WO2008030183A1 - Tunable wavelength light emitting diode - Google Patents

Tunable wavelength light emitting diode Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008030183A1
WO2008030183A1 PCT/SG2006/000263 SG2006000263W WO2008030183A1 WO 2008030183 A1 WO2008030183 A1 WO 2008030183A1 SG 2006000263 W SG2006000263 W SG 2006000263W WO 2008030183 A1 WO2008030183 A1 WO 2008030183A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
mqws
layer
light emitting
emitting diode
inga
Prior art date
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PCT/SG2006/000263
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Chew Beng Soh
Soo Jin Chua
Haryono Hartono
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Agency For Science, Technology And Research
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Publication date
Application filed by Agency For Science, Technology And Research filed Critical Agency For Science, Technology And Research
Priority to US12/440,330 priority Critical patent/US8629425B2/en
Priority to KR1020097007233A priority patent/KR20090086942A/en
Priority to CN2006800563024A priority patent/CN101589478B/en
Priority to EP06784275A priority patent/EP2074666B1/en
Priority to PCT/SG2006/000263 priority patent/WO2008030183A1/en
Priority to JP2009527325A priority patent/JP2010503228A/en
Priority to TW096132135A priority patent/TWI449204B/en
Publication of WO2008030183A1 publication Critical patent/WO2008030183A1/en

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L33/02—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies
    • H01L33/08—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies with a plurality of light emitting regions, e.g. laterally discontinuous light emitting layer or photoluminescent region integrated within the semiconductor body
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02104—Forming layers
    • H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
    • H01L21/02436—Intermediate layers between substrates and deposited layers
    • H01L21/02439—Materials
    • H01L21/02455—Group 13/15 materials
    • H01L21/02458—Nitrides
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02104—Forming layers
    • H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
    • H01L21/02518—Deposited layers
    • H01L21/02521—Materials
    • H01L21/02538—Group 13/15 materials
    • H01L21/0254—Nitrides
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02104—Forming layers
    • H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
    • H01L21/02612—Formation types
    • H01L21/02617—Deposition types
    • H01L21/0262—Reduction or decomposition of gaseous compounds, e.g. CVD
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L33/02—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies
    • H01L33/04—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies with a quantum effect structure or superlattice, e.g. tunnel junction
    • H01L33/06—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies with a quantum effect structure or superlattice, e.g. tunnel junction within the light emitting region, e.g. quantum confinement structure or tunnel barrier
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02104—Forming layers
    • H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
    • H01L21/02367—Substrates
    • H01L21/0237—Materials
    • H01L21/0242—Crystalline insulating materials

Definitions

  • the present invention relates broadly to a light emitting diode and to a method of fabricating a light emitting diode.
  • LEDs Light emitting diode
  • AIGaAs red
  • AIInGaP range-yellow-green
  • InGaN green-blue
  • phosphor coating can be used to convert blue LEDs to light over a wider spectrum, typically yellow.
  • the combination of yellow and blue light enables the emission of white light.
  • a multi-phosphor blend can be used to generate light such as trichromatic red-green-blue (RGB).
  • RGB red-green-blue
  • the extent of the yellow, green or cyan is not tunable as the phosphor can emit light only at a particular wavelength.
  • the approach is expensive and complex since each of the blue, green and red LEDs has to be addressed independently and a feedback is needed.
  • group Ill-nitride based LEDs have attracted considerable interest in the field of optoelectronics as their bandgap varies and cover a wide range of emission spectra from ultraviolet to infra-red utilising binary and ternary alloys e.g. AIN, Al x Ga 1-x N, ln y Ga 1-y N and InN.
  • InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells are often employed in the active regions of the group Ill-nitride based LEDs and laser diodes (LDs).
  • InGaN/GaN MQWs poses a great challenge, especially when high In content has to be incorporated for long wavelength applications such as green or red LEDs.
  • the light output efficiency tends to be lowered for light emission with increasing wavelength or higher In incorporation.
  • Lowering the growth temperature results in the increase in the incorporation of In but a reduction in the Photoluminescence (PL) intensity as the crystalline quality is degraded.
  • PL Photoluminescence
  • Indium quantum dots have been explored by Chua et al. [Soo Jin Chua et al. US 2004/0023427 A1, Pub Date: Feb 5, 2004] to achieve a red-shift in the PL emission.
  • Indium Nitride (InN) and Indium-rich Indium Gallium Nitride (InGaN) quantum dots embedded in a single and in multiple ln x Ga 1-x N/ ln y Ga 1-y N quantum wells (QWs) were formed by using trimethyllndium (TMIn) as antisurfactant during MOCVD growth, and the photoluminescence wavelength has been shifted from 480 to 530 nm [J. Zhang et. al. Appl. Phys. Lett.
  • US Patent application publication US 2005/0082543 discloses fabrication of low defect nanostructures of wide bandgap materials and optoelectronics devices.
  • a nanolithographically-defined template is utilised for formation of nanostructures of wide bandgap materials and has been used for fabrication of phosphor-less monolithic white light emitting diodes.
  • the fabrication involves the tuning of the size of the QDs to generate light of different wavelengths.
  • White light is collectively generated by mixing of QDs sized to generate 30% red light, 59% green light and 11% blue light.
  • the nano- pattern substrate includes the use of SiO 2 or other pattern masks using lithography techniques.
  • the fabrication requires a special template to generate the formation of the QDS pattern to give the different colour emission, which increases the complexity and cost of the resulting LEDs.
  • US Patent application publication US 2003/127660 A1 discloses an electronic device which comprises of QDs embedded in a host matrix and a primary light source which causes the dots to emit secondary light of a selected colour.
  • the host matrix consists of a solid transparent prepolymer colloid and the quantum dots of varying size distribution.
  • the quantum dot consists of materials such as ZnS ZnSe, CdSe and CdS.
  • a solid state light source for instance, is used to illuminate the dots causing them to photoluminescence light of a colour characteristic of their size distribution.
  • the light may be pure colour (corresponding to a monodisperse size distribution of quantum dots) or mixed colour (corresponding to a polydisperse size distribution of quantum dots).
  • the fabrication requires a special "template”, here a host matrix of polymer.
  • the fabrication requires the implementation of QDs which use foreign materials, which may quench the luminescence.
  • this fabrication technique is complex and thus increases cost of the LEDs, with potentially quenched luminescence.
  • a light emitting diode comprising a first set of multiple quantum wells (MQWs), each of the MQWs of the first set comprising a wetting layer providing nucleation sites for quantum dots (QDs) or QD-like structures in a well layer of said each MQW; and a second set of MQWs, each of the MQWs of the second set formed so as to exhibit a photoluminescence (PL) peak wavelength shifted compared to the MQWs of the first set.
  • MQWs multiple quantum wells
  • QDs quantum dots
  • PL photoluminescence
  • the QDs or QD-like structures may comprise In atoms.
  • the first set of MQWs may comprise about 3 to 5 MQWs.
  • the second set of MQWs may comprise about 2 to 5 MQWs.
  • Each of the MQWs of the second set may comprise a Ga-based barrier layer and an Ga-based well layer formed on the Ga-based barrier layer.
  • Each of the MQWs of the first set may comprise a Ga-based barrier layer, an InGa-based wetting layer formed on the Ga-based barrier layer, and a Ga-based well layer formed on the InGa-wetting layer.
  • the first set of MQWs may be formed on an n-type doped Ga-based layer
  • the second set of MQWs is formed on the first set of MQWs
  • a Ga-based capped layer is formed on the second set of MQWs
  • a p-type doped Ga-based layer is formed on the Ga-based capped layer.
  • the light emitting diode may further comprise electrical contacts for contacting the n-type doped Ga-based layer and the p-type doped Ga-based layer respectively.
  • the first and second sets of MQWs may be supported on a substrate.
  • the MQWs may comprise one material system of a group consisting of InGa/Ga, InGa/AIGa, Ga/AIGa and InGa/AllnGa.
  • the MQWs may comprise the nitride or phosphide of the material system.
  • a combined PL spectrum of the diode may cover a tunable wavelength range of about 400-800nm.
  • a method of fabricating a light emitting diode comprising the steps of forming a first set of multiple quantum wells (MQWs), each of the MQWs of the first set comprising a wetting layer providing nucleation sites for quantum dots (QDs) or QD-like structures in a well layer of said each MQW; and forming a second set of MQWs, each of the MQWs of the second set formed so as to exhibit a photoluminescence (PL) peak wavelength shifted compared to the MQWs of the first set.
  • the QDs or QD-like structures may comprise In atoms.
  • the first set of MQWs may comprise about 3 to 5 MQWs.
  • the second set of MQWs may comprise about 2 to 5 MQWs.
  • Each of the MQWs of the second set may comprise a Ga-based barrier layer and an inGa-based well layer formed on the Ga-based barrier layer.
  • Each of the MQWs of the first set may comprise a Ga-based barrier layer, an InGa-based wetting layer formed on the Ga-based barrier layer, and a Ga-based well layer formed on the InGa-wetting layer.
  • the first set of MQWs may be formed on an n-type doped Ga-based layer
  • the second set of MQWs is formed on the first set of MQWs
  • a Ga-based capped layer is formed on the second set of MQWs
  • a p-type doped Ga-based layer is formed on the Ga-based capped layer.
  • the method may further comprise forming electrical contacts for contacting the n-type doped Ga-based layer and the p-type doped Ga-based layer respectively.
  • the first and second sets of MQWs may be supported on a substrate.
  • the first set of MQWs may be formed at a lower temperature than the second set of MQWs.
  • the first set of MQWs may be formed with a higher In precursor flow than the second set of MQWs.
  • the MQWs may comprise one material system of a group consisting of
  • InGa/Ga InGa/AIGa, Ga/AIGa and InGa/AllnGa.
  • the MQWs may comprise the nitride or phosphide of the material system.
  • Figure 1 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of the sample structure of an LED according to an embodiment.
  • Figure 2 shows an SEM image of the surface morphology of the p-type InGaN in the LED of Figure 1.
  • Figures 3 to 15 show schematic cross sectional drawings illustrating fabrication of a light emitting device according to an embodiment.
  • Figure 16 shows the I-V characteristic of an LED according to an embodiment.
  • Figure 17 is a graph showing the dual PL peak emission spectrum from the LED of Figure 16.
  • Figure 18 is a cross-sectional TEM image showing the dual set of MQWs in the LED of Figure 16.
  • Figure 19 shows the colour coordinate of the emission at different voltages on the chromaticity Diagram, CIE, for the LED of Figure 16.
  • the following points correspond to the following voltage range; Point (A),®: 3-4V, Point (B) ⁇ : 5-7V, Point (C) O : 8- 10V, Point (D) 0 : 11 -20V.
  • TMGa Trimethylgallium
  • TIn Trimethlylndium
  • TMA Trimethylaluminium
  • Cp 2 Mg Magnesium
  • two sets of MQWs were grown at different temperatures so as to obtain emissions at different wavelengths.
  • a high temperature GaN layer (compare layer 3 in Figure 1), grown on a low temperature GaN buffer (compare layer 2 in Figure 1) on e.g. a sapphire substrate (compare layer 1 of Figure 1)
  • the temperature in the MOCVD chamber is lowered to about 700-750 0 C to grow a first set of MQWs consisting of about 3 to 5 wells.
  • a GaN barrier (compare layer 4 in Figure 1) is first grown to a thickness of about 5.0-10.0 nm with Si doping, n s about 2.0x10 17 cm "3 .
  • a thin wetting layer (compare layer 5 in Figure 1) of ln x Ga 1-x N with composition of x about 0.10-0.20 and thickness of about 1 nm is grown to enhance the incorporation of the Indium Nitride rich QDs during the In burst process.
  • the In atoms from the Indium precursor segregate at the dangling bonds of the wetting layer of InGaN to serve as a seed layer for the subsequent growth of the InGaN QDs and well layer (compare layer 6 in Figure 1) as determined by the precursor flow rate.
  • the amount of TMIn acting as antisurfactants and the duration of the TMIn flow are important for the growth of the Indium rich QDs. It was found that too small a flow may not form enough seeds for growth of the QDs, but too long a duration may causes well layer roughening.
  • an about 10-30 nm undoped GaN layer (compare layer 7 in Figure 1) is grown at about 720-750 0 C before the temperature is increased by another about 3O 0 C for the growth of the second set of MQWs.
  • GaN barrier (compare layer 8 in Figure 1) is grown to a thickness of about 5.0-10.0 nm and the InGaN (compare layer 9 in Figure 1) well is grown to a thickness of about 2.0-
  • the TMIn flow during the growth of the second set of MQWs is lowered to about 300 seem or 43.0 ⁇ mol/min based on the vapour pressure and the temperature of the
  • TMI source It was found that the lower TMI flow rate gives a blue-shift in PL emission.
  • the 2 nd set of MQWs consists of about 2 to 5 wells.
  • a thin capped layer (compare layer 10 in Figure 1) of GaN is grown to a thickness of about 15-30 nm at about 780-800 0 C.
  • a layer Of AI 3 Ga 1-3 N (compare layer 11 in Figure 1) of thickness 20-40 nm is grown, where a is between about 0.1-0.3.
  • a p-type InGaN layer (compare layer 12 in Figure 1) grown to a thickness of about 150-300 nm. Magnesium is used as the p- dopant and growth in the chamber is carried out at about 750-800 0 C.
  • the TMIn flow rate is set in the range of about 80-150 seem with a pressure less than about 300 Torr.
  • the pressure is subsequently lowered to about 50-300 Torr for the growth of a thin epilayer of Mg-doped GaN in hydrogen ambient. This was found to improve on the contact resistance.
  • a conventional p-type GaN is doped with Indium and the growth of the p-type InGaN (compare layer 12 in
  • Figure 1 is kept in the range of about 750-800 0 C. No additional in-situ annealing is carried out to activate the Mg in the p-type InGaN (compare layer 12 in Figure 1).
  • Figure 1 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of the dual set of InGaN/GaN MQWs 100, 102 structure of the example embodiment.
  • Layer 1 is the substrate which can be sapphire, Silicon carbide (SiC), zinc oxide (ZnO) or other substrate.
  • Layer 2 is the low temperature GaN buffer grown at 500-550 0 C with a thickness of about 25nm to facilitate the nucleation of GaN on the sapphire substrate.
  • Layer 3 is the Si-doped high temperature GaN layer grown at around 1000-1050 0 C, doped to a concentration of about 2 ⁇ 10 17 to 9 ⁇ 10 18 cm '3 .
  • Layer 4 to Layer 6 is the first set of MQWs.
  • Layer 4 is the Si- doped GaN barrier with a doping concentration of about 2 ⁇ 10 17 to 2 ⁇ 10 18 cm “3 .
  • Layer 5 is the wetting layer of ln x Ga ⁇ -x N pre-growth before TMIn burst. The Indium content, x, ranges from about 0.1 to 0.2. After the growth of layer 5, TMIn and ammonia were flowed to form the seeds for the growth of Indium rich QDs before layer 6 is deposited. The flow rate is maintained at about 10-80 ⁇ mol/min for duration of about 3 to 12 seconds while the temperature in the chamber is ramped down by about 10 0 C during the TMIn flow.
  • Layer 6 is the ln y Ga 1-y N well layer with the embedded Indium rich nanostructure 104, where y>x.
  • the embedded In rich nanostructure 104 has an Indium content ranging from about 10 to 60% and emits light in the longer wavelength.
  • Layer 7 is an undoped GaN capped layer of about 15-30nm grown at about 720-750 0 C.
  • Layers 8-9 represent the 2 nd set of MQWs, where the temperature has been increased by about 30 0 C from that of the 1 st set of MQWs.
  • the composition of Indium in the 2 nd set of MQWs, In 2 Ga 1-2 N has the mole fractions z ⁇ y as compared to the 1 st set of MQWs with ln y Ga 1-y N.
  • Layer 10 is the thin capped layer of low temperature GaN of about 15-30nm at about 780-800 0 C.
  • Layer 11 is a layer of Al a Gai -a N of thickness 20-40 nm, where a is between about 0.1-0.3.
  • the layer 12 is the Mg doped (p-type) ln m Ga 1-m N layer where m is between about 0.05-0.1.
  • Figure 2 shows a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the surface morphology 200 of the p-type InGaN layer 12.
  • the surface morphology 200 appears to be porous.
  • the method for fabricating a device that emits lights from red to cyan with varying voltages comprises providing a substrate 300 with an epilayer 302 of GaN buffer layer and a n-type GaN layer 304.
  • the epilayer 302 consists of the growth of a nucleation (buffer) layer of GaN at about
  • the substrate 300 is maintained at about the same temperature and a layer 400 of Si-doped GaN is deposited with a doping concentration of about 2 ⁇ 10 17 to 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm '3 , as shown in Figure 4.
  • the substrate 300 is then maintained at about the same temperature and a layer
  • the substrate 300 is maintained at the same temperature as that for the step described above with reference to Figure 3 of about 700 0 C to 850 0 C and a capped layer 900 of GaN is deposited, as shown in Figure 9.
  • the substrate 300 temperature is then increased by 3O 0 C and a layer 1000 of Si-doped GaN with a doping concentration of about 2x10 17 to 1x10 18 cm “3 is deposited, as shown in Figure 10.
  • the substrate is maintained at about the same temperature and a well layer 1100 of In 2 Ga 1-2 N, where z ⁇ y, is formed, as shown in Figure 11.
  • the steps described with reference to Figures 10 and 11 are repeated two times to form MQWs structures 1200, 1202 as shown in Figure
  • Each of the structures 1200, 1202 comprises a Si-doped GaN layer 1000 and a well layer 1100 ( Figures 10, 11).
  • the substrate 300 is maintained at about the same temperature and a capped layer 1300 of Si-doped GaN with a doping concentration of about 2 ⁇ 10 17 to 1x10 18 cm “3 is deposited, as shown in Figure 13.
  • the substrate temperature is then increased by about 3O 0 C and a layer 1400 of Al x Ga 1-x N where 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.3 is formed, as shown in Figure 14.
  • the substrate is maintained at about the same temperature and a capped layer 1500 of p-type ln m Ga 1-m N with Mg doping of about 1x10 18 to 1x10 19 cm "3 is deposited, where m is between about 0.05 to 0.10, as shown in Figure 15.
  • Etching of mesa is carried out using BCI 3 and Cl 2 plasma to reach layer 3 of Figure 1 (layer 304 of Figure 3) using Inductive Coupled Plasma Etching (ICP).
  • ICP Inductive Coupled Plasma Etching
  • the p-contact to p-type InGaN layer 1500 followed by n-contact to n-type GaN are then deposited.
  • the described embodiments seek to produce a single GaN-based LED package chip which can give different colour emission by varying the applied voltage.
  • the embodiments can overcome the problem of difference in lifetime of the set of LEDs used, especially when applied for white LEDs or in automobile indicator lighting.
  • the GaN-based LEDs make use of the quantum dots in the quantum well to produce the emission of the desired wavelength, the problem of degradation and difficulty of packaging associated with the use of phosphor to achieve the different colour emissions can be resolved.
  • the embodiment also avoids the use of polychromatic colour mixing devices to achieve the desired emission wavelength since the emission wavelength itself is tunable by varying the voltages applied to the diode.
  • Figure 16 shows the I-V characteristic for one example LED.
  • In rich InGaN nanostructures are grown on a In 0 I0 Ga 090 N wetting layer using trimethyl Indium (TMIn) burst during the growth of InGaN/GaN MQWs.
  • TMIn trimethyl Indium
  • These In rich InGaN nanostructures formed using TMIn as the antisurfactant range from about 50- 80 nm, serving as "QDs-like" states in the structure which act as a nucleation site to enhance In incorporation in the InGaN well layer. This gives rise to a broad PL emission peak 1700 with wavelength in the range of 500-700 nm, as shown in Figure 17.
  • the embedded layer of InGaN nanostructures 1800 can be observed from the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image in Figure 18.
  • TEM transmission electron microscopy
  • two sets of MQWs are implemented.
  • the 1 st set of MQWs gives a broad emission band 1700 from about 500-700 nm and 2 nd set of MQWs enables an emission peak 1702 at 460 nm, as shown in Figure 17.
  • Figure 19 shows the colour coordinates of the emission of the LED at different voltages on the chromaticity diagram, CIE (International Commission on Illumination) in particular (a) 3-4V, (b) 5-7V, (c) 8-10V, and (d) 11 -20V.
  • CIE International Commission on Illumination
  • the ability to fabricate LEDs with tuneable colours as the voltage is varied is useful for a number of important applications, including:
  • Illumination and display purposes This includes the illumination of signboard, displays in shops, houses and the sidewalk.
  • the schematic drawings in Figures 1 and 3 to 15 are not to scale.
  • the present invention can also be applied to cover other materials such as the phosphide based emitting devices, which include In/Ga, InGa/AIGa, Ga/AIGa and InGa/AllnGa (well/barrier) system based devices.
  • the colors as a function of voltage and the overall wavelength ranges of the devices may vary between different materials.
  • the wetting layer used is dependent on the elements in the well layer.
  • the same temay or quaternary alloy can be used, for instance an ln x Ga 1-x P wetting layer is adopted for an ln y Ga 1-y P well layer, with x ⁇ y.
  • the elements to be incorporated for QDs generation are also determined by the elements in the well layer.
  • In atoms are incorporated in the described example as In can give the necessary red shift and a broad spectrum for nitride material.
  • the InP QDs used can enhance its emission in the red regime to infra-red.

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Abstract

A light emitting diode and a method of fabricating a light emitting diode. the diode comprises a first set of multiple quantum wells (MQWs), each of the MQWs of the first set comprising a wetting layer providing nucleation sites for quantum dots (QDs) or QD-like structures in a well layer of said each MQW; and a second set of MQWs, each of the MQWs of the second set formed so as to exhibit a photoluminescence (PL) peak wavelength shifted compared to the MQWs of the first set.

Description

Tunable Wavelength Light Emitting Diode
FIELD OF INVENTION
The present invention relates broadly to a light emitting diode and to a method of fabricating a light emitting diode.
BACKGROUND
Light emitting diode (LEDs) have been used in many applications such as outdoor full colour displays, traffic lights, data storage, solid state lighting and communications. Presently, LEDs can only emit light at a particular wavelength. White LEDs are made up of three separate LEDs emitting light with the three primary colours of blue, green and red. Conventional diodes are made from inorganic compound semiconductors, typically AIGaAs (red), AIInGaP (orange-yellow-green) and InGaN (green-blue). These diodes emit monochromatic light of a frequency corresponding to the bandgap of the compound semiconductor. The difference in the degradation time of these different materials can cause the problem in the extent of white obtained over time. This also applies for the phosphor-based white LEDs, where the different rates of deterioration of the phosphors makes the lifetime for which the device can generate white light shorter than the lifetime of the devices itself. An additional problem with this approach include a low emission efficiency, stock losses and complex packaging as a phosphor layer has to be incorporated into the devices, which leads to a non-reliability of the LEDs. In full color displays, LEDs are used in backlighting and it is essential that the LEDs emit light with a constant ratio of intensity for the respective component wavelengths.
In phosphor based LEDs, phosphor coating can be used to convert blue LEDs to light over a wider spectrum, typically yellow. The combination of yellow and blue light enables the emission of white light. Alternatively, a multi-phosphor blend can be used to generate light such as trichromatic red-green-blue (RGB). However, the extent of the yellow, green or cyan is not tunable as the phosphor can emit light only at a particular wavelength. Furthermore, the approach is expensive and complex since each of the blue, green and red LEDs has to be addressed independently and a feedback is needed.
Amongst LEDs, group Ill-nitride based LEDs have attracted considerable interest in the field of optoelectronics as their bandgap varies and cover a wide range of emission spectra from ultraviolet to infra-red utilising binary and ternary alloys e.g. AIN, AlxGa1-xN, lnyGa1-yN and InN. InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) are often employed in the active regions of the group Ill-nitride based LEDs and laser diodes (LDs). However, the epitaxial growth of InGaN/GaN MQWs poses a great challenge, especially when high In content has to be incorporated for long wavelength applications such as green or red LEDs. Furthermore, the light output efficiency tends to be lowered for light emission with increasing wavelength or higher In incorporation. Lowering the growth temperature results in the increase in the incorporation of In but a reduction in the Photoluminescence (PL) intensity as the crystalline quality is degraded.
Recently, Indium quantum dots have been explored by Chua et al. [Soo Jin Chua et al. US 2004/0023427 A1, Pub Date: Feb 5, 2004] to achieve a red-shift in the PL emission. Indium Nitride (InN) and Indium-rich Indium Gallium Nitride (InGaN) quantum dots embedded in a single and in multiple lnxGa1-xN/ lnyGa1-yN quantum wells (QWs) were formed by using trimethyllndium (TMIn) as antisurfactant during MOCVD growth, and the photoluminescence wavelength has been shifted from 480 to 530 nm [J. Zhang et. al. Appl. Phys. Lett. v80, p485-487, 2002]. However, the growth of the LEDs using such a technique gives only green emission from the MQWs. There is currently no possibility of getting a red emission from InGaN/GaN MQWs. Perez-Solorzano and co- workers [Perez-Solorzano et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. v87, p163121-1 , 2005] have reported on near-red emission from site controlled pyramidal InGaN quantum dots (QDs), however there is no report on a GaN based LED giving red emission. Practical visible red-orange and yellow light sources have been achieved using AIInGaP, while bright green, blue and violet LEDs are fabricated from GaN based material system. However, even though these diodes, when added together, give a full color display with sufficient brightness, there is no single MQW structure which can emit light with tunable wavelength. US Patent application publication US 2005/0082543 discloses fabrication of low defect nanostructures of wide bandgap materials and optoelectronics devices. A nanolithographically-defined template is utilised for formation of nanostructures of wide bandgap materials and has been used for fabrication of phosphor-less monolithic white light emitting diodes. The fabrication involves the tuning of the size of the QDs to generate light of different wavelengths. White light is collectively generated by mixing of QDs sized to generate 30% red light, 59% green light and 11% blue light. The nano- pattern substrate includes the use of SiO2 or other pattern masks using lithography techniques. Thus, the fabrication requires a special template to generate the formation of the QDS pattern to give the different colour emission, which increases the complexity and cost of the resulting LEDs.
US Patent application publication US 2003/127660 A1 discloses an electronic device which comprises of QDs embedded in a host matrix and a primary light source which causes the dots to emit secondary light of a selected colour. The host matrix consists of a solid transparent prepolymer colloid and the quantum dots of varying size distribution. The quantum dot consists of materials such as ZnS ZnSe, CdSe and CdS. A solid state light source, for instance, is used to illuminate the dots causing them to photoluminescence light of a colour characteristic of their size distribution. The light may be pure colour (corresponding to a monodisperse size distribution of quantum dots) or mixed colour (corresponding to a polydisperse size distribution of quantum dots). However, again the fabrication requires a special "template", here a host matrix of polymer. Furthermore, the fabrication requires the implementation of QDs which use foreign materials, which may quench the luminescence. Thus, this fabrication technique is complex and thus increases cost of the LEDs, with potentially quenched luminescence.
A need therefore exist to provide a light emitting device that seeks to address at least one of the above problems.
SUMMARY
In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a light emitting diode comprising a first set of multiple quantum wells (MQWs), each of the MQWs of the first set comprising a wetting layer providing nucleation sites for quantum dots (QDs) or QD-like structures in a well layer of said each MQW; and a second set of MQWs, each of the MQWs of the second set formed so as to exhibit a photoluminescence (PL) peak wavelength shifted compared to the MQWs of the first set.
The QDs or QD-like structures may comprise In atoms.
The first set of MQWs may comprise about 3 to 5 MQWs.
The second set of MQWs may comprise about 2 to 5 MQWs.
Each of the MQWs of the second set may comprise a Ga-based barrier layer and an Ga-based well layer formed on the Ga-based barrier layer.
Each of the MQWs of the first set may comprise a Ga-based barrier layer, an InGa-based wetting layer formed on the Ga-based barrier layer, and a Ga-based well layer formed on the InGa-wetting layer.
The first set of MQWs may be formed on an n-type doped Ga-based layer, the second set of MQWs is formed on the first set of MQWs, a Ga-based capped layer is formed on the second set of MQWs, and a p-type doped Ga-based layer is formed on the Ga-based capped layer.
The light emitting diode may further comprise electrical contacts for contacting the n-type doped Ga-based layer and the p-type doped Ga-based layer respectively.
The first and second sets of MQWs may be supported on a substrate.
The MQWs may comprise one material system of a group consisting of InGa/Ga, InGa/AIGa, Ga/AIGa and InGa/AllnGa.
The MQWs may comprise the nitride or phosphide of the material system. A combined PL spectrum of the diode may cover a tunable wavelength range of about 400-800nm.
In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of fabricating a light emitting diode, the method comprising the steps of forming a first set of multiple quantum wells (MQWs), each of the MQWs of the first set comprising a wetting layer providing nucleation sites for quantum dots (QDs) or QD-like structures in a well layer of said each MQW; and forming a second set of MQWs, each of the MQWs of the second set formed so as to exhibit a photoluminescence (PL) peak wavelength shifted compared to the MQWs of the first set. The QDs or QD-like structures may comprise In atoms.
The first set of MQWs may comprise about 3 to 5 MQWs.
The second set of MQWs may comprise about 2 to 5 MQWs.
Each of the MQWs of the second set may comprise a Ga-based barrier layer and an inGa-based well layer formed on the Ga-based barrier layer.
Each of the MQWs of the first set may comprise a Ga-based barrier layer, an InGa-based wetting layer formed on the Ga-based barrier layer, and a Ga-based well layer formed on the InGa-wetting layer.
The first set of MQWs may be formed on an n-type doped Ga-based layer, the second set of MQWs is formed on the first set of MQWs, a Ga-based capped layer is formed on the second set of MQWs, and a p-type doped Ga-based layer is formed on the Ga-based capped layer.
The method may further comprise forming electrical contacts for contacting the n-type doped Ga-based layer and the p-type doped Ga-based layer respectively. The first and second sets of MQWs may be supported on a substrate.
The first set of MQWs may be formed at a lower temperature than the second set of MQWs.
The first set of MQWs may be formed with a higher In precursor flow than the second set of MQWs. The MQWs may comprise one material system of a group consisting of
InGa/Ga, InGa/AIGa, Ga/AIGa and InGa/AllnGa.
The MQWs may comprise the nitride or phosphide of the material system.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Embodiments of the invention will be better understood and readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art from the following written description, by way of example only, and in conjunction with the drawings, in which:
Figure 1 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of the sample structure of an LED according to an embodiment.
Figure 2 shows an SEM image of the surface morphology of the p-type InGaN in the LED of Figure 1.
Figures 3 to 15 show schematic cross sectional drawings illustrating fabrication of a light emitting device according to an embodiment. Figure 16 shows the I-V characteristic of an LED according to an embodiment.
Figure 17 is a graph showing the dual PL peak emission spectrum from the LED of Figure 16.
Figure 18 is a cross-sectional TEM image showing the dual set of MQWs in the LED of Figure 16.
Figure 19 shows the colour coordinate of the emission at different voltages on the chromaticity Diagram, CIE, for the LED of Figure 16. The following points correspond to the following voltage range; Point (A),®: 3-4V, Point (B) Φ: 5-7V, Point (C) O : 8- 10V, Point (D) 0 : 11 -20V.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The growth of the LEDs in the example embodiments was performed using a metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) system. Trimethylgallium (TMGa),
Trimethlylndium (TMIn), Trimethylaluminium (TMA), Magnesium (Cp2Mg) and silane
(SiH4) were used as the precursors. Hydrogen and nitrogen were used as the carrier gas for effective incorporation of the elements.
In the LEDs, two sets of MQWs (compare 100, 102 in Figure 1) were grown at different temperatures so as to obtain emissions at different wavelengths. After a high temperature GaN layer (compare layer 3 in Figure 1), grown on a low temperature GaN buffer (compare layer 2 in Figure 1) on e.g. a sapphire substrate (compare layer 1 of Figure 1), the temperature in the MOCVD chamber is lowered to about 700-7500C to grow a first set of MQWs consisting of about 3 to 5 wells. A GaN barrier (compare layer 4 in Figure 1) is first grown to a thickness of about 5.0-10.0 nm with Si doping, ns about 2.0x1017cm"3. A thin wetting layer (compare layer 5 in Figure 1) of lnxGa1-xN with composition of x about 0.10-0.20 and thickness of about 1 nm is grown to enhance the incorporation of the Indium Nitride rich QDs during the In burst process. The In atoms from the Indium precursor segregate at the dangling bonds of the wetting layer of InGaN to serve as a seed layer for the subsequent growth of the InGaN QDs and well layer (compare layer 6 in Figure 1) as determined by the precursor flow rate. The amount of TMIn acting as antisurfactants and the duration of the TMIn flow are important for the growth of the Indium rich QDs. It was found that too small a flow may not form enough seeds for growth of the QDs, but too long a duration may causes well layer roughening.
After the growth of the first set of MQWs, an about 10-30 nm undoped GaN layer (compare layer 7 in Figure 1) is grown at about 720-7500C before the temperature is increased by another about 3O0C for the growth of the second set of MQWs. A n-type
GaN barrier (compare layer 8 in Figure 1) is grown to a thickness of about 5.0-10.0 nm and the InGaN (compare layer 9 in Figure 1) well is grown to a thickness of about 2.0-
5.0 nm. The TMIn flow during the growth of the second set of MQWs is lowered to about 300 seem or 43.0 μmol/min based on the vapour pressure and the temperature of the
TMI source. It was found that the lower TMI flow rate gives a blue-shift in PL emission.
The 2nd set of MQWs consists of about 2 to 5 wells.
After the growth of the 2nd set of MQWs, a thin capped layer (compare layer 10 in Figure 1) of GaN is grown to a thickness of about 15-30 nm at about 780-8000C. Next, a layer Of AI3Ga1-3N (compare layer 11 in Figure 1) of thickness 20-40 nm is grown, where a is between about 0.1-0.3. This is followed by a p-type InGaN layer (compare layer 12 in Figure 1) grown to a thickness of about 150-300 nm. Magnesium is used as the p- dopant and growth in the chamber is carried out at about 750-8000C. The TMIn flow rate is set in the range of about 80-150 seem with a pressure less than about 300 Torr. The pressure is subsequently lowered to about 50-300 Torr for the growth of a thin epilayer of Mg-doped GaN in hydrogen ambient. This was found to improve on the contact resistance. In order to prevent the out-diffusion of the In-rich InGaN nanostructure in the well layer (compare layer 6 of Figure 1) of the first set of MQWs, a conventional p-type GaN is doped with Indium and the growth of the p-type InGaN (compare layer 12 in
Figure 1) is kept in the range of about 750-8000C. No additional in-situ annealing is carried out to activate the Mg in the p-type InGaN (compare layer 12 in Figure 1).
Figure 1 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of the dual set of InGaN/GaN MQWs 100, 102 structure of the example embodiment. Layer 1 is the substrate which can be sapphire, Silicon carbide (SiC), zinc oxide (ZnO) or other substrate. Layer 2 is the low temperature GaN buffer grown at 500-5500C with a thickness of about 25nm to facilitate the nucleation of GaN on the sapphire substrate. Layer 3 is the Si-doped high temperature GaN layer grown at around 1000-10500C, doped to a concentration of about 2 χ1017 to 9 χ1018 cm'3. Layer 4 to Layer 6 is the first set of MQWs. Layer 4 is the Si- doped GaN barrier with a doping concentration of about 2 χ1017 to 2 χ1018 cm"3. Layer 5 is the wetting layer of lnxGa<ι-xN pre-growth before TMIn burst. The Indium content, x, ranges from about 0.1 to 0.2. After the growth of layer 5, TMIn and ammonia were flowed to form the seeds for the growth of Indium rich QDs before layer 6 is deposited. The flow rate is maintained at about 10-80 μmol/min for duration of about 3 to 12 seconds while the temperature in the chamber is ramped down by about 100C during the TMIn flow. Layer 6 is the lnyGa1-yN well layer with the embedded Indium rich nanostructure 104, where y>x. The embedded In rich nanostructure 104 has an Indium content ranging from about 10 to 60% and emits light in the longer wavelength. Layer 7 is an undoped GaN capped layer of about 15-30nm grown at about 720-7500C. Layers 8-9 represent the 2nd set of MQWs, where the temperature has been increased by about 300C from that of the 1st set of MQWs. The composition of Indium in the 2nd set of MQWs, In2Ga1-2N, has the mole fractions z < y as compared to the 1st set of MQWs with lnyGa1-yN. Layer 10 is the thin capped layer of low temperature GaN of about 15-30nm at about 780-8000C. Layer 11 is a layer of AlaGai-aN of thickness 20-40 nm, where a is between about 0.1-0.3. The layer 12 is the Mg doped (p-type) lnmGa1-mN layer where m is between about 0.05-0.1.
Figure 2 shows a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the surface morphology 200 of the p-type InGaN layer 12. The surface morphology 200 appears to be porous.
Processing is then carried out for the Schottky and the ohmic contacts on the p- type InGaN (layer 12, Figure 1) and the n-type GaN (layer 3, Figure 1) respectively. A more detailed description of the fabrication process will now be given with reference to Figures 3 to 15.
With reference to Figure 3, the method for fabricating a device that emits lights from red to cyan with varying voltages in one example embodiment comprises providing a substrate 300 with an epilayer 302 of GaN buffer layer and a n-type GaN layer 304.
The epilayer 302 consists of the growth of a nucleation (buffer) layer of GaN at about
500-5500C while the n-type GaN layer 304 is grown at 1000-10500C. Next, the substrate 300 is maintained at about the same temperature and a layer 400 of Si-doped GaN is deposited with a doping concentration of about 2 χ1017to 1χ1018 cm'3, as shown in Figure 4.
The substrate 300 is then maintained at about the same temperature and a layer
500 of lnxGa1-xN, where x ranges from about 0.10 to 0.20, is formed to serve as the wetting layer over the GaN layer 400. With the substrate 300 temperature decreased by about 100C and flowing indium-precursor at a flow rate of about 10-80 μmol/min between about 3 to 12 seconds, a quantum dots-like structure 600 of lnwGa1-wN, where 0.2<w <1.0, is formed, as shown in Figure 6.
Next, maintaining the substrate 300 at the stable temperature attained in growth of quantum dots-like structure 600 of lnwGa1-wN, a well layer 700 of lnyGa1-yN, where y>x, is formed, as shown in Figure 7. The steps described with reference to Figures 4 to 7 are repeated three times to form MQWs structures 800, 802, 804 as shown in Figure 8, where each of the structures 800, 802, 804 comprises a layer 400, a layer 500, a quantum dots-like structure 600 and a well layer 700 (Figures 4 to 7).
Next, the substrate 300 is maintained at the same temperature as that for the step described above with reference to Figure 3 of about 7000C to 8500C and a capped layer 900 of GaN is deposited, as shown in Figure 9. The substrate 300 temperature is then increased by 3O0C and a layer 1000 of Si-doped GaN with a doping concentration of about 2x1017 to 1x1018cm"3 is deposited, as shown in Figure 10. The substrate is maintained at about the same temperature and a well layer 1100 of In2Ga1-2N, where z < y, is formed, as shown in Figure 11. The steps described with reference to Figures 10 and 11 are repeated two times to form MQWs structures 1200, 1202 as shown in Figure
12. Each of the structures 1200, 1202 comprises a Si-doped GaN layer 1000 and a well layer 1100 (Figures 10, 11).
The substrate 300 is maintained at about the same temperature and a capped layer 1300 of Si-doped GaN with a doping concentration of about 2 χ1017 to 1x1018 cm"3 is deposited, as shown in Figure 13. The substrate temperature is then increased by about 3O0C and a layer 1400 of AlxGa1-xN where 0.1<x<0.3 is formed, as shown in Figure 14. The substrate is maintained at about the same temperature and a capped layer 1500 of p-type lnmGa1-mN with Mg doping of about 1x1018 to 1x1019 cm"3 is deposited, where m is between about 0.05 to 0.10, as shown in Figure 15.
Processing is then carried out to make the contact for the devices. Etching of mesa is carried out using BCI3 and Cl2 plasma to reach layer 3 of Figure 1 (layer 304 of Figure 3) using Inductive Coupled Plasma Etching (ICP). The p-contact to p-type InGaN layer 1500 followed by n-contact to n-type GaN are then deposited.
The described embodiments seek to produce a single GaN-based LED package chip which can give different colour emission by varying the applied voltage. In terms of the quality of the LEDs, the embodiments can overcome the problem of difference in lifetime of the set of LEDs used, especially when applied for white LEDs or in automobile indicator lighting. As the GaN-based LEDs make use of the quantum dots in the quantum well to produce the emission of the desired wavelength, the problem of degradation and difficulty of packaging associated with the use of phosphor to achieve the different colour emissions can be resolved. The embodiment also avoids the use of polychromatic colour mixing devices to achieve the desired emission wavelength since the emission wavelength itself is tunable by varying the voltages applied to the diode.
Figure 16 shows the I-V characteristic for one example LED. In that embodiment, In rich InGaN nanostructures are grown on a In0 I0Ga090N wetting layer using trimethyl Indium (TMIn) burst during the growth of InGaN/GaN MQWs. These In rich InGaN nanostructures formed using TMIn as the antisurfactant range from about 50- 80 nm, serving as "QDs-like" states in the structure which act as a nucleation site to enhance In incorporation in the InGaN well layer. This gives rise to a broad PL emission peak 1700 with wavelength in the range of 500-700 nm, as shown in Figure 17. The embedded layer of InGaN nanostructures 1800 can be observed from the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image in Figure 18. In order to produce emission with different wavelength, two sets of MQWs are implemented. The 1st set of MQWs gives a broad emission band 1700 from about 500-700 nm and 2nd set of MQWs enables an emission peak 1702 at 460 nm, as shown in Figure 17. Figure 19 shows the colour coordinates of the emission of the LED at different voltages on the chromaticity diagram, CIE (International Commission on Illumination) in particular (a) 3-4V, (b) 5-7V, (c) 8-10V, and (d) 11 -20V. The ability to fabricate LEDs with tuneable colours as the voltage is varied is useful for a number of important applications, including:
- Illumination and display purposes. This includes the illumination of signboard, displays in shops, houses and the sidewalk.
- LCD backlighting, keypad light guides, digital camera flash light, PC monitors backlighting. The use of LEDs, especially the Rainbow LEDs will further enhance the capability of the LEDs to provide colour rendering. - Solid state lighting.
- Automobile headlights and traffic lights.
It will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the present invention as shown in the specific embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive.
It is noted that the schematic drawings in Figures 1 and 3 to 15 are not to scale. The present invention can also be applied to cover other materials such as the phosphide based emitting devices, which include In/Ga, InGa/AIGa, Ga/AIGa and InGa/AllnGa (well/barrier) system based devices. It will be appreciated that the colors as a function of voltage and the overall wavelength ranges of the devices may vary between different materials. The wetting layer used is dependent on the elements in the well layer. The same temay or quaternary alloy can be used, for instance an lnxGa1-xP wetting layer is adopted for an lnyGa1-yP well layer, with x < y.
The elements to be incorporated for QDs generation are also determined by the elements in the well layer. In atoms are incorporated in the described example as In can give the necessary red shift and a broad spectrum for nitride material. In the case of GaP, the InP QDs used can enhance its emission in the red regime to infra-red.

Claims

1. A light emitting diode comprising: a first set of multiple quantum wells (MQWs), each of the MQWs of the first set comprising a wetting layer providing nucleation sites for quantum dots (QDs) or QD-like structures in a well layer of said each MQW; and a second set of MQWs, each of the MQWs of the second set formed so as to exhibit a photoluminescence (PL) peak wavelength shifted compared to the MQWs of the first set.
2. The light emitting diode as claimed in claim 1, wherein the QDs or QD-like structures comprise In atoms.
3. The light emitting diode as claimed in claims 1 or 2, wherein the first set of MQWs comprises about 3 to 5 MQWs.
4. The light emitting diode as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the second set of MQWs comprises about 2 to 5 MQWs.
5. The light emitting diode as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein each of the MQWs of the second set comprises a Ga-based barrier layer and an Ga-based well layer formed on the Ga-based barrier layer.
6. The light emitting diode as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein each of the MQWs of the first set comprises a Ga-based barrier layer, an InGa-based wetting layer formed on the Ga-based barrier layer, and a Ga-based well layer formed on the InGa-wetting layer.
7. The light emitting diode as claimed in claim 6, wherein the first set of MQWs are formed on an n-type doped Ga-based layer, the second set of MQWs is formed on the first set of MQWs, a Ga-based capped layer is formed on the second set of MQWs, and a p-type doped Ga-based layer is formed on the Ga-based capped layer.
8. The light emitting diode as claimed in claim 7, further comprising electrical contacts for contacting the n-type doped Ga-based layer and the p-type doped Ga-based layer respectively.
9. The light emitting diode as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first and second sets of MQWs are supported on a substrate.
10. The light emitting diode as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the MQWs comprise one material system of a group consisting of InGa/Ga, InGa/AIGa, Ga/AIGa and InGa/AllnGa.
11. The light emitting diode as claimed in claim 10, wherein the MQWs comprise the nitride or phosphide of the material system.
12. The light emitting diode as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein a combined PL spectrum of the diode covers a tunable wavelength range of about 400-800nm.
13. A method of fabricating a light emitting diode, the method comprising the steps of: forming a first set of multiple quantum wells (MQWs), each of the MQWs of the first set comprising a wetting layer providing nucleation sites for quantum dots (QDs) or QD-like structures in a well layer of said each MQW; and forming a second set of MQWs, each of the MQWs of the second set formed so as to exhibit a photoluminescence (PL) peak wavelength shifted compared to the MQWs of the first set.
14. The method as claimed in claim 13, wherein the QDs or QD-like structures comprise In atoms.
15. The method as claimed in claims 13 or 14, wherein the first set of MQWs comprises about 3 to 5 MQWs.
16. The method as claimed in any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein the second set of MQWs comprises about 2 to 5 MQWs.
17. The method as claimed in any one of claims 13 to 16, wherein each of the MQWs of the second set comprises a Ga-based barrier layer and an InGa-based well layer formed on the Ga-based barrier layer.
18. The method as claimed in any one of claims 13 to 17, wherein each of the MQWs of the first set comprises a Ga-based barrier layer, an InGa-based wetting layer formed on the Ga-based barrier layer, and a Ga-based well layer formed on the InGa-wetting layer.
19. The method as claimed in claim 18, wherein the first set of MQWs are formed on an n-type doped Ga-based layer, the second set of MQWs is formed on the first set of MQWs, a Ga-based capped layer is formed on the second set of MQWs, and a p-type doped Ga-based layer is formed on the Ga-based capped layer.
20. The method as claimed in claim 19, further comprising forming electrical contacts for contacting the n-type doped Ga-based layer and the p-type doped Ga-based layer respectively.
21. The method as claimed in any one of claims 13 to 20, wherein the first and second sets of MQWs are supported on a substrate.
22. The method as claimed in any one of claims 13 to 21 , wherein the first set of MQWs is formed at a lower temperature than the second set of MQWs.
23. The method as claimed in any one of claims 13 to 22, wherein the first set of MQWs is formed with a higher In precursor flow than the second set of MQWs.
24. The method as claimed in any one of claims 13 to 23, wherein the MQWs comprise one material system of a group consisting of InGa/Ga, InGa/AIGa, Ga/AIGa and InGa/AllnGa.
25. The method as claimed in claim 24, wherein the MQWs comprise the nitride or phosphide of the material system.
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