WO2008030108A1 - production animale - Google Patents

production animale Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008030108A1
WO2008030108A1 PCT/NZ2007/000240 NZ2007000240W WO2008030108A1 WO 2008030108 A1 WO2008030108 A1 WO 2008030108A1 NZ 2007000240 W NZ2007000240 W NZ 2007000240W WO 2008030108 A1 WO2008030108 A1 WO 2008030108A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
animal
slow release
release device
nitrification inhibitor
increasing
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/NZ2007/000240
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2008030108A8 (fr
Inventor
Stewart Francis Ledgard
David Pacheco-Rios
Original Assignee
Agresearch Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Agresearch Limited filed Critical Agresearch Limited
Publication of WO2008030108A1 publication Critical patent/WO2008030108A1/fr
Publication of WO2008030108A8 publication Critical patent/WO2008030108A8/fr

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/415—1,2-Diazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/116—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A23K20/137—Heterocyclic compounds containing two hetero atoms, of which at least one is nitrogen
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
    • A23K20/30—Oligoelements
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K40/30—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by encapsulating; by coating
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/13—Amines
    • A61K31/155—Amidines (), e.g. guanidine (H2N—C(=NH)—NH2), isourea (N=C(OH)—NH2), isothiourea (—N=C(SH)—NH2)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
    • A61K9/0068—Rumen, e.g. rumen bolus

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of increasing animal production. Particularly, although not exclusively, the present invention relates to chemical inhibitors and animal production.
  • Hormone-dependent sex differences in growth rate have been known for a long time. It has also been known that growth rate and FCE (Feed Conversion Efficiency) are higher in intact males than in castrates. It was a natural progression with the availability of hormones and other natural or synthetic substances displaying hormone activity which led to experiments aiming at their use to increase production.
  • FCE Freed Conversion Efficiency
  • DES diethyl stilboestrol
  • hexoestrol hexoestrol
  • prolactin This is a hormone of the anterior pituitary whose secretion varies seasonally in many species, has previously been implicated in the control of hair growth in various species including wool growth cycles in primitive and shedding breeds of sheep.
  • Prolactin receptors have been identified in the wool follicle revealing a physiological mechanism whereby circulatory prolactin can mediate wool growth cycles.
  • antibiotic drugs In all the animal industries, one of the primary reasons for the use of antibiotic drugs is for production enhancement (increased growth rate and efficiency of feed use).
  • a significant disadvantage of antibiotic use is that resistance to antibiotics can build up, not only in the animal microflora, but also in humans as residual amounts of antibiotics may enter the food chain.. For this reason, dairy cows treated with antibiotics are required to have their milk withheld for a considerable time, resulting in potential economic penalties for the producer..
  • Condensed tannins have increased animal performance by increasing the flow of non-ammonia nitrogen into intestine of ruminants. See Want, Y., Douglas, G. B., Waghorn, G. C, Barry, T. N., and Foote, A.G. 1996. Effect of condensed tannins in Lotus corniculatus upon lactation performance in ewes. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge. 126:353-362 and Waghorn, G. C, Shelton, I. D., McNabb, W. C 1 and McCutcheon, S.N. 1994. Effects of condensed tannins in Lotus peduncalatus on its nutritive value for sheep. 2. Nitrogenous aspects. Journal of Agricultural Science. 123:109-119.
  • Tannins increase animal production in spite of reductions in the digestibility of nitrogen (i.e. more nitrogen ends up in the dung). This could be argued as a benefit of tannins, as more nitrogen goes into faeces relative to urine.
  • plants containing condensed tannins can be difficult to grow, their yield per hectare is generally lower than other grasses and legumes, and have low resistance to grazing. Therefore, their use is limited in search systems.
  • a nitrification inhibitor into the digestive system of an animal.
  • the term 'animal production' should be taken to mean any product(s) or qualities of value derived from animals for market or research.
  • the animal production which may be measured is live-weight gain.
  • animal production which may be measured include increased gains and quality in animal by products such as milk, wool and meat or any other such animal derived products.
  • the animal will be a farm animal, and more prefei-ably dairy or beef cattle.
  • dairy or beef cattle this should not be seen as a limitation as it is anticipated the present invention could be used on other intensively farmed ruminants such as sheep, goats and so forth.
  • 'nitrification inhibitor' refers to any substance including at least one compound capable of directly or indirectly affecting the conversion of nitrogen containing compounds.
  • nitrogen containing compound should be taken to mean any compound which contains nitrogen as part of its chemical structure.
  • a nitrification inhibitor is known to affect the conversion of ammonium to nitrate by inhibiting the bacterial species responsible for transformation of ammonium to nitrate in soil (Nitrosomonas spp).
  • inhibitors that can be used in small amounts, and which are non-toxic to the animal.
  • the amount of inhibitor administered will be dependent upon a number of factors, including the choice of inhibitor, as well as the body weight of the animal It is anticipated effective amounts of each inhibitor could be readily discernable to a skilled addressee.
  • a number of nitrification inhibitors are known in the art which may find use in the present invention.
  • a nitrification inhibitor suitable is dicyandiamide (DCD), which has been shown to inhibit nitrification of fertiliser nitrogen and animal urinary nitrogen when applied at relatively low rates and is non-toxic.
  • DMPP 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate
  • the nitrification inhibitor may optionally also include one or more other beneficial compounds which function to improve or condition micro-organisms already present in the animal's digestive system or possibly the soil, allowing them to increase protein utilisation by the animal. Additionally, much of the nitrification inhibitor passes through unaltered in the animal urine and reduces environmental losses from the urine-nitrogen. Urine from animals is recognised as the main source of nitrogen loss to the environment in grazed pastures.
  • the nitrogen inhibitor may be referred to simply as a 'nitrogen process modifier'.
  • a nitrogen inhibitor is introduced to an animal as a means of increasing animal production while being a carrier for the introduction of nitrogen process modifiers which affect the conversion of nitrogen containing components in the environment.
  • the nitrogen inhibitor not only increases animal production, but delivers the nitrogen process modifiers to the environment via animal waste. This means no or little delay occurs in modifying the conversion of nitrogen containing compounds. Further, this ensures the nitrogen process modifiers are only delivered to the portion of pasture/soil on which the animal urinates, eliminating the need to apply the modifiers over a large area of pasture.
  • the nitrogen process modifiers (inhibitors) of the present invention may be introduced to the animal by a number of mechanisms.
  • inhibitors may be introduced to the animal through the digestive system of the animal using a delivery device.
  • the delivery device may be encapsulated to provide protection against full denaturation and subsequent absorption in the rumen or intestine.
  • the delivery device may be in the form of a sustained slow release device administered orally to an animal such as a ruminal bolus.
  • a bolus is typically in the form of an elongate cylinder designed to slowly dissolve in the rumen of an animal.
  • One advantage of having sustained release devices is that the amount of modifiers released can be accurately known. This makes the treatment and analysis of the effects of the treatment of the animal much more precise than previously.
  • the bolus will preferably be composed of a solid matrix, coated with an impervious material having an opening through which the modifiers can be released, or a bio- erodeable coating which release the modifiers as they are exposed.
  • the present invention may be used with a sustained slow release device consisting of a series of capsules within a housing which dissolve at a controlled rate in the stomach of the animal.
  • a sustained slow release device consisting of a series of capsules within a housing which dissolve at a controlled rate in the stomach of the animal.
  • One such example is the CaptecTM bolus.
  • Other delivery mechanisms may also be used for the application of the inhibitor to the animal. These may include incorporating the inhibitor in animal feed, adding onto feed or into a water trough, or by other traditional delivery mechanisms such as drenches or injections.
  • the delivery device may optionally include other compounds beneficial to the animal being treated, or micro-organisms residing in the digestive tract of the animal in addition to the nitrification inhibitor.
  • the delivery device may also include trace elements such as zinc, copper and/or selenium.
  • the delivery device may include an anthelmintic in addition to the nitrification inhibitor.
  • nitrogen is the most prone to loss by processes of leaching and/or denitrification/nitrous oxide emission.
  • the inhibitors may be delivered over a shorter time period, with a number of treatments administered to the animal as required.
  • a preferred embodiment of the present invention is the use of a nitrogen inhibitor (modifier) to increase animal live-weight.
  • Nitrogen modifiers in the rumen can alter the utilisation of nitrogen by the rumen microflora. If such changes in microbial metabolism result in an increased amount of non-ammonia nitrogen (i.e. more microbial protein and/or more undegraded dietary protein) reaching the small intestine, the overall effect would be similar to offering a forage with low protein degradability. Besides the effect on the total post-ruminal supply of protein, there would be expected a reduction in the energy expenditure associated to ammonia detoxication. The postulated extra supply of protein and energy will be used by the animal metabolic processes responsible for production (i.e. growth, milk production).
  • Part of the increase in nitrogen utilisation may also be due to nitrogen being slowly released from the nitrification inhibitor in the digestive system (i.e. the nitrification inhibitor acting as a source of slowly degradable nitrogen in the rumen).
  • Inhibiting or modifying the conversion of nitrogen containing compounds allows more time for the nitrogen excreted in animal waste to be absorbed by plants, before being lost by soil processes such as leaching from the soil as nitrate. This will also reduce the level of nitrate entering ground water and affecting water quality in drinking water supplies.
  • the present invention thus encompasses a range of different mechanisms by which nitrogen inhibitors could be introduced into the digestive system of animals to achieve an increase in animal production with a reduction in loss of nitrogen containing compounds into the environment.
  • the present invention is directed to a novel method of increasing animal production by introducing to the digestion system of an animal a nitrification inhibitor that increases animal production and affects the conversion of nitrogen containing compounds in animal waste, once the waste has been excreted from the animal.
  • the invention is based upon the inventors' investigation into the delivery of nitrogen process modifiers, animal production and the modification of nitrogen containing compounds in animal waste.
  • One preferred embodiment of the present invention consists of a sustained slow release device administered orally to grazing animals with targeted delivery to the digestive system then processed into animal waste, and urine in particular.
  • the sustained slow release device is in the form of a slow release bolus which is inserted into the rumen and which releases nitrogen transformation modifiers over a sustained period of up to four months.
  • a bolus may additionally include a rumen-stable delivery system to deliver the modifiers post-ruminally.
  • a core comprising a substantially homogeneous mixture of:
  • a water insoluble physiologically acceptable binder comprising wax, fat, oil, fatty acid, fatty acid ester, fatty acid amide, fatty acid alcohol or the like organic compound having a melting point above 50°C;
  • a physiologically acceptable solubilising agent such as polyethylene glycol stearate or the sodium salt of a long-chain fatty acid
  • a nitrogen transformation modifier in the form of nitrification inhibitor such as DMPP or DCD with a binding agent such as glycerol monostearate.
  • the size of the bolus and the amount of modifier required will be dependent on a number of factors, including the identity and concentration of the inhibitor the body weight of the animal and the desired length of treatment. Such factors would be readily discernable to a skilled addressee.
  • a modified cross-over design involving 12 sheep was used with 2 treatments and 2 time periods. During each period, the following treatments, with 6 replicate sheep, were infused via the rumen continuously over 5 days:
  • a custom-made urine collection device (200 ml capacity) was tied around the middle of the sheep at the start of each day. When urination had occurred, samples were placed in sterile sample jars, frozen at -20 0 C and retained for N process measurements and DCD analysis. After collection, the device was removed and subsequent urination was funnelled from the metabolism crate into a container with sufficient HCI (17% w/v) to maintain the pH of the urine below 2 to avoid ammonia volatilisation. At the end of each 24 hour period, urine volumes were recorded and samples were frozen and retained for analysis. Total faecal output over 24 h was collected into faecal collection bags harnessed to the animals.
  • Faecal samples were placed in sterile sample jars, frozen at -20 0 C and retained for DCD analysis.
  • Urine and faeces over the 5 d collection period were pooled according to weight and analysed for measurements of N balance according to the methods described by Pinares-Patino et al. (2003).
  • the N concentration of the faeces and urine samples was analysed in a Nitrogen Analyser 1500 (Carlo Erba Instruments, Milan, Italy) using an instrumental combustion method.
  • the sheep were slaughtered at the AgResearch Grasslands Animal Handling facility and various animal tissue samples were collected from each sheep, including muscle, fat, liver, kidney and wool. Sheep live-weights were measured at the start and end of the DCD infusion -..,, period.
  • DCD administered into the rumen of sheep over 5 days increased sheep growth and absorption of dietary nitrogen, and most of the DCD was excreted in urine resulting in inhibition of nitrification in soil thereby reducing the potential for environmental losses.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Animal Husbandry (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Birds (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Nutrition Science (AREA)
  • Physiology (AREA)
  • Fodder In General (AREA)
  • Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention, dans son aspect primaire, a pour objet un nouveau procédé d'accroissement de la production animale par l'introduction dans le système digestif d'un animal d'un inhibiteur de nitrification qui accroît la production animale et agit sur la transformation des composés azotés dans les déchets animaux après leur excrétion. L'un des modes de réalisation préférés de l'invention consiste en un dispositif à libération lente et prolongée administré par voie orale à des animaux de pâturage pour une libération ciblée dans le système digestif. D'autres modes de réalisation de la présente invention comprennent l'apport en aliments et en eau au moyen d'applications correspondantes.
PCT/NZ2007/000240 2006-09-05 2007-08-30 production animale WO2008030108A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NZ549705 2006-09-05
NZ549705A NZ549705A (en) 2006-09-05 2006-09-05 Animal production

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2008030108A1 true WO2008030108A1 (fr) 2008-03-13
WO2008030108A8 WO2008030108A8 (fr) 2008-07-03

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2015137824A1 (fr) * 2014-03-13 2015-09-17 Agresearch Limited Modification de la composition de déchets animaux

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2005030247A1 (fr) * 2003-10-02 2005-04-07 Agresearch Limited Alteration de composition de dechets animaux

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2005030247A1 (fr) * 2003-10-02 2005-04-07 Agresearch Limited Alteration de composition de dechets animaux

Non-Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
DATABASE CA [online] LIZAL F. AND OPLETALOVA L.: "Effect of feeding of urea, dicyandiamide, and crude biuret on weight increase, on the retention of nitrogen, and the digestibility of organic nutrients in the fodder or fattening bulls", accession no. STN Database accession no. (64:77993) *
DATABASE CA LIZAL F.: "Influence of L-lysine supplements in combination with urea, dicyandiamide, and ammonium bicarbonate to feed rations with a reduced nitrogen content" *
MAGOS L. AND BUTLER W.H.: "Cumulative effects of methylmercury dicyandiamide given orally to rats", FOOD AND COSMETIC TECHNOLOGY, vol. 10, no. 4, 1972, pages 513 - 517, XP023867589, DOI: doi:10.1016/S0015-6264(72)80085-3 *
MENEDES S. ET AL.: "3,4-Dimethylpyrazol phosphate effect on nitrous oxide, ammonia, and carbon dioxide emissions from grasslands", J. ENVIRON. QUAL., vol. 35, no. 4, May 2006 (2006-05-01), pages 973 - 981 *
ZIVOCISNA VYROBA, vol. 10, no. 12, 1965, pages 889 - 898 *
ZIVOCISNA VYROBA, vol. 13, no. 2, 1968, pages 83 - 92 *

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2015137824A1 (fr) * 2014-03-13 2015-09-17 Agresearch Limited Modification de la composition de déchets animaux
GB2540296A (en) * 2014-03-13 2017-01-11 Agresearch Ltd Altering animal waste composition

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Publication number Publication date
WO2008030108A8 (fr) 2008-07-03
NZ549705A (en) 2009-04-30

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