an origin defective SV40 mutant [Major et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1985) 82:1257-1261].
- SVG cells are cultured in Eagle's minimum essential medium
- the Mad-1/SVE ⁇ strain of JC virus [Vacante et al, Virology (1989) 170:353-361] is used for these experiments. While the host range of JC virus is typically limited to growth in human fetal glial cells, the host range of Mad-1/SVE ⁇ extends to human kidney and monkey cell types. Mad-1/SVE ⁇ is propagated in HEK cells. Virus titer is measured by hemagglutination of human type O erythrocytes.
- Assay for Inhibition of JC Virus Infection SVG cells growing on coverslips are pre-incubated at 37 0 C for 45 min with or without the compound of the invention diluted in media containing 2% FCS.
- the compound of the invention is used at a concentration of about 1 nM to about 100 ⁇ M, at a concentration of about 10 nM to about 100 ⁇ M, at a concentration of about InM to about lO ⁇ M, or at a concentration of about 1OnM to about lO ⁇ M.
- JC virus (Mad-1/SVE ⁇ ) is then added at an MOI of 1.0 and the cells are incubated for 1 h at 37 0 C in the continued presence of the compound of the invention.
- V antigen positive cells are scored by indirect immunofluorescence (see below). Controls include the addition of the compound of the invention at 24 and 48 h post- infection. The percentage of infected cells in untreated cultures is set at 100%. Indirect Immunofluorescence
- SVG cells growing on coverslips are fixed in ice cold acetone. To detect V antigen expression, the cells are then incubated for 30 min at 37 0 C with a 1 : 10 dilution of hybridoma supernatant from PAB597.
- the PAB597 hybridoma produces a monoclonal antibody against the SV40 capsid protein VPl which has been shown to cross-react with JC virus VPl .
- the cells are then washed and incubated with goat anti-mouse Alexa Fluor 488 secondary antibody for an additional 30 min.
- the cells are counterstained with 0.05% Evan's blue, mounted onto glass slides using 90% glycerol in PBS and visualized on Nikon E800 epifluorescent scope. Images are captured using a Hamamatsu digital camera and analyzed using Improvision software.
- Example 11 In Vitro Dog Platelet Aggregation Assays.
- Example 12 Ex- Vivo Dog Whole Blood Aggregation.
- Results Selected compounds are tested for anti-platelet aggregation activity after single bolus oral dosing. The dose that affords maximal inhibition of 5-HT amplified platelet aggregation is identified and used for comparison.
- Example 13 Rat In Vivo Thrombosis, Bleeding, Aggregation, PK Assay.
- Thrombosis formation and bleeding time This model concomitantly measures thrombus formation, bleeding time, platelet aggregation and drug exposure in a single live dosed rat.
- Test compounds are administered to male rats (weighing 250-350 g) via p.o. injection at varying concentrations depending on compound potency ranging from 1 mg/kg-100 mg/kg. Animals are then anesthetized using Nembutal approximately 30 min post administration. Once the animal is fully anesthetized using approved surgical techniques the animal's right femoral artery is isolated in 2 different sections approximately 4-6 mm in length, one area for probe placement and one for ferric chloride patch positioning. The artery is then allowed to stabilize to allow recovery from the surgery.
- a ventilator Harmonic Apparatus, Inc.
- a micro arterial probe Transonic Systems, Inc.
- a small piece of filter paper soaked in 30% ferric chloride is placed on the area of the artery upstream of the probe for 10 min. After 5 min of ferric chloride patch placement the last 3 mm of the rat's tail is removed.
- the tail is then placed in a saline filled glass vial at 37 0 C and the time it took for bleeding to stop is recorded. After the ferric chloride patch is removed the flow is recorded until the artery is occluded and the time to occlusion is recorded.
- HT 2A serotonin receptors are evaluated for effects of thrombus formation, bleeding and platelet activity in a single model. This allows for the most accurate demonstration of separation of the test compound effects on platelet mediated thrombus formation from effects on bleeding.
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Abstract
L'invention concerne des dérivés d'indazole de formule (Ia) et leurs compositions pharmaceutiques qui modulent l'activité du récepteur de la sérotonine 5-HT2A. L'invention concerne des composés et leurs compositions pharmaceutiques utiles dans le traitement de l'insomnie et des troubles du sommeil associés, de l'agrégation plaquettaire, de la coronaropathie, de l'infarctus du myocarde, de l'accident ischémique transitoire, de l'angine, d'un accident vasculaire cérébral, de la fibrillation auriculaire, visant la réduction du risque de formation de caillots sanguins, de l'asthme ou de ses symptômes, de l'agitation ou de ses symptômes, des troubles du comportement, de la psychose d'origine médicamenteuse, de la psychose à forme d'état d'excitation, du syndrome de Gilles de La Tourette, du trouble maniaque, de la psychose organique ou NSA, des troubles psychotiques, de la psychose, de la schizophrénie aiguë, de la schizophrénie chronique, de la schizophrénie NSA et des troubles associés, des troubles relatifs au diabète, de la leucoencéphalopathie progressive et des maladies similaires. La présente invention concerne également des procédés destinés au traitement des troubles provoqués par le récepteur de la sérotonine 5-HT2A en combinaison avec d'autres agents pharmaceutiques administrés séparément ou ensemble.
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