WO2008045510A2 - Self-powered, extended range multifunction switching system - Google Patents

Abstract

A self-powered switching system using electromechanical generators generates power for activation of a latching relay, switch, solenoid or latch pin. The electromechanical generators comprise electroactive elements that may be mechanically actuated to generate electrical power. The associated signal generation circuitry may be coupled to a transmitter for sending RF signals to a receiver which actuates the latching relay. The use of mechanically activated membrane switches on the deflector or on a keypad allows multiple code sequences to be generated for activating electrical appliances. The system also uses a communications protocol allowing the receivers to respond to signals from transmitters and/or repeaters. The use of one or more repeaters also increases the reliability of the system as well as extending its effective transmission range.

Description

Docket No.: SVC079.PCT

INVENTORS: Bradbury R. Face, Glenn F. Rogers, Jr., Gregg Thomas and Robert Chen

TITLE: Self-powered, Extended Range Multifunction Switching System

The present U.S. Utility patent application claims priority pursuant to 35 U. S. C. 119(e) to U.S. Provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/850,975 filed 10/11/2006 entitled "Self- powered, Extended Range Multifunction Switching System", which Provisional Application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety and is made part of the present U.S. Utility patent application.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field of the Invention

[0001] The present invention relates to an electronically coded switching system, such as may be used for a light or electrical appliance, mechanical door lock and the like. More particularly, the present invention relates to a self-powered electronically keyed device that generates one or more activation signals for a switch. Electrical power is generated by simultaneously deforming a piezoelectric element while pressing the face plate or individual membrane switches on the face plate or on an electronic keypad. When the face plate is depressed, the electrical power may then be used to power a RF transmitter to send one or more electronic codes to actuate a device or to perform some other command function. The system comprises one or more transmitters, receivers and repeaters that communicate specific electronic codes to each other to increase system range and reliability. Description of the Prior Art

[0002] Switches and latching relays for energizing lights, appliances and the like are well known in the prior art. Typical light switches comprise, for example, single-pole switches and three-way switches. A single-pole switch has two terminals that are hot leads for an incoming line (power source) and an outgoing line to the light. Three-way switches can control one light from two different places. Each three-way switch has three terminals: the common terminal and two traveler terminals. A typical pair of three-way switches uses two boxes each having two cables with the first box having an incoming line from a power source and an outbound line to the second box, and the second box having the incoming line from the first box and an outbound line to the light.

[0003] In each of these switching schemes it is often necessary to drill holes and mount switches and junction boxes for the outlets as well as to run cable. Drilling holes and mounting switches and junction boxes can be difficult and time consuming. Also, running electrical cable requires starting at a fixture, pulling cable through holes in the framing to each fixture in the circuit, and continuing all the way back to the service panel. Though simple in theory, getting cable to cooperate can be difficult and time consuming. Cable often kinks, tangles or binds while pulling, and needs to be straightened out somewhere along the run.

[0004] Remotely actuated switches/relays are also known in the art. Known remote actuation controllers include tabletop controllers, wireless remotes, timers, motion detectors, voice activated controllers, and computers and related software. For example, remote actuation means may include receiver modules that are plugged into a wall outlet and into which a power cord for a device may be plugged. The device can then be turned on and off by a remote controller/transmitter. Other remote actuation means include screw-in lamp receiver modules wherein the receiver module is screwed into a light socket, and then a bulb screwed into the receiver module. The light can be turned on and off and can be dimmed or brightened by a remote controller/transmitter.

[0005] Another example of one type of remote controller for the above described modules is a

radio frequency (RF) base transceiver. With these controllers, a transceiver base is plugged into an outlet and can control groups of receiver modules in conjunction with a hand held wireless RF remote. RF repeaters may be used to boost the range of compatible wireless remote transmitters, switches and security system sensors by up to 150 ft. per repeater. The transceiver base is required for these wireless RF remote control systems and allows control of several lamps or appliances. Batteries are also required in the hand held wireless remote control systems.

[0006] Rather than using a hand held RF remote transmitter, remote wall transmitters may be used. These wall transmitters, which are up to 3/4" thick, are affixed to a desired location with an adhesive or fastener. In conjunction with a transceiver base unit (plugged into a 110V receptacle) the remote wall transmitter may control compatible receiver/transceiver modules and their associated switches. The wireless transmitters send an RF signal to the transceiver base unit and the transceiver base unit then transmits a signal along the existing 110V wiring in the home to compatible switches or receiver modules. Each switch can be programmed with an addressable signal. These wireless transmitters also require batteries.

[0007] These remotes control devices may also control, for example, audio/video devices such as the TV, VCR, and stereo system, as well as lights and other devices using an RF to infrared (IR) base. The RF remote can control audio/video devices by sending proprietary RF commands to a converter that translates the commands to IR. IR commands are then sent to the audio/video equipment. The infrared (IR) base responds to infrared signals from the infrared remotes and then transmits equivalent commands to compatible receivers.

[0008] A problem with conventional wall switches is that extensive wiring must be run both from the switch boxes to the lights and from the switch boxes to the power source in the service panels.

[0009] Another problem with conventional wall switches is that additional wiring must be run for lights controlled by more than one switch. iiiϊi PCT/US2007/H

[0010] Another problem with conventional wall switches is that the voltage lines are present as an input to and an output from the switch.

[0011] Another problem with conventional wall switches is the cost associated with initial installation of wire to, from and between switches.

[0012] Another problem with conventional wall switches is the cost and inconvenience associated with remodeling, relocating or rewiring existing switches.

[0013] A problem with conventional RF transmitters is that they require an external power source such as high voltage AC power or batteries.

[0014] Another problem with conventional battery-powered RF transmitters is the cost and inconvenience associated with replacement of batteries.

[0015] Another problem with conventional AC-powered RF transmitters is the difficulty when remodeling in rewiring or relocating a wall transmitter.

[0016] Another problem with conventional RF switching systems is that a pair comprising a transmitter and receiver must generally be purchased together.

[0017] Another problem with conventional RF switching systems is that transmitters may inadvertently activate incorrect receivers.

[0018] Another problem with conventional RF switching systems is that receivers may accept an activation signal from only one transmitter.

[0019] Another problem with conventional RF switching systems is that transmitters may activate only one receiver.

[0020] Another problem with conventional RF switching systems is that multiple signals from /C

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transmitters and/or repeaters may inadvertently activate or deactivate a receiver switching mechanism.

[0021] Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a network of transmitters, receivers, 5 repeaters, switch initiators, and/or latching relay devices that overcomes the aforementioned problems of the prior art.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0022] The present invention provides a self-powered electronically coded switching system or device using an electroactive transducer. The piezoelectric element in the electroactive transducer is capable of deforming with a high amount of axial displacement, and when deformed by a mechanical impulse generates an electric field. The electroactive transducer is used as an electromechanical generator for generating an electrical signal that actuates a switch, actuator relay and/or locking mechanism. The electroactive transducer is used as an electromechanical converter/generator for generating an electrical signal that, with the accompanying circuitry, generates an RF signal that initiates a latching or relay mechanism. The latching or relay mechanism thereby turns electrical devices such as lights and appliances on and off or provides an intermediate or dimming signal, or initiates other functions.

[0023] . Co-owned Patent Number 6,630,894 entitled "Self-Powered Switching Device," which is hereby incorporated by reference, discloses a self-powered switch where the electroactive element generates an electrical pulse. Co-owned Patent Number 6,812,594 entitled "Self- Powered Trainable Switching Network," which is hereby incorporated by reference, discloses a network of switches such as that disclosed in Patent Number 6,630,894, with the modification that the switches and receivers are capable accepting a multiplicity of coded RF signals. Co-owned Patent Number 7,084,529 entitled "Self-Powered Switch Initiation System," which is hereby incorporated by reference, discloses a network of switches such as that disclosed in Patent Numbers 6,630,894 and 6,812,594, with additional modifications to the coded RF signals, multiple training topologies, and an improved mounting and actuation means, as well as circuitry to support the output electrical signal of the transducer. Copending application 10/871 ,082 entitled "Self-Powered Switch Initiation System," which is hereby incorporated by reference, discloses a network of switches such as that disclosed in Patents 6,630,894 and 6,812,594, with additional modifications to the actuation mechanism, and further incorporating rechargeable batteries for the receiver, transmitter and/or transceivers. Copending application 10/972,803 entitled "Self- Powered, Electronic Keyed Multifunction Switching System," which is hereby incorporated by reference, discloses a network of switches such as that disclosed in Patents 6,630,894 and

6,812,594, with additional modifications that the transmitters incorporate membrane switches for PC17US2007/Ϊ

multiple function codes.

[0024] The mechanical actuating means for the electroactive generator element applies a suitable mechanical impulse to the electroactive generator element in order to generate an electrical signal, such as a pulse, multiple pulses and/or waves having sufficient magnitude and duration to power and actuate downstream circuit components. A mechanism similar to a light switch or pressure switch, for example, may apply pressure through a toggle, snap action, paddle, plunger, plucking and/or ratchet mechanism. Larger or multiple electroactive generator elements may also be used to generate the electrical signal.

[0025] In the present invention a self-powered switch initiation system uses an electroactive element to develop an oscillating electrical signal. The accompanying circuitry is designed to work with that signal and generate a coded RF transmission. The codes are preferably a 32-bit binary code comprising a unique (i.e., one of 2²⁴ to 2³⁰ combinations) transmitter identification code and a function code. To further enhance the system, the system uses a repeater/transceiver system to increase transmission range and reliability of receipt of transmitted signals. The codes sent by the transmitter are modified and rebroadcast by the repeater(s). The response action by the receiver and repeaters to codes either from a transmitter or another repeater depends on the nature of the received code. The nature of the information contained in the code e.g., identification, function and source, is further described. Repeaters also use a poling/initialization routine to assign times slots to each repeater to prevent interference between repeaters.

[0026] In one embodiment of the invention, the electroactive generator output signal powers an RF transmitter which sends an RF signal to an RF receiver which then actuates the relay. In yet another embodiment, the electromagnetic or electroactive generator output signal powers a transmitter, which sends a pulsed (coded) RF signal to an RF receiver which then actuates the relay. Digitized RF signals are coded (as with a garage door opener) to only activate the relay that is trained to receive that digitized coded RF signal. The transmitters may be capable of developing one or more coded RF signals and the receivers likewise are capable of receiving one or more coded RF signals. Furthermore, the receivers may be "trainable" to accept coded RF signals from new or multiple transmitters and repeaters. In another embodiment of the invention, rechargeable batteries are used to capture some of the electrical output of the generator and apply the stored energy to circuit components. Lastly, another embodiment of the invention uses a transceiver/repeater and transmission circuit to receive and retransmit RF signals within the system.

[0027] Accordingly, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide a switching system in which an electroactive or piezoelectric element is used to power an RF transmitter for activating an electrical device.

[0028] It is another object of the present invention to provide a device of the character described in which transmitters may be installed without necessitating additional wiring.

[0029] It is another object of the present invention to provide a device of the character described in which transmitters may be installed without cutting holes into the building structure.

[0030] It is another object of the present invention to provide a device of the character described in which transmitters do not require external electrical input such as 120 or 220 VAC or batteries.

[0031] It is another object of the present invention to provide a device of the character described incorporating an electroactive converter that generates an electrical signal of sufficient duration and magnitude to power a radio frequency transmitter for activating a latching relay and/or switch initiator.

[0032] It is another object of the present invention to provide a device of the character described incorporating a transmitter that is capable of developing at least one coded RF signal.

[0033] It is another object of the present invention to provide a device of the character described incorporating a receiver capable of receiving at least one coded RF signal from at least one transmitter. [0034] It is another object of the present invention to provide a device of the character described incorporating a receiver capable of "learning" to accept coded RF signals from one or more transmitters.

[0035] It is another object of the present invention to provide a device of the character described for use in actuating, operating or altering the state of lighting, appliances, security devices and other electrical and electromechanical fixtures in a building.

[0036] It is another object of the present invention to provide a device of the character described for use in actuating multiple command functions for electrical devices and other fixtures in a building.

[0037] It is another object of the present invention to provide a device of the character described which uses a repeater system for extending the range of transmission between transmitters and receivers.

[0038] It is another object of the present invention to provide a device of the character described which uses a repeater system to increase the reception reliability of transmitted signals between transmitters and receivers.

[0039] It is another object of the present invention to provide a device of the character described in which a repeater system retransmits signals from transmitters and other repeaters to receivers.

[0040] It is another object of the present invention to provide a device of the character described in which a repeater system retransmits signals from transmitters augmenting the code to identify it as a repeated code.

[0041] It is another object of the present invention to provide a device of the character described in which repeated codes from a repeater system are differentiated at receivers and other repeaters.

[0042] It is another object of the present invention to provide a device of the character described in which a repeater system uses a poling routine to determine if there are other repeaters present in the repeater system.

[0043] It is another object of the present invention to provide a device of the character described in which a repeater system uses a poling routine to prevent interference between repeaters in the system.

[0044] Further objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from a consideration of the drawings and ensuing description thereof.

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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0045] FIG. 1 is an elevation view showing the details of construction of a flextensional piezoelectric transducer used in the present invention, as an electroactive generator;

[0046] FIG. 1a is an elevation view showing the details of construction of the flextensional piezoelectric generator of FIG. 1 having an additional prestress layer;

[0047] FIG. 2 is an elevation view showing the details of construction of an alternate multi-layer flextensional piezoelectric generator used in a modification of the present invention;

[0048] FIG. 2a is an elevation view showing the details of construction of the flextensional piezoelectric generator of FIG. 1a with a flat rather than arcuate profile;

[0049] FIG. 3 is an elevation view showing the details of construction of an alternate multi-layer flextensional piezoelectric actuator used in a modification the present invention;

[0050] FIG. 4 is an elevation view of the device of FIGS. 1 , 1a, 2 and 3 (with an attached end- mass) in the preferred mounting device;

[0051] FIG. 5 is an elevation view of the device of FIGS. 4 (without the attached end-mass) illustrating the deformation and recovery of the electroactive generator;

[0052] FIG. 6 is an elevation view of an alternate mounting and actuating device of the present invention for generation of an electrical signal by deflecting a flextensional piezoelectric transducer of FIG. 2a;

[0053] FIGS. 7a-7c show an alternate clamping mechanism for retention of an end of a flextensional piezoelectric transducer in undeflected and deflected states;

[0054] FIGS. 8a and 8b are elevation views of the preferred deflector assembly of the present invention showing the transducer in the undeflected and deflected positions respectively;

[0055] FIG. 8c is a plan view of the preferred deflector assembly of the present invention showing the transducer in the undeflected position;

[0056] FIGS. 9a-e are elevation views of one embodiment of a plucker paddle mechanism as in FIGS. 8a-c, deflecting the end of an electroactive generator, and rotating/cocking to a reset position;

[0057] FIGS. 10a-c show the electrical signal generated by the transducer, the electrical output signal of the rectifier at the junction with the capacitor and the regulated electrical signal respectively;

[0058] FIG. 11 is a plan view of a face plate and switch housing having two membrane switches thereon for direct connection to a transmitter circuit to provide separate functions;

[0059] FIG. 12 is a plan view of the face plate and switch housing of FlG. 11 showing a deflection assembly and piezoelectric generator in ghost therein;

[0060] FIG. 13 is a plan view of a domed contact switch showing disconnected concentric circuit traces, with the domed contact in ghost thereabove;

[0061] FIG. 14 is a plane view of a contact switch showing disconnected interdigitated circuit traces, with the shorting contact in ghost thereabove;

[0062] FIG. 15 is a block diagram showing the components of a circuit for using the electrical signal generated by the device of FIGS. 4-8, and 11-12;

[0063] FIG. 16 is a block diagram showing the components of an alternate circuit for using the electrical signal generated by the device of FIGS. 4-8 and 11-12; [0064] FIG. 17 is a block diagram showing the components of an alternate circuit for using the electrical signal generated by the device of FIGS. 4-8 and 11-12 incorporating a rechargeable battery and a transceiver;

[0065] FIG. 18 is a detailed circuit diagram of the circuits in FIGS. 15-16;

[0066] FIG. 19 is a detailed circuit diagram of the circuit in FIG. 17;

[0067] FIG. 20 is a detailed circuit diagram of an alternate circuit in FIG. 17;

[0068] FIG. 21 is a block diagram showing the components of an alternate circuit for using the electrical signal generated by the device of FIGS. 4-8 and 11-12 incorporating a system extender;

[0069] FIG. 22 is a block diagram showing the components of a System Extender;

[0070] FIG. 23 is a line diagram showing the communication paths (transmission, repetition and reception) between the transmitter, receiver and multiple repeaters;

[0068] FIG. 24 is a schematic showing the transmitted code and repeated code;

[0069] FlG. 25 is a schematic showing a handshake code and its components;

[0070] FIG. 26 is a schematic showing the Source ID code augmented onto repeated transmissions to enhance repeater logic;

[0071] Fig. 27 is a flowchart showing System Extender processes including the Time Slot Allocation, and the Count Limit Procedure;

[0072] FIG. 28 is a flowchart showing the logic diagram dictating a Receiver's response to signals received from both Transmitters and System Extenders; and PC17US2007/I

[0073] FIG. 29 is a flowchart showing a System Extender's logic for transmissions received from both Transmitters and other System Extenders.

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DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Electroactive Generator

[0074] Piezoelectric and electrostrictive materials (generally called "electroactive" devices herein) develop an electric field when placed under stress or strain. The electric field developed by a piezoelectric or electrostrictive material is a function of the applied force and displacement causing the mechanical stress or strain. Conversely, electroactive devices undergo dimensional changes in an applied electric field. The dimensional change (i.e., expansion or contraction) of an electroactive element is a function of the applied electric field. Electroactive devices are commonly used as drivers, or "actuators" due to their propensity to deform under such electric fields. These electroactive devices when used as transducers or generators also have varying capacities to generate an electric field in response to a deformation caused by an applied force. In such cases they behave as electrical generators.

[0075] Electroactive devices include direct and indirect mode actuators, which typically make use of a change in the dimensions of the material to achieve a displacement, but in the present invention are preferably used as electromechanical generators. Direct mode actuators typically include a piezoelectric or electrostrictive ceramic plate (or stack of plates) sandwiched between a pair of electrodes formed on its major surfaces. The devices generally have a sufficiently large piezoelectric and/or electrostrictive coefficient to produce the desired strain in the ceramic plate. However, direct mode actuators suffer from the disadvantage of only being able to achieve a very small displacement (strain), which is, at best, only a few tenths of a percent. Conversely, direct mode generator-actuators require application of a high amount of force to piezoelectrically generate a pulsed momentary electrical signal of sufficient magnitude to activate a latching relay.

[0076] Indirect mode actuators are known to exhibit greater displacement and strain than is achievable with direct mode actuators by achieving strain amplification via external structures. An example of an indirect mode actuator is a flextensional transducer. Flextensional transducers are composite structures composed of a piezoelectric ceramic element and a metallic shell, stressed plastic, fiberglass, or similar structures. The actuator movement of conventional flextensional devices commonly occurs as a result of expansion in the piezoelectric material which mechanically couples to an amplified contraction of the device in the transverse direction. In operation, they can exhibit several orders of magnitude greater strain and displacement than can be produced by direct mode actuators.

[0077] The magnitude of achievable deflection (transverse bending) of indirect mode actuators can be increased by constructing them either as "unimόrph" or "bimorph" flextensional actuators. A typical unimorph is a concave structure composed of a single piezoelectric element externally bonded to a flexible metal foil, and which results in axial buckling (deflection normal to the plane of the electroactive element) when electrically energized. Common unimorphs can exhibit transverse bending as high as 10%, i.e., a deflection normal to the plane of the element equal to 10% of the length of the actuator. A conventional bimorph device includes an intermediate flexible metal foil sandwiched between two piezoelectric elements. Electrodes are bonded to each of the major surfaces of the ceramic elements and the metal foil is bonded to the inner two electrodes. Bimorphs exhibit more displacement than comparable unimorphs because under the applied voltage, one ceramic element will contract while the other expands. Bimorphs can exhibit transverse bending of up to 20% of the Bimorph length.

[0078] For certain applications, asymmetrically stress biased electroactive devices have been proposed in order to increase the transverse bending of the electroactive generator, and therefore increase the electrical output in the electroactive material. In such devices, (which include, for example, "Rainbow" actuators (as disclosed in U.S. Patent 5,471,721), and other flextensional actuators) the asymmetric stress biasing produces a curved structure, typically having two major surfaces, one of which is concave and the other which is convex.

[0079] Thus, various constructions of flextensional piezoelectric and ferroelectric generators may be used including: indirect mode actuators (such as "moonies" and, CYMBAL); bending actuators (such as unimorph, bimorph, multimorph or monomorph devices); prestressed actuators (such as "THUNDER" and rainbow" actuators as disclosed in U.S. patent no.

5,471,721); and multilayer actuators such as stacked actuators; and polymer piezofilms such as PVDF. Many other electromechanical devices exist and are contemplated to function similarly to power a transceiver circuit in the invention.

[0080] Referring to FIG 1 : The electroactive generator preferably comprises a prestressed unimorph device called "THUNDER", which has improved displacement and load capabilities, as disclosed in U.S. patent no. 5,632,841. THUNDER (which is an acronym for THin layer composite UNimorph ferroelectric Driver and sEnsoR), is a unimorph device in which a pre- stress layer is bonded to a thin piezoelectric ceramic wafer at high temperature. During the cooling down of the composite structure, asymmetrical stress biases the ceramic wafer due to the difference in thermal contraction rates of the pre-stress layer and the ceramic layer. A THUNDER element comprises a piezoelectric ceramic layer bonded with an adhesive (preferably an imide) to a metal (preferably stainless steel) substrate. The substrate, ceramic and adhesive are heated until the adhesive melts and they are subsequently cooled. During cooling as the adhesive solidifies the adhesive and substrate thermally contracts more than the ceramic, which compressively stresses the ceramic. Using a single substrate, or two substrates with differing thermal and mechanical characteristics, the actuator assumes its normally arcuate shape. The transducer or electroactive generator may also be normally flat rather than arcuate, by applying equal amounts of prestress to each side of the piezoelectric element, as dictated by the thermal and mechanical characteristics of the substrates bonded to each face of the piezo- element.

[0081] The THUNDER element 12 is as a composite structure, the construction of which is illustrated in FIG. 1. Each THUNDER element 12 is constructed with an electroactive member preferably comprising a piezoelectric ceramic layer 67 of PZT which is electroplated 65 and 65a on its two opposing faces. A pre-stress layer 64, preferably comprising spring steel, stainless steel, beryllium alloy, aluminum or other flexible substrate (such as metal, fiberglass, carbon fiber, KEVLAR™, composites or plastic), is adhered to the electroplated 65 surface on one side of the ceramic layer 67 by a first adhesive layer 66. In the simplest embodiment, the adhesive layer 66 acts as a prestress layer. The first adhesive layer 66 is preferably LaRC™-SI material, as developed by NASA-Langley Research Center and disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,850. A second adhesive layer 66a, also preferably comprising LaRC-SI material, is adhered to the opposite side of the ceramic layer 67. During manufacture of the THUNDER element 12 the ceramic layer 67, the adhesive layer(s) 66 and 66a and the pre-stress layer 64 are simultaneously heated to a temperature above the melting point of the adhesive material. In practice the various layers composing the THUNDER element (namely the ceramic layer 67, the adhesive layers 66 and 66a and the pre-stress layer 64) are typically placed inside of an autoclave, heated platen press or a convection oven as a composite structure, and slowly heated under pressure by convection until all the layers of the structure reach a temperature which is above the melting point of the adhesive 66 material but below the Curie temperature of the ceramic layer 67. Because the composite structure is typically convectively heated at a slow rate, all of the layers tend to be at approximately the same temperature. In any event, because an adhesive layer 66 is typically located between two other layers (i.e. between the ceramic layer 67 and the pre-stress layer 64), the ceramic layer 67 and the pre-stress layer 64 are usually very close to the same temperature and are at least as hot as the adhesive layers 66 and 66a during the heating step of the process. The THUNDER element 12 is then allowed to cool.

[0082] During the cooling step of the process (i.e. after the adhesive layers 66 and 66a have re-solidified) the ceramic layer 67 becomes compressively stressed by the adhesive layers 66 and 66a and pre-stress layer 64 due to the higher coefficient of thermal contraction of the materials of the adhesive layers 66 and 66a and the pre-stress layer 64 than for the material of the ceramic layer 67. Also, due to the greater thermal contraction of the laminate materials (e.g. the first pre-stress layer 64 and the first adhesive layer 66) on one side of the ceramic layer 67 relative to the thermal contraction of the laminate material(s) (e.g. the second adhesive layer 66a) on the other side of the ceramic layer 67, the ceramic layer deforms in an arcuate shape having a normally convex face 12a and a normally concave face 12c, as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2.

[0083] Referring to FIG. 1a: One or more additional pre-stressing layer(s) may be similarly adhered to either or both sides of the ceramic layer 67 in order, for example, to increase the stress in the ceramic layer 67 or to strengthen the THUNDER element 12B. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a second prestress layer 68 is placed on the concave face 12a of the THUNDER element 12B having the second adhesive layer 66a and is similarly heated and cooled. Preferably the second prestress layer 68 comprises a layer of conductive metal. More preferably the second prestress layer 68 comprises a thin foil (relatively thinner than the first prestress layer 64) comprising aluminum or other conductive metal. During the cooling step of the process (i.e. after the adhesive layers 66 and 66a have re-solidified) the ceramic layer 67 similarly becomes compressively stressed by the adhesive layers 66 and 66a and pre-stress layers 64 and 68 due to the higher coefficient of thermal contraction of the materials of the adhesive layers 66 and 66a and the pre-stress layers 64 and 68 than for the material of the ceramic layer 67. Also, due to the greater thermal contraction of the laminate materials (e.g. the first pre-stress layer 64 and the first adhesive layer 66) on one side of the ceramic layer 67 relative to the thermal contraction of the laminate material(s) (e.g. the second adhesive layer 66a and the second prestress layer 68) on the other side of the ceramic layer 67, the ceramic layer 67 deforms into an arcuate shape having a normally convex face 12a and a normally concave face 12c, as illustrated in FIG. 1a.

[0084] Alternately, the second prestress layer 68 may comprise the same material as is used in the first prestress layer 64, or a material with substantially the same mechanical strain characteristics. Using two prestress layers 64, 68 having similar mechanical strain characteristics ensures that, upon cooling, the thermal contraction of the laminate materials (e.g. the first pre-stress layer 64 and the first adhesive layer 66, ) on one side of the ceramic layer 67 is substantially equal to the thermal contraction of the laminate materials (e.g. the second adhesive layer 66a and the second prestress layer 68) on the other side of the ceramic layer 67, and the ceramic layer 67 and the transducer 12 remain substantially flat, but still under a compressive stress.

[0085] Alternatively, the substrate comprising a separate prestress layer 64 may be eliminated and the adhesive layers 66 and 66a alone or in conjunction may apply the prestress to the ceramic layer 67. Alternatively, only the prestress layer(s) 64 and 68 and the adhesive layer(s) 66 and 66a may be heated and bonded to a ceramic layer 67, while the ceramic layer 67 is at a lower temperature, in order to induce greater compressive stress into the ceramic layer 67 when cooling the transducer 12. 7/I

[0086] Referring now to Figure 2: Yet another alternate THUNDER generator element 12D includes a composite piezoelectric ceramic layer 69 that comprises multiple thin layers 69a and 69b of PZT which are bonded to each other or cofired together. In the mechanically bonded embodiment of FIG. 2, two layers 69a and 69b, or more (not shown) may be used in this composite structure 12D. Each layer 69a and 69b comprises a thin layer of piezoelectric material, with a thickness preferably on the order of about 1 mil. Each thin layer 69a and 69b is electroplated 65 and 65a, and 65b and 65c on each major face respectively. The individual layers 69a and 69b are then bonded to each other with an adhesive layer 66b, using an adhesive such as LaRC-SI. Alternatively, and most preferably, the thin layers 69a and 69b may be bonded to each other by cofiring the thin sheets of piezoelectric material together. As few as two layers 69a and 69b, but preferably at least four thin sheets of piezoelectric material may be bonded/cofired together. The composite piezoelectric ceramic layer 69 may then be bonded to prestress layer(s) 64 with the adhesive layer(s) 66 and 66a, and heated and cooled as described above to make a modified THUNDER transducer 12D. By having multiple thinner layers 69a and 69b of piezoelectric material in a modified transducer 12D, the composite ceramic layer generates a lower voltage and higher current as compared to the high voltage and low current generated by a THUNDER transducer 12 having only a single thicker ceramic layer 67. Additionally, a second prestress layer may be used comprise the same material as is used in the first prestress layer 64, or a material with substantially the same mechanical strain characteristics as described above, so that the composite piezoelectric ceramic layer 69 and the transducer 12D remain substantially flat, but still under a compressive stress.

[0087] Referring now to FIG. 3: Yet another alternate THUNDER generator element 12F includes another composite piezoelectric ceramic layer 169 that comprises multiple thin layers 169a-f of PZT which are cofired together. In the cofired embodiment of FIG. 3, two or more layers 169a-f, and preferably at least four layers, are used in this composite structure 12E. Each layer 169a-f comprises a thin layer of piezoelectric material, with a thickness preferably on the order of about 1 mil, which are manufactured using thin tape casting for example. Each thin layer 169a-f placed adjacent each other with electrode material between each successive layer.

The electrode material may include metallizations, screen printed, electro-deposited, sputtered, 7/

and/or vapor deposited conductive materials. The individual layers 169a-f and internal electrodes are then bonded to each other by cofiring the composite multi-layer ceramic element 169. The individual layers 169a-f are then poled in alternating directions in the thickness direction. This is accomplished by connecting high voltage electrical connections to the electrodes, wherein positive connections are connected to alternate electrodes, and ground connections are connected to the remaining internal electrodes. This provides an alternating up-down polarization of the layers 169a-f in the thickness direction. This allows all the individual ceramic layers 169a-f to be connected in parallel. The composite piezoelectric ceramic layer 169 may then be bonded to prestress layer(s) 64 with the adhesive layer(s) 66 and 66a, and heated and cooled as described above to make a modified THUNDER transducer 12D.

[0088] Referring again to FIGS. 2, 2a and 3: By having multiple thinner layers 69a and 69b (or 169a-f) of piezoelectric material in a modified transducer 12D-F, the composite ceramic layer generates a lower voltage and higher current as compared to the high voltage and low current generated by a THUNDER transducer 12 having only a single thicker ceramic layer 67. This is because with multiple thin paralleled layers the output capacitance is increased, which decreases the output impedance, which provides better impedance matching with the electronic circuitry connected to the THUNDER element. Also, since the individual layers of the composite element are thinner, the output voltage can be reduced to reach a voltage which is closer to the operating voltage of the electronic circuitry (in a range of 3.3V - 10.0V) which provides less waste in the regulation of the voltage and better matching to the desired operating voltages of the circuit. Thus the multilayer element (bonded or cofired) improves impedance matching with the connected electronic circuitry and improves the efficiency of the mechanical to electrical conversion of the element.

[0089] A flexible insulator may be used to coat the convex face 12a of the transducer 12. This insulative coating helps prevent unintentional discharge of the piezoelectric element through inadvertent contact with another conductor, liquid or human contact. The coating also makes the ceramic element more durable and resistant to cracking or damage from impact. Since LaRC-SI is a dielectric, the adhesive layer 67a on the convex face 12a of the transducer 12 may act as the insulative layer. Alternately, the insulative layer may comprise a plastic, TEFLON or other durable coating.

[0090] Electrical energy may be recovered from or introduced to the generator element 12 (or 12D) by a pair of electrical wires 14. Each electrical wire 14 is attached at one end to opposite sides of the generator element 12. The wires 14 may be connected directly to the electroplated 65 and 65a faces of the ceramic layer 67, or they may alternatively be connected to the pre- stress layer(s) 64 and or 68. The wires 14 are connected using, for example, conductive adhesive, or solder 20, but most preferably a conductive tape, such as a copper foil tape adhesively placed on the faces of he electroactive generator element, thus avoiding the soldering or gluing of the conductor. As discussed above, the pre-stress layer 64 is preferably adhered to the ceramic layer 67 by LaRC-SI material, which is a dielectric. When the wires 14 are connected to the pre-stress layer(s) 64 and/or 68, it is desirable to roughen a face of the pre-stress layer 68, so that the pre-stress layer 68 intermittently penetrates the respective adhesive layers 66 and 66a, and makes electrical contact with the respective electroplated 65 and 65a faces of the ceramic layer 67. Alternatively, the Larc-SI adhesive layer 66 may have a conductive material, such as Nickel or aluminum particles, used as a filler in the adhesive and to maintain electrical contact between the prestress layer and the electroplated faces of the ceramic layer(s). The opposite end of each electrical wire 14 is preferably connected to an electric pulse modification circuit 10.

[0091] Prestressed flextensional transducers 12 are desirable due to their durability and their relatively large displacement, and concomitant relatively high voltage that such transducers are capable of developing when deflected by an external force. The present invention however may be practiced with any electroactive element having the properties and characteristics herein described, i.e., the ability to generate a voltage in response to a deformation of the device. For example, the invention may be practiced using magnetostrictive or ferroelectric devices. The transducers also need not be normally arcuate, but may also include transducers that are normally flat, and may further include stacked piezoelectric elements.

[0092] Although in the preferred embodiment of the invention, the electro-mechanical generator comprises a THUNDER actuator 12 or other electroactive element, it is within the scope of the PC17US2007!

invention to include other types of electromechanical generators. For example. The electromechanical generator may comprise a series of coils and one or more magnets. When the buttons of the keypad are pressed the coils and magnets have motion relative to each other, and this induces a current in the coils.

Mechanical Deflector

[0093] In operation, when a force is applied to a face 12a or 12c of the actuator 12, the force deforms the piezoelectric element 67. The force may be applied to the piezoelectric actuator 12 by any appropriate means such as by application of manual pressure directly to the piezoelectric actuator 12, or by other mechanical means. The force may also be applied to an edge of the actuator 12. More specifically, the actuator 12 has first and second ends 121 , 122. One of the ends 121 is preferably in a fixed, i.e., non-moveable position via appropriate fixation means such as clamps and/or screws. The opposite end, or free end 122 may be deflected by appropriate deflection means. The mechanical impulse (or removal thereof) is of sufficient force to cause the actuator 12 to deform quickly and accelerate over a distance (approximately 1-5 mm) which generates an electrical signal of sufficient magnitude to activate an electronic circuit. In the embodiments of the invention in FIGS. 4-8, pressure is applied directly to the actuator 12 by pushing on (mechanically activating) the membrane switches, electronic keypad and/or faceplate.

[0094] Referring now to FIGS. 4-7: A description of the various means of applying a releasing a force to deflect the edge 122 of the actuator 12 (both flat and arcuate), thereby producing the desired electrical signal is included in: commonly owned U.S. Patent 6,630,894 entitled "SeIf- Powered Switching Device"; co-owned Patent Number 6,812,594 entitled "Self-Powered

Trainable Switching Network"; copending application 10/188,633 entitled "Self-Powered Switch Initiation System"; copending application 10/871 ,082 entitled "Self-Powered Switch Initiation System"; and copending application 10/972,803 entitled "Self-Powered, Electronic Keyed Multifunction Switching System," all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

[0095] Referring now to FIGS. 4-7 and 8a-c: FIGS. 8a-c show the preferred embodiment of a base plate 70 with a deflector assembly 72 and containing the transducer 12. The transducer 12 is mounted with one end 121 of the transducer 12 placed between the surfaces the clamping and base plates 75 and 70 such that the substrate 64 contacts both surfaces 75a and 70a. Alternately, the end 121 of the transducer 12 may be mounted between clamping plates 185,

187. The ceramic layer 67 which extends above the surface of the substrate 64 on the convex PCT/US2007/I ϊtffiRSΪ

face 12a extends into the recessed area 80 of the base plate 70. This prevents the ceramic layer 67 from contacting the upper surface 70a of the base plate 70, and cushions the ceramic layer 67 against the compliant layer 85 in the recess 80, thereby reducing potential for damage to the ceramic layer 67. A deflector assembly 72 is mounted on the base plate 70 above and to the sides of the transducer 12. This deflector assemble 72 has a lower profile than previously described deflector assemblies 72 by virtue of the use of two cooperating counter-rotating lever assembles 260, 270 and a plucker assembly 300.

[0096] Referring again to FIGS. 8a-c: The deflector assembly comprises a swing arm 260, which is essentially a first lever mounted above the clamped end 121 of the transducer 12 and tending towards the free end 122. The swing arm 260 preferably has two pivot arms 261 and 262 connected by a cross bar 265. The pivot arms 261 and 262 tend from above the clamped end 121 of the transducer 12 and tending towards the free end 122 of the transducer 12, along each side of the transducer 12 to prevent contact therebetween. A first end 261a, 262a of each pivot arm 261 , 262 is connected to the two ends of a cross bar 265, which is situated above the clamping plate 75. Each pivot arm 261 , 262, has a pin 264 extending outwardly from the transducer 12, located centrally on the pivot arms 261 , 262. The pins are pivotably mounted within fulcrum clips 268, which allows the swing arm assembly 260 to pivot about the pins 264 and the fulcrum clips 268. The ends 261 b, 262b of the pivot arms 261 , 262 opposite the crossbar 265 are preferably upwardly curved to tend substantially vertically, or more preferably slightly off vertical and towards the free end 122 of the transducer 12 and rocker arm 270 assemblies. The curved ends 261, b, 262b of the pivot arms 261, 262 may alternately be C- shaped, i.e., first curve downwardly (towards the base plate 70, and then upwardly. To accommodate the downward curve of the pivot arm ends 261 b, 262b, the base plate 70 may contain recesses (not shown) within which the curved ends 261 b, 262b may housed.

[0097] Referring again to FIGS. 8a-c: The deflector assembly also comprises a rocker assembly 270, which is essentially a pair of second levers 271 , 272 mounted above the free end 122 of the transducer 12 and tending towards and beyond the free end 122. The rocker assembly 270 preferably has two rocker arms 271 and 272 pivotably mounted to contact both the pivot arms 261, 262 and the plucker assembly 300. The rocker arms 271 and 272 tend from 7/I

above the curved ends 261b, 262b of the pivot arms 261 , 262 and tend towards and slightly beyond the free end 122 of the transducer 12, and along each side of the transducer 12 to prevent contact therebetween. Each of the rocker arms 271 , 271 has a pin 274 thereon, extending outwardly from the transducer 12. Each of these pins 274 is pivotably mounted within a pivot hole 278 of the plucker housing 290. This allows each rocker arm 271 , 272, to rotate about its respective pin 274 in response to a force on either end 271a, 272a, 271b, 272b of the rocker arm 271 , 272. Each first end 271a, 272a of the rocker arms 271 , 272 is in contact with the second ends 261b, 262b of the pivot arms 261 , 262. When the crossbar 265 is depressed, the second ends 261b, 262b of the pivot arms 261 , 262 move upwardly and contact the first ends 271 a, 272a of the rocker arms 271 , 272, causing the rocker arms 271 , 272 to rotate about the rocker arm pins 274.This causes the second ends 271b, 272b of the rocker arms 271 , 272 to be depressed.

[0098] Referring again to FIGS. 8a-c: The deflector assembly also comprises a plucker assembly 300, which is essentially a slidably mounted curved paddle situated above the free end 122 of the transducer 12. The plucker assembly 300 is in contact with the rocker assembly 270 and is adapted to side downwardly within a pair of grooves in response to a downward motion from the second ends 271b, 272b of the rocker arms 271, 272. More specifically, the plucker assembly 300 comprises a plucker paddle 301 , situated above and in contact with the free end 122 of the transducer 12. Connected to each end 301a, 301b of the plucker paddle 301 is a roller 305, which is in contact with the rocker arms 271, 272. Tending outwardly from each roller 305 is a slide pin 304. The slide pins 304 are slidably mounted within slide grooves 308 in the plucker housings 290. The slide grooves 308 tend from a maximum vertical position and downwardly away from the free end 122 of the transducer 12 to a minimum position beyond the free end 122 of the transducer 12. Thus, when the plucker assembly 300 is moved downwardly, the slide pins 304 and slide grooves 308 cause the plucker paddle 301 to move simultaneously downward and away from the free end of 122 the transducer 12.

[0099] Thus, when the crossbar 265 is depressed, the second ends 261b, 262b of the pivot arms 261 , 262 move upwardly and contact the first ends 271 a, 272a of the rocker arms 271 , 272, causing the rocker arms 271 , 272 to rotate about the rocker arm pins 274. This causes the second ends 271b, 272b of the rocker arms 271, 272 to be depressed. As the second ends 271b, 272b of the rocker arms 271, 272 are depressed, they contact the rollers 305 with a downward force, and the plucker assembly 300 is guided by the slide pins 304 and slide grooves 308 to cause the plucker paddle 301 to move simultaneously downward and away from the free end of 122 the transducer 12. The minimum or lowest position of the plucker assembly is beyond the free end 122 of the transducer 12, and therefore, as the plucker paddle 301 moves downward and outward, the free end 122 of the transducer 12 is released by the plucker paddle 301. Thus as the plucker assembly is depressed, the free end 122 of the transducer 12 is depressed from its neutral position 291 to a deflected position 292 at which position the paddle 301 releases the free end 122 of the transducer 12. The free end 122 of the transducer 12 then oscillates between positions 291 and 292.

[00100] Referring now to FIG. 8c: The plucker paddle 301 preferably has an edge 301a that contacts the free end 122 of the transducer 12 that has a radius in both in the thickness dimension (i.e., vertically corresponding to the thickness of the transducer 12 edge) and the transverse dimension (i.e., horizontally corresponding to the length of the transducer 12 edge) in order to advantageously release the free end 122 very quickly, i.e., without dragging across the end 122 of the transducer 12, which slows its release. It has been found that the more quickly and cleanly you release the end 122 of the transducer 12 during a "pluck", the greater the output. This increases output without increasing the required plucking force. To be precise, the energy developed by the piezoelectric element 67 has been found to be a function of the acceleration of the piezoelectric element 67, rather than the speed of the "pluck." It is possible "pluck" very slowly, and get excellent performance, so long as the piezoelectric element 67 is released fully and completely and as nearly instantly as possible. To determine the desired shape of the tip 301a of the plucker paddle 301 , several plucker paddles were designed and released very, very slowly, in attempting to get a quick "release" of the end 122 of the transducer 12. If the plucker paddle 301 did not have a radius on the tip, but instead had a rectangular shape, it was found that the end 301a of the plucker paddle 301 (the thickness dimension) actually "dragged" across the edge 122 of the transducer 12, slowing the release, and decreasing the electrical output. Thus, increasing the rate of "release" of the element's edge 122 improved the acceleration and the output. Thus, the radius of the tip 301a (in the thickness dimension) of the "plucker" paddle 301 contributes substantially to how quickly the transducer 12 edge 122 gets off the paddle. This has been shown to have a direct effect on electrical performance, because a smaller radius equates to a quicker "release" which equates to greater electrical output. If the paddle 301 is manufactured from sufficiently hard materials, or is hardened, the edge 301a of the paddle 301 can be made with an even smaller radius. The tip 301a of the plucking paddle 301 may be coated with a very hard material with low friction, thereby lowering the plucking resistance. This approach can prove to be useful in increasing the power output of a transducer 12 without increasing the required displacement or amount of bending, and may allow the generation of the same amount of energy with lower "button force" by the user of the device, as well as being useful in increasing wear resistance for applications requiring many hundreds of thousands of switch cycles.

[00101] The transducer 12 is typically is curved along its length, i.e., the longitudinal dimension and this curvature allows the element 12 to be bent or "plucked" substantially before it reaches a flattened state. The transducer 12 is also curved across its transverse dimension, i.e., the transverse dimension normal to the thickness and longitudinal dimensions. To ensure a quick "release", the shape of the edge 301a of the plucking paddle 300 should generally match this transverse curve. The radius curvature of the transducer 12 in the transverse plane is approximately 6 inches, and therefore the same radius should be used for the curve edge 301a in the transverse plane of the paddle 301. Different sized transducers 12 will have higher or lower transverse radii of curvature, so regardless of the size of the transducer 12, the radius of curvature for the curved edge 301a in the transverse plane of the paddle 301 should substantially match the transverse curvature of the transducer 12.

[0100] Although both paddle 301 dimensions affect durability, and both dimensions affect performance, the tip radius has more of an effect on element 12 performance, while the transverse curve has a greater effect on the element's 12 substrate wear, and therefore is more of an influence on its life expectancy. This is because the transverse radius determines how much of the paddle 301 contacts the element 12. A greater contact area is equates with less wear and longer substrate life, i.e., durability. As stated above, by manufacturing the paddle

301 from sufficiently hard or hardened materials, the edge 301a of the paddle 301 can be made with very small radius. The tip 301a of the plucking paddle 301 may be coated with a very hard material with low friction, thereby lowering the plucking resistance. Hardened, low friction materials are useful in increasing the power output of a transducer 12 without increasing the required displacement or amount of bending, or allowing the generation of similar electrical energy output with lower "button force", and increasing wear resistance.

[0101] Referring again to FIGS. 8a-c: In order to return the deflector assembly 72 to its normal elevated position, the levers 260, 270 and/or plucker assembly 300 are preferably spring loaded. More specifically, one or more springs 310 are located in contact with the deflector assembly 72, and are placed in compression or tension upon actuation of the assembly 72, which springs' 310 restoring force is used to return the deflector assembly 72 to its neutral position. As shown in FIGS. 8a-c, in the preferred embodiment of the invention, two springs 310 are located within cavities 320 in the plucker housings 290, below the pins 304. For simplicity of illustration, the springs 310 are shown as coiled springs 310, but are preferably leaf springs 310. Upon downward deflection of the crossbar 265 and thereby the pivot bar assembly 260 and rocker assembly 270, the pins 304 travel down the grooves 308 and compress the springs 310 in the cavities 320. Upon release of pressure from the crossbar 265, the springs 310 restore the pivot bar 260, rocker bars 270 and plucker 300 to their undeflected positions. While the springs 310 shown are in the housings 290, other placements of the springs 310 may also be desirable, including, for example: spring(s) 310 may be placed beneath the cross bar 265, on either side of the fulcrum 268 of the pivot bars 261 , 262 or rocker arms 270; one or more rotational or clock springs 310 may be placed on the pins 264 of the pivot bars 261 , 262, on the pins 274 of the rocker arms 271 , 272, on the pivot bar fulcrums 268, or the rocker arm pin holes 278; springs 310 may be placed in the groove 308 or recess 320 above or below the plucker bar pins 304; one or more springs 310 may be attached to the plucker bar 301 ; and the opposing side of the spring 310 (not attached to the deflector assembly 72) may be attached to the base plate 70, the plucker housing 290, the fulcrum 268 or to another part of the deflector assembly 72 to restore it to its undeflected position.

[0102] Referring now to FIGS. 9a-e: To facilitate efficient plucking and maximize vibration of the transducer 12, the plucker assembly is preferably configured so as to rotate during each actuation and to cock after each actuation. Specifically, with a triangularly shaped plucker paddle 301 , any one of the three faces 301b, 301c, 301 d of the plucker paddle 301 (having a substantially triangular cross-section) may engage the edge of the transducer. As the plucker paddle 301 moves downward and outward from the transducer edge, a rotation mechanism (including a pin 445 and radial ridge 444 as shown in the figures) causes the plucker paddle edge to rotate away from the transducer edge 122. As the plucker paddle rotates, it reaches a point where the transducer edge 122 is released. Since the plucker paddle 301 has rotated, it also does not interfere with the vibration of the transducer edge. When the downward force is removed from the plucker assembly, the spring loaded plucker paddle 301 is returned upward towards its starting position, and rotates until the radial ridge 444 contacts a rotational stop 443, so that the plucker paddle 301 is again is a position to engage the transducer edge.

[0103] Referring now to FIGS. 8a-c, and 11-12: FIGS. 8a-c, 11-12 and 15 show an embodiment of a deflector assembly 72 containing the transducer 12 surrounded by a casing 200. The base plate 70 forms the base of a casing 200, which encloses the transducer 12. A button 210 is used to apply the force to the deflector assembly 72. The button 210 has a top surface 210a and four button sides 211 , 212, 213 and 214 which extend substantially perpendicularly from the top surface 210a of the button 210. The button 210 is pivotably mounted via button hinge holes 215 in the sides 211 , 213 of the button 210, which button hinge holes 215 are pivotably engaged with button hinge pins 216 which are fixedly mounted to a hinge base 217 on the base 70. When the button 210 is pushed, the button bottom surface 10b contacts the deflector assembly 72 thereby deforming/plucking the electroactive generator 72.

[0104] Surrounding the button 210 and mounted to the base plate 70 is a frame 250 having four walls 251 , 252, 253 and 254 which extend perpendicularly from the top surface 70a of the base plate 70. There are preferably one or more clips along one or more of the wall 251 , 252, 253 and 254 edges that engage with the edge of the bottom face 70b of the base 70. The frame walls 251, 252, 253 and 254 may also have a tapered or beveled portion 225 above the vertical portion of the walls (where the walls attach to and surround the underlying base 70) beveling inward towards the button 210 in the center of the frame 250. The frame 250 is removable from the base 70 and when removed allows access to other components, for

example the hinge 216 pins to which the button 210 is attached, or to access screw holes 228 in the base 70, which may be used to attach the base 70 to a wall or other mounting surface.

[0105] In each embodiment of a self powered RF signal generator, the transducer 12, base 70 and associated transmission circuitry are enclosed in a case, such as described above having a base 200, a button 210 and a frame 250. The case may be made of a variety of materials including plastics and metal or combinations thereof. Most preferably, the case 200 comprises plastic. It has been discovered that the character of the RF signal radiated from the antenna 60 in the transmitter circuit 126 varies with the placement of the antenna 60 in relation to parts of the casing 200 as well as other obstructions placed in proximity to the antenna. To this end it is preferred that the antenna 60 be fixedly mounted to the base 70. Most preferably, the antenna 60 is affixed to the casing in a channel in the base 70/200. Furthermore, it is preferable that at least a portion of the base 70 be made of metal. Objects (i.e., in walls) to which the base 70 is mounted may cause interference with the signal radiated from the antenna 60. Therefore a portion of the base 70 is preferred to be metallic in order to shield the antenna from any interference. Most preferably, a metallic foil 500 is affixed to the back face 70b of the base 70 in proximity to the antenna 60 on the opposite face 70a of the base 70.

Switch Initiation System

[0106] Referring to FIGS. 6 and 7: The pulse of electrical energy is transmitted from the transducer or generator 12 via the electrical wires 14 connected to each of the transducer 12 to a switch or relay 90. The pulse of electrical energy is of sufficient magnitude to cause the switch/relay 90 to toggle from one position to another. Alternatively and preferably, the electrical pulse is first transmitted through a pulse modification circuit 10 in order to modify the character, i.e, current, voltage, frequency and/or pulse width of the electrical signal.

[0107] Referring to FIGS. 30-35, the transducer 12 is connected to circuit components downstream in order to generate an RF signal for actuation of a switch initiator. These circuit components include a rectifier 31 , a voltage regulator U2, an encoder 40 (preferably comprising a peripheral interface controller (PIC) chip) as well as an RF generator 50 and antenna 60. FIG. 10b shows the waveform of the electrical signal of FIG 10a after it has been rectified. FIG. 10c shows the waveform of the rectified electrical signal of FIG 10b after it has been regulated to a substantially uniform voltage, preferably 3.3 VDC.

[0108] The transducer 12 is first connected to a rectifier 31. Preferably the rectifier 31 comprises a bridge rectifier 31 comprising four diodes D1 , D2, D3 and D4 arranged to only allow positive voltages to pass. The first two diodes D1 and D2 are connected in series, i.e., the anode of D1 connected to the cathode of D2. The second two diodes D3 and D4 are connected in series, i.e., the anode of D3 connected to the cathode of D4. The anodes of diodes D2 and D4 are connected, and the cathodes of diodes D1 and D3 are connected, thereby forming a bridge rectifier. The rectifier is positively biased toward the D2-D4 junction and negatively biased toward the D1-D3 junction. One of the wires 14 of the transducer 12 is electrically connected between the junction of diodes D1and D2, whereas the other wire 14 (connected to the opposite face of the transducer 12) is connected to the junction of diodes D3 and D4. The junction of diodes D1 and D3 are connected to ground. A capacitor C11 is preferably connected on one side to the D2-D4 junction and on the other side of the capacitor C11 to the D1-D3 junction in order to isolate the voltages at each side of the rectifier from each other. Therefore, any negative voltages applied to the D1-D2 junction or the D3-D4 junction will pass through diodes D1 or D3 respectively to ground. Positive voltages applied to the D1-D2 junction or the D3-D4 junction will pass through diodes D2 or D4 respectively to the D2-D4 junction. The rectified waveform is shown in FIG. 10b.

[0109] The circuit also comprises a voltage regulator U2, which controls magnitude of the input electrical signal downstream of the rectifier 31. The rectifier 31 is electrically connected to a voltage regulator U2 with the D2-D4 junction connected to the Vin pin of the voltage regulator U2 and with the D1-D3 junction connected to ground and the ground pin of the voltage regulator U2. The voltage regulator U2 comprises for example a LT1121 chip voltage regulator U2 with a 3.3 volts DC output. The output voltage waveform is shown in FIG. 10c and comprises a substantially uniform voltage signal of 3.3 volts having a duration of approximately 100-250 milliseconds, depending on the load applied to the transducer 12. . The regulated waveform is shown in FIG. 10b. The output voltage signal from the voltage regulator (at the Vout pin) may then be transmitted via another conductor to the relay switch 290, in order to change the position of a relay switch 290 from one position to another. Preferably however, the output voltage is connected through an encoder 40 to an RF generation section 50 of the circuit.

[0110] The output of the voltage regulator U2 is preferably used to power an encoder 40 or tone generator comprising a peripheral interface controller (PIC) microcontroller that generates a pulsed tone. This pulsed tone or code modulates an RF generator section 50 which radiates an RF signal using a tuned loop antenna 60. The signal radiated by the loop antenna is intercepted by an RF receiver 270 and a decoder 280 which generates a relay pulse to activate the relay 290.

[0111] The output of the voltage regulator U2 is connected to a PIC microcontroller, which acts as an encoder 40 for the electrical output signal of the regulator U2. More specifically, the output conductor for the output voltage signal (nominally 3.3 volts) is connected to the input pin of the programmable encoder 40. Types of register-based PIC microcontrollers include the eight-pin PIC12C5XX and PIC12C67x, baseline PIC16C5X, midrange PIC16CXX and the high- end PIC17CXX/PIC18CXX. These controllers employ a modified Harvard, RISC architecture PC17US2007/J

that support various-width instruction words. The datapaths are 8 bits wide, and the instruction widths are 12 bits wide for the PIC16C5X/PIC12C5XX, 14 bits wide for the PIC12C67X/PIC16CXX, and 16 bits wide for the PIC17CXX/PIC18CXX. PICMICROS are available with one-time programmable EPROM, flash and mask ROM. The PIC17CXX/PIC18CXX support external memory. The encoder 40 comprises for example a PIC model 12C671. The PIC12C6XX products feature a 14-bit instruction set, small package footprints, low operating voltage of 2.5 volts, interrupts handling, internal oscillator, on-board EEPROM data memory and a deeper stack. The PIC12C671 is a CMOS microcontroller programmable with 35 single word instructions and contains 1024x14 words of program memory, and 128 bytes of user RAM with 10MHz maximum speed. The PIC12C671 features an 8-level deep hardware stack, 2 digital timers (8-bit TMRO and a Watchdog timer), and a four- channel, 8-bit A/D converter.

[0112] The output of the PIC may include square, sine or saw waves or any of a variety of other programmable waveforms. Typically, the output of the encoder 40 is a series of binary square waveforms (pulses) oscillating between 0 and a positive voltage, preferably +3.3 VDC. The duration of each pulse (pulse width) is determined by the programming of the encoder 40 and the duration of the complete waveform is determined by the duration of output voltage pulse of the voltage regulator U2. A capacitor C5 is preferably connected on one end to the output of the voltage regulator 112^', and on the other end to ground to act as a filter between the voltage regulator U2 and the encoder 40.

[0113] Thus, the use of an IC as a tone generator or encoder 40 allows the encoder 40 to be programmed with a variety of values. The encoder 40 is capable of generating one of many unique encoded signals by simply varying the programming for the output of the encoder 40. More specifically, the encoder 40 can generate one of a billion or more possible codes. It is also possible and desirable to have more than one encoder 40 included in the circuit in order to generate more than one code from one transducer 12 or transmitter. Alternately, any combination of multiple transducers and multiple pulse modification subcircuits may be used together to generate a variety of unique encoded signals. Alternately the encoder 40 may comprise one or more inverters forming a series circuit with a resistor and capacitor, the output of which is a square wave having a frequency determined by the RC constant of the encoder 40.

[0114] Referring to FIGS 12-14: The encoder 40 is programmable to generate a different code, dependent upon which of the multiple input connections is energized. The DC output of the voltage regulator U2 and the coded output of the encoder 40 are connected to an RF generator 50 via one or more membrane switches 321 , 322, 323 on the keypad 320 or faceplate/deflector 72. When a membrane switch 321 , 322, 323 is pressed, it creates electrical contact between the output of the voltage regulator U2 and one of the input pins to the PIC encoder 40. The encoder 40 output signal (code) is dependent upon which input pin has the voltage applied thereto. That is to say, the output signal or code is dependent upon and different for each pin energized by the respective membrane switch that is pressed/closed. For example, when the mechanical deflector is pressed (but not a membrane switch 321 or 322), the encoder is energized and sends a default code to the RF transmitter. However, when a membrane switch 321 depressed, it creates electrical contact from the voltage regulator U2 to a different pin of the encoder 40, thus changing the output of the encoder to a different code from the default code. Likewise, when a different witch 322 depressed, it creates electrical contact from the voltage regulator U2 to a yet another pin of the encoder 40, thus changing the output of the encoder to a third different code from the default code and second codes. These codes can correspond to a variety of functions for electrical appliances that receive the transmitted code such as a light switch, a dimmer, an electrical appliance power source, a security system, a motor controller, a solenoid, a piezoelectric transducer and a latching pin for a locking system. Exemplary functions that are associated with the membrane switches and concomitant coded outputs of the encoder 40 include "TOGGLE"', "ON", OFF", "DIM", "UNDIM / BRIGHTEN", "LOCK", "UNLOCK", "SPEED UP", "SLOW DOWN", "ACTIVATE", "RESET" or the like command functions for electrical appliances connected to the receiver.

[0115] The DC output of the voltage regulator U2 and the coded output of the encoder 40 are connected to an RF generator 50. A capacitor C6 may preferably be connected on one end to the output of the encoder 40, and on the other end to ground to act as a filter between the encoder 40 and the RF generator 50. The RF generator 50 consists of tank circuit connected to the encoder

40 and voltage regulator U2 through both a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) Q1 and an RF choke m lϊiϊiϊi PCT/US2007/Ϊ

L1. More specifically, the tank circuit consists of a resonant circuit comprising an inductor L2 and a capacitor C8 connected to each other at each of their respective ends (in parallel). Either the capacitor C8 or the inductor L2 or both may be tunable in order to adjust the frequency of the tank circuit. An inductor L1 acts as an RF choke, with one end of the inductor L1 connected to the output of the voltage regulator U2 and the opposite end of the inductor l_1 connected to a first junction of the L2-C8 tank circuit. Preferably, the RF choke inductor L1 is an inductor with a diameter of approximately 0.125 inches and turns on the order of thirty and is connected on a loop of the tank circuit inductor L2. The second and opposite junction of the L2-C8 tank circuit is connected to the collector of BJT Q1. The base of the BJT Q1 is also connected through resistor R2 to the output side of the encoder 40. A capacitor C7 is connected to the base of a BJT Q1 and to the first junction of the tank circuit. Another capacitor C9 is connected in parallel with the collector and emitter of the BJT Q1. This capacitor C9 improves the feedback characteristics of the tank circuit. The emitter of the BJT Q1 is connected through a resistor R3 to ground. The emitter of the BJT Q1 is also connected to ground through capacitor C10 which is in parallel with the resistor R3. The capacitor C10 in parallel with the resistor R3 provides a more stable conduction path from the emitter at high frequencies.

[0116] The RF generator 50 works in conjunction with a tuned loop antenna 60. In the preferred embodiment, the inductor L2 of the tank circuit serves as the loop antenna 60. Alternatively, the inductor/loop antenna L2 comprises a single rectangular loop of copper wire having an additional smaller loop or jumper 61 connected to the rectangular loop L2. Adjustment of the shape and angle of the smaller loop 61 relative to the rectangular loop L2 is used to increase or decrease the apparent diameter of the inductor L2 and thus tunes the RF transmission frequency of the RF generator 50. In an alternate embodiment, a separate tuned antenna may be connected to the second junction of the tank circuit. Most preferably, the antenna 60 comprises a metallic wire whose length determines the radiated strength of the RF signal. This wire may have one or more "S-bends" to increase the overall length of the antenna. The antenna 60 is affixed, preferably with hot glue, to the top face 70 of the base 70. Attachment of the antenna 60 to the base affects the impedance of the antenna and the characteristics of the radiated signal. A metallic shield 500 may be provided adjacent the antenna 60 on the opposite side 70b of the base 70 to reduce interference with the RF signal. [0117] In operation: The positive voltage output from the voltage regulator U2 is connected the encoder 40 and the RF choke inductor L1. The voltage drives the encoder 40 to generate a coded square wave output, which is connected to the base of the BJT Q1 through resistor R2. When the coded square wave voltage is zero, the base of the BJT Q1 remains de-energized, and current does not flow through the inductor L1. When the coded square wave voltage is positive, the base of the BJT Q1 is energized through resistor R2. With the base of the BJT Q1 energized, current is allowed to flow across the base from the collector to the emitter and current is also allowed to flow across the inductor L1. When the square wave returns to a zero voltage, the base of the BJT Q1 is again de-energized.

[0118] When current flows across the choke inductor L1 , the tank circuit capacitor C8 charges. Once the tank circuit capacitor C8 is charged, the tank circuit begins to resonate at the frequency determined by the circuit's LC constant. For example, a tank circuit having a 7 picofarad capacitor and an inductor L2 having a single rectangular loop measuring 0.7 inch by 0.3 inch, the resonant frequency of the tank circuit is 310 MHz. The choke inductor L1 prevents RF leakage into upstream components of the circuit (the PlC) because changing the magnetic field of the choke inductor L1 produces an electric field opposing upstream current flow from the tank circuit. To produce an RF signal, charges have to oscillate with frequencies in the RF range. Thus, the charges oscillating in the tank circuit inductor / tuned loop antenna L2 produce an RF signal of preferably 310 MHz. As the square wave output of the inverter turns the BJT Q1 on and off, the signal generated from the loop antenna 60 comprises a pulsed RF signal having a duration of 100-250 milliseconds and a pulse width determined by the encoder 40, (typically of the order of 0.1 to 5.0 milliseconds thus producing 20 to 2500 pulses at an RF frequency of approximately 310 MHz. The RF generator section 50 is tunable to multiple frequencies. Therefore, not only is the transmitter capable of a great number of unique codes, it is also capable of generating each of these codes at a different frequency, which greatly increases the number of possible combinations of unique frequency-code signals.

[0119] The RF generator 50 and antenna 60 work in conjunction with an RF receiver 270. More specifically, an RF receiver 270 in proximity to the RF transmitter 60 (within 300 feet) can receive the pulsed RF signal transmitted by the RF generator 50. The RF receiver 270 comprises a receiving antenna 270 for intercepting the pulsed RF signal (tone). The tone generates a pulsed electrical signal in the receiving antenna 270 that is input to a microprocessor chip that acts as a decoder 280. The decoder 280 filters out all signals except for the RF signal it is programmed to receive, e.g., the signal generated by the RF generator 50. An external power source is also connected to the microprocessor chip/decoder 280. In response to the intercepted tone from the RF generator 50, the decoder chip produces a pulsed electrical signal. The external power source connected to the decoder 280 augments the pulsed voltage output signal developed by the chip. This augmented (e.g., 120VAC) voltage pulse is then applied to a conventional relay 290 for changing the position of a switch within the relay. Changing the relay switch position is then used to turn an electrical device with a bipolar switch on or off, or toggle between the several positions of a multiple position switch. Zero voltage switching elements may be added to ensure the relay 290 activates only once for each depression and recovery cycle of the flextensional transducer element 12.

Switch Initiator System with Trainable Receiver

[0120] Several different RF transmitters may be used that generate different codes for controlling relays that are trained to receive that code. In another embodiment, digitized RF signals may be coded and programmable (as with a garage door opener) to only activate a relay that is coded with that digitized RF signal. In other words, the RF transmitter is capable of generating at least one code, but is preferably capable of generating multiple codes. Most preferably, each transmitter is programmed with one or more unique coded signals. This is easily done, since programmable ICs for generating the code can have over 2³² possible unique signal codes which is the equivalent of over 1 billion codes. Most preferably the invention comprises a system of multiple transmitters and one or more receivers for actuating building lights, appliances, security systems and the like. In this system for remote control of these devices, an extremely large number of codes are available for the transmitters for operating the lights, appliances and/or systems and each transmitter has at least one unique, permanent and nonuser changeable code. The receiver and controller module at the lights, appliances and/or systems is capable of storing and remembering a number of different codes corresponding to different transmitters (or different function buttons/membrane switches on a single transmitter) such that the controller can be programmed so as to actuated by more than one transmitted code, thus allowing two or more transmitters to actuate the same light, appliance and/or system.

[0121] The remote control system includes a receiver/controller for learning a unique code or code of a remote transmitter to cause the performance of a function associated with the system, light or appliance with which the receiver/controller module is associated. The remote control system is advantageously used, in one embodiment, for interior or exterior lighting, household appliances or security system. Preferably, a plurality of transmitters is provided wherein each transmitter has at least one unique and permanent non-user changeable code and wherein the receiver can be placed into a program mode wherein it will receive and store two or more codes corresponding to two or more different transmitters. The number of codes which can be stored in transmitters can be extremely high as, for example, greater than one billion codes. The receiver has a decoder module therein which is capable of learning many different transmitted codes, which eliminates code switches in the receiver and also provides for multiple transmitters for actuating the light or appliance. Thus, the invention makes it possible to eliminate the requirements for code selection switches in the transmitters and receivers.

[0122] Referring to FIG. 10 and 14: The receiver module includes a suitable antenna 270 for receiving radio frequency transmissions from one or more transmitters 126 and 128 and supplies an input to a decoder 280 which provides an output to a microprocessor unit 244. The microprocessor unit 244 is connected to a relay device 290 or controller which switches the light or appliance between one of two or more operation modes, i.e., on, off, dim, or some other mode of operation. A switch 222 is mounted on a switch unit 219 connected to the receiver and also to the microprocessor 244. The switch 222 is a two position switch that can be moved between the "operate" and "program" positions to establish operate and program modes.

[0123] In the invention, each transmitter, such as transmitters 126 and 128, has at least one unique code which is determined by the tone generator/encoder 40 contained in the transmitter. The receiver unit 101 is able to memorize and store a number of different transmitter codes which eliminates the need of coding switches in either the transmitter or receiver which are used in the prior art. This also eliminates the requirement that the user match the transmitter and receiver code switches. Preferably, the receiver 101 is capable of receiving many transmitted codes, up to the available amount of memory locations 147 in the microprocessor

144, for example one hundred or more codes.

[0124] When the controller 290 for the light or appliance is initially installed, the switch 222 is moved to the program mode and the first transmitter 126 is energized so that the unique code of the transmitter 126 is transmitted. This is received by the receiver module 101 having an antenna 270 and decoded by the decoder 280 and supplied to the microprocessor unit 244. The code of the transmitter 126 is then supplied to the memory address storage 247 and stored therein. Then if the switch 222 is moved to the operate mode and the transmitter 126 energized, the receiver 270, decoder 280 and the microprocessor 244 will compare the received code with the code of the transmitter 126 stored in the first memory location in the memory address storage 247 and since the stored memory address for the transmitter 126 coincides with the transmitted code of the transmitter 126 the microprocessor 244 will energize the controller mechanism 290 for the light or appliance to energize de-energize or otherwise operate the device.

[0125] In order to store the code of the second transmitter 128 the switch 222 is moved again to the program mode and the transmitter 128 is energized. This causes the receiver 270 and decoder 280 to decode the transmitted signal and supply it to the microprocessor 244 which then supplies the coded signal of the transmitter 128 to the memory address storage 247 where it is stored in a second address storage location. Then the switch 222 is moved to the operate position and when either of the transmitters 126 and 128 are energized, the receiver 270 decoder 280 and microprocessor 244 will energize the controller mechanism 290 for the light or appliance to energize de-energize or otherwise operate the device. Alternately, the signal from the first transmitter 126 and second transmitter 128 may cause separate and distinct actions to be performed by the controller mechanism 290.

[0126] Thus, the codes of the transmitters 126 and 128 are transmitted and stored in the memory address storage 247 during the program mode after which the system, light or appliance controller 290 will respond to either or both of the transmitters 126 and 128. Any desired number of transmitters can be programmed to operate the system, light or appliance up to the available memory locations in the memory address storage 247.

[0127] This invention eliminates the requirement that binary switches be set in the transmitter or receiver as is done in systems of the prior art. The invention also allows a controller to respond to a number of different transmitters because the specific codes of a number of the transmitters are stored and retained in the memory address storage 247 of the receiver module

101.

[0128] In yet another more specific embodiment of the invention, each transmitter 126 or 128 contains two or more unique codes for controlling a system, light or appliance. One code corresponds in the microprocessor to the "on" position and another code corresponds in the microprocessor 244 to the "off position of the controller 290. Alternately, the codes may W'lϋi" PCT/US2007/C

correspond to "more" or "less" respectively in order to raise or lower the volume of a sound device or to dim or undim lighting for example. Lastly, the unique codes in a transmitter 126 or 128 may comprise four codes which the microprocessor interprets as "on", "off¹, "more" and "less" positions of the controller 290, depending on the desired setup of the switches. Alternatively, a transmitter 126 or 128 may only have two codes, but the microprocessor 244 interprets repeated pushes of "on" or "off¹ signals respectively to be interpreted as dim up and dim down respectively.

[0129] In another embodiment of the invention, receiver modules 101 may be trained to accept the transmitter code(s) in one step. The memory 247 in the microprocessor 244 of the receiver modules 101 will have "slots" where codes can be stored. For instance one slot may be for all of the codes that the memory 247 accepts to be turned on, another slot for all the off codes, another all the 30% dimmed codes, etc.

[0130] Each transmitter 126 has a certain set of codes. For example one transmitter may have just one code, a "toggle" code, wherein the receiver module 101 knows only to reverse its current state, if it's on, turn off, and if it's off, turn on. Alternatively, a transmitter 126 may have many codes for the complex control of appliances. Each of these codes is "unique". The transmitter 126 sends out its code set in a way in which the receiver 101 knows in which slots to put each code. Also, with the increased and longer electrical signal that can be generated in the transmitter 126, a single transmission of a code set is achievable even with mechanically produced voltage. As a back-up, if this is not true, and if wireless transmission uses up more electricity than we have available, some sort of temporary wired connection (jumper not shown) between each transmitter and receiver target is possible. Although the disclosed embodiment shows manual or mechanical interaction with the transmitter and receiver to train the receiver, it is yet desirable to put the receiver in reprogram mode with a wireless transmission, for example a "training" code.

[0131] In yet another embodiment of the invention, the transmitter 126 may have multiple unique codes and the transmitter randomly selects one of the multitude of possible codes, all of which are programmed into the memory allocation spaces 247 of the microprocessor 244. [0132] In yet another embodiment of the invention, the transmitter 126 signal need not be manually operated or triggered, but may as easily be operated by any manner of mechanical force, i.e., the movement of a window, door, safe, foot sensor, etc. and that a burglar alarm sensor might simultaneously send a signal to the security system and a light in the intruded upon room. Likewise, the transmitter 126 may be combined with other apparatus. For example, a transmitter 126 may be located within a garage door opener which can also turn on one or more lights in the house, when the garage door opens.

[0133] Furthermore, the transmitters can talk to a central system or repeater which re-transmits the signals by wire or wireless means to lights and appliances. In this manner, one can have one transmitter/receiver set, or many transmitters interacting with many different receivers, some transmitters talking to one or more receivers and some receivers being controlled by one or more transmitters, thus providing a broad system of interacting systems and wireless transmitters. Also, the transmitters and receivers may have the capacity of interfacing with wired communications like SMARTHOME or BLUETOOTH.

[0134] It is seen that the present invention allows a receiving system to respond to one of a plurality of transmitters which have different unique codes which can be stored in the receiver during a program mode. Each time the "program mode switch" 222 is moved to the program position, a different storage can be connected so that the new transmitter code would be stored in that address. After all of the address storage capacity has been used additional codes would erase all old codes in the memory address storage before storing a new one.

[0135] Referring now to FIGS. 32 and 34-35: While in the preferred embodiment of the invention, the actuation means has been described as from mechanical to electric, it is within the scope of the invention to include batteries in the transmitter to power or supplement the power of the transmitter. For example, long life rechargeable batteries 430 may be included in the transmitter circuitry and may be recharged through the electromechanical transducers 12. These rechargeable batteries 430 may thus provide backup power to the transmitter 50. The circuits illustrated in the figures are the same as those described herein above, with the

exception of the addition of rechargeable batteries 430 in the circuit. In the circuit of FIG. 32 and 34, the ground terminal of the battery is connected to ground and the positive terminal is connected to the output side of the rectifier before the voltage regulator. In the preferred circuit of FIG. 32 and 35, the ground terminal of the battery is connected to ground and the positive terminal is connected to the output side of the voltage regulator U2 before the transmitter subcircuit 50.

[0136] Referring now to FIGS. 32 and 34-35 : The circuit of FIG. 35 includes a rechargeable battery as in the circuit of FIG. 32. However, in this circuit, the output of the voltage regulator U2 is connected only to the positive/charging terminal of the rechargeable battery 430, i.e., the voltage regulator U2 output is not connected directly to the input side of the transmitter subcircuit 50. The output of the rechargeable battery 430 is connected to the input side of the transmitter subcircuit through a switch S1. The switch S1 may comprise a transistor. When the switch is closed/energized, electrical power is applied to the transmitter subcircuit. The switch may be energized when the deflection means activates the transducer 12. When the transducer 12 is deflected, an electrical output is produced, most of which is rectified and regulated, and then used of charge the battery 30. A small amount of the electrical power is tapped by a filter/trigger 420 from the transducer 12 (using for example a BJT connected between a grounded resistor and a second resistor between the BJT and the transducer 12), which electrical energy is applied to the switching device in order to electrically connected the battery to the transmitter subcircuit.

[0137] Referring again to FIGS: 32 and 34-35: In another embodiment of a self-powered transmitter circuit, the rechargeable battery 430 not only provides power for transmission of a coded signal, but also provides power to a low power consumption receiver 450. In the preferred embodiment, the receiver/transmitter comprises a single transceiver 450. The transceiver 450 is electrically connected to the battery as in FIGS: 32 and 34-35. However, in addition to transmitting in response to a trigger signal from the transducer 12 to energize the switch S1 , the transceiver 450 will also transmit in response to the receiver portion of the transceiver's reception of an RF signal. In the preferred embodiment of the transceiver based circuit, when the transceiver 450 receives a coded signal corresponding one or more codes stored in the transmitter PIC ( i.e., a polling code), then the transmitter portion of the transceiver 450 will transmit its coded RF signal. The transmitter RF code signal may correspond for example, to a transmission code of its current state for use as or to supplement an error detection code or a verification code. The battery supplemented transceivers 450 are preferably made compatible with present low-cost, very low power consumption, two-way, digital wireless communications standards such as ZIGBEE and BLUETOOTH.

fhiihillife

System Extender

[0138] In the present invention a self-powered switch initiation system uses an electroactive element to develop an oscillating electrical signal. The accompanying circuitry is designed to work with that signal and generate a coded RF transmission. The system comprises one or more transmitters, receivers and repeaters that use that coded RF transmission to communicate specific electronic codes to each other to increase system range and reliability.

[0139] Referring now to FIGS. 21-23: To further enhance the system, the system uses a system of one or more repeaters/transceivers 460 to increase transmission range and reliability of reception of transmitted signals. The transceiver 460 comprises a receiver 461 and a transmitter 464, which are powered by an external power source, such as conventional 120VAC, 220VAC or 9-60 VDC. Since the transceiver has an external power source, the receiver sensitivity is increased, thereby extending the reception range of the receiver portion 461 of the transceiver. Also, since the transceiver 460 has an external power source, the transmitter 464 power is increased, thereby increasing the transmission range and the number of transmissions possible from the transmitter portion of the transceiver 460 .

[0140] Referring to FIG. 24: The codes used by the transmitter and accepted for performing an action at the receiver or transceiver are preferably a 32-bit binary code comprising a unique (i.e., one of 2²⁴ to 2³⁰ combinations) transmitter identification code and a function code. These codes are programmed into the internal PIC/logic component 40 during manufacture of the transmitter 126 or 128 and are not changeable by the user of the device, although the user may have the ability to select one from a multiplicity of codes by using membrane switches 321, 322 or a selector device. The transmitters 126 and transceivers 460 are also programmed to send out a handshake code to establish the "language" and timing of signals among the transceivers 460 and receivers 101.

[0141] Referring to FIG. 26: The transmitters and transceivers use a "handshake" procedure to establish communications with other receivers and/or transceivers. The first code transmitted is the alternating portion of the handshake code which is a 4-20 bits of alternating ones(1 ) and zeros(O), each bit having defined a duration or pulsewidth. The number of bits as well as the pulsewidth defines the "language" that receivers and transceivers are programmed to accept before performing their desired function. Receivers and transceivers are programmed to respond only if they receive a certain number of those 1s and Os at the defined pulswidth (say 12-15 out of 20). This handshake procedure also comprises a defined "dead time" after the number of alternating bits has been received. The typical handshake routine takes from 2-12 milliseconds. Upon receipt of the minimum number of bits in the alternating portion of the handshake, the receiver or transceiver is programmed to expect a time period having no transmission signal there, for example 6 to 8 cycles of the pulsewidth defined by the alternating portion. Upon receipt of an appropriate "handshake", the receiver or transceiver will then listen to an incoming coded signal to determine whether receiver action or transceiver retransmission is necessary as defined by the internal programming of the receiver or transceiver.

[0142] Referring to FIGS. 22 and 27: In a system comprising two or more transceivers, the transceivers use a poling operation, which is programmed into each transceiver at manufacture, to assign channels or time slots for each transceiver. This operation prevents two transceivers from transmitting simultaneously or near simultaneously, thereby preventing out-of-phase transmission from interfering with each other. When a first transceiver is initially connected to a power source, the transceiver sends a signal corresponding to a setup mode, thereby "announcing" its presence in the system. This setup signal may correspond to the unique identification code of that transceiver, or a timing/handshake signal, or to a time slot/channel that that transceiver is assigned, or any combination of ID, handshake, timing or channel information. Alternately, and most preferably, rather than the "announcement code" being transmitted automatically upon connection to a power source, the transceivers have a setup mode which is activated by the user. The setup mode may be selected by moving a switch or pushing a button, for example.

[0143] Other transceivers in the system are programmed to respond to this "announcement" signal with their own announcement code, containing at least the time slot to which the other transceivers are assigned. If the first transceiver does not receive a response from other transceivers in response to its "announcemenf poling signal, that transceiver assigns itself the first time slot/channel. If a response is received from other transceivers, the first transceiver assigns itself the next sequential time slot or the lowest available time slot, e.g., after receiving responses from two transceivers in time slots one and two; a transceiver assigns itself to the third time slot. Transceivers are typically programmed to have 4-16, and preferably 8 broadcast time slots/channels as this is sufficient to provide broad coverage within the transmission range of two or more repeaters.

[0144] As mentioned above, the codes generated by the transmitter and accepted for performing an action at the receiver or transceiver (after a handshake) are preferably a 32-bit binary code comprising a unique (i.e., one of 2²⁴ to 2³⁰ combinations) transmitter identification code ("TX_id") and a function code ("FJd"). As shown in FIG. 24, the transmitted code(s) from the transmitter comprise one or more unique identification code(s) having a length between 24 and 30 bits. The code generated by the transmitter also comprises a "function" code which corresponds to a mode of operation for a receiver. These function codes may be 1-6 bits in length and correspond to functions such as "TOGGLE", "ON". OFF", "DIM", "BRIGHTEN", "STOP", "SPEED UP", "SLOW DOWN", "LOCK", "UNLOCK", "ARM", "DISARM", "RESET, "CANCEL" "TEMPERATURE = XX" and the like. The last digit of the 32-bit code is a "source" code ("Sourcejd") indicating the source of the transmission. For example, a trailing 0 corresponds to a code originating from a transmitter, and a trailing 1 indicates a code repeated by a transceiver (alternately, a 0 could correspond to the transceiver and a 1 to the transmitter).

[0145] Referring again to FIGS. 24 and 27-29: The codes sent by the transmitter 126 are modified and rebroadcast by one or more repeaters 460. The response action by the repeater 460 depends on the nature of the received code. If a repeater receives a code having a trailing 0 corresponding to an original transmission from a transmitter, it will automatically repeat that code, with the exception that the repeater will change the trailing 0 to a trailing 1 in its retransmission, indicating it is a transmission originating from a repeater. If a repeater receives a code originating from another repeater, the repeater will repeat that code one time. For example, the repeater is programmed to read the received identification code and retransmit it a maximum of two times (once for a received signal having a trailing 0 bit and once for a received signal having a trailing 1 bit). FIG. 23 is a schematic showing the transmission, repetition and reception between the transmitter, receiver and two repeaters. " ippiiil fi' fill PCT/US2007/C

[0146] The logic that the repeaters use is shown in FIGS. 27 and 29: A system extender has the ability to place limits on the number of times a signal will be repeated, the "count limit" . After the initial programming of the system extender, i.e., assignment of a time slot, the system extender will default to repeating an original (transmitter) signal one time, and a repeated signal from one source once. However, that number of times a signal can be repeated, the count limit, is selectable at the system extender by altering the program in the system extender with a user interface, capable of displaying the current count limit and increasing the count limit in increments of one or two. The count limit essentially allows the number of retransmissions to be limited or extended in order to respectively limit or extend the range of a series of systems extenders.

[0147] The System Extenders also limit system errors by assigning themselves a CSID or internal id number, which is a random number assigned to that repeater. Each time a repeater retransmits a code (while not in the setup condition) it increments it's CSID by one. This allows other system extenders to know the source of a repeated code, and helps determine whether that code is valid and repeatable, or if all codes are duplicate (i.e., the TX_id, F_id, Sourcejd, and CSID) that the repeater should not retransmit the echo, or duplicate signal. If the CSID received has the same TXJd, FJd, and Sourcejd, but the CSID = CSID+1, then the repeater will compare that transmission to the most recently received codes and compare it to an internal timer. If the internal timer for repetition has expired, it will repeat the code and increase its own CSID by +1.

[0148] The transmitters may be capable of developing one or more coded RF signals and the receivers likewise are capable of receiving one or more coded RF signals. The receivers have a memory therein for storing a number of codes, for example 5-50 code "slots", and most preferably 30 codes. This permits the receivers to be "trainable" to accept coded RF signals from new or multiple transmitters and repeaters. The receiver is programmed to respond to codes from both transmitters and repeaters, and provide the same response action whether the trailing digit is a 0 from a transmitter or a trailing 1 from a repeater. The receivers respond similarly to codes from transmitters and repeaters. A code received by a transmitter will automatically be executed, beyond the Receivers dead time or sleep time (usuallu 1.2-2.4 secopnds). For a code from a

System Extender, the receiver will compare incoming signals to the 5 most recently received ! HUM¹ i" iiiϋβiTifi Miiffiii PCT/US2007/(

signals. If the TX_id, F_id, Source_id, and CSID are duplicate, the receiver will not respond. If the CSID + CSID+1, then the receiver will respond within its appropriate time limits, i.e., "DIM" codes received after a 1.2 second delay will be accepted, and "TOGGLE" codes received after a 2.4 second delay will be accepted.

[0149] It is seen that the present invention allows a receiving system to respond to one of a plurality of transmitters which have different unique codes which can be stored in the receiver during a program mode. Each time the "program mode switch" 222 is moved to the program position, a different storage can be connected so that the new transmitter code would be stored in that address. After all of the address storage capacity have been used additional codes would erase all old codes in the memory address storage before storing a new one.

[0150] Receivers are also programmed with a "dead time", i.e., the repeater has a delay programmed into it so that it will only respond to one command within 1.2-2.4 seconds depending on the nature of the function code. This prevents the repeater from toggling multiple times in response to the reception of multiple transmitter and/or repeater codes within a certain time. Thus, if a receiver receives a code wherein the response is to toggle or change states, upon reception of that signal the receiver program initiates a delay period of 2.4 seconds wherein the receiver will not respond to any further received codes from transmitters or repeaters.

[0151] While in the preferred embodiment of the invention, the actuation means has been described as from mechanical to electric, it is within the scope of the invention to include batteries in the transmitter to power or supplement the power of the transmitter. For example, rechargeable batteries may be included in the transmitter circuitry and may be recharged through the electromechanical actuators. These rechargeable batteries may thus provide backup power to the transmitter.

[0152] This invention is safe because it eliminates the need for 120 VAC (220 VAC in Europe) lines to be run to each switch in the house. Instead the higher voltage overhead AC lines are only run to the appliances or lights, and they are actuated through the self-powered switching device and relay switch. The invention also saves on initial and renovation construction costs associated with cutting holes and running the electrical lines to/through each switch and within the walls. The invention is particularly useful in historic structures undergoing preservation, as the walls of the structure need not be destroyed and then rebuilt. The invention is also useful in concrete construction, such as structures using concrete slab and/or stucco construction and eliminate the need to have wiring on the surface of the walls and floors of these structures.

[0153] While the above description contains many specificities, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention, but rather as an exemplification of one preferred embodiment thereof. Many other variations are possible, for example:

[0154] In addition to piezoelectric devices, the electroactive elements may comprise magnetostrictive or ferroelectric devices;

[0155] Rather than being arcuate in shape, the actuators may normally be flat and still be deformable;

[0156] Multiple high deformation piezoelectric actuators may be placed, stacked and/or bonded on top of each other;

[0157] Multiple piezoelectric actuators may be placed adjacent each other to form an array.

[0158] Larger or different shapes of THUNDER elements may also be used to generate higher impulses.

[0159] The piezoelectric elements may be flextensional actuators or direct mode piezoelectric actuators.

[0160] Other means for applying pressure to the actuator may be used including simple application of manual pressure, rollers, pressure plates, toggles, hinges, knobs, sliders, twisting mechanisms, release latches, spring loaded devices, foot pedals, game consoles, traffic activation and seat activated devices.

Claims

We claim:

1. A self-powered wireless switching system comprising:

an electromechanical generator for generating a voltage across first and second electrical terminals;

a voltage regulator having an input side and an output side; said input side of said voltage regulator being electrically connected to said first and second electrical terminals;

first signal transmission means electrically connected to said output side of said voltage regulator; said first signal transmission means comprising a first encoder having an input side and an output side; and a first electromagnetic signal generator connected to an antenna; said input side of said first encoder being connected to said, output side of said voltage regulator; said output side of said first encoder being connected to said first electromagnetic signal generator; wherein said first encoder circuit is programmable to generate one or more unique codes; and wherein each of said unique codes generated by said first encoder circuit is different from each of said unique codes generated all other encoder circuits; and wherein said first signal transmission means is adapted to transmit a first electromagnetic signal modulated by said one of said one or more unique codes;

a first system extender for repeating said first electromagnetic signal and appending repeater data onto said first electromagnetic signal to create a second electromagnetic signal;

signal reception means for receiving said or second first electromagnetic signal; said signal reception means being adapted to generate a response signal in response to said first or second electromagnetic signal; and

a switch having a first position and a second position; said switch being in communication with said signal reception means; said switch being adapted to change between said first position and said second position in response to said response signal.