Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
  • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
  • B21D51/00—Making hollow objects
  • B21D51/16—Making hollow objects characterised by the use of the objects
  • B21D51/38—Making inlet or outlet arrangements of cans, tins, baths, bottles, or other vessels; Making can ends; Making closures
  • B21D51/383—Making inlet or outlet arrangements of cans, tins, baths, bottles, or other vessels; Making can ends; Making closures scoring lines, tear strips or pulling tabs
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
  • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
  • B65D17/00—Rigid or semi-rigid containers specially constructed to be opened by cutting or piercing, or by tearing of frangible members or portions
  • B65D17/28—Rigid or semi-rigid containers specially constructed to be opened by cutting or piercing, or by tearing of frangible members or portions at lines or points of weakness
  • B65D17/401—Rigid or semi-rigid containers specially constructed to be opened by cutting or piercing, or by tearing of frangible members or portions at lines or points of weakness characterised by having the line of weakness provided in an end wall
  • B65D17/4011—Rigid or semi-rigid containers specially constructed to be opened by cutting or piercing, or by tearing of frangible members or portions at lines or points of weakness characterised by having the line of weakness provided in an end wall for opening completely by means of a tearing tab
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
  • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
  • B65D17/00—Rigid or semi-rigid containers specially constructed to be opened by cutting or piercing, or by tearing of frangible members or portions
  • B65D17/28—Rigid or semi-rigid containers specially constructed to be opened by cutting or piercing, or by tearing of frangible members or portions at lines or points of weakness
  • B65D17/404—Details of the lines of weakness
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
  • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
  • B65D2517/00—Containers specially constructed to be opened by cutting, piercing or tearing of wall portions, e.g. preserving cans or tins
  • B65D2517/0001—Details
  • B65D2517/001—Action for opening container
  • B65D2517/0016—Action for opening container pivot tab, push-down and pull-out tear panel
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
  • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
  • B65D2517/00—Containers specially constructed to be opened by cutting, piercing or tearing of wall portions, e.g. preserving cans or tins
  • B65D2517/0001—Details
  • B65D2517/0091—Means for venting upon initial opening
  • B65D2517/0092—Means for venting upon initial opening formed as a partial score line located close to the tab connection

Definitions

• This invention relates broadly to the field of convenience closures for full-open type can ends. More specifically, this invention relates to convenience closures for full- open type can ends which are suitable for use in pressurised food can applications. Further aspects of the invention relate to a method and tooling assembly for making such a convenience closure.
• One form of self-opening can which is in wide use is the so called full-open can, in which a peripheral score, generally circular in configuration, is formed in the end panel at or adjacent to the periphery thereof to permit its complete removal.
• Full-open type cans are to be distinguished from those self-opening cans which have a comparatively small removable section which, when opened, provide a comparatively small hole for dispensing the product.
• the latter type of can end is only appropriate for packaging soda, beer, or other liquids.
• Full-open type cans are suitable for packaging solid products such as candy, nuts, meats, or ground coffee.
• FIGURE 1 A conventional full-open type can end of the type disclosed in U.S. Patent 5,232, 114 to Zysset is depicted in FIGURE 1.
• Can end 10 conventionally includes an end panel 12 and an edge-curled peripheral flange 14 that is adapted to be interfolded with an end flange of a can body.
• a peripheral score 16 At or adjacent to the periphery of the end panel 12 is a peripheral score 16 which is indented into the end panel 12 and defines a fixed can end portion 18 and a removable portion or panel 20.
• a gripping tab 22 is mounted to the end panel 12 by means of a rivet formation 24.
• the gripping tab 22 is positioned close enough to the peripheral score 16 so that when its inner end is rocked upwardly to cause its outer end to move downwardly and exert a downward force on the end panel 12 at or near the peripheral score 16, a portion of the end panel 12 is bent downwardly to initiate rupture of the peripheral score 16. Thereafter, an upward and backward pull on the gripping tab 22 by the user induces tearing of the metal in the peripheral score 16 on both sides of the area of initial rupture to complete detachment from the can of the removable portion or panel 20 of the end panel 12.
• vent score behind the rivet formation 24 toward the centre of the end panel 12 in order to relieve internal pressure or vacuum that exists within the container, and thereby avoid implosion or explosion as the container is opened by pivoting of the gripping tab 22 about the rivet formation 24.
• the most frequently used shape for the vent score is curved like a man's moustache and therefore these scores are generally known as "moustache scores.”
• a moustache score 34 may be formed in the end panel 12, as is illustrated in FIG. 1.
• Moustache score 34 typically has an inner portion 36 that is defined on a raised area 26 of rivet formation 24 having an outer edge 27, and at least one outer portion 38 that is defined on the outer surface of end panel 12.
• Raised area 26 includes an oval shaped first operation bubble 40, which is elongated along an axis which is a chord perpendicular to a radius of end panel 12.
• Raised area 26 further includes a second operation bubble 30, which is defined centrally with respect to the first operation bubble 40.
• the inner portion 36 of moustache score 34 may be curved about the radial inner periphery of the second operation bubble 30.
• the outer portions 38 of the moustache score 34 would typically be shaped so as to flare outwardly from the respective inner portions 36, and would typically end up at their extreme outer ends to be substantially parallel or slightly curved away from the peripheral score 16.
• a highly pressurised container for the purposes of this document is a container that is pressurised to at least 25 pounds per square inch over ambient pressure conditions.
• a method of making a convenience closure comprising: providing an end panel; forming a moustache score in the end panel; characterised in that the method further comprises forming a flex line score in the end panel adjacent to the moustache score.
• a tooling assembly for forming an end panel of a full-open convenience closure, comprising: a first forming tool for forming a top surface of an end panel for an easy open can end, said first forming tool comprising: a first tool surface that is constructed and arranged to form a moustache score in the end panel; a second tool surface that is constructed and arranged to form a flex line score in the end panel that is in a predetermined relationship to the moustache score; the tooling assembly further comprising: a second forming tool that is constructed and arranged to work together with the first forming tool; and a press assembly for driving at least one of the first and second forming tools.
• FIGURE 1 is a diagrammatical view of a previously known easy open can end configuration
• FIGURE 2 is a perspective view of an easy open can end that is constructed according to a preferred embodiment of the invention
• FIGURE 3 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view of the easy open can end that is depicted in FIGURE 2
• FIGURE 4 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view of a press assembly that is preferably used in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention
• FIGURE 5 is a diagrammatical depiction of an opening score pattern and a forming tool according to a preferred embodiment of the invention
• FIGURE 6 is a diagrammatical depiction of an opening score pattern and a forming tool according to a modified embodiment of the invention
• FIGURE 7 is a diagrammatical depiction of the opening score pattern that is shown in FIGURE 5
• FIGURE 8 indicates that the seven forming operations in a preferred method
• a full-open convenience closure or easy open can end 50 that is constructed according to a preferred embodiment of the invention includes an end panel 52 that has pictorial opening instructions 54 embossed thereon.
• a peripheral score 72 has been formed in the end panel 52 and defines a fixed portion 74 of the end panel 52 and a removable portion 76 of the end panel 52.
• a finger well 56 is defined in an upper surface of the end panel 52.
• the full-open convenience closure 50 further includes a circumferentially extending end curl or seaming panel 58 that is constructed and arranged to be secured to a container using a double seaming process. It also includes a tab 60 that has a main body portion 62 including a nose portion 63 that is constructed and arranged to exert a downward force on the end panel 52 in an area that is proximate to the peripheral score 72 when a lifting ring 64 of the tab 60 is lifted by a consumer. A rivet formation 66 secures the tab 60 to the end panel 52.
• Convenience closure 50 further preferably includes a double fold 68 that is defined in the end panel 52 adjacent to the peripheral score 72 in order to provide cut protection for a consumer.
• a plurality of opening scores 70 are preferably defined in the end panel 52 in an area that is generally proximate to the location of the rivet formation 66.
• the opening scores 70 preferably include a moustache score 78, a flex line score 80 and a pair of break line scores 98, 100, which are best shown in FIGURE 7.
• the end panel 52 has all of these scores defined therein, it should be understood that in alternative embodiments of the invention the moustache score 78 could be provided with a flex line score, with or without a break line score.
• FIGURE 7 provides a more detailed view of the opening scores 70 in the preferred embodiment.
• the moustache score 78 preferably includes a central portion 84 that is positioned radially inwardly on the end panel 52 relative to the rivet formation 66 and is curved about the rivet formation 66 in such a manner that a concave side of the central portion 84 faces the rivet formation 66.
• the curvature of the central portion 84 is preferably a constant radius of curvature.
• Moustache score 78 further preferably includes first and second end portions 86, 88 that are preferably symmetric with respect to each other about a diametric axis of symmetry 82 that extends through the centre 90 of the rivet formation 66.
• Each of the first and second end portions 86, 88 preferably include a convex side of curvature that faces the nearest portions of the peripheral score 72.
• Each of the first and second end portions 86, 88 preferably have a constant radius of curvature Rl that preferably extends along an arc section that is at least about 150°.
• the constant radius of curvature Rl is preferably substantially within a range of about 0.07 inches to about 0.2 inches.
• the distal ends of the first and second end portions 86, 88 in the preferred embodiment point away from the nearest portion of the peripheral score 72, and a tangent line extending through the distal ends (i.e. tangential to the distal ends) would preferably be substantially perpendicular to a tangent line of the peripheral score 72 at a location where the first tangent line would intersect the peripheral score 72.
• a transition location 92 between the central portion 84 and the first end portion 86 is located at a transitional angle ⁇ from the diametric axis of symmetry 82 that is preferably substantially within a range of about 45° to about 60°. More preferably, this angle is substantially within a range of about 50° to about 55°.
• the flex line score 80 preferably has a first portion 94 that is located on a first side of the rivet formation 66 and a second portion 96 that is located on a second, opposite side of the rivet formation 66.
• the first and second portions 94, 96 of the flex line score 80 are preferably aligned and symmetric with respect to each other and are both linear.
• the flex line score 80 and its components 94, 96 are preferably substantially perpendicular with respect to the diametric axis of symmetry 82.
• the flex line score 80 preferably has a residual thickness (i.e. a thickness that remains in the end panel 52 at the location of the score line 80) that is substantially the same as a residual thickness of the moustache score 78.
• the flex line score 80 further preferably has a residual thickness that is within a range of about 25% to about 40% of a thickness of the end panel 52. More preferably, the flex line score 80 has a residual thickness that is substantially within a range of about 30% to about 35% of the thickness of the end panel 52.
• the moustache score 78 has a residual thickness that is preferably substantially within a range of about 25% to about 40% of the thickness of the end panel 52. More preferably, the moustache score 78 has a residual thickness that is substantially within a range of about 30% to about 35% of the thickness of the end panel 52. The moustache score 78 preferably has a residual thickness that is no greater than about 0.0045 inches, and more preferably no greater than about 0.0035 inches.
• FIGURE 7 shows, the portions of the moustache score 78 that most closely approach the flex line score 80 present a convex side of curvature that faces the flex line score 80.
• a pair of break line scores 98, 100 are defined in the end panel 52 in order to provide a pre-weakened tearing path between the moustache score 78 and the flex line score 80 that is utilised by the convenience closure 50 during the preliminary stages of opening.
• the break line scores 98, 100 are positioned between the moustache score 78 and the flex line score 80.
• Each of the break line scores 98, 100 are preferably substantially perpendicular to the flex line score 80 and are aligned with locations on the respective first and second end portions 86, 88 of the moustache score 78 that most closely approach the flex line score 80.
• the break line scores 98, 100 are preferably substantially perpendicular with respect to tangent lines that would pass through the locations on the respective first and second end portions 86, 88 of the moustache score 78 that most closely approach the flex line score 80.
• the break line scores 98, 100 preferably have a residual thickness that is greater than a residual thickness of the flex score line 80 and that is greater than a residual thickness of the moustache score 78.
• the residual thickness of the break line scores 98, 100 is preferably substantially within a range of about 30% to about 95% of the thickness of the end panel 52, with a more preferred range of about 50% to about 80% of the thickness of the end panel 52.
• the convenience closure 50 When the convenience closure 50 is used in conjunction with a can body to package contents under high pressure (i.e. over 20 psi), it may be opened by a consumer by gripping the lifting tab 60 and pulling the lift ring 64 upwardly.
• the nose portion 63 will move downwardly and exert a downward force on the end panel 52 at or near the peripheral score 72.
• sufficient tension is formed in the end panel 52 in the area near the central portion 84 of the moustache score 78 to cause a rupture of the end panel at the central portion 84.
• Pressurised gas within the container will be permitted to harmlessly vent through the rupture in the central portion 84 of the moustache score 78 without affecting the integrity of the peripheral score 72 or accelerating the opening process.
• the flow of pressurised gas will tend to be directed harmlessly at an oblique angle beneath the fingers of the consumer across the top of the end panel 52 so as not to present a hazard to the consumer.
• the presence of the flex score line 80 reduces the amount of force that will need to be exerted by the consumer to cause the initial rupture of the central portion 84 of the moustache score 78.
• the consumer will continue to pull the lifting ring 64 upwardly, which causes the tear or rupture in the central portion 84 of the moustache score 78 to enlarge.
• the tearing will progressively advance into the first and second end portions 86, 88 of the moustache score 78.
• the tear line will leave the moustache score 78 and advance directly to the respective first and second portions 94, 96 of the flex line score 80 along the path of the break line scores 98, 100. This will occur even in embodiments of the invention where the break line scores 98, 100 are not present.
• the tooling assembly for forming the convenience closure 50 includes a third operation press assembly 101 including an upper portion 102 and a lower portion 104 that are mounted for movement with respect to each other.
• the tooling assembly further preferably includes a first forming tool 106 for forming a top surface of the end panel 52 of the convenience closure 50.
• the first forming tool 106 preferably includes a first tool surface 108 that is constructed and arranged to form the moustache score 78 and a second tool surface 110 that is constructed and arranged to form the flex line score 80.
• the second tool surface 110 includes a first portion 112 for forming the first portion 94 of the flex line score 80 and a second portion 114 for forming the second portion 96 of the flex line score 80.
• First forming tool 106 also preferably includes a third tool surface 116 for forming the first break line score 98 and a fourth tool surface 118 for forming the second break line score 100. Both the first tool surface 108 and the second tool surface 110 are formed as projections that extend outwardly from the substantially flat, horizontal base surface of the first forming tool 106.
• FIGURE 6 depicts a first forming tool 120 according to a modified embodiment of the invention.
• First forming tool 120 is identical in all respects to the first forming tool 106 described above, except that it lacks the third and fourth tool surfaces 116, 118 for forming the first and second break line scores 98, 100.
• First forming tool 120 would be used to manufacture a convenience closure according to a modified embodiment of the invention in which the break line scores 98, 100 are not present.
• a method of making such a convenience closure 50 would include a step of providing an end panel blank and providing the tooling discussed above in relation to FIGURES 4-6.
• the tooling would be used in otherwise conventional fashion to form the convenience closure that is discussed in detail above.
• the preferred method of making the convenience closure 50 utilises a seven operation manufacturing process, as indicated in FIGURE 8.
• the first forming operation is used to form the rivet bubble formation on the end panel blank.
• the second forming operation completes the formation of the rivet button and begins the formation of a lower safety fold.
• the third forming operation forms the score lines that have been described in detail above and pre-folds an upper safety fold.
• the fifth operation involves the staking of the tab to the end panel and a final rivet operation.
• the sixth operation includes a tab detect function as well as a step of forming an upper fold pre-bulge.
• the seventh and final operation involves a step of completing the folding of the upper fold into a position where it will afford cut protection.
• FIGURES 9 & 10 an easy open can end that is constructed according to a second, preferred embodiment of the invention is identical to that described above with regard to the first embodiment of the invention except as otherwise described herein.
• a plurality of opening scores 270 are preferably defined in the end panel of the can end in an area that is generally proximate to the location of the rivet formation 224, shown in FIGURE 9.
• the opening scores 270 preferably include a moustache score 278, a flex line score 280 and a pair of break line scores 298, 300, which are best shown in FIGURE 10.
• the end panel has all of these scores defined therein, it should be understood that in alternative embodiments of the invention the moustache score 278 could be provided with a flex line score 280, with or without a break line score.
• the moustache score 278 preferably includes a central portion 284 that is positioned radially inwardly on the end panel relative to the rivet formation 224 and is curved about the rivet formation 224 in such a manner that a concave side of the central portion 284 faces the rivet formation 224.
• the curvature of the central portion 284 is preferably a constant radius of curvature.
• the moustache score 278 further preferably includes first and second end portions 286, 288 that are preferably symmetric with respect to each other about a diametric axis of symmetry 282 that extends through the centre of the rivet formation 224.
• Each of the first and second end portions 286, 288 preferably includes a convex side of curvature that faces the nearest portions of the peripheral score 22.
• Each of the first and second end portions 286, 288 preferably have a constant radius of curvature Rl that preferably extends along an arc section that is at least about 150°.
• the constant radius of curvature Rl is preferably substantially within a range of about 0.07 inches to about 0.2 inches.
• the distal ends of the first and second end portions 286, 288 in the preferred embodiment point away from the nearest portion of the peripheral score 22, and a tangent line extending through the distal ends (i.e. tangential to the distal ends) would preferably be substantially perpendicular to a tangent line of the peripheral score 272 at a location where the first tangent line would intersect the peripheral score 272.
• a transition location 292 between the central portion 284 and the first end portion 286 is located at a transitional angle ⁇ from the diametric axis of symmetry 282 that is preferably substantially within a range of about 45° to about 60°. More preferably, this angle is substantially within a range of about 50° to about 55°.
• the flex line score 280 preferably has a first portion 294 that is located on a first side of the rivet formation 224 and a second portion 296 that is located on a second, opposite side of the rivet formation 224.
• the first portion 294 in this embodiment of the invention preferably includes a substantially linear portion 304 that is proximate to the rivet formation 224 and a second, curved portion 306 at an end of the first portion 294 that is distal from the rivet formation 224.
• the second portion 294 in this embodiment of the invention preferably includes a substantially linear portion 308 that is proximate to the rivet formation 224 and a second, curved portion 310 at an end of the second portion 296 that is distal from the rivet formation 224.
• One purpose of the curved portions 306, 310 is to deter possible tearing from occurring near the outer distal ends of the first and second flex line score portions 294, 296 during and after opening of the easy open end by a consumer.
• the first and second portions 294, 296 of the flex line score 280 are preferably aligned and symmetric with respect to each other.
• the linear portions 304, 308 of the flex line score 280 and its components 294, 296 are preferably substantially perpendicular with respect to the diametric axis of symmetry 282.
• the flex line score 280 preferably has a residual thickness (i.e. a thickness that remains in the end panel at the location of the score line 280) that is substantially the same as a residual thickness of the moustache score 278.
• the flex line score 280 further preferably has a residual thickness that is within a range of about 25% to about 40% of a thickness of the end panel. More preferably, the flex line score 280 has a residual thickness that is substantially within a range of about 30% to about 35% of the thickness of the end panel.
• the moustache score 278 has a residual thickness that is preferably substantially within a range of about 25% to about 40% of the thickness of the end panel. More preferably, the moustache score 278 has a residual thickness that is substantially within a range of about 30% to about 35% of the thickness of the end panel. The moustache score 278 preferably has a residual thickness that is no greater than about 0.0045 inches, and more preferably no greater than about 0.0035 inches.
• FIGURE 10 shows, the portions of the moustache score 278 that most closely approach the flex line score 280 present a convex side of curvature that faces the flex line score 280.
• a pair of break line scores 298, 300 are defined in the end panel in order to provide a pre-weakened tearing path between the moustache score 278 and the flex line score 280 that is utilised by the convenience closure during the preliminary stages of opening.
• the break line scores 298, 300 are positioned between the moustache score 278 and the flex line score 280.
• Each of the break line scores 298, 300 are preferably substantially perpendicular to the flex line score 280 and are aligned with the locations on the respective first and second end portions 286, 288 of the moustache score 278 that most closely approach the flex line score 280.
• the break line scores 298,300 are preferably substantially perpendicular with respect to tangent lines that would pass through the locations on the respective first and second end portions 286, 288 of the moustache score 278 that most closely approach the flex line score 280.
• the break line scores 298, 300 preferably have a residual thickness that is greater than a residual thickness of the flex score line 280 and that is greater than a residual thickness of the moustache score 278.
• the residual thickness of the break line scores 298, 300 is preferably substantially within a range of about 30% to about 95% of the thickness of the end panel, with a more preferred range of about 50% to about 80% of the thickness of the end panel.
• the presence of the flex score line 280 reduces the amount of force that will need to be exerted by the consumer to cause the initial rupture of the central portion 284 of the moustache score 278.
• the first forming tool 206 preferably includes a first tool surface 208 that is constructed and arranged to form the moustache score 278 and a second tool surface 210 that is constructed and arranged to form the flex line score 280.
• the second tool surface 210 includes a first portion 212 for forming the first linear portion 304 of the first portion 294 of the flex line score 280 and a second portion 220 for forming the curved portion 306 of the first portion 294 of the flex line score 280. It further includes a third portion 214 for forming the linear portion 308 of the second portion 296 of the flex line score 280 and a fourth portion 222 for forming the curved portion 310 of the second portion 296 of the flex line score 280.
• the first forming tool 206 also preferably includes a third tool surface 216 for forming the first break line score 298 and a fourth tool surface 218 for forming the second break line score 300. Both the first tool surface 208 and the second tool surface 210 are formed as projections that extend outwardly from the substantially flat, horizontal base surface of the first forming tool 206.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Containers Opened By Tearing Frangible Portions (AREA)

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Citations (8)

• 2007
  • 2007-09-17 EP EP07820261A patent/EP2081709B1/en not_active Not-in-force
  • 2007-09-17 MX MX2009002894A patent/MX2009002894A/es active IP Right Grant
  • 2007-09-17 ES ES07820261T patent/ES2405267T3/es active Active
  • 2007-09-17 WO PCT/EP2007/059794 patent/WO2008034801A1/en active Application Filing
  • 2007-09-17 CA CA2662199A patent/CA2662199C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related

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