WO2008024099A2 - Réseau poste à poste et découverte d'information d'utilisateur pour utilisateurs et dispositifs mobiles - Google Patents

Réseau poste à poste et découverte d'information d'utilisateur pour utilisateurs et dispositifs mobiles Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008024099A2
WO2008024099A2 PCT/US2006/032536 US2006032536W WO2008024099A2 WO 2008024099 A2 WO2008024099 A2 WO 2008024099A2 US 2006032536 W US2006032536 W US 2006032536W WO 2008024099 A2 WO2008024099 A2 WO 2008024099A2
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
information
network
mobile
peers
peer
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2006/032536
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English (en)
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WO2008024099A3 (fr
Inventor
Tao Zhang
Eric Van Den Berg
Sunil Madhani
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Telcordia Technologies, Inc.
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Priority to PCT/US2006/032536 priority Critical patent/WO2008024099A2/fr
Publication of WO2008024099A2 publication Critical patent/WO2008024099A2/fr
Publication of WO2008024099A3 publication Critical patent/WO2008024099A3/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/01—Protocols
    • H04L67/10—Protocols in which an application is distributed across nodes in the network
    • H04L67/104—Peer-to-peer [P2P] networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/01—Protocols
    • H04L67/04—Protocols specially adapted for terminals or networks with limited capabilities; specially adapted for terminal portability
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/01—Protocols
    • H04L67/06—Protocols specially adapted for file transfer, e.g. file transfer protocol [FTP]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/01—Protocols
    • H04L67/10—Protocols in which an application is distributed across nodes in the network
    • H04L67/104—Peer-to-peer [P2P] networks
    • H04L67/1061—Peer-to-peer [P2P] networks using node-based peer discovery mechanisms
    • H04L67/1068—Discovery involving direct consultation or announcement among potential requesting and potential source peers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/50—Network services
    • H04L67/51—Discovery or management thereof, e.g. service location protocol [SLP] or web services
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W48/00—Access restriction; Network selection; Access point selection
    • H04W48/08—Access restriction or access information delivery, e.g. discovery data delivery
    • H04W48/14—Access restriction or access information delivery, e.g. discovery data delivery using user query or user detection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W8/00—Network data management
    • H04W8/005—Discovery of network devices, e.g. terminals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W84/00—Network topologies
    • H04W84/18—Self-organising networks, e.g. ad-hoc networks or sensor networks

Definitions

  • TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol
  • the Internet has a communications infrastructure known as the Internet backbone. Access to the Internet backbone is largely controlled By Internet ' Service ' Providers (ISPs) that resell access to corporations and individuals.
  • ISPs Internet ' Service ' Providers
  • IP Internet Protocol
  • IPv4 IPv6
  • IPv6 IPv6
  • Each host device on the network has at least one IP address that identifies the host device's point of attachment to the IP networks.
  • IP is a connectionless protocol.
  • the connection between end points during a communication is not continuous.
  • the data or messages are divided into components known as packets. Every packet is treated as an independent unit of data.
  • OSI Open Systems Interconnection
  • the OSI model separates the communications processes between two points in a network into seven stacked layers, with each layer adding its own set of functions. Each device handles a message so that there is a downward flow through each layer at a sending end point and an upward flow through the layers at a receiving end point.
  • the programming and/or hardware that provides the seven layers of function is typically a combination of device operating systems, application software, TCP/IP and/or other transport and network protocols, and other software and hardware.
  • IP host is any device on the network that is capable of transmitting and receiving IP packets, such as a server, a router or a workstation. Messages destined for 'sdmd ⁇ th ⁇ r'H'dslt'cireiiOtiiaSSecl up to the upper layers but are forwarded to the other host.
  • IP is in Layer-3, the network layer.
  • Wireless networks can incorporate various types of mobile devices, such as, e.g., cellular and wireless telephones, PCs (personal computers), laptop computers, wearable computers, cordless phones, pagers, headsets, printers, PDAs, etc.
  • mobile devices may include digital systems to secure fast wireless transmissions of voice and/or data.
  • Typical mobile devices include some or all of the following components: a transceiver (i.e., a transmitter and a receiver, including, e.g., a single chip transceiver with an integrated transmitter, receiver and, if desired, other functions); an antenna; a processor; one or more audio transducers (for example, a speaker or a microphone as in devices for audio communications); electromagnetic data storage (such as, e.g., ROM, RAM, digital data storage, etc., such as in devices where data processing is provided); memory; flash memory; a full chip set or integrated circuit; interfaces (such as, e.g., USB, CODEC, UART, PCM, etc.); and/or the like.
  • a transceiver i.e., a transmitter and a receiver, including, e.g., a single chip transceiver with an integrated transmitter, receiver and, if desired, other functions
  • an antenna a processor
  • one or more audio transducers for example, a speaker or
  • Wireless LANs in which a mobile user can connect to a local area network (LAN) through a wireless connection may be employed for wireless communications.
  • Wireless communications can include, e.g., communications that propagate via electromagnetic waves, such as light, infrared, radio, microwave.
  • WLAN standards There are a variety of WLAN standards that currently exist, such as, e.g., Bluetooth, IEEE 802.1 1 , and HomeRF.
  • Bluetooth products may be used to provide links between mobile computers, mobile phones, portable handheld devices, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and other mobile devices and connectivity to the Internet.
  • Bluetooth is a computing and tielecb'riiffit ⁇ hieati5 ⁇ 1-; Trii3 ⁇ try specification that details how mobile devices can easily interconnect with each other and with non-mobile devices using a short-range wireless connection.
  • Bluetooth creates a digital wireless protocol to address end-user problems arising from the proliferation of various mobile devices that need to keep data synchronized and consistent from one device to another, thereby allowing equipment from different vendors to work seamlessly together.
  • Bluetooth devices may be named according to a common naming concept.
  • a Bluetooth device may possess a Bluetooth Device Name (BDN) or a name associated with a unique Bluetooth Device Address (BDA). Bluetooth devices may also participate in an Internet Protocol (IP) network. If a Bluetooth device functions on an IP network, it may be provided with an IP address and an IP (network) name. Thus, a Bluetooth Device configured to participate on an IP network may contain, e.g., a BDN, a BDA, an IP address and an IP name.
  • IP name refers to a name corresponding to an IP address of an interface.
  • IEEE 802.1 1 An IEEE standard, IEEE 802.1 1 , specifies technologies for wireless LANs and devices. Using 802.1 1 , wireless networking may be accomplished with each single base station supporting several devices. In some examples, devices may come pre-equipped with wireless hardware or a user may install a separate piece of hardware, such as a card, that may include an antenna. By way of example, devices used in 802.1 1 typically include three notable elements, whether or not the device is an access point (AP), a mobile station (STA), a bridge, a PCMCIA card or another device: a radio transceiver; an antenna; and a MAC (Media Access Control) layer that controls packet flow between points in a network.
  • AP access point
  • STA mobile station
  • bridge a PCMCIA card
  • PCMCIA card PCMCIA card
  • MIDs may be utilized in some wireless networks.
  • MIDs may contain two independent network interfaces, such as a Bluetooth interface and an 802.1 1 interface, thus allowing the MID to participate on two separate netw ⁇ rks''is ;;i wel'ra ' s to'interfate with Bluetooth devices.
  • the MID may have an IP address and a common IP (network) name associated with the IP address.
  • Wireless network devices may include, but are not limited to Bluetooth devices, Multiple Interface Devices (MIDs), 802.1 I x devices (IEEE 802.1 1 devices including, e.g., 802.1 I a, 802.1 I b and 802.1 I g devices), HomeRF (Home Radio Frequency) devices, Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) devices, GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) devices, 3G cellular devices, 2.5G cellular devices, GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) devices, EDGE (Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution) devices, TDMA type (Time Division Multiple Access) devices, or CDMA type (Code Division Multiple Access) devices, including CDMA2000.
  • MIDs Multiple Interface Devices
  • 802.1 I x devices IEEE 802.1 1 devices including, e.g., 802.1 I a, 802.1 I b and 802.1 I g devices
  • HomeRF Home Radio Frequency
  • Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity
  • GPRS General Packet Radio Service
  • 3G cellular devices 2.5G cellular
  • Each network device may contain addresses of varying types including but not limited to an IP address, a Bluetooth Device Address, a Bluetooth Common Name, a Bluetooth IP address, a Bluetooth IP Common Name, an 802.1 1 IP Address, an 802.1 1 IP common Name, or an IEEE MAC address.
  • Wireless networks can also involve methods and protocols found in, e.g., Mobile IP (Internet Protocol) systems, in PCS systems, and in other mobile network systems. With respect to Mobile IP, this involves a standard communications protocol created by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). With Mobile IP, mobile device users can move across networks while maintaining their IP Address assigned once. See Request for Comments (RFC) 3344.
  • NB RFCs are formal documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
  • Mobile IP enhances Internet Protocol (IP) and adds means to forward Internet traffic to mobile devices when connecting outside their home network. Mobile IP assigns each mobile node a home address on its home network and a care-of-address (CoA) that identifies the current location of the device within a network and its subnets.
  • IP Internet Protocol
  • CoA care-of-address
  • a mobility agent on the home network can associate each home address with its care-of address.
  • the mobile node can setid the ⁇ rri'i ⁇ ; 1 ⁇ erita bihicring update each time it changes its care-of address using, e.g., Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP).
  • ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol
  • node In basic IP routing (i.e. outside mobile IP), typically, routing mechanisms rely on the assumptions that each network node always has a constant attachment point to, e.g., the Internet and that each node's IP address identifies the network link it is attached to.
  • node includes a connection point, which can include, e.g., a redistribution point or an end point for data transmissions, and which can recognize, process and/or forward communications to other nodes.
  • Internet routers can look at, e.g., an IP address prefix or the like identifying a device's network.
  • routers can look at, e.g., a set of bits identifying a particular subnet. Then, at a subnet level, routers can look at, e.g., a set of bits identifying a particular device.
  • a user disconnects a mobile device from, e.g., the Internet and tries to reconnect it at a new subnet, then the device has to be reconfigured with a new IP address, a proper netmask and a default router. Otherwise, routing protocols would not be able to deliver the packets properly.
  • such network discovery can relate to, e.g., the discovery of information that the mobile station uses to access a network, such as, by way of example, a network attachment point identification (e.g., an L2 address and/or a geographical address of an access point), SL t ⁇ At / ty-p ⁇ 'W.g ;; lV ' " ⁇ &.£' mi X ⁇ g") of an access point, a security type (e.g., "WPA” or "PANA and IPsec”) supported by an access point, a layer-3 type (e.g., "IPv4 only” or "IPv4/v6 dual stack"), a provider name, or the addresses of a server or an agent (e.g., PANA authentication agents, access routers, SIP servers and Mobile IP home agents).
  • a network attachment point identification e.g., an L2 address and/or a geographical address of an access point
  • User-interest information i.e., information of interest to human users: Examples include the existence and/or locations, etc., of: a) local networks (such as, e.g., public hotspot networks and/or the like); b) network services (such as, e.g., voice-over-IP services and/or the like); c) networked devices (such as, e.g., printers, displays, disks and/or the like); d) applications and/or software utilities; e) location-sensitive information, application contents, dynamically changing information (such as, e.g., news information, local area information, information regarding traffic accidents and/or road conditions and/or the like) and/or the like, which are in the current and/or neighboring networks.
  • a) local networks such as, e.g., public hotspot networks and/or the like
  • network services such as, e.g., voice-over-IP services and/or the like
  • networked devices such as, e.g.,
  • a neighboring network includes a nearby network that a mobile device or user can move into (such as, e.g., a subsequent or next network from its current network).
  • a neighboring network's radio coverage area may or may not overlap with a radio coverage area of the mobile device's or user's current network.
  • a mobile device can petf ⁇ fm pfe-ftand'off processing, before it starts the handoff into a target network.
  • a mobile device may acquire a local IP address from, and even authenticate with, the target network when the mobile is still using its current network to transport user application traffic even before the mobile detects the radio signals from the target network.
  • the mobile device needs to know, e.g., the IP address of the IP address server (e.g., the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol or DHCP server) and the authentication server in the target network before it starts handoff to the target network.
  • the IP address server e.g., the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol or DHCP server
  • DHCP server Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
  • mobile users and mobile devices may be referred to generally as "mobiles" in, e.g., contexts where there is no need to distinguish between a human user and a device.
  • Jini allows devices and software components to form a dynamic distributed network system. It provides mechanisms for service construction, lookup, communication, and use in a distributed system. All services are registered with a central register. Clients locate services using a directory service referred to as the lookup service.
  • Salutation provides a method for applications, services and devices to describe and advertise their capabilities, and to find other applications, services and devices.
  • the Salutation architecture has two major components: Salutation Manager and Transport Manager.
  • Salutation Manager is a service broker. Each service provider registers its capability with a Salutation Manager.
  • the Transport Manager provides reliable transport of Solution messages.
  • the Universal Plug and Play is architecture for dynamically establishing peer-to-peer network connectivity among user devices. It provides capabilities for devices to dynamically join a network, obtain an IP address, convey its capabilities upon request, and learn about the presence and capabilities of other devices. UPnP does not use central service registry.
  • existing service discovery methods do not support "neighborhood discovery” - e.g., discovering information regarding neighboring networks and location-based information, such as, e.g.: the existence and/or locations of neighboring networks; addresses of the DHCP servers, autfie'hti cation " servers, " and SIP servers in a neighboring network; and /or other location- based network information and user content available in the neighboring networks.
  • neighboring networks e.g., discovering information regarding neighboring networks and location-based information, such as, e.g.: the existence and/or locations of neighboring networks; addresses of the DHCP servers, autfie'hti cation " servers, " and SIP servers in a neighboring network; and /or other location- based network information and user content available in the neighboring networks.
  • CARD Candidate Access Router Discovery
  • [Para 31] It requires neighboring access routers to use the CARD protocol to dynamically exchange network information, which is difficult when neighboring networks belong to different network providers.
  • a mobile device can only obtain the information a local network provider configures its CARD protocol to provide.
  • the available information can vary significantly from network to network. This is unsuitable to support mobile devices that may heed ' differerit'i ⁇ f ⁇ rmati ⁇ h depending on their different networking capabilities and user applications.
  • Each user maintains its local index pointing to the locations of frequently requested files.
  • Freenet see, e.g.. references [10] and [1 1 ] below
  • a node When a node receives a request for a file, it searches its local index first to see if it knows where the requested file is located. If it knows the locations, it forwards the request to only those locations. This reduces the query traffic volume over the networks.
  • MP2P-IS mobile peer-to-peer information sharing
  • MP2P-IS has at least some, preferably all, of the following characteristics:
  • [Para 57] • The use of application-centric approaches that allow mobiles to discover information they want, rather than merely what network providers think they may need; [Para 58] • The ability to discover dynamically changing information; [Para 59] • The existence of no or virtually no dependency on local networks, except for transporting user packets; and/or [Para " 6 ' O] • The support of heterogeneous radio systems (such as, e.g., those which may belong to competing network providers who may not be motivated or may not have established the necessary agreements to share network information with each other). [Para 61 ] In some preferred embodiments, neighborhood discovery is used as an example to describe MP2P-IS.
  • mobile users may include pedestrians (such as, e.g., carrying mobile devices or the like) or people in moving vehicles (such as, e.g., being transported with mobile devices or the like).
  • mobile devices can involve in-vehicle networking devices, handheld devices, mobile sensors such as sensors on moving vehicles or carried on people, and/or any other now or later known or developed mobile devices.
  • a method of network neighborhood discovery of neighboring-network and location-based information using mobile peer-to-peer information sharing includes: a) having a plurality of mobiles each collect network and location-based information regarding networks that it uses; b) having each of the mobiles maintain the information for a finite period even after it leaves a network for which the information is collected; c) having a first mobile of the plurality of mobiles transmit a request for neighboring-network information or location-based information to peer mobiles of the first mobile; and d) having at least one of the peer mobiles transmit at least some of the requested information to the first mobile based on the information collected by the at least one of the peer mobiles.
  • the location-based information includes dynamically changing user content information available in neighboring networks and/or or dynamic events that the mobile devices or their users can observe.
  • a method for mobile peer-to-peer information sharing includes: a) having a plurality of mobile devices each collect T ⁇ forfa ⁇ tMnW ⁇ lrdiri ⁇ hetw ⁇ YKs that it uses; b) having each of the mobile devices maintain the information even after it leaves a network for which such information is collected; c) transmitting a request for neighboring-network information regarding neighboring networks from a first of the plurality of mobile devices to a set of first contact peers of the plurality of mobile devices; d) determining if the set of first contact peers is sufficient for obtaining the neighboring-network information regarding neighboring networks; e) if a determination is that the set of first contact peers are insufficient, transmitting a request for neighboring-network information regarding neighboring networks from the first of the plurality of mobile devices to a set of extended peers of the plurality of mobile devices.
  • the information regarding networks that the mobile devices used includes device-interest information and/or user-interest information.
  • the method includes having the set of first contact peers include peers that are in the first mobile device's current IP sub-network.
  • the method includes having the plurality of mobile devices each maintain a list of extended peers, and having the first mobile device transmit messages to the extended peers' contact addresses, such as, e.g., the extended peers' unicast IP addresses.
  • the extended peers include peers that the mobile got to know in a previous network, and preferably the mobile devices retain each extended peer for a finite lifetime which is based on a time period or on a network location.
  • mobiles share information in a peer- to-peer manner without requiring that the peers have direct radio connectivity with one another.
  • peer-to-peer sharing of information among mobiles is performed in a manner such that mobiles can be peers of one another regardless of whether or not they have direct radio connectivity with one another.
  • peer mobiles can use any combination of different radio access technologies and can be interconnected via an IP network.
  • a mobile with a WiFi radio can be a peer with a mobile with a CDMA2000 radio as long as, for example, they both can transmit and receive IP packets to each other (such as, e.g., via an IP network interconnecting the WiFi and the CDMA2000 radio access networks).
  • the mobiles can each be connected to, e.g., a radio access point and can communicate with one another through the access point.
  • a transmission from a first peer to a second peer can be direct or indirect.
  • transmissions can involve transmissions over wireless and/or wired communication media.
  • a first peer can send a wireless transmission to a radio access point that may, in turn, send a wired transmission destined for another peer (e.g., directly or indirectly destined for the other peer).
  • the transmission of communications between peers is performed in substantially real time, without substantial delay imposed by intermediate system or network components, such as, e.g., radio access points.
  • intermediate system or network components could potentially impose some delay in the transmission of communications, such as, e.g., by storing data received from peers and sending a modified transmission to a requesting mobile based on transmission(s) received from one or more peer (such as, e.g., transmitting a message aggregating information from a plurality of peers).
  • a mobile can be connected to and /or disconnected to a variety of networks over time and that such connections can include wireless connections and/or wired connections in various embodiments.
  • a mobile may send and receive wireless signals in acquiring information from one network, and may then potentially be moved to a new network where it is attached via a wired connection.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic architectural diagram depicting existing peer-to-peer file sharing methods
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic architectural diagram showing an illustrative scenario related to the collection of information and movement of mobile devices between networks according to some illustrative embodiments;
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic architectural diagram showing an illustrative scenario related to the use of extended peers according to some illustrative embodiments; and [Para 75] ' '"'" ""'l ⁇ ' G 1 !'" ⁇ '' is "" a" gf ajSH teal diagram depicting rate of change in number of neighboring networks discovered verses the number of mobiles in the local area network according to some illustrative and non-limiting analytical models.
  • the preferred embodiments of the present invention provide a mobile peer-to-peer information sharing (hereinafter referred to with the acronym MP ⁇ V-fSj mefnod In which mobile users and devices collect information about each network they visit during their routine use of the network. Rather than forgetting the information after leaving the network, a mobile device carries the information with it as it moves into other networks.
  • MP2P-IS takes advantage of a users' natural mobility to bring information collected by user devices to locations where that information can be useful to, and easily accessible by, other users and devices. The mobile users and devices then share directly with each other the information they need.
  • MP2P- IS has at least some, preferably all, of the following characteristics: [Para 80] • The ability to discover and share information about neighboring- networks, in a highly timely manner;
  • mobile users may include pedestrians (such as 1 ; ' "e7g ⁇ ; Carrying mobile devices or the like) or people in moving vehicles (such as, e.g., being transported with mobile devices or the like).
  • mobile devices can involve in-vehicle networking devices, handheld devices, and/or any other now or later known or developed mobile devices.
  • MP2P-IS uses the following at least some, preferably all, of the following principles and basic methods that differ from other service discovery approaches or CARD.
  • mobile users and their devices collect device-interest and user-interest information regarding each network they visit as part of their routine use of the network.
  • a mobile A can learn a wide range of information regarding the network without any extra assistance from the network provider.
  • Such information may include the type of the network (such as, e.g., IEEE 802.1 l a/b/g networks, IEEE 802.16 networks or the like), the addresses of the radio access points and the parameters needed to connect to them, the IP addresses of the IP access routers, the DHCP server, the authentication server, the authentication protocols supported, local content, and /or other network and user information the user and the user's device used in the network.
  • the mobile may discover additional information regarding a visited network if the visited network supports service discovery capabilities and the mobile device implements the service discovery protocol required by the visited network.
  • a mobile user or device can collect a broad range of information about the networks it detects and/or uses. For instance, in some embodiments, when a mobile device receives radio beacons from a wireless network, it can learn the existence of the network, the general location of the network, the type of the network, and/or capabilities of the network. Additionally, once a mobile device connects to "a " network! ' successfully:: ' ' aj ⁇ rie device can also know the addresses of the key network elements in the network, such as the addresses of the IP address servers and the authentication servers (e.g., if authentication is required); and b) a human user can also know the user information contents he finds or uses in the network.
  • mobile users and devices can also observe or detect dynamic events (such as, e.g., events depending on circumstances at a particular time, such as, for example, traffic conditions or other conditions, etc.) and can accumulate information contents related thereto.
  • dynamic events such as, e.g., events depending on circumstances at a particular time, such as, for example, traffic conditions or other conditions, etc.
  • mobile users and devices themselves can operate as information creators. For example, a user may accumulate information in the user's mobile communication device about the points of interest or attraction that the user has visited, time-sensitive information about a point of interest or attraction the user is currently visiting (such as, e.g., current waiting times in traffic or at an establishment, etc.) and/or the like, and can make the information available to other users.
  • a mobile device could include, e.g., a user interface, such as a key board or the like, that a user can operate to enter text or alphanumeric data related to such information.
  • a user interface such as a key board or the like
  • the mobile device after moving from Network 1 to Network 2, the mobile device also preferably knows that Networks 1 and _? are neighboring networks. If the mobile receives radio signals from the two networks at the same time, it preferably further knows that the two networks have overlapping radio coverage areas.
  • each mobile user and device does not have to know what information other mobiles need. Instead, in preferred embodiments, it simply collects the information that it needs for itself.
  • ISTfibBire 1' device preferably carries the information with it (preferably, for a finite time period) as it moves into other networks.
  • MP2P- IS takes advantage of a users' natural mobility to bring the information collected by each user to locations where the information can be useful to, and easily accessible by, other mobiles.
  • a single peer may potentially not have all of the information needed by a mobile.
  • the peer mobile A in FIG. 2 may potentially only know about Network 1 and may potentially not know anything about other neighboring networks of mobile S.
  • a proper set of peers may collectively know all the information that a mobile needs at the time that the mobile needs it. The determination of a proper set of peers is discussed below.
  • mobiles share directly, in a peer-to-peer fashion, with each other the information they need. Preferably, this sharing is carried out in an on-demand manner.
  • this sharing is carried out in an on-demand manner.
  • a mobile device that learns the IP address of an authentication server in Network 1 and the parameters needed by a mobile to authenticate with Network 1 (such as, e.g., security protocol used in Network 1), from the radio signals it has received from Network 1 or as a result of connecting to the network.
  • the mobile device will carry the information with it when it moves into a neighboring Network 2, where it can share that information with other mobiles who wish to know the information.
  • a mobile such as, e.g., a mobile S shown in FIC. 2, discovers information about neighboring networks from peer mobiles.
  • the mobile S preferably queries a set of peers.
  • Network 2's neighboring networks may depend on the locations of the mobile and the peers, and how long each peer keeps the information it learns about a network. Therefore, in some preferred embodiments, a mobile selects its first contact peers based on its current location and updates the list dynamically as the mobile moves about.
  • two neighboring radio networks can be an arbitrary IP hop count away from each other, making it difficult for the mobile to control its IP broadcast scope to reach a neighboring network.
  • a network often does not accept broadcast packets from a different network; this is especially the case when the two networks belong to different network providers. Besides, flooding even only the neighboring networks is not an attractive approach because it would be too costly and too time-consuming.
  • Third, a mobile may not even know whether there is any neighboring network when it wishes to discover its neighboring networks.
  • a mobile's default set of first contact peers are preferably the peers that are in the mobile's current visited IP sub-network.
  • a mobile can preferably reach its default peers by, e.g.,, broadcasting a query message within the local IP subnetwork without having to know the identities and/or addresses of such default peers.
  • the search scope is preferably extended.
  • this set of extended peers is in addition to its first contact peers.
  • an extended peer can be outside the mobile's current IP subnet, in which case the mobile should know an extended peer's contact address, such as, e.g., its unicast IP address (or other forms of contact address such as a SIP URI), so that it can contact the extended peer via a standard IP unicast or the like.
  • extended peers are selected by using all of the peers that the mobile got to know in a previous network. For example, in the illustrative example shown in FIG. 3, the mobile A remembers the first contact peers it used in Network 1 when it moves into Network ⁇ ?, where these peers will become mobile A's "extended peers." As a result, while in Network 2, mobile A may potentially contact these extended peers.
  • these extended peers may have also moved out of the Network 1 into other networks.
  • these extended peers may be able to provide the information that the mobile A wants. For instance, in the example shown in FIC. 3, the mobile C will now be able to tell mobile A that Network 3 is a neighboring network of Network 1 .
  • an extended peer may have changed its IP address since the time the requesting mobile last contacted it. This means that the requesting mobile may not always be able to reach all of its extended peers. However, it is not necessary to reach all of the peers, but rather to reach a sufficient number of such peers. That is, the goal is preferably not to reach all the extended peers, but to reach enough peers so that the peers it reaches will collectively have the information needed by the requesting mobile with a satisfactorily high probability.
  • a mobile maintains each extended peer for a finite lifetime.
  • a mobile may remove an extended peer from its set or list a) if the extended peer has not been used for a certain time period and/or b) if the mobile has moved far away from where it first got to know the extended peer (such as, e.g., baSed 6ri' phylsiea'l ldtation;"suth as, e.g., determined by global positioning systems and/or other means, based on numbers of networks, and /or the like).
  • baSed 6ri' phylsiea'l ldtation e.g., baSed 6ri' phylsiea'l ldtation
  • one illustrative way to make such a determination is to use a predictive model based on the mobile's experience of getting the information it needs from its first contact peers alone in the previous networks.
  • the mobile can record whether it has obtained sufficient information from its first contact peers alone in the previous networks, then it may use a statistical model to predict whether it will likely obtain the information it needs again from only its first contact peers.
  • the mobile may send the initial query to its extended peers and to its first contact peers at the same time.
  • the mobile can also send an instruction to its first peers to extend the search. For example, the mobile can use a Time-To-Live (TTL) field in the initial query message to instruct the first peers that they should extend the search to their respective peers (e.g., to their default and /or extended peers). That is, depending on circumstances, the mobile does not have to wait until it receives responses " from "1 its first contact peers before it starts contacting the extended peers, such that query delays are reduced.
  • TTL Time-To-Live
  • a peer upon receiving a query, a peer returns the requested information to the request originator if the peer has the requested information. In some embodiments, the peer then determines whether it should further forward the query to its own default peers and/or extended peers based on the value of the TTL field in the received query message. In some preferred embodiments, each time a peer forwards a query message, it decrements the TTL field in the message. In such cases, a peer receiving the request message with, e.g., a zero TTL will not forward the message any further.
  • each mobile Preferably, in order to ensure that peers can discover and exchange information, each mobile describes the information items in a standard and extensible manner.
  • MP2P-IS can employ the Resource Description Framework (RDF).
  • RDF Resource Description Framework
  • the protocol used for mobiles to communicate with each other to discover and share information is preferably a standard protocol so that mobile devices manufactured by different equipment makers can share information with each other. It is also preferably lightweight. That is, it should, e.g., have low time complexity (i.e., should not create excessive delay), low power consumption if it is implemented on power- constrained mobile devices, and/or low software complexity to reduce cost, such as when it is to be implemented on small devices.
  • MP2P-IS can employ the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAPKsee. e.g.. reference [8] above).
  • a mobile may operate (such as, e.g., be programmed or otherwise configured) so as to carryout a determination of whether to contact certain peers, such as, e.g., using a predictive model.
  • N ⁇ Ni, N2, N3, ...N n ⁇ be the set of the neighboring networks plus Network Ni.
  • M2, M3, ...,Mk ⁇ be the set of mobiles in Network Ni at the time mobile Mi wishes to know about Ni 's neighboring networks.
  • the problem of determining the value of Ar can be considered as becoming the "Coupon Collector's Problem.” See reference [9] above.
  • the Coupon Collector's Problem can be formulated as follows: how many balls Ar do we have to throw in n bins before each bin contains at least one ball?
  • the n bins correspond to the number of networks (i.e., n networks) and the Ar balls correspond to the number of mobiles (i.e., k mobiles) in Network Ni needed to collectively have the information regarding all the n- 1 neighboring networks of Network Ni .
  • S(J) be the average number of mobiles (including the requesting mobile) in a network Ni before the mobiles collectively have the information regarding j different networks.
  • the request originator i.e., mobile Mi
  • the request originator does not have knowledge regarding any neighboring network when it sends out its query.
  • it only knows about Ni . Therefore, S(I ) I .
  • FIG. 4 is a graph that shows neighboring networks discovered verses the number of mobiles in the local network.
  • FIG. 4 demonstrates the number of neighboring networks a mobile will be able to discover by broadcasting a query to only the local network as a function of the number of mobiles currently in the local network. It can be observed from FIG. 4 that it takes only a small number of peers in the local network to provide the information regarding all of the neighboring networks. This suggests that the present MP2P-IS approach, even in its simplest form, in which a mobile queries only peers in its local network area (e.g., IP subnet), should perform well in sparsely populated networks and/or in networks that have small coverage areas.
  • IP subnet local network area
  • the preferred embodiments provide a new peer-to-peer approach for mobile users and their mobile devices to discover and share, in real time, e.g., network information regarding and /or user content in neighboring networks.
  • the foregoing analysis results reveal that a mobile will often be able to find the information it needs simply by broadcasting a query to the peers in its local IP subnet, even when there is only a small number of peers in the local IP subnet.
  • the determination can include a determination of the number of peers in the current network, such that based on the foregoing, the mobile will be able to predict if additional peers may be necessary.
  • the mobile communications to extended peers and from such extended peers can be minimized as the number of peers required to have all necessary information is often a small number.
  • the term "preferably” is non-exclusive and means “preferably, but not limited to.”
  • means-plus-function or step-plus-function limitations will only be employed where for a specific claim limitation all of the following conditions are present in that limitation: a) "means for” or “step for” is expressly recited; b) a corresponding function is expressly recited; and c) structure, material or acts that support that structure are not recited.
  • the terminology "present invention” or “invention” may be used as a reference to one or more aspect within the present disclosure.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
  • Information Transfer Between Computers (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne des systèmes et des procédés pour le partage d'information entre homologues mobiles. Selon des systèmes et des procédés préférés, des utilisateurs et des dispositifs mobiles recueillent une information concernant des réseaux visités, et transportent cette information lors de leur déplacement vers de nouveaux réseaux. Des utilisateurs et/ou dispositifs mobiles partagent ensuite une telle information directement les uns avec les autres.
PCT/US2006/032536 2006-08-18 2006-08-18 Réseau poste à poste et découverte d'information d'utilisateur pour utilisateurs et dispositifs mobiles WO2008024099A2 (fr)

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