WO2008012505A2

WO2008012505A2 - Gpi-anchored cell surface glycoprotein

Info

Publication number: WO2008012505A2
Application number: PCT/GB2007/002696
Authority: WO
Inventors: Simon John White; Richard Joseph Fagan; David Michalovich; Kinsey Maundrell
Original assignee: Ares Trading S.A
Priority date: 2006-07-24
Filing date: 2007-07-17
Publication date: 2008-01-31
Also published as: GB0614682D0; WO2008012505A8; WO2008012505A3

Abstract

This invention relates to a protein (INSP 192) herein identified as a GPI-anchored, cell surface glycoprotein and to INSP 195, a splice variant and soluble form of INSP 192 and to the use of these proteins and nucleic acid sequences from the encoding genes in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease.

Description

GPI-ANCHORED CELL SURFACE GLYCOPROTEIN

AU publications, patents and patent applications cited herein are incorporated in foil by reference.

BACKGROUND

The process of drug discovery is presently undergoing a fundamental revolution as the era of functional genomics comes of age. The term "functional genomics" applies to an approach utilising bioinformatics tools to ascribe function to protein sequences of interest. Such tools are becoming increasingly necessary as the speed of generation of sequence data is rapidly outpacing the ability of research laboratories to assign functions to these protein sequences. As bioinformatics tools increase in potency and in accuracy, these tools are rapidly replacing the conventional techniques of biochemical characterisation. Indeed, the advanced bioinformatics tools used in identifying the present invention are now capable of outputting results in which a high degree of confidence can be placed.

Various institutions and commercial organisations are examining sequence data as they become available and significant discoveries are being made on an on-going basis. However, there remains a continuing need to identify and characterise further genes and the polypeptides that they encode, as targets for research and for drug discovery.

Introduction

Signal Peptide-containing Proteins The ability of cells to make and secrete extracellular proteins is central to many biological processes. Enzymes, growth factors, extracellular matrix proteins and signaling molecules are all secreted by cells. This is through fusion of a secretory vesicle with the plasma membrane. In most cases, but not all, proteins are directed to the endoplasmic reticulum and into secretory vesicles by a signal peptide. Signal peptides are cis-acting sequences that affect the transport of polypeptide chains from the cytoplasm to a membrane bound compartment such as a secretory vesicle. Polypeptides that are targeted to the secretory vesicles are either secreted into the extracellular matrix or are retained in the plasma membrane. The polypeptides that are retained in the plasma membrane will have one or more transmembrane domains. Examples of signal peptide containing proteins that play a central role in the functioning of a cell are cytokines, hormones, extracellular matrix proteins, adhesion molecules, receptors, proteases, and growth and differentiation factors.

An Introduction to GPI-Anchored, Cell Surface Glycoproteins

The outer surface of the cell membrane plays a major role in the assembly and maintenance of tissue integrity. The outer surfaces of developing and differentiated cells contain receptor molecules that recognize systemic signals, ligands or hormones. The binding or dissociation of the ligands controls some of the differentiated functions of the cell, keeping it in tune with the needs of the whole system.

The outer surface is also coated with glycoproteins and proteoglycans. These large complexes of protein and polysaccharides provide a tissue-specific matrix within which cells of like function can operate together as a coherent tissue. In embryo-genesis the sorting out and tying together of cells with a common function is facilitated, and probably controlled, thorough the molecular specificities of the glycoprotein and proteoglycan surfaces of the cells.

Many proteins of eukaryotic cells are anchored to membranes by covalent linkage to glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI). These proteins lack a transmembrane domain, have no cytoplasmic tail, and are, therefore, located exclusively on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane.

As described above, GPI-anchored, cell surface glycoproteins have been shown to play a role in diverse physiological functions, many of which can play a role in disease processes. Alteration of their activity is a means to alter the disease phenotype and as such identification of novel glycoprotein molecules is highly relevant as they may play a role in or be useful in the development of treatments for the diseases identified above, as well as other disease states.

THE INVENTION

The invention is based on the surprising finding that the INSP 192 is a GPI-anchored cell surface glycoprotein and that the INSP 195 protein is a splice variant and soluble foπn of INSP 192. In one embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, there is provided a polypeptide which:

(i) comprises the amino acid sequence as recited in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO.4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ TD NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ TD NO: 18, SEQ E) NO:20, SEQ E) NO:22 and/or, SEQ E) NO:24;

(ii) is a fragment thereof having secreted protein function, and in particular having GPI-anchored, cell surface glycoprotein function or having an antigenic determinant in common with the polypeptides of (i); or

(iii) is a functional equivalent of (i) or (ii). Preferably, the polypeptide according to this first aspect of the invention comprises the amino acid sequence as recited in SEQ TD NO: 16, SEQ ID NO:20 or SEQ ID NO:24.

According to a second embodiment of this first aspect of the invention, there is provided a polypeptide which consists of the amino acid sequence as recited in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ E) NO:6, SEQ E) NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ E) NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ TD NO:20, SEQ ID NO:22 and/or, SEQ TD NO:24.

The polypeptide having the sequence recited in SEQ ID NO:2 is referred to hereafter as "INSP 192 and INSPl 95 exon 1 polypeptide". The polypeptide having the sequence recited in SEQ ID NO:4 is referred to hereafter as "INSP 192 and INSP 195 exon 2 polypeptide". The polypeptide having the sequence recited in SEQ ID NO: 6 is referred to hereafter as "INSP 192 and INSP 195 exon 3 polypeptide". The polypeptide having the sequence recited in SEQ ID NO:8 is referred to hereafter as "INSP192 exon 4 polypeptide". The polypeptide having the sequence recited in SEQ ID NO: 10 is referred to hereafter as "INSP 192 exon 5 polypeptide". The polypeptide having the sequence recited in SEQ ID NO:12 is referred to hereafter as "INSP192 exon 6 polypeptide". The polypeptide having the sequence recited in SEQ TD NO: 14 is referred to hereafter as "INSP 192 exon 7 polypeptide". The polypeptide having the sequence recited in SEQ ID NO: 16 is referred to hereafter as "the full length INSP 192 polypeptide".

Although the Applicant does not wish to be bound by this theory, it is postulated that the first 19 amino acids of the INSP192 polypeptide form a signal peptide. The INSP 192 exon 1 polypeptide without this postulated signal sequence is recited in SEQ ID NO: 18. The full length INSP 192 polypeptide sequence without this postulated signal sequence is recited in SEQ ID NO:20.

The polypeptide having the sequence recited in SEQ ID NO: 18 is referred to hereafter as "the INSP 192 and INSP 195 exon 1 mature polypeptide". The polypeptide having the sequence recited in SEQ ID NO:20 is referred to hereafter as "the INSP 192 mature polypeptide 1".

Although the Applicant does not wish to be bound by this theory, it is postulated that the last 28 amino acids of the INSP 192 polypeptide form a GPI-anchor. The predicted cleavage site for the GPI anchor occurs between residues 489 and 490 (PAS-SSA).

The INSP 192 exon 7 polypeptide without this postulated GPI-anchor is recited in SEQ ID NO:22. The full length INSP192 polypeptide sequence without the postulated signal sequence and the postulated GPI anchor is recited in SEQ ID NO:24.

The polypeptide having the sequence recited in SEQ ID NO:22 is referred to hereafter as "the INSP 192 exon 7 mature polypeptide". The polypeptide having the sequence recited in SEQ ID NO:24 is referred to hereafter as "the INSP 192 mature polypeptide 2". In a third embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, there is provided a polypeptide which:

(i) comprises the amino acid sequence as recited in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:30 and/or, SEQ ID NO:32;

(ii) is a fragment thereof having secreted protein function, and in particular having a glycoprotein function or having an antigenic determinant in common with the polypeptides of (i); or

(iii) is a functional equivalent of (i) or (ii).

Preferably, the polypeptide according to this first aspect of the invention comprises the amino acid sequence as recited in SEQ ID NO:30 or SEQ ID NO:32. According to a fourth embodiment of this first aspect of the invention, there is provided a polypeptide which consists of the amino acid sequence as recited in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:28₅ SEQ ID NO:30 and/or, SEQ ID NO:32.

The polypeptide having the sequence recited in SEQ ID NO:2 is referred to hereafter as "INSP 192 and INSP 195 exon 1 polypeptide". The polypeptide having the sequence recited in SEQ ID NO:4 is referred to hereafter as "INSP 192 and INSP 195 exon 2 polypeptide". The polypeptide having the sequence recited in SEQ ID NO:6 is referred to hereafter as "INSP 192 and INSP 195 exon 3 polypeptide". The polypeptide having the sequence recited in SEQ ID NO:26 is referred to hereafter as "INSP 195 exon 4 polypeptide". The polypeptide having the sequence recited in SEQ ID NO:28 is referred to hereafter as "INSP 195 exon 5 polypeptide". The polypeptide having the sequence recited in SEQ ID NO:30 is referred to hereafter as "the full length INSP 195 polypeptide".

Although the Applicant does not wish to be bound by this theory, it is postulated that the first 19 amino acids of the INSP 195 polypeptide form a signal peptide. The INSP 195 exon 1 polypeptide without this postulated signal sequence is recited in SEQ ID NO: 18. The full length INSP 195 polypeptide sequence without this postulated signal sequence is recited in SEQ ID NO:32.

The polypeptide having the sequence recited in SEQ ID NO: 18 is referred to hereafter as "the INSP 192 and INSP 195 exon 1 mature polypeptide". The polypeptide having the sequence recited in SEQ ID NO:32 is referred to hereafter as "the INSP 195 mature polypeptide".

The term "polypeptides of the invention" as used herein includes polypeptides comprising the INSP 192 and INSP 195 exon 1 polypeptide, the INSP 192 and INSP 195 exon 2 polypeptide, the INSP 192 and INSP 195 exon 3 polypeptide, the INSP 192 exon 4 polypeptide, the INSP 195 exon 4 polypeptide, the INSP 192 exon 5 polypeptide, the INSP 195 exon 5 polypeptide, the INSP 192 exon 6 polypeptide, INSP 192 exon 7 polypeptide, the full length INSP 192 polypeptide, the full-length INSP 195 polypeptide, the INSP 192 and INSP 195 exon 1 mature polypeptide, the INSP 192 mature polypeptide 1, the INSP 195 mature polypeptide 1, the INSP 192 exon 7 mature polypeptide, the INSP 192 mature polypeptide 2, the INSP 195 exon 5 mature polypeptide, and the INSP 195 mature polypeptide.

Preferably the polypeptides of the invention comprise a GumN domain. Preferably, the GumN domain of INSP 192 comprises amino acids 52 to 346 of SEQ ID NO: 16 (see Figure 13). Preferably the GumN domain of INSP 195 comprises amino acid residues 42 to 263 of SEQ ID NO: 30 (see Figure 14). Preferred fragments of the invention consist of the GumN domains of INSP192 and/or INSP195. Preferably, the polypeptides of the invention are expressed in the uterus, foetal liver/spleen, embryonic stem cells, osteoarthritic cartilage, neuroepithelium, Ntera-2/RA neuroepithelial cells, melanocytes, foetal heart, liver, spleen, kidney, kidney tumour, colon, stomach, testis, ovary, breast cancer, heart, bone marrow, adenocarcinoma, muscle, T-cells and/or CD4⁺ T cells.

An "antigenic determinant" of the present invention may be a part of a polypeptide of the present invention, which binds to an antibody-combining site or to a T-cell receptor (TCR). Alternatively, an "antigenic determinant" may be a site on the surface of a polypeptide of the present invention to which a single antibody molecule binds. Generally an antigen has several or many different antigenic determinants and reacts with antibodies of many different specificities. Preferably, the antibody is immunospecific to a polypeptide of the invention. Preferably, the antibody is immunospecific to a polypeptide of the invention, which is not part of a fusion protein. Preferably, the antibody is immunospecific to INSP 192, INSP 195, or a fragment thereof. Antigenic determinants usually consist of chemically active surface groupings of molecules, such as amino acids or sugar side chains, and can have specific three dimensional structural characteristics, as well as specific charge characteristics. Preferably, the "antigenic determinant" refers to a particular chemical group on a polypeptide of the present invention that is antigenic, i.e. that elicit a specific immune response. As used herein, "functional equivalent" refers to a protein or nucleic acid molecule that possesses functional or structural characteristics that are substantially similar to a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule of the present invention. A functional equivalent of a protein may contain modifications dependin INSP 192 or INSPl 95 on the necessity of such modifications for the performance of a specific function. The term "functional equivalent" is intended to include the fragments, mutants, hybrids, variants, analogs, or chemical derivatives of a molecule.

Preferably, the "functional equivalent" may be a protein or nucleic acid molecule that exhibits any one or more of the functional activities of the polypeptides of the present invention. Preferably, the "functional equivalent" may be a protein or nucleic acid molecule that displays substantially similar activity compared with INSP 192, INSP 195, or fragments thereof in a suitable assay for the measurement of biological activity or function. Preferably, the "functional equivalent" may be a protein or nucleic acid molecule that displays identical or higher activity compared with INSP 192, INSP 195, or fragments thereof in a suitable assay for the measurement of biological activity or function. Preferably, the "functional equivalent" may be a protein or nucleic acid molecule that displays 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, 100% or more activity compared with INSP 192, INSP 195 or fragments thereof in a suitable assay for the measurement of biological activity or function.

Preferably, the "functional equivalent" may be a protein or polypeptide capable of exhibiting a substantially similar in vivo or in vitro activity as the polypeptides of the invention. Preferably, the "functional equivalent" may be a protein or polypeptide capable of interacting with other cellular or extracellular molecules in a manner substantially similar to the way in which the corresponding portion of the polypeptides of the invention would. For example, a "functional equivalent" would be able, in an immunoassay, to diminish the binding of an antibody to the corresponding peptide (i.e., the peptide the amino acid sequence of which was modified to achieve the "functional equivalent") of the polypeptide of the invention, or to the polypeptide of the invention itself, where the antibody was raised against the corresponding peptide of the polypeptide of the invention. An equimolar concentration of the functional equivalent will diminish the aforesaid binding of the corresponding peptide by at least about 5%, preferably between about 5% and 10%, more preferably between about 10% and 25%, even more preferably between about 25% and 50%, and most preferably between about 40% and 50%.

For example, functional equivalents can be fully functional or can lack function in one or more activities. Thus, in the present invention, variations can affect the function, for example, of ubiquitin binding, ubiquitin recognition, interaction with ubiquitinated substrate protein, such as binding or proteolysis, subunit interaction, particularly within the proteasome, activation or binding by ATP, developmental expression, temporal expression, tissue-specific expression, interacting with cellular components, such as transcriptional regulatory factors, and particularly trans-acting transcriptional regulatory factors, proteolytic cleavage of peptide bonds in polyubiquitin and peptide bonds between ubiquitin or polyubiquitin and substrate protein, and proteolytic cleavage of peptide bonds between ubiquitin or polyubiquitin and a peptide or amino acid.

Preferably, a polypeptide according to any one of the above-described aspects of the invention functions as a glycoprotein. By "functions as a glycoprotein" we refer to polypeptides that comprise amino acid sequence or structural features that can be identified as conserved features within the polypeptides of the glycoprotein family. In particular, we refer to the presence of a conserved secondary structure, extracellular domains and the presence of conserved residues. Assays for the detection of such subunits and their interaction are described in Klugbauer, M., et al. FEBS Letters 2000, 470(2):189-197.

The polypeptides of the present invention may modulate a variety of physiological and pathological processes or disorders. Thus, the biological activity or function of these polypeptides can be examined in systems that allow the study of such modulatory activities, using a variety of suitable assays.

GPI-anchored proteins form a diverse family of molecules that includes membrane- associated enzymes, adhesion molecules, activation antigens, differentiation markers, protozoan coat components, and other miscellaneous glycoproteins. A GPI anchor (phosphatidyl-inositol glycane) is a common modification of the C terminus of membrane attached proteins in which a phosphatidyl inositol moiety is linked through glucosamine and mannose to a phosphoryl ethanolamine residue that is linked to the C terminal amino acid of the protein by its amino group.

In the kidney, several GPI-anchored proteins have been identified, including uromodulin (Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein), carbonic anhydrase type IV, alkaline phosphatase, Thy-1, BP-3, aminopeptidase P, and dipeptidylpeptidase.

GPI-anchored proteins can be released from membranes with specific phospholipases and can be recovered from the detergent-insoluble pellet after Triton X-114 treatment of membranes. All GPI-anchored proteins are initially synthesized with a transmembrane anchor, but after translocation across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, the ecto-domain of the protein is cleaved and covalently linked to a preformed GPI anchor by a specific transamidase enzyme.

At least one human disease, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, is a result of defective GPI anchor addition to plasma membrane proteins. Although it remains obscure why so many proteins are endowed with a GPI anchor, the presence of a GPI anchor does confer some functional characteristics to proteins:

(1) it is a strong apical targeting signal in polarized epithelial cells; (2) GPI-anchored proteins do not cluster into clathrin-coated pits but instead are concentrated into specialized lipid domains in the membrane, including so-called smooth pinocytotic vesicles, or caveoli;

(3) GPI-anchored proteins can act as activation antigens in the immune system; (4) when the GPI anchor is cleaved by PI-phospholipase C or PI-phospholipase D, second messengers for signal transduction may be generated;

(5) the GPI anchor can modulate antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex molecules. (Brown D; Waneck GL (1992) J Am Soc Nephrol 3: 895-906).

All GPIs share a core structure of phosphatidylinositol glycosidically linked to nonacetylated Glucosamine (GIcN). As Glucosamine usually exists in either acetylated or sulfated form, the presence of nonacetylated glucosamine is a hallmark of GPI anchors.

Neurotrophic factors control development and maturation of neurons, and play a role in synaptic plasticity in adults. Their expression and release is regulated by neuronal activity.

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurturin, and persephin are transforming growth factor β-related neurotrophic factors known collectively as the GDNF family (GF). GDNF and neurturin signal through a multicomponent receptor complex containing a signaling component (the Ret receptor tyrosine kinase) and either of two glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-linked binding components (GDNF family receptor α components 1 and 2, GFRαl or GFRα2), whereas the receptor for persephin is unknown. (GDNF) is a survival factor for embryonic midbrain dopaminergic neurons, spinal motor neurons, locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons, and subpopulations of peripheral sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic neurons. The pattern of neurotrophic activity of GDNF is therefore promising for its potential use in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, motoneuron diseases and several other neurodegenerative diseases (Poteryaev et al, (1999) FEBS Letters, Volume 463, Issue 1-2, pp. 63-66).

The polypeptides of the first aspect of the invention may further comprise a histidine tag. Preferably the histidine tag is found at the C-terminal of the polypeptide. Preferably the histidine tag comprises 1-10 histidine residues (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 residues). More preferably, the histidine tag comprises 6 histidine residues. In a second aspect, the invention provides a purified nucleic acid molecule which encodes a polypeptide of the first aspect of the invention. The term "purified nucleic acid molecule" preferably refers to a nucleic acid molecule of the invention that (1) has been separated from at least about 50 percent of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, or other materials with which it is naturally found when total nucleic acid is isolated from the source cells, (2) is not linked to all or a portion of a polynucleotide to which the "purified nucleic acid molecule" is linked in nature, (3) is operably linked to a polynucleotide which it is not linked to in nature, or (4) does not occur in nature as part of a larger polynucleotide sequence. Preferably, the isolated nucleic acid molecule of the present invention is substantially free from any other contaminating nucleic acid molecule(s) or other contaminants that are found in its natural environment that would interfere with its use in polypeptide production or its therapeutic, diagnostic, prophylactic or research use. In a preferred embodiment, genomic DNA are specifically excluded from the scope of the invention. Preferably, genomic DNA larger than 10 kbp (kilo base pairs), 50 kbp, 100 kbp, 150 kbp, 200 kbp, 250 kbp or 300 kbp are specifically excluded from the scope of the invention. Preferably, the "purified nucleic acid molecule" consists of cDNA only.

Preferably, the purified nucleic acid molecule comprises the nucleic acid sequence as recited in SEQ ID NO:1 (encoding the INSP 192 and INSP 195 exon 1 polypeptide), SEQ ID NO:3 (encoding the INSP 192 and INSP 195 exon 2 polypeptide), SEQ ID NO:5 (encoding the INSP192 and INSP195 exon 3 polypeptide), SEQ ID NO:7 (encoding the INSP 192 exon 4 polypeptide), SEQ ID NO:9 (encoding the INSP 192 exon 5 polypeptide), SEQ ID NO:11 (encoding the INSP192 exon 6 polypeptide), SEQ ID NO:13 (encoding the INSP 192 exon 7 polypeptide), SEQ ID NO: 15 (encoding the full length INSP 192 polypeptide), SEQ ID NO:17 (encoding the INSP192 and INSP195 exon 1 mature polypeptide), SEQ ID NO:19 (encoding the INSP192 mature polypeptide 1), SEQ ID NO:21 (encoding the INSP192 exon 7 mature polypeptide), SEQ ID NO:23 (encoding the INSP 192 mature polypeptide 2), SEQ ID NO:25 (encoding the INSP 195 exon 4 polypeptide), SEQ ID NO:27 (encoding the INSP 195 exon 5 mature polypeptide), SEQ ID NO:29 (encoding the full length INSP 195 polypeptide) and/or SEQ ID NO:31 (encoding the INSP 195 mature polypeptide) or is a redundant equivalent or fragment of any one of these sequences.

The invention further provides that the purified nucleic acid molecule consists of a nucleic acid sequence as recited in this aspect of the invention. In a third aspect, the invention provides a purified nucleic acid molecule which hybridizes under high stringency conditions with a nucleic acid molecule of the second aspect of the invention. High stringency hybridisation conditions are defined as overnight incubation at 42°C in a solution comprising 50% formamide, 5XSSC (15OmM NaCl, 15mM trisodium citrate), 5OmM sodium phosphate (pH7.6), 5x Denhardts solution, 10% dextran sulphate, and 20 microgram/ml denatured, sheared salmon sperm DNA, followed by washing the filters in 0.1X SSC at approximately 65°C.

In a fourth aspect, the invention provides a vector, such as an expression vector, that contains a nucleic acid molecule of the second or third aspect of the invention. In a fifth aspect, the invention provides a host cell transformed with a vector of the fourth aspect of the invention.

In a sixth aspect, the invention provides a ligand which binds specifically to, and which preferably inhibits the activity of the first aspect of the invention. Ligands to a polypeptide according to the invention may come in various forms, including natural or modified substrates, enzymes, receptors, small organic molecules such as small natural or synthetic organic molecules of up to 2000Da, preferably 800Da or less, peptidomimetics, inorganic molecules, peptides, polypeptides, antibodies, structural or functional mimetics of the aforementioned.

In a seventh aspect, the invention provides a compound that is effective to alter the expression of a natural gene which encodes a polypeptide of the first aspect of the invention or to regulate the activity of a polypeptide of the first aspect of the invention.

Such compounds may be identified using the assays and screening methods disclosed herein.

A compound of the seventh aspect of the invention may either increase (agonise) or decrease (antagonise) the level of expression of the gene or the activity of the polypeptide.

Importantly, the identification of the function of the INSP 192 and INSP 195 polypeptides allows for the design of screening methods capable of identifying compounds that are effective in the treatment and/or diagnosis of disease. Ligands and compounds according to the sixth and seventh aspects of the invention may be identified using such methods. These methods are included as aspects of the present invention. Another aspect of this invention resides in the use of a INSP 192 or INSP 195 gene or polypeptide as a target for the screening of candidate drug modulators, particularly candidate drugs active against glycoprotein related disorders.

A further aspect of this invention resides in methods of screening of compounds for therapy of glycoprotein related disorders, comprising determining the ability of a compound to bind a INSP 192 or INSP 195 gene or polypeptide, or a fragment thereof.

A further aspect of this invention resides in methods of screening of compounds for therapy of glycoprotein related disorders, comprising testing for modulation of the activity of a INSP 192 or INSP 195 gene or polypeptide, or a fragment thereof. In an eighth aspect, the invention provides a polypeptide of the first aspect of the invention, or a nucleic acid molecule of the second or third aspect of the invention, or a vector of the fourth aspect of the invention, or a host cell of the fifth aspect of the invention, or a ligand of the sixth aspect of the invention, or a compound of the seventh aspect of the invention, for use in therapy or diagnosis of a disease or disorder in which members of the glycoprotein family are implicated. Such diseases may include cell proliferative disorders, including neoplasm, melanoma, lung, colorectal, breast, pancreas, head and neck and other solid tumours; myeloproliferative disorders, such as leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, angiogenesis disorder, Kaposis' sarcoma; autoimmune/inflammatory disorders, including allergy, inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, psoriasis and respiratory tract inflammation, asthma, and organ transplant rejection; cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension, oedema, angina, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, sepsis, shock, reperfusion injury, and ischemia; neurological disorders including central nervous system disease, Alzheimer's disease, brain injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and pain; developmental disorders; metabolic disorders including diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, and obesity, AIDS and renal disease; infections including viral infection, bacterial infection, fungal infection and parasitic infection and other pathological conditions. Preferably, the disease is one in which the GPI-anchored, cell surface glycoprotein family of proteins are implicated. These molecules may also be used in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of such diseases. The moieties of the present invention (i.e. the polypeptides of the first aspect of the invention, a nucleic acid molecule of the second or third aspect of the invention, a vector of the fourth aspect of the invention, a host cell of the fifth aspect of the invention, a ligand of the sixth aspect of the invention, a compound of the seventh aspect of the invention) may have particular utility in the therapy or diagnosis of disorders/diseases (the two terms are used interchangeably herein) listed above.

In a ninth aspect, the invention provides a method of diagnosing a disease in a patient, comprising assessing the level of expression of a natural gene encoding a polypeptide of the first aspect of the invention or the activity of a polypeptide of the first aspect of the invention in tissue from said patient and comparing said level of expression or activity to a control level, wherein a level that is different to said control level is indicative of disease.

Such a method will preferably be carried out in vitro. Similar methods may be used for monitoring the therapeutic treatment of disease in a patient, wherein altering the level of expression or activity of a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule over the period of time towards a control level is indicative of regression of disease.

A preferred method for detecting polypeptides of the first aspect of the invention comprises the steps of: (a) contacting a ligand, such as an antibody, of the sixth aspect of the invention with a biological sample under conditions suitable for the formation of a ligand-polypeptide complex; and (b) detecting said complex.

A number of different such methods according to the ninth aspect of the invention exist, as the skilled reader will be aware, such as methods of nucleic acid hybridization with short probes, point mutation analysis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and methods using antibodies to detect aberrant protein levels. Similar methods may be used on a short or long term basis to allow therapeutic treatment of a disease to be monitored in a patient. The invention also provides kits that are useful in these methods for diagnosing disease.

In a tenth aspect, the invention provides for the use of a polypeptide of the first aspect of the invention as a GPI-anchored, cell surface glycoprotein. Suitable uses of the polypeptides of the invention as glycoproteins include use as a regulator of cellular growth, metabolism or differentiation, use as part of a receptor/ligand pair and use as a diagnostic marker for a physiological or pathological condition selected from the list given above.

In an eleventh aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a polypeptide of the first aspect of the invention, or a nucleic acid molecule of the second or third aspect of the invention, or a vector of the fourth aspect of the invention, or a host cell of the fifth aspect of the invention, or a ligand of the sixth aspect of the invention, or a compound of the seventh aspect of the invention, in conjunction with a pharmaceutically- acceptable carrier.

In a twelfth aspect, the present invention provides a polypeptide of the first aspect of the invention, or a nucleic acid molecule of the second or third aspect of the invention, or a vector of the fourth aspect of the invention, or a host cell of the fifth aspect of the invention, or a ligand of the sixth aspect of the invention, or a compound of the seventh aspect of the invention, for use in the manufacture of a medicament for the diagnosis or treatment of a disease including, but not limited to, cell proliferative disorders, including neoplasm, melanoma, lung, colorectal, breast, pancreas, head and neck and other solid tumours; myeloproliferative disorders, such as leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, angiogenesis disorder, Kaposis' sarcoma; autoimmune/inflammatory disorders, including allergy, inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, psoriasis and respiratory tract inflammation, asthma, and organ transplant rejection; cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension, oedema, angina, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, sepsis, shock, reperfusion injury, and ischemia; neurological disorders including central nervous system disease, Alzheimer's disease, brain injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and pain; developmental disorders; metabolic disorders including diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, and obesity, AIDS and renal disease; infections including viral infection, bacterial infection, fungal infection and parasitic infection and other pathological conditions.

In a thirteenth aspect, the invention provides a method of treating a disease in a patient comprising administering to the patient a polypeptide of the first aspect of the invention, or a nucleic acid molecule of the second or third aspect of the invention, or a vector of the fourth aspect of the invention, or a host cell of the fifth aspect of the invention, or a ligand of the sixth aspect of the invention, or a compound of the seventh aspect of the invention.

For diseases in which the expression of a natural gene encoding a polypeptide of the first aspect of the invention, or in which the activity of a polypeptide of the first aspect of the invention, is lower in a diseased patient when compared to the level of expression or activity in a healthy patient, the polypeptide, nucleic acid molecule, ligand or compound administered to the patient should be an agonist. Conversely, for diseases in which the expression of the natural gene or activity of the polypeptide is higher in a diseased patient when compared to the level of expression or activity in a healthy patient, the polypeptide, nucleic acid molecule, ligand or compound administered to the patient should be an antagonist. Examples of such antagonists include antisense nucleic acid molecules, ribozymes and ligands, such as antibodies.

In a fourteenth aspect, the invention provides transgenic or knockout non-human animals that have been transformed to express higher, lower or absent levels of a polypeptide of the first aspect of the invention. Such transgenic animals are very useful models for the study of disease and may also be used in screening regimes for the identification of compounds that are effective in the treatment or diagnosis of such a disease.

A summary of standard techniques and procedures which may be employed in order to utilise the invention is given below. It will be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular methodology, protocols, cell lines, vectors and reagents described. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and it is not intended that this terminology should limit the scope of the present invention. The extent of the invention is limited only by the terms of the appended claims.

Standard abbreviations for nucleotides and amino acids are used in this specification.

The practice of the present invention will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of molecular biology, microbiology, recombinant DNA technology and immunology, which are within the skill of those working in the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature. Examples of particularly suitable texts for consultation include the following: Sambrook Molecular Cloning; A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition (1989); DNA Cloning, Volumes I and II (D.N Glover ed. 1985); Oligonucleotide Synthesis (MJ. Gait ed. 1984); Nucleic Acid Hybridization (B.D. Hames & S.J. Higgins eds. 1984); Transcription and Translation (B.D. Hames & SJ. Higgins eds. 1984); Animal Cell Culture (R.I. Freshney ed. 1986); Immobilized Cells and Enzymes (IRL Press, 1986); B. Perbal, A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning (1984); the Methods in Enzymology series (Academic Press, Inc.), especially volumes 154 & 155; Gene Transfer Vectors for Mammalian Cells (J.H. Miller and M.P. Calos eds. 1987, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory); Immunochemical Methods in Cell and Molecular Biology (Mayer and Walker, eds. 1987, Academic Press, London); Scopes, (1987) Protein Purification: Principles and Practice, Second Edition (Springer Verlag, N.Y.); and Handbook of Experimental Immunology, Volumes I-IV (D.M. Weir and C. C. Blackwell eds. 1986). As used herein, the term "polypeptide" includes any peptide or protein comprising two or more amino acids joined to each other by peptide bonds or modified peptide bonds, i.e. peptide isosteres. This term refers both to short chains (peptides and oligopeptides) and to longer chains (proteins). The polypeptide of the present invention may be in the form of a mature protein or may be a pre-, pro- or prepro- protein that can be activated by cleavage of the pre-, pro- or prepro- portion to produce an active mature polypeptide. In such polypeptides, the pre-, pro- or prepro- sequence may be a leader or secretory sequence or may be a sequence that is employed for purification of the mature polypeptide sequence. The polypeptide of the first aspect of the invention may form part of a fusion protein. For example, it is often advantageous to include one or more additional amino acid sequences which may contain secretory or leader sequences, pro-sequences, sequences which aid in purification, or sequences that confer higher protein stability, for example during recombinant production. Alternatively or additionally, the mature polypeptide may be fused with another compound, such as a compound to increase the half-life of the polypeptide (for example, polyethylene glycol).

In a further preferred embodiment, a polypeptide of the invention, that may comprise a sequence having at least 85% of homology with INSP 192 or INSP 195, is a fusion protein.

These fusion proteins can be obtained by cloning a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising a sequence having at least 85% of homology with INSP 192 or INSP 195 in frame to the coding sequences for a heterologous protein sequence.

The term "heterologous", when used herein, is intended to designate any polypeptide other than a human INSP 192 or INSP 195 polypeptide. Examples of heterologous sequences, that can be comprised in the fusion proteins either at the N- or C-terminus, include: extracellular domains of membrane-bound protein, immunoglobulin constant regions (Fc regions), multimerization domains, domains of extracellular proteins, signal sequences, export sequences, and sequences allowing purification by affinity chromatography.

Many of these heterologous sequences are commercially available in expression plasmids since these sequences are commonly included in fusion proteins in order to provide additional properties without significantly impairing the specific biological activity of the protein fused to them (Terpe K, 2003, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 60:523-33). Examples of such additional properties are a longer lasting half-life in body fluids, the extracellular localization, or an easier purification procedure as allowed by the a stretch of Histidines forming the so-called "histidine tag" (Gentz et al. 1989, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 86:821- 4) or by the "HA" tag, an epitope derived from the influenza hemagglutinin protein (Wilson et al 1994, Cell, 37:767-78). If needed, the heterologous sequence can be eliminated by a proteolytic cleavage, for example by inserting a proteolytic cleavage site between the protein and the heterologous sequence, and exposing the purified fusion protein to the appropriate protease. These features are of particular importance for the fusion proteins since they facilitate their production and use in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions. For example, the INSP 192 or INSP 195 polypeptide may be purified by means of a hexa-histidine peptide fused at the C-terminus of INSP 192 or INSP 195. When the fusion protein comprises an immunoglobulin region, the fusion may be direct, or via a short linker peptide which can be as short as 1 to 3 amino acid residues in length or longer, for example, 13 amino acid residues in length. Said linker may be a tripeptide of the sequence E-F-M (Glu-Phe-Met), for example, or a 13-amino acid linker sequence comprising Glu-Phe-Gly-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val-Leu-Gly-Gly-Gln-Phe-Met (SEQ ID NO: 53) introduced between the sequence of the substances of the invention and the immunoglobulin sequence. The resulting fusion protein has improved properties, such as an extended residence time in body fluids {i.e. an increased half-life), increased specific activity, increased expression level, or the purification of the fusion protein is facilitated.

In a preferred embodiment, the protein is fused to the constant region of an Ig molecule. Preferably, it is fused to heavy chain regions, like the CH2 and CH3 domains of human IgGl, for example. Other isoforms of Ig molecules are also suitable for the generation of fusion proteins according to the present invention, such as isoforms IgG2 or IgG4, or other Ig classes, like IgM or IgA, for example. Fusion proteins may be monomelic or multimeric, hetero- or homomultimeric.

In a further preferred embodiment, the functional derivative comprises at least one moiety attached to one or more functional groups, which occur as one or more side chains on the amino acid residues. Preferably, the moiety is a polyethylene (PEG) moiety. PEGylation may be carried out by known methods, such as the ones described in WO99/55377, for example.

Polypeptides may contain amino acids other than the 20 gene-encoded amino acids, modified either by natural processes, such as by post-translational processing or by chemical modification techniques which are well known in the art. Among the known modifications which may commonly be present in polypeptides of the present invention are glycosylation, lipid attachment, sulphation, gamma-carboxylation, for instance of glutamic acid residues, hydroxylation and ADP-ribosylation. Other potential modifications include acetylation, acylation, amidation, covalent attachment of flavin, covalent attachment of a haeme moiety, covalent attachment of a nucleotide or nucleotide derivative, covalent attachment of a lipid derivative, covalent attachment of phosphatidylinositol, cross-linking, cyclization, disulphide bond formation, demethylation, formation of covalent cross-links, formation of cysteine, formation of pyroglutamate, formylation, GPI anchor formation, iodination, methylation, myristoylation, oxidation, proteolytic processing, phosphorylation, prenylation, racemization, selenoylation, transfer- RNA mediated addition of amino acids to proteins such as arginylation, and ubiquitination.

Modifications can occur anywhere in a polypeptide, including the peptide backbone, the amino acid side-chains and the amino or carboxyl termini. In fact, blockage of the amino or carboxyl terminus in a polypeptide, or both, by a covalent modification is common in naturally-occurring and synthetic polypeptides and such modifications may be present in polypeptides of the present invention.

The modifications that occur in a polypeptide often will be a function of how the polypeptide is made. For polypeptides that are made recombinantly, the nature and extent of the modifications in large part will be determined by the post-translational modification capacity of the particular host cell and the modification signals that are present in the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide in question. For instance, glycosylation patterns vary between different types of host cell. The polypeptides of the present invention can be prepared in any suitable manner. Such polypeptides include isolated naturally-occurring polypeptides (for example purified from cell culture), recombinantly-produced polypeptides (including fusion proteins), synthetically-produced polypeptides or polypeptides that are produced by a combination of these methods. The functionally-equivalent polypeptides of the first aspect of the invention may be polypeptides that are homologous to the INSP 192 and INSP 195 polypeptides. Two polypeptides are said to be "homologous", as the term is used herein, if the sequence of one of the polypeptides has a high enough degree of identity or similarity to the sequence of the other polypeptide. "Identity" indicates that at any particular position in the aligned sequences, the amino acid residue is identical between the sequences. "Similarity" indicates that, at any particular position in the aligned sequences, the amino acid residue is of a similar type between the sequences. Degrees of identity and similarity can be readily calculated (Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A.M., ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1988; Biocomputing. Informatics and Genome Projects, Smith, D.W., ed., Academic Press, New York, 1993; Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part 1, Griffin, A.M., and Griffin, H. G., eds., Humana Press, New Jersey, 1994; Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heinje, G., Academic Press, 1987; and Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds., M Stockton Press, New York, 1991).

Homologous polypeptides therefore include natural biological variants (for example, allelic variants or geographical variations within the species from which the polypeptides are derived) and mutants (such as mutants containing amino acid substitutions, insertions or deletions) of the INSP 192 and INSP 195 polypeptides. Such mutants may include polypeptides in which one or more of the amino acid residues are substituted with a conserved or non-conserved amino acid residue (preferably a conserved amino acid residue) and such substituted amino acid residue may or may not be one encoded by the genetic code. Typical such substitutions are among Ala, VaI, Leu and lie; among Ser and Thr; among the acidic residues Asp and GIu; among Asn and GIn; among the basic residues Lys and Arg; or among the aromatic residues Phe and Tyr. Particularly preferred are variants in which several, i.e. between 5 and 10, 1 and 5, 1 and 3, 1 and 2 or just 1 amino acids are substituted, deleted or added in any combination. Especially preferred are silent substitutions, additions and deletions, which do not alter the properties and activities of the protein. Also especially preferred in this regard are conservative substitutions. Such mutants also include polypeptides in which one or more of the amino acid residues includes a substituent group.

In accordance with the present invention, any substitution should be preferably a "conservative" or "safe" substitution, which is commonly defined a substitution introducing an amino acids having sufficiently similar chemical properties {e.g. a basic, positively charged amino acid should be replaced by another basic, positively charged amino acid), in order to preserve the structure and the biological function of the molecule. The literature provide many models on which the selection of conservative amino acids substitutions can be performed on the basis of statistical and physico-chemical studies on the sequence and/or the structure of proteins (Rogov SI and Nekrasov AN, 2001). Protein design experiments have shown that the use of specific subsets of amino acids can produce foldable and active proteins, helping in the classification of amino acid "synonymous" substitutions which can be more easily accommodated in protein structure, and which can be used to detect functional and structural homologs and paralogs (Murphy LR et al., 2000). The groups of synonymous amino acids and the groups of more preferred synonymous amino acids are shown in Table 1. Specific, non-conservative mutations can be also introduced in the polypeptides of the invention with different purposes. Mutations reducing the affinity of the GPI-anchored, cell surface glycoprotein like molecule may increase its ability to be reused and recycled, potentially increasing its therapeutic potency (Robinson CR, 2002). Immunogenic epitopes eventually present in the polypeptides of the invention can be exploited for developing vaccines (Stevanovic S, 2002), or eliminated by modifying their sequence following known methods for selecting mutations for increasing protein stability, and correcting them (van den Burg B and Eijsink V, 2002; WO 02/05146, WO 00/34317, WO 98/52976).

Preferred alternative, synonymous groups for amino acids derivatives included in peptide mimetics are those defined in Table 2. A non-exhaustive list of amino acid derivatives also include aminoisobutyric acid (Aib), hydroxyproline (Hyp), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- isoquinoline-3-COOH, indoline-2carboxylic acid, 4-difluoro-proline, L- thiazolidine-4- carboxylic acid, L-homoproline, 3,4-dehydro-proline, 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylalanine, cyclohexyl-glycine, and phenylglycine.

By "amino acid derivative" is intended an amino acid or amino acid-like chemical entity other than one of the 20 genetically encoded naturally occurring amino acids. In particular, the amino acid derivative may contain substituted or non-substituted, linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl moieties, and may include one or more heteroatoms. The amino acid derivatives can be made de novo or obtained from commercial sources (Calbiochem- Novabiochem AG, Switzerland; Bachem, USA). Various methodologies for incorporating unnatural amino acids derivatives into proteins, using both in vitro and in vivo translation systems, to probe and/or improve protein structure and function are disclosed in the literature (Dougherty DA, 2000). Techniques for the synthesis and the development of peptide mimetics, as well as non-peptide mimetics, are also well known in the art (Golebiowski A et al, 2001; Hruby VJ and Balse PM, 2000; Sawyer TK, in "Structure Based Drug Design", edited by Veerapandian P, Marcel Dekker Inc., pg. 557-663, 1997).

5 Typically, greater than 30% identity between two polypeptides is considered to be an indication of functional equivalence. Preferably, functionally equivalent polypeptides of the first aspect of the invention have a degree of sequence identity with the INSP 192 and INSP 195 polypeptides, or with active fragments thereof, of greater than 80%. More preferred polypeptides have degrees of identity of greater than 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 10 99%, respectively.

The functionally-equivalent polypeptides of the first aspect of the invention may also be polypeptides which have been identified using one or more techniques of structural alignment. For example, the Inpharmatica Genome Threader technology that forms one aspect of the search tools used to generate the Biopendium™ search database may be used

15 (see PCT application WO 01/69507) to identify polypeptides of presently-unknown function which, while having low sequence identity as compared to the INSP 192 and INSP 195 polypeptides, are predicted to be members of the glycoprotein family of proteins, by virtue of sharing significant structural homology with the INSP 192 and INSP 195 polypeptide sequences. By "significant structural homology" is meant that the 0 Inpharmatica Genome Threader predicts two proteins to share structural homology with a certainty of 10% and above.

The polypeptides of the first aspect of the invention also include fragments of the INSP 192 and INSP 195 polypeptides and fragments of the functional equivalents of the INSP 192 and INSP 195 polypeptides, provided that those fragments are members of the glycoprotein 5 family of proteins or have an antigenic determinant in common with the INSP 192 and INSP 195 polypeptides.

As used herein, the term "fragment" refers to a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence that is the same as part, but not all, of the amino acid sequence of the INSP 192 and INSP 195 polypeptides or one of their functional equivalents. The fragments should 0 comprise at least n consecutive amino acids from the sequence and, depending on the particular sequence, n preferably is 7 or more (for example, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 or more). Small fragments may form an antigenic determinant. Nucleic acid fragments according to the invention are preferably 10-1500 nucleotides in length, preferably 50-1000 nucleotides, preferably 100-750 nucleotides, preferably 200- 500 nucleotides in length. Polypeptide fragments according to the invention are preferably 10-500 amino acids in length, preferably 50-400, preferably 100-300, preferably 150-200 amino acids in length.

Fragments of full length polypeptides may consist of combinations of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or all 7 neighbouring exon sequences in the polypeptide sequences, respectively. For example, such combinations include exons 1 and 2, exons 2 and 3, exons 1 and 3 or exons 1, 2 and 3, and so on. Such fragments are included in the present invention. Fragments preferably contain GumN domain, for example, see those identified in Figures 13 and 14.

Such fragments may be "free-standing", i.e. not part of or fused to other amino acids or polypeptides, or they may be comprised within a larger polypeptide of which they form a part or region. When comprised within a larger polypeptide, the fragment of the invention most preferably forms a single continuous region. For instance, certain preferred embodiments relate to a fragment having a pre- and/or pro- polypeptide region fused to the amino terminus of the fragment and/or an additional region fused to the carboxyl terminus of the fragment. However, several fragments may be comprised within a single larger polypeptide.

The polypeptides of the present invention or their immunogenic fragments (comprising at least one antigenic determinant) can be used to generate ligands, such as polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies, that are immunospecific for the polypeptides. Such antibodies may be employed to isolate or to identify clones expressing the polypeptides of the invention or to purify the polypeptides by affinity chromatography. The antibodies may also be employed as diagnostic or therapeutic aids, amongst other applications, as will be apparent to the skilled reader.

The term "immunospecific" means that the antibodies have substantially greater affinity for the polypeptides of the invention than their affinity for other related polypeptides in the prior art. As used herein, the term "antibody" refers to intact molecules as well as to fragments thereof, such as Fab, F(ab')2 and Fv, which are capable of binding to the antigenic determinant in question. Such antibodies thus bind to the polypeptides of the first aspect of the invention.

By "substantially greater affinity" we mean that there is a measurable increase in the affinity for a polypeptide of the invention as compared with the affinity for known secreted proteins.

Preferably, the affinity is at least 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 5-fold 10-fold, 100-fold, 10³-fold, 10⁴- fold, 10⁵-fold or 10⁶-fold greater for a polypeptide of the invention than for known secreted proteins, particularly those of the glycoprotein family.

Preferably, there is a measurable increase in the affinity for a polypeptide of the invention as compared with known GPI-anchored cell surface glycoproteins.

If polyclonal antibodies are desired, a selected mammal, such as a mouse, rabbit, goat or horse, may be immunised with a polypeptide of the first aspect of the invention. The polypeptide used to immunise the animal can be derived by recombinant DNA technology or can be synthesized chemically. If desired, the polypeptide can be conjugated to a carrier protein. Commonly used carriers to which the polypeptides may be chemically coupled include bovine serum albumin, thyroglobulin and keyhole limpet haemocyanin. The coupled polypeptide is then used to immunise the animal. Serum from the immunised animal is collected and treated according to known procedures, for example by immunoaffmity chromatography.

Monoclonal antibodies to the polypeptides of the first aspect of the invention can also be readily produced by one skilled in the art. The general methodology for making monoclonal antibodies using hybridoma technology is well known (see, for example, Kohler, G. and Milstein, C, Nature 256: 495-497 (1975); Kozbor et al, Immunology Today 4: 72 (1983); Cole et al, 77-96 in Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, Inc. (1985).

Panels of monoclonal antibodies produced against the polypeptides of the first aspect of the invention can be screened for various properties, i.e., for isotype, epitope, affinity, etc. Monoclonal antibodies are particularly useful in purification of the individual polypeptides against which they are directed. Alternatively, genes encoding the monoclonal antibodies of interest may be isolated from hybridomas, for instance by PCR techniques known in the art, and cloned and expressed in appropriate vectors.

Chimeric antibodies, in which non-human variable regions are joined or fused to human constant regions (see, for example, Liu et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84, 3439 (1987)), may also be of use. The antibody may be modified to make it less immunogenic in an individual, for example by humanisation (see Jones et al, Nature, 321, 522 (1986); Verhoeyen et al, Science, 239, 1534 (1988); Kabat et al, J. Immunol, 147, 1709 (1991); Queen et al, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 86, 10029 (1989); Gorman et al, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 88, 34181 (1991); and Hodgson et al, Bio/Technology, 9, 421 (1991)). The term "humanised antibody", as used herein, refers to antibody molecules in which the CDR amino acids and selected other amino acids in the variable domains of the heavy and/or light chains of a non-human donor antibody have been substituted in place of the equivalent amino acids in a human antibody. The humanised antibody thus closely resembles a human antibody but has the binding ability of the donor antibody.

In a further alternative, the antibody may be a "bispecific" antibody, that is an antibody having two different antigen binding domains, each domain being directed against a different epitope.

Phage display technology may be utilised to select genes which encode antibodies with binding activities towards the polypeptides of the invention either from repertoires of PCR amplified V-genes of lymphocytes from humans screened for possessing the relevant antibodies, or from naive libraries (McCafferty, J. et al, (1990), Nature 348, 552-554; Marks, J. et al, (1992) Biotechnology 10, 779-783). The affinity of these antibodies can also be improved by chain shuffling (Clackson, T. et al, (1991) Nature 352, 624-628). Antibodies generated by the above techniques, whether polyclonal or monoclonal, have additional utility in that they may be employed as reagents in immunoassays, radioimmunoassays (RIA) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). In these applications, the antibodies can be labelled with an analytically-detectable reagent such as a radioisotope, a fluorescent molecule or an enzyme. Preferred nucleic acid molecules of the second and third aspects of the invention are those which encode a polypeptide sequence as recited SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:30 and/or, SEQ ID NO:32 and functionally equivalent polypeptides. These nucleic acid molecules may be used in the methods and applications described herein. The nucleic acid molecules of the invention preferably comprise at least n consecutive nucleotides from the sequences disclosed herein where, depending on the particular sequence, n is 10 or more (for example, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 or more).

The nucleic acid molecules of the invention also include sequences that are complementary to nucleic acid molecules described above (for example, for antisense or probing purposes).

Nucleic acid molecules of the present invention may be in the form of RNA, such as mRNA, or in the form of DNA, including, for instance cDNA, synthetic DNA or genomic DNA. Such nucleic acid molecules may be obtained by cloning, by chemical synthetic techniques or by a combination thereof. The nucleic acid molecules can be prepared, for example, by chemical synthesis using techniques such as solid phase phosphor amidite chemical synthesis, from genomic or cDNA libraries or by separation from an organism. RNA molecules may generally be generated by the in vitro or in vivo transcription of DNA sequences.

The nucleic acid molecules may be double-stranded or single-stranded. Single-stranded DNA may be the coding strand, also known as the sense strand, or it may be the non- coding strand, also referred to as the anti-sense strand.

The term "nucleic acid molecule" also includes analogues of DNA and RNA, such as those containing modified backbones, and peptide nucleic acids (PNA). The term "PNA", as used herein, refers to an antisense molecule or an anti-gene agent which comprises an oligonucleotide of at least five nucleotides in length linked to a peptide backbone of amino acid residues, which preferably ends in lysine. The terminal lysine confers solubility to the composition. PNAs may be pegylated to extend their lifespan in a cell, where they preferentially bind complementary single stranded DNA and RNA and stop transcript elongation (Nielsen, P. E. et al. (1993) Anticancer Drug Des. 8:53-63). A nucleic acid molecule which encodes a polypeptide of this invention may be identical to the coding sequence of one or more of the nucleic acid molecules disclosed herein.

These molecules also may have a different sequence which, as a result of the degeneracy of the genetic code, encodes a polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NOrIO, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:30 and/or, SEQ ID NO:32. Such nucleic acid molecules may include, but are not limited to, the coding sequence for the mature polypeptide by itself; the coding sequence for the mature polypeptide and additional coding sequences, such as those encoding a leader or secretory sequence, such as a pro-, pre- or prepro- polypeptide sequence; the coding sequence of the mature polypeptide, with or without the aforementioned additional coding sequences, together with further additional, non-coding sequences, including non-coding 5' and 3' sequences, such as the transcribed, non- translated sequences that play a role in transcription (including termination signals), ribosome binding and mRNA stability. The nucleic acid molecules may also include additional sequences which encode additional amino acids, such as those which provide additional functionalities.

The nucleic acid molecules of the second and third aspects of the invention may also encode the fragments or the functional equivalents of the polypeptides and fragments of the first aspect of the invention. Such a nucleic acid molecule may be a naturally-occurring variant such as a naturally-occurring allelic variant, or the molecule may be a variant that is not known to occur naturally. Such non-naturally occurring variants of the nucleic acid molecule may be made by mutagenesis techniques, including those applied to nucleic acid molecules, cells or organisms.

Among variants in this regard are variants that differ from the aforementioned nucleic acid molecules by nucleotide substitutions, deletions or insertions. The substitutions, deletions or insertions may involve one or more nucleotides. The variants may be altered in coding or non-coding regions or both. Alterations in the coding regions may produce conservative or non-conservative amino acid substitutions, deletions or insertions.

The nucleic acid molecules of the invention can also be engineered, using methods generally known in the art, for a variety of reasons, including modifying the cloning, processing, and/or expression of the gene product (the polypeptide). DNA shuffling by random fragmentation and PCR reassembly of gene fragments and synthetic oligonucleotides are included as techniques which may be used to engineer the nucleotide sequences. Site-directed mutagenesis may be used to insert new restriction sites, alter glycosylation patterns, change codon preference, produce splice variants, introduce mutations and so forth.

Nucleic acid molecules which encode a polypeptide of the first aspect of the invention may be ligated to a heterologous sequence so that the combined nucleic acid molecule encodes a fusion protein. Such combined nucleic acid molecules are included within the second or third aspects of the invention. For example, to screen peptide libraries for inhibitors of the activity of the polypeptide, it may be useful to express, using such a combined nucleic acid molecule, a fusion protein that can be recognised by a commercially-available antibody. A fusion protein may also be engineered to contain a cleavage site located between the sequence of the polypeptide of the invention and the sequence of a heterologous protein so that the polypeptide may be cleaved and purified away from the heterologous protein.

The nucleic acid molecules of the invention also include antisense molecules that are partially complementary to nucleic acid molecules encoding polypeptides of the present invention and that therefore hybridize to the encoding nucleic acid molecules (hybridization). Such antisense molecules, such as oligonucleotides, can be designed to recognise, specifically bind to and prevent transcription of a target nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide of the invention, as will be known by those of ordinary skill in the art (see, for example, Cohen, J. S., Trends in Pharm. Sci., 10, 435 (1989), Okano, J. Neurochem. 56, 560 (1991); O'Connor, J. Neurochem 56, 560 (1991); Lee et al, Nucleic Acids Res 6, 3073 (1979); Cooney et al, Science 241, 456 (1988); Dervan et α/., Science 251, 1360 (1991).

The term "hybridization" as used here refers to the association of two nucleic acid molecules with one another by hydrogen bonding. Typically, one molecule will be fixed to a solid support and the other will be free in solution. Then, the two molecules may be placed in contact with one another under conditions that favour hydrogen bonding. Factors that affect this bonding include: the type and volume of solvent; reaction temperature; time of hybridization; agitation; agents to block the non-specific attachment of the liquid phase molecule to the solid support (Denhardt's reagent or BLOTTO); the concentration of the molecules; use of compounds to increase the rate of association of molecules (dextran sulphate or polyethylene glycol); and the stringency of the washing conditions following hybridization (see Sambrook et al. [supra]).

The inhibition of hybridization of a completely complementary molecule to a target molecule may be examined using a hybridization assay, as known in the art (see, for example, Sambrook et al. [supra]). A substantially homologous molecule will then compete for and inhibit the binding of a completely homologous molecule to the target molecule under various conditions of stringency, as taught in Wahl, G.M. and S. L. Berger (1987; Methods Enzymol. 152:399-407) and Kimmel, A.R. (1987; Methods Enzymol. 152:507-511).

"Stringency" refers to conditions in a hybridization reaction that favour the association of very similar molecules over association of molecules that differ. High stringency hybridisation conditions are defined as overnight incubation at 42°C in a solution comprising 50% formamide, 5XSSC (15OmM NaCl, 15mM trisodium citrate), 5OmM sodium phosphate (pH7.6), 5x Denhardts solution, 10% dextran sulphate, and 20 microgram/ml denatured, sheared salmon sperm DNA, followed by washing the filters in

0.1X SSC at approximately 65°C. Low stringency conditions involve the hybridisation reaction being carried out at 35°C (see Sambrook et al. [supra]). Preferably, the conditions used for hybridization are those of high stringency.

Preferred embodiments of this aspect of the invention are nucleic acid molecules that are at least 70% identical over their entire length to a nucleic acid molecule encoding the INSP 192 and INSP 195 polypeptides and nucleic acid molecules that are substantially complementary to such nucleic acid molecules. Preferably, a nucleic acid molecule according to this aspect of the invention comprises a region that is at least 80% identical over its entire length to such coding sequences, or is a nucleic acid molecule that is complementary thereto. In this regard, nucleic acid molecules at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, more preferably at least 98%, 99% or more identical over their entire length to the same are particularly preferred. Preferred embodiments in this respect are nucleic acid molecules that encode polypeptides which retain substantially the same biological function or activity as the INSP 192 and INSP 195 polypeptides.

The invention also provides a process for detecting a nucleic acid molecule of the invention, comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a nucleic probe according to the invention with a biological sample under hybridizing conditions to form duplexes; and (b) detecting any such duplexes that are formed.

As discussed additionally below in connection with assays that may be utilised according to the invention, a nucleic acid molecule as described above may be used as a hybridization probe for RNA, cDNA or genomic DNA, in order to isolate full-length cDNAs and genomic clones encoding the INSP 192 and INSP 195 polypeptides and to isolate cDNA and genomic clones of homologous or orthologous genes that have a high sequence similarity to the gene encoding this polypeptide.

In this regard, the following techniques, among others known in the art, may be utilised and are discussed below for purposes of illustration. Methods for DNA sequencing and analysis are well known and are generally available in the art and may, indeed, be used to practice many of the embodiments of the invention discussed herein. Such methods may employ such enzymes as the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I, Sequenase (US Biochemical Corp, Cleveland, OH), Taq polymerase (Perkin Elmer), thermostable T7 polymerase (Amersham, Chicago, IL), or combinations of polymerases and proof-reading exonucleases such as those found in the ELONGASE Amplification System marketed by Gibco/BRL (Gaithersburg, MD). Preferably, the sequencing process may be automated using machines such as the Hamilton Micro Lab 2200 (Hamilton, Reno, NV), the Peltier Thermal Cycler (PTC200; MJ Research, Watertown, MA) and the ABI Catalyst and 373 and 377 DNA Sequencers (Perkin Elmer).

One method for isolating a nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide with an equivalent function to that of the INSP 192 and INSP 195 polypeptides is to probe a genomic or cDNA library with a natural or artificially-designed probe using standard procedures that are recognised in the art (see, for example, "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology", Ausubel et al. (eds). Greene Publishing Association and John Wiley Interscience, New York, 1989,1992). Probes comprising at least 15, preferably at least 30, and more preferably at least 50, contiguous bases that correspond to, or are complementary to, nucleic acid sequences from the appropriate encoding gene (SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:29 and SEQ ID NO:31, are particularly useful probes. Such probes may be labelled with an analytically-detectable reagent to facilitate their identification. Useful reagents include, but are not limited to, radioisotopes, fluorescent dyes and enzymes that are capable of catalysing the formation of a detectable product. Using these probes, the ordinarily skilled artisan will be capable of isolating complementary copies of genomic DNA, cDNA or RNA polynucleotides encoding proteins of interest from human, mammalian or other animal sources and screening such sources for related sequences, for example, for additional members of the family, type and/or subtype.

In many cases, isolated cDNA sequences will be incomplete, in that the region encoding the polypeptide will be cut short, normally at the 5' end. Several methods are available to obtain full length cDNAs, or to extend short cDNAs. Such sequences may be extended utilising a partial nucleotide sequence and employing various methods known in the art to detect upstream sequences such as promoters and regulatory elements. For example, one method which may be employed is based on the method of Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE; see, for example, Frohman et al, PNAS USA 85, 8998-9002, 1988). Recent modifications of this technique, exemplified by the Marathon™ technology (Clontech Laboratories Inc.), for example, have significantly simplified the search for longer cDNAs. A slightly different technique, termed "restriction-site" PCR, uses universal primers to retrieve unknown nucleic acid sequence adjacent a known locus (Sarkar, G. (1993) PCR Methods Applic. 2:318-322). Inverse PCR may also be used to amplify or to extend sequences using divergent primers based on a known region (Triglia, T. et al. (1988) Nucleic Acids Res. 16:8186). Another method which may be used is capture PCR which involves PCR amplification of DNA fragments adjacent a known sequence in human and yeast artificial chromosome DNA (Lagerstrom, M. et al. (1991) PCR Methods Applic, 1, 111-119). Another method which may be used to retrieve unknown sequences is that of Parker, J.D. et al. (1991); Nucleic Acids Res. 19:3055-3060). Additionally, one may use PCR, nested primers, and PromoterFinder™ libraries to walk genomic DNA (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA). This process avoids the need to screen libraries and is useful in finding intron/exon junctions.

When screening for full-length cDNAs, it is preferable to use libraries that have been size- selected to include larger cDNAs. Also, random-primed libraries are preferable, in that they will contain more sequences that contain the 5' regions of genes. Use of a randomly primed library may be especially preferable for situations in which an oligo d(T) library does not yield a full-length cDNA. Genomic libraries may be useful for extension of sequence into 5' non-transcribed regulatory regions. In one embodiment of the invention, the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention may be used for chromosome localisation. In this technique, a nucleic acid molecule is specifically targeted to, and can hybridize with, a particular location on an individual human chromosome. The mapping of relevant sequences to chromosomes according to the present invention is an important step in the confirmatory correlation of those sequences with the gene-associated disease. Once a sequence has been mapped to a precise chromosomal location, the physical position of the sequence on the chromosome can be con-elated with genetic map data. Such data are found in, for example, V. McKusick, Mendelian Inheritance in Man (available on-line through Johns Hopkins University Welch Medical Library). The relationships between genes and diseases that have been mapped to the same chromosomal region are then identified through linkage analysis (coinheritance of physically adjacent genes). This provides valuable information to investigators searching for disease genes using positional cloning or other gene discovery techniques. Once the disease or syndrome has been crudely localised by genetic linkage to a particular genomic region, any sequences mapping to that area may represent associated or regulatory genes for further investigation. The nucleic acid molecule may also be used to detect differences in the chromosomal location due to translocation, inversion, etc. among normal, carrier, or affected individuals. The nucleic acid molecules of the present invention are also valuable for tissue localisation. Such techniques allow the determination of expression patterns of the polypeptide in tissues by detection of the mRNAs that encode them. These techniques include in situ hybridization techniques and nucleotide amplification techniques, such as PCR. Results from these studies provide an indication of the normal functions of the polypeptide in the organism. In addition, comparative studies of the normal expression pattern of mRNAs with that of mRNAs encoded by a mutant gene provide valuable insights into the role of mutant polypeptides in disease. Such inappropriate expression may be of a temporal, spatial or quantitative nature.

Gene silencing approaches may also be undertaken to down-regulate endogenous expression of a gene encoding a polypeptide of the invention. RNA interference (RNAi)

(Elbashir, SM et ai, Nature 2001, 411, 494-498) is one method of sequence specific post- transcriptional gene silencing that may be employed. Short dsRNA oligonucleotides are synthesised in vitro and introduced into a cell. The sequence specific binding of these dsRNA oligonucleotides triggers the degradation of target mRNA, reducing or ablating target protein expression.

Efficacy of the gene silencing approaches assessed above may be assessed through the measurement of polypeptide expression (for example, by Western blotting), and at the RNA level using TaqMan-based methodologies.

The vectors of the present invention comprise nucleic acid molecules of the invention and may be cloning or expression vectors. The host cells of the invention, which may be transformed, transfected or transduced with the vectors of the invention may be prokaryotic or eukaryotic. The polypeptides of the invention may be prepared in recombinant form by expression of their encoding nucleic acid molecules in vectors contained within a host cell. Such expression methods are well known to those of skill in the art and many are described in detail by Sambrook et al. {supra) and Fernandez & Hoeffler (1998, eds. "Gene expression systems. Using nature for the art of expression". Academic Press, San Diego, London, Boston, New York, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto).

Generally, any system or vector that is suitable to maintain, propagate or express nucleic acid molecules to produce a polypeptide in the required host may be used. The appropriate nucleotide sequence may be inserted into an expression system by any of a variety of well- known and routine techniques, such as, for example, those described in Sambrook et al., {supra). Generally, the encoding gene can be placed under the control of a control element such as a promoter, ribosome binding site (for bacterial expression) and, optionally, an operator, so that the DNA sequence encoding the desired polypeptide is transcribed into RNA in the transformed host cell. Examples of suitable expression systems include, for example, chromosomal, episomal and virus-derived systems, including, for example, vectors derived from: bacterial plasmids, bacteriophage, transposons, yeast episomes, insertion elements, yeast chromosomal elements, viruses such as baculoviruses, papova viruses such as SV40, vaccinia viruses, adenoviruses, fowl pox viruses, pseudorabies viruses and retroviruses, or combinations thereof, such as those derived from plasmid and bacteriophage genetic elements, including cosmids and phagemids. Human artificial chromosomes (HACs) may also be employed to deliver larger fragments of DNA than can be contained and expressed in a plasmid.

Particularly suitable expression systems include microorganisms such as bacteria transformed with recombinant bacteriophage, plasmid or cosmid DNA expression vectors; yeast transformed with yeast expression vectors; insect cell systems infected with virus expression vectors (for example, baculovirus); plant cell systems transformed with virus expression vectors (for example, cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV; tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or with bacterial expression vectors (for example, Ti or pBR322 plasmids); or animal cell systems. Cell-free translation systems can also be employed to produce the polypeptides of the invention.

Introduction of nucleic acid molecules encoding a polypeptide of the present invention into host cells can be effected by methods described in many standard laboratory manuals, such as Davis et ah, Basic Methods in Molecular Biology (1986) and Sambrook et ah, {supra). Particularly suitable methods include calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection, transfection, microinjection, cationic lipid-mediated transfection, electroporation, transduction, scrape loading, ballistic introduction or infection (see Sambrook et ah, 1989 [supra]; Ausubel et ah, 1991 [supra]; Spector, Goldman & Leinwald, 1998). In eukaryotic cells, expression systems may either be transient (for example, episomal) or permanent (chromosomal integration) according to the needs of the system.

The encoding nucleic acid molecule may or may not include a sequence encoding a control sequence, such as a signal peptide or leader sequence, as desired, for example, for secretion of the translated polypeptide into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, into the periplasmic space or into the extracellular environment. These signals may be endogenous to the polypeptide or they may be heterologous signals. Leader sequences can be removed by the bacterial host in post-translational processing. In addition to control sequences, it may be desirable to add regulatory sequences that allow for regulation of the expression of the polypeptide relative to the growth of the host cell. Examples of regulatory sequences are those which cause the expression of a gene to be increased or decreased in response to a chemical or physical stimulus, including the presence of a regulatory compound or to various temperature or metabolic conditions. Regulatory sequences are those non-translated regions of the vector, such as enhancers, promoters and 5' and 3' untranslated regions. These interact with host cellular proteins to carry out transcription and translation. Such regulatory sequences may vary in their strength and specificity. Depending on the vector system and host utilised, any number of suitable transcription and translation elements, including constitutive and inducible promoters, may be used. For example, when cloning in bacterial systems, inducible promoters such as the hybrid lacZ promoter of the Bluescript phagemid (Stratagene, LaJoIIa, CA) or pSportl™ plasmid (Gibco BRL) and the like may be used. The baculovirus polyhedrin promoter may be used in insect cells. Promoters or enhancers derived from the genomes of plant cells (for example, heat shock, RUBISCO and storage protein genes) or from plant viruses (for example, viral promoters or leader sequences) may be cloned into the vector. In mammalian cell systems, promoters from mammalian genes or from mammalian viruses are preferable. If it is necessary to generate a cell line that contains multiple copies of the sequence, vectors based on SV40 or EBV may be used with an appropriate selectable marker.

An expression vector is constructed so that the particular nucleic acid coding sequence is located in the vector with the appropriate regulatory sequences, the positioning and orientation of the coding sequence with respect to the regulatory sequences being such that the coding sequence is transcribed under the "control" of the regulatory sequences, i.e., RNA polymerase which binds to the DNA molecule at the control sequences transcribes the coding sequence. In some cases it may be necessary to modify the sequence so that it may be attached to the control sequences with the appropriate orientation; i.e., to maintain the reading frame. The control sequences and other regulatory sequences may be ligated to the nucleic acid coding sequence prior to insertion into a vector. Alternatively, the coding sequence can be cloned directly into an expression vector that already contains the control sequences and an appropriate restriction site.

For long-term, high-yield production of a recombinant polypeptide, stable expression is preferred. For example, cell lines which stably express the polypeptide of interest may be transformed using expression vectors which may contain viral origins of replication and/or endogenous expression elements and a selectable marker gene on the same or on a separate vector. Following the introduction of the vector, cells may be allowed to grow for 1-2 days in an enriched media before they are switched to selective media. The purpose of the selectable marker is to confer resistance to selection, and its presence allows growth and recovery of cells that successfully express the introduced sequences. Resistant clones of stably transformed cells may be proliferated using tissue culture techniques appropriate to the cell type.

Mammalian cell lines available as hosts for expression are known in the art and include many immortalised cell lines available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) including, but not limited to, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), HeLa, baby hamster kidney (BHK), monkey kidney (COS)₅ C127, 3T3, BHK, HEK 293, Bowes melanoma and human hepatocellular carcinoma (for example Hep G2) cells and a number of other cell lines. In the baculovirus system, the materials for baculovirus/insect cell expression systems are commercially available in kit form from, inter alia, Invitrogen, San Diego CA (the "MaxBac" kit). These techniques are generally known to those skilled in the art and are described fully in Summers and Smith, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 1555 (1987). Particularly suitable host cells for use in this system include insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9 cells.

There are many plant cell culture and whole plant genetic expression systems known in the art. Examples of suitable plant cellular genetic expression systems include those described in US 5,693,506; US 5,659,122; and US 5,608,143. Additional examples of genetic expression in plant cell culture has been described by Zenk, Phytochemistry 30, 3861-3863 (1991).

In particular, all plants from which protoplasts can be isolated and cultured to give whole regenerated plants can be utilised, so that whole plants are recovered which contain the transferred gene. Practically all plants can be regenerated from cultured cells or tissues, including but not limited to all major species of sugar cane, sugar beet, cotton, fruit and other trees, legumes and vegetables.

Examples of particularly preferred bacterial host cells include streptococci, staphylococci, E. coli, Streptomyces and Bacillus subtilis cells.

Examples of particularly suitable host cells for fungal expression include yeast cells (for example, S. cerevisiae) and Aspergillus cells.

Any number of selection systems are known in the art that may be used to recover transformed cell lines. Examples include the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (Wigler, M. et al. (1977) Cell 11:223-32) and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (Lowy, I. et al. (1980) Cell 22:817-23) genes that can be employed in tk^" or aprt* cells, respectively.

Also, antimetabolite, antibiotic or herbicide resistance can be used as the basis for selection; for example, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) that confers resistance to methotrexate (Wigler, M. et al (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 77:3567-70); npt, which confers resistance to the aminoglycosides neomycin and G-418 (Colbere-Garapin, F. et al. (1981) J. MoI. Biol. 150:1-14) and als or pat, which confer resistance to chlorsulfuron and phosphinotricin acetyltransferase, respectively. Additional selectable genes have been described, examples of which will be clear to those of skill in the art.

Although the presence or absence of marker gene expression suggests that the gene of interest is also present, its presence and expression may need to be confirmed. For example, if the relevant sequence is inserted within a marker gene sequence, transformed cells containing the appropriate sequences can be identified by the absence of marker gene function. Alternatively, a marker gene can be placed in tandem with a sequence encoding a polypeptide of the invention under the control of a single promoter. Expression of the marker gene in response to induction or selection usually indicates expression of the tandem gene as well.

Alternatively, host cells that contain a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide of the invention and which express said polypeptide may be identified by a variety of procedures known to those of skill in the art. These procedures include, but are not limited to, DNA- DNA or DNA-RNA hybridizations and protein bioassays, for example, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) or immunoassay techniques (such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] and radioimmunoassay [RIA]), that include membrane, solution, or chip based technologies for the detection and/or quantification of nucleic acid or protein (see Hampton, R. et al, (1990) Serological Methods, a Laboratory Manual, APS Press, St Paul, MN) and Maddox, D.E. et al. (1983) J. Exp. Med, 158, 1211-1216). A wide variety of labels and conjugation techniques are known by those skilled in the art and may be used in various nucleic acid and amino acid assays. Means for producing labelled hybridization or PCR probes for detecting sequences related to nucleic acid molecules encoding polypeptides of the present invention include oligolabelling, nick translation, end-labelling or PCR amplification using a labelled polynucleotide. Alternatively, the sequences encoding the polypeptide of the invention may be cloned into a vector for the production of an mRNA probe. Such vectors are known in the art, are commercially available, and may be used to synthesise RNA probes in vitro by addition of an appropriate RNA polymerase such as T7, T3 or SP6 and labelled nucleotides. These procedures may be conducted using a variety of commercially available kits (Pharmacia & Upjohn, (Kalamazoo, MI); Promega (Madison WI); and U.S. Biochemical Corp., Cleveland, OH)).

Suitable reporter molecules or labels, which may be used for ease of detection, include radionuclides, enzymes and fluorescent, chemiluminescent or chromogenic agents as well as substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, magnetic particles, and the like. Nucleic acid molecules according to the present invention may also be used to create transgenic animals, particularly rodent animals. Such transgenic animals form a further aspect of the present invention. This may be done locally by modification of somatic cells, or by germ line therapy to incorporate heritable modifications. Such transgenic animals may be particularly useful in the generation of animal models for drug molecules effective as modulators of the polypeptides of the present invention.

The polypeptide can be recovered and purified from recombinant cell cultures by well- known methods including ammonium sulphate or ethanol precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cation exchange chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, affinity chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography and lectin chromatography. High performance liquid chromatography is particularly useful for purification. Well known techniques for refolding proteins may be employed to regenerate an active conformation when the polypeptide is denatured during isolation and or purification.

Specialised vector constructions may also be used to facilitate purification of proteins, as desired, by joining sequences encoding the polypeptides of the invention to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide domain that will facilitate purification of soluble proteins. Examples of such purification-facilitating domains include metal chelating peptides such as histidine-tryptophan modules that allow purification on immobilised metals, protein A domains that allow purification on immobilised immunoglobulin, and the domain utilised in the FLAGS extension/affinity purification system (Immunex Corp., Seattle, WA). The inclusion of cleavable linker sequences such as those specific for Factor XA or enterokinase (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA) between the purification domain and the polypeptide of the invention may be used to facilitate purification. One such expression vector provides for expression of a fusion protein containing the polypeptide of the invention fused to several histidine residues preceding a thioredoxin or an enterokinase cleavage site. The histidine residues facilitate purification by IMAC (immobilised metal ion affinity chromatography as described in Porath, J. et al. (1992), Prot. Exp. Purif. 3: 263-281) while the thioredoxin or enterokinase cleavage site provides a means for purifying the polypeptide from the fusion protein. A discussion of vectors which contain fusion proteins is provided in Kroll, DJ. et al (1993; DNA Cell Biol. 12:441-453).

If the polypeptide is to be expressed for use in screening assays, generally it is preferred that it be produced at the surface of the host cell in which it is expressed. In this event, the host cells may be harvested prior to use in the screening assay, for example using techniques such as fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) or immunoaffmity techniques. If the polypeptide is secreted into the medium, the medium can be recovered in order to recover and purify the expressed polypeptide. If polypeptide is produced intracellularly, the cells must first be lysed before the polypeptide is recovered.

DRUG SCREENING As indicated above, the present invention also provides novel targets and methods for the screening of drug candidates or leads. These screening methods include binding assays and/or functional assays, and may be performed in vitro, in cell systems or in animals.

In this regard, a particular object of this invention resides in the use of an INSP 192 or INSP 195 polypeptide as a target for screening candidate drugs for treating or preventing glycoprotein related disorders.

Another object of this invention resides in methods of selecting biologically active compounds, said methods comprising contacting a candidate compound with an INSP 192 or INSP 195 gene or polypeptide, and selecting compounds that bind said gene or polypeptide. A further other object of this invention resides in methods of selecting biologically active compounds, said method comprising contacting a candidate compound with recombinant host cell expressing an INSP 192 or INSP 195 polypeptide with a candidate compound, and selecting compounds that bind said INSP 192 or INSP 195 polypeptide at the surface of said cells and/or that modulate the activity of the INSP 192 or INSP 195 polypeptide. A "biologically active" compound denotes any compound having biological activity in a subject, preferably therapeutic activity, more preferably a compound having INSP 192 or INSP 195 activity, and further preferably a compound that can be used for treating INSP 192 or INSP 195 related disorders, or as a lead to develop drugs for treating glycoprotein related disorder. A "biologically active" compound preferably is a compound that modulates the activity of INSP 192 or INSP 195.

The above methods may be conducted in vitro, using various devices and conditions, including with immobilized reagents, and may further comprise an additional step of assaying the activity of the selected compounds in a model of glycoprotein related disorder, such as an animal model. Binding to a target gene or polypeptide provides an indication as to the ability of the compound to modulate the activity of said target, and thus to affect a pathway leading to glycoprotein related disorder in a subject. The determination of binding may be performed by various techniques, such as by labelling of the candidate compound, by competition with a labelled reference ligand, etc. For in vitro binding assays, the polypeptides may be used in essentially pure form, in suspension, immobilized on a support, or expressed in a membrane (intact cell, membrane preparation, liposome, etc.).

Modulation of activity includes, without limitation, stimulation of the surface expression of the INSP 192 and INSP 195 receptor, modulation of multimerization of said receptor {e.g., the formation of multimeric complexes with other sub-units), etc. The cells used in the assays may be any recombinant cell {i.e., any cell comprising a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a INSP 192 or INSP 195 polypeptide) or any cell that expresses an endogenous INSP 192 or INSP 195 polypeptide. Examples of such cells include, without limitation, prokaryotic cells (such as bacteria) and eukaryotic cells (such as yeast cells, mammalian cells, insect cells, plant cells, etc.). Specific examples include E.coli, Pichia pas tons, Hansenula polymorpha, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Kluyveromyces or Saccharomyces yeasts, mammalian cell lines {e.g., Vero cells, CHO cells, 3T3 cells, COS cells, etc.) as well as primary or established mammalian cell cultures {e.g., produced from fibroblasts, embryonic cells, epithelial cells, nervous cells, adipocytes, etc.).

Preferred selected compounds are agonists of INSP 192 or INSP 195, i.e., compounds that can bind to INSP 192 or INSP 195 and mimic the activity of an endogenous ligand thereof. A further object of this invention resides in a method of selecting biologically active compounds, said method comprising contacting in vitro a test compound with a INSP 192 or INSP 195 polypeptide according to the present invention and determining the ability of said test compound to modulate the activity of said INSP 192 or INSP 195 polypeptide.

A further object of this invention resides in a method of selecting biologically active compounds, said method comprising contacting in vitro a test compound with a INSP 192 or INSP 195 gene according to the present invention and determining the ability of said test compound to modulate the expression of said INSP 192 or INSP 195 gene, preferably to stimulate expression thereof.

In another embodiment, this invention relates to a method of screening, selecting or identifying active compounds, the method comprising contacting a test compound with a recombinant host cell comprising a reporter construct, said reporter construct comprising a reporter gene under the control of a INSP 192 or INSP 195 gene promoter, and selecting the test compounds that modulate (e.g. stimulate or reduce, preferably stimulate) expression of the reporter gene.

The polypeptide of the invention can be used to screen libraries of compounds in any of a variety of drug screening techniques. Such compounds may activate (agonise) or inhibit (antagonise) the level of expression of the gene or the activity of the polypeptide of the invention and form a further aspect of the present invention. Preferred compounds are effective to alter the expression of a natural gene which encodes a polypeptide of the first aspect of the invention or to regulate the activity of a polypeptide of the first aspect of the invention. Agonist or antagonist compounds may be isolated from, for example, cells, cell-free preparations, chemical libraries or natural product mixtures. These agonists or antagonists may be natural or modified substrates, ligands, enzymes, receptors or structural or functional mimetics. For a suitable review of such screening techniques, see Coligan et al. , Current Protocols in Immunology l(2):Chapter 5 (1991). Compounds that are most likely to be good antagonists are molecules that bind to the polypeptide of the invention without inducing the biological effects of the polypeptide upon binding to it. Potential antagonists include small organic molecules, peptides, polypeptides and antibodies that bind to the polypeptide of the invention and thereby inhibit or extinguish its activity. In this fashion, binding of the polypeptide to normal cellular binding molecules may be inhibited, such that the normal biological activity of the polypeptide is prevented.

The polypeptide of the invention that is employed in such a screening technique may be free in solution, affixed to a solid support, borne on a cell surface or located intracellularly. In general, such screening procedures may involve using appropriate cells or cell membranes that express the polypeptide that are contacted with a test compound to observe binding, or stimulation or inhibition of a functional response. The functional response of the cells contacted with the test compound is then compared with control cells that were not contacted with the test compound. Such an assay may assess whether the test compound results in a signal generated by activation of the polypeptide, using an appropriate detection system. Inhibitors of activation are generally assayed in the presence of a known agonist and the effect on activation by the agonist in the presence of the test compound is observed. A preferred method for identifying an agonist or antagonist compound of a polypeptide of the present invention comprises:

(a) contacting a cell expressing on the surface thereof the polypeptide according to the first aspect of the invention, the polypeptide being associated with a second component capable of providing a detectable signal in response to the binding of a compound to the polypeptide, with a compound to be screened under conditions to permit binding to the polypeptide; and

(b) determining whether the compound binds to and activates or inhibits the polypeptide by measuring the level of a signal generated from the interaction of the compound with the polypeptide.

A further preferred method for identifying an agonist or antagonist of a polypeptide of the invention comprises:

(a) contacting a cell expressing on the surface thereof the polypeptide, the polypeptide being associated with a second component capable of providing a detectable signal in response to the binding of a compound to the polypeptide, with a compound to be screened under conditions to permit binding to the polypeptide; and

(b) determining whether the compound binds to and activates or inhibits the polypeptide by comparing the level of a signal generated from the interaction of the compound with the polypeptide with the level of a signal in the absence of the compound. In further preferred embodiments, the general methods that are described above may further comprise conducting the identification of agonist or antagonist in the presence of labelled or unlabelled ligand for the polypeptide.

In another embodiment of the method for identifying an agonist or antagonist of a polypeptide of the present invention comprises: determining the inhibition of binding of a ligand to cells which have a polypeptide of the invention on the surface thereof, or to cell membranes containing such a polypeptide, in the presence of a candidate compound under conditions to permit binding to the polypeptide, and determining the amount of ligand bound to the polypeptide. A compound capable of causing reduction of binding of a ligand is considered to be an agonist or antagonist. Preferably the ligand is labelled.

More particularly, a method of screening for a polypeptide antagonist or agonist compound comprises the steps of:

(a) incubating a labelled ligand with a whole cell expressing a polypeptide according to the invention on the cell surface, or a cell membrane containing a polypeptide of the invention,

(b) measuring the amount of labelled ligand bound to the whole cell or the cell membrane; (c) adding a candidate compound to a mixture of labelled ligand and the whole cell or the cell membrane of step (a) and allowing the mixture to attain equilibrium;

(d) measuring the amount of labelled ligand bound to the whole cell or the cell membrane after step (c); and

(e) comparing the difference in the labelled ligand bound in step (b) and (d), such that the compound which causes the reduction in binding in step (d) is considered to be an agonist or antagonist.

The INSP 192 and INSP 195 polypeptides of the present invention may modulate cellular growth and differentiation. Thus, the biological activity of the INSP 192 and INSP 195 polypeptides can be examined in systems that allow the study of cellular growth and differentiation such as organ culture assays or in colony assay systems in agarose culture. Stimulation or inhibition of cellular proliferation may be measured by a variety of assays.

For example, for observing cell growth inhibition, one can use a solid or liquid medium. In a solid medium, cells undergoing growth inhibition can easily be selected from the subject cell group by comparing the sizes of colonies formed. In a liquid medium, growth inhibition can be screened by measuring culture medium turbity or incorporation of labelled thymidine in DNA. Typically, the incorporation of a nucleoside analog into newly synthesised DNA may be employed to measure proliferation {i.e., active cell growth) in a population of cells. For example, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) can be employed as a DNA labelling reagent and anti-BrdU mouse monoclonal antibodies can be employed as a detection reagent. This antibody binds only to cells containing DNA which has incorporated bromodeoxyuridine. A number of detection methods may be used in conjunction with this assay including immunofluorescence, immunohistochemical, ELISA, and colorimetric methods. Kits that include bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and anti-BrdU mouse monoclonal antibody are commercially available from .Boehringer Mannheim (Indianapolis, IN). The effect of the INSP 192 and INSP 195 polypeptides upon cellular differentiation can be measured by contacting stem cells or embryonic cells with various amounts of the INSP 192 and INSP 195 polypeptides and observing the effect upon differentiation of the stem cells or embryonic cells. Tissue-specific antibodies and microscopy may be used to identify the resulting cells.

Thus, the "functional equivalents" of the INSP 192 and INSP 195 polypeptides include polypeptides that exhibit any of the same growth and differentiation regulating activities in the above-described assays in a dose-dependent manner. Although the degree of dose-dependent activity need not be identical to that of the INSP 192 and INSP 195 polypeptides, preferably the "functional equivalents" will exhibit substantially similar dose-dependence in a given activity assay compared to the INSP 192 and INSP 195 polypeptides.

In certain of the embodiments described above, simple binding assays may be used, in which the adherence of a test compound to a surface bearing the polypeptide is detected by means of a label directly or indirectly associated with the test compound or in an assay involving competition with a labelled competitor. In another embodiment, competitive drug screening assays may be used, in which neutralising antibodies that are capable of binding the polypeptide specifically compete with a test compound for binding. In this manner, the antibodies can be used to detect the presence of any test compound that possesses specific binding affinity for the polypeptide.

Assays may also be designed to detect the effect of added test compounds on the production of mRNA encoding the polypeptide in cells. For example, an ELISA may be constructed that measures secreted or cell-associated levels of polypeptide using monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies by standard methods known in the art, and this can be used to search for compounds that may inhibit or enhance the production of the polypeptide from suitably manipulated cells or tissues. The formation of binding complexes between, the polypeptide and the compound being tested may then be measured.

Assay methods that are also included within the terms of the present invention are those that involve the use of the genes and polypeptides of the invention in overexpression or ablation assays. Such assays involve the manipulation of levels of these genes/polypeptides in cells and assessment of the impact of this manipulation event on the physiology of the manipulated cells. For example, such experiments reveal details of signaling and metabolic pathways in which the particular genes/polypeptides are implicated, generate information regarding the identities of polypeptides with which the studied polypeptides interact and provide clues as to methods by which related genes and proteins are regulated.

Another technique for drug screening which may be used provides for high throughput screening of compounds having suitable binding affinity to the polypeptide of interest (see

International patent application WO84/03564). In this method, large numbers of different small test compounds are synthesised on a solid substrate, which may then be reacted with the polypeptide of the invention and washed. One way of immobilising the polypeptide is to use non-neutralising antibodies. Bound polypeptide may then be detected using methods that are well known in the art. Purified polypeptide can also be coated directly onto plates for use in the aforementioned drug screening techniques.

The polypeptide of the invention may be used to identify membrane-bound or soluble receptors, through standard receptor binding techniques that are known in the art, such as ligand binding and crosslinking assays in which the polypeptide is labelled with a radioactive isotope, is chemically modified, or is fused to a peptide sequence that facilitates its detection or purification, and incubated with a source of the putative receptor (for example, a composition of cells, cell membranes, cell supernatants, tissue extracts, or bodily fluids). The efficacy of binding may be measured using biophysical techniques such as surface plasmon resonance and spectroscopy. Binding assays may be used for the purification and cloning of the receptor, but may also identify agonists and antagonists of the polypeptide, that compete with the binding of the polypeptide to its receptor. Standard methods for conducting screening assays are well understood in the art.

In another embodiment, this invention relates to the use of a INSP 192 or INSP 195 polypeptide or fragment thereof, whereby the fragment is preferably a INSP 192 or INSP 195 gene-specific fragment, for isolating or generating an agonist or stimulator of the INSP 192 or INSP 195 polypeptide for the treatment of glycoprotein related disorder, wherein said agonist or stimulator is selected from the group consisting of:

1. a specific antibody or fragment thereof including a) a chimeric, b) a humanized or c) a fully human antibody as well as 2. a bispecific or multispecific antibody,

3. a single chain (e.g. scFv) or

4. single domain antibody, or

5. a peptide- or non-peptide mimetic derived from said antibodies or 6. an antibody-mimetic such as a) an anticalin or b) a fibronectin-based binding molecule (e.g. trinectin or adnectin).

The generation of peptide- or non-peptide mimetics from antibodies is known in the art (Saragovi et al, 1991 and Saragovi et al., 1992). Anticalins are also known in the art (Vogt et al, 2004). Fibronectin-based binding molecules are described in US6818418 and WO2004029224.

Furthermore, the test compound may be of various origin, nature and composition, such as any small molecule, nucleic acid, lipid, peptide, polypeptide including an antibody such as a chimeric, humanized or fully human antibody or an antibody fragment, peptide- or non- peptide mimetic derived therefrom as well as a bispecific or multispecific antibody, a single chain (e.g. scFv) or single domain antibody or an antibody-mimetic such as an anticalin or fibronectin-based binding molecule (e.g. trinectin or adnectin), etc., in isolated form or in mixture or combinations.

The invention also includes a screening kit useful in the methods for identifying agonists, antagonists, ligands, receptors, substrates, enzymes, that are described above.

The invention includes the agonists, antagonists, ligands, receptors, substrates and enzymes, and other compounds which modulate the activity or antigenicity of the polypeptide of the invention discovered by the methods that are described above.

As mentioned above, it is envisaged that the various moieties of the invention (i.e. the polypeptides of the first aspect of the invention, a nucleic acid molecule of the second or third aspect of the invention, a vector of the fourth aspect of the invention, a host cell of the fifth aspect of the invention, a ligand of the sixth aspect of the invention, a compound of the seventh aspect of the invention) may be useful in the therapy or diagnosis of diseases. To assess the utility of the moieties of the invention for treating or diagnosing a disease one or more of the following assays may be carried out. Note that although some of the following assays refer to the test compound as being a protein/polypeptide, a person skilled in the art will readily be able to adapt the following assays so that the other moieties of the invention may also be used as the "test compound".

The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a polypeptide, nucleic acid, ligand or compound of the invention in combination with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier. These compositions may be suitable as therapeutic or diagnostic reagents, as vaccines, or as other immunogenic compositions, as outlined in detail below.

According to the terminology used herein, a composition containing a polypeptide, nucleic acid, ligand or compound [X] is "substantially free of impurities [herein, Y] when at least 85% by weight of the total X+Y in the composition is X. Preferably, X comprises at least about 90% by weight of the total of X+Y in the composition, more preferably at least about 95%, 98% or even 99% by weight.

The pharmaceutical compositions should preferably comprise a therapeutically effective amount of the polypeptide, nucleic acid molecule, ligand, or compound of the invention. The term "therapeutically effective amount" as used herein refers to an amount of a therapeutic agent needed to treat, ameliorate, or prevent a targeted disease or condition, or to exhibit a detectable therapeutic or preventative effect. For any compound, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially either in cell culture assays, for example, of neoplastic cells, or in animal models, usually mice, rabbits, dogs, or pigs. The animal model may also be used to determine the appropriate concentration range and route of administration. Such information can then be used to determine useful doses and routes for administration in humans.

The precise effective amount for a human subject will depend upon the severity of the disease state, general health of the subject, age, weight, and gender of the subject, diet, time and frequency of administration, drug combination(s), reaction sensitivities, and tolerance/response to therapy. This amount can be determined by routine experimentation and is within the judgement of the clinician. Generally, an effective dose will be from 0.01 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg, preferably 0.05 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg. Compositions may be administered individually to a patient or may be administered in combination with other agents, drugs or hormones.

A pharmaceutical composition may also contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, for administration of a therapeutic agent. Such carriers include antibodies and other polypeptides, genes and other therapeutic agents such as liposomes, provided that the carrier does not itself induce the production of antibodies harmful to the individual receiving the composition, and which may be administered without undue toxicity. Suitable carriers may be large, slowly metabolised macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids, polymeric amino acids, amino acid copolymers and inactive virus particles.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be used therein, for example, mineral acid salts such as hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, phosphates, sulphates, and the like; and the salts of organic acids such as acetates, propionates, malonates, benzoates, and the like. A thorough discussion of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers is available in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Mack Pub. Co., NJ. 1991).

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers in therapeutic compositions may additionally contain liquids such as water, saline, glycerol and ethanol. Additionally, auxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering substances, and the like, may be present in such compositions. Such carriers enable the pharmaceutical compositions to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions, and the like, for ingestion by the patient.

Once formulated, the compositions of the invention can be administered directly to the subject. The subjects to be treated can be animals; in particular, human subjects can be treated.

The pharmaceutical compositions utilised in this invention may be administered by any number of routes including, but not limited to, oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intramedullary, intrathecal, intraventricular, transdermal or transcutaneous applications (for example, see WO98/20734), subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intranasal, enteral, topical, sublingual, intravaginal or rectal means. Gene guns or hyposprays may also be used to administer the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention. Typically, the therapeutic compositions may be prepared as injectables, either as liquid solutions or suspensions; solid forms suitable for solution in, or suspension in, liquid vehicles prior to injection may also be prepared. Direct delivery of the compositions will generally be accomplished by injection, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intravenously or intramuscularly, or delivered to the interstitial space of a tissue. The compositions can also be administered into a lesion. Dosage treatment may be a single dose schedule or a multiple dose schedule.

If the activity of the polypeptide of the invention is in excess in a particular disease state, several approaches are available. One approach comprises administering to a subject an inhibitor compound (antagonist) as described above, along with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in an amount effective to inhibit the function of the polypeptide, such as by blocking the binding of ligands, substrates, enzymes, receptors, or by inhibiting a second signal, and thereby alleviating the abnormal condition. Preferably, such antagonists are antibodies. Most preferably, such antibodies are chimeric and/or humanised to minimise their immunogenicity, as described previously. In another approach, soluble forms of the polypeptide that retain binding affinity for the ligand, substrate, enzyme, receptor, in question, may be administered. Typically, the polypeptide may be administered in the form of fragments that retain the relevant portions.

In an alternative approach, expression of the gene encoding the polypeptide can be inhibited using expression blocking techniques, such as the use of antisense nucleic acid molecules (as described above), either internally generated or separately administered. Modifications of gene expression can be obtained by designing complementary sequences or antisense molecules (DNA, RNA, or PNA) to the control, 5' or regulatory regions (signal sequence, promoters, enhancers and introns) of the gene encoding the polypeptide. Similarly, inhibition can be achieved using "triple helix" base-pairing methodology. Triple helix pairing is useful because it causes inhibition of the ability of the double helix to open sufficiently for the binding of polymerases, transcription factors, or regulatory molecules. Recent therapeutic advances using triplex DNA have been described in the literature (Gee, J.E. et al. (1994) In: Huber, B.E. and B.I. Carr, Molecular and Immunologic Approaches, Futura Publishing Co., Mt. Kisco, NY). The complementary sequence or antisense molecule may also be designed to block translation of mRNA by preventing the transcript from binding to ribosomes. Such oligonucleotides may be administered or may be generated in situ from expression in vivo.

In addition, expression of the polypeptide of the invention may be prevented by using ribozymes specific to its encoding mRNA sequence. Ribozymes are catalytically active RNAs that can be natural or synthetic (see for example Usman, N, et al, Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol (1996) 6(4), 527-33). Synthetic ribozymes can be designed to specifically cleave mRNAs at selected positions thereby preventing translation of the mRNAs into functional polypeptide. Ribozymes may be synthesised with a natural ribose phosphate backbone and natural bases, as normally found in RNA molecules. Alternatively the ribozymes may be synthesised with non-natural backbones, for example, 2'-O-methyl RNA₅ to provide protection from ribonuclease degradation and may contain modified bases.

RNA molecules may be modified to increase intracellular stability and half-life. Possible modifications include, but are not limited to, the addition of flanking sequences at the 5' and/or 3' ends of the molecule or the use of phosphorothioate or 2' O-methyl rather than phosphodiesterase linkages within the backbone of the molecule. This concept is inherent in the production of PNAs and can be extended in all of these molecules by the inclusion of non-traditional bases such as inosine, queosine and butosine, as well as acetyl-, methyl-, thio- and similarly modified forms of adenine, cytidine, guanine, thymine and uridine which are not as easily recognised by endogenous endonucleases.

For treating abnormal conditions related to an under-expression of the polypeptide of the invention and its activity, several approaches are also available. One approach comprises administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound that activates the polypeptide, i.e., an agonist as described above, to alleviate the abnormal condition.

Alternatively, a therapeutic amount of the polypeptide in combination with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier may be administered to restore the relevant physiological balance of polypeptide.

Gene therapy may be employed to effect the endogenous production of the polypeptide by the relevant cells in the subject. Gene therapy is used to treat permanently the inappropriate production of the polypeptide by replacing a defective gene with a corrected therapeutic gene. Gene therapy of the present invention can occur in vivo or ex vivo. Ex vivo gene therapy requires the isolation and purification of patient cells, the introduction of a therapeutic gene and introduction of the genetically altered cells back into the patient. In contrast, in vivo gene therapy does not require isolation and purification of a patient's cells.

The therapeutic gene is typically "packaged" for administration to a patient. Gene delivery vehicles may be non- viral, such as liposomes, or replication-deficient viruses, such as adenovirus as described by Berkner, K.L., in Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol, 158, 39-66

(1992) or adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors as described by Muzyczka, N., in Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol., 158, 97-129 (1992) and U.S. Patent No. 5,252,479. For example, a nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide of the invention may be engineered for expression in a replication-defective retroviral vector. This expression construct may then be isolated and introduced into a packaging cell transduced with a retroviral plasmid vector containing RNA encoding the polypeptide, such that the packaging cell now produces infectious viral particles containing the gene of interest. These producer cells may be administered to a subject for engineering cells in vivo and expression of the polypeptide in vivo (see Chapter 20, Gene Therapy and other Molecular Genetic-based Therapeutic Approaches, (and references cited therein) in Human Molecular Genetics (1996), T Strachan and A P Read, BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd).

Another approach is the administration of "naked DNA" in which the therapeutic gene is directly injected into the bloodstream or muscle tissue.

In situations in which the polypeptides or nucleic acid molecules of the invention are disease-causing agents, the invention provides that they can be used in vaccines to raise antibodies against the disease causing agent.

Vaccines according to the invention may either be prophylactic (i.e. to prevent infection) or therapeutic (i.e. to treat disease after infection). Such vaccines comprise immunising antigen(s), immunogen(s), polypeptide(s), protein(s) or nucleic acid, usually in combination with pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers as described above, which include any carrier that does not itself induce the production of antibodies harmful to the individual receiving the composition. Additionally, these carriers may function as immunostimulating agents ("adjuvants"). Furthermore, the antigen or immunogen may be conjugated to a bacterial toxoid, such as a toxoid from diphtheria, tetanus, cholera, H. pylori, and other pathogens. Since polypeptides may be broken down in the stomach, vaccines comprising polypeptides are preferably administered parenterally (for instance, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, or intradermal injection). Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the recipient, and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents or thickening agents.

The vaccine formulations of the invention may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers. For example, sealed ampoules and vials and may be stored in a freeze-dried condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier immediately prior to use. The dosage will depend on the specific activity of the vaccine and can be readily determined by routine experimentation. Genetic delivery of antibodies that bind to polypeptides according to the invention may also be effected, for example, as described in International patent application WO98/55607.

The technology referred to as jet injection (see, for example, www.powderject.com) may also be useful in the formulation of vaccine compositions. A number of suitable methods for vaccination and vaccine delivery systems are described in International patent application WO00/29428.

This invention also relates to the use of nucleic acid molecules according to the present invention as diagnostic reagents. Detection of a mutated form of the gene characterised by the nucleic acid molecules of the invention which is associated with a dysfunction will provide a diagnostic tool that can add to, or define, a diagnosis of a disease, or susceptibility to a disease, which results from under-expression, over-expression or altered spatial or temporal expression of the gene. Individuals carrying mutations in the gene may be detected at the DNA level by a variety of techniques.

Nucleic acid molecules for diagnosis may be obtained from a subject's cells, such as from blood, urine, saliva, tissue biopsy or autopsy material. The genomic DNA may be used directly for detection or may be amplified enzymatically by using PCR, ligase chain reaction (LCR), strand displacement amplification (SDA), or other amplification techniques (see Saiki et al, Nature, 324, 163-166 (1986); Bej, et al, Crit. Rev. Biochem.

Molec. Biol, 26, 301-334 (1991); Birkenmeyer et al, J. Virol. Meth., 35, 117-126 (1991); Van Brunt, J., Bio/Technology, 8, 291-294 (1990)) prior to analysis.

In one embodiment, this aspect of the invention provides a method of diagnosing a disease in a patient, comprising assessing the level of expression of a natural gene encoding a polypeptide according to the invention and comparing said level of expression to a control level, wherein a level that is different to said control level is indicative of disease. The method may comprise the steps of: a)contacting a sample of tissue from the patient with a nucleic acid probe under stringent conditions that allow the formation of a hybrid complex between a nucleic acid molecule of the invention and the probe; b)contacting a control sample with said probe under the same conditions used in step a); c)and detecting the presence of hybrid complexes in said samples; wherein detection of levels of the hybrid complex in the patient sample that differ from levels of the hybrid complex in the control sample is indicative of disease.

A further aspect of the invention comprises a diagnostic method comprising the steps of: a)obtaining a tissue sample from a patient being tested for disease; b)isolating a nucleic acid molecule according to the invention from said tissue sample; and c)diagnosing the patient for disease by detecting the presence of a mutation in the nucleic acid molecule which is associated with disease.

To aid the detection of nucleic acid molecules in the above-described methods, an amplification step, for example using PCR, may be included.

Deletions and insertions can be detected by a change in the size of the amplified product in comparison to the normal genotype. Point mutations can be identified by hybridizing amplified DNA to labelled RNA of the invention or alternatively, labelled antisense DNA sequences of the invention. Perfectly-matched sequences can be distinguished from mismatched duplexes by RNase digestion or by assessing differences in melting temperatures. The presence or absence of the mutation in the patient may be detected by contacting DNA with a nucleic acid probe that hybridises to the DNA under stringent conditions to form a hybrid double-stranded molecule, the hybrid double-stranded molecule having an unhybridised portion of the nucleic acid probe strand at any portion corresponding to a mutation associated with disease; and detecting the presence or absence of an unhybridised portion of the probe strand as an indication of the presence or absence of a disease-associated mutation in the corresponding portion of the DNA strand.

Such diagnostics are particularly useful for prenatal and even neonatal testing.

Point mutations and other sequence differences between the reference gene and "mutant" genes can be identified by other well-known techniques, such as direct DNA sequencing or single-strand conformational polymorphism, (see Orita et al, Genomics, 5, 874-879 (1989)). For example, a sequencing primer may be used with double-stranded PCR product or a single-stranded template molecule generated by a modified PCR. The sequence determination is performed by conventional procedures with radiolabeled nucleotides or by automatic sequencing procedures with fluorescent-tags. Cloned DNA segments may also be used as probes to detect specific DNA segments. The sensitivity of this method is greatly enhanced when combined with PCR. Further, point mutations and other sequence variations, such as polymorphisms, can be detected as described above, for example, through the use of allele-specific oligonucleotides for PCR amplification of sequences that differ by single nucleotides.

DNA sequence differences may also be detected by alterations in the electrophoretic mobility of DNA fragments in gels, with or without denaturing agents, or by direct DNA sequencing (for example, Myers et al, Science (1985) 230:1242). Sequence changes at specific locations may also be revealed by nuclease protection assays, such as RNase and Sl protection or the chemical cleavage method (see Cotton et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1985) 85: 4397-4401). In addition to conventional gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing, mutations such as microdeletions, aneuploidies, translocations, inversions, can also be detected by in situ analysis (see, for example, Keller et al, DNA Probes, 2nd Ed., Stockton Press, New York, N. Y., USA (1993)), that is, DNA or RNA sequences in cells can be analysed for mutations without need for their isolation and/or immobilisation onto a membrane. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is presently the most commonly applied method and numerous reviews of FISH have appeared (see, for example, Trachuck et al, Science, 250, 559-562 (1990), and Trask et al, Trends, Genet, 7, 149-154 (1991)).

In another embodiment of the invention, an array of oligonucleotide probes comprising a nucleic acid molecule according to the invention can be constructed to conduct efficient screening of genetic variants, mutations and polymorphisms. Array technology methods are well known and have general applicability and can be used to address a variety of questions in molecular genetics including gene expression, genetic linkage, and genetic variability (see for example: M.Chee et al, Science (1996), VoI 274, pp 610-613).

In one embodiment, the array is prepared and used according to the methods described in PCT application WO95/11995 (Chee et al); Lockhart, D. J. et al (1996) Nat. Biotech. 14:

1675-1680); and Schena, M. et al (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93: 10614-10619).

Oligonucleotide pairs may range from two to over one million. The oligomers are synthesized at designated areas on a substrate using a light-directed chemical process. The substrate may be paper, nylon or other type of membrane, filter, chip, glass slide or any other suitable solid support. In another aspect, an oligonucleotide may be synthesized on the surface of the substrate by using a chemical coupling procedure and an ink jet application apparatus, as described in PCT application W095/25116 (Baldeschweiler et aϊ). In another aspect, a "gridded" array analogous to a dot (or slot) blot may be used to arrange and link cDNA fragments or oligonucleotides to the surface of a substrate using a vacuum system, thermal, UV, mechanical or chemical bonding procedures. An array, such as those described above, may be produced by hand or by using available devices (slot blot or dot blot apparatus), materials (any suitable solid support), and machines (including robotic instruments), and may contain 8, 24, 96, 384, 1536 or 6144 oligonucleotides, or any other number between two and over one million which lends itself to the efficient use of commercially-available instrumentation.

In addition to the methods discussed above, diseases may be diagnosed by methods comprising determining, from a sample derived from a subject, an abnormally decreased or increased level of polypeptide or mRNA. Decreased or increased expression can be measured at the RNA level using any of the methods well known in the art for the quantitation of polynucleotides, such as, for example, nucleic acid amplification, for instance PCR, RT-PCR, RNase protection, Northern blotting and other hybridization methods.

Assay techniques that can be used to determine levels of a polypeptide of the present invention in a sample derived from a host are well-known to those of skill in the art and are discussed in some detail above (including radioimmunoassays, competitive-binding assays, Western Blot analysis and ELISA assays). This aspect of the invention provides a diagnostic method which comprises the steps of: (a) contacting a ligand as described above with a biological sample under conditions suitable for the formation of a ligand- polypeptide complex; and (b) detecting said complex.

Protocols such as ELISA, RIA, and FACS for measuring polypeptide levels may additionally provide a basis for diagnosing altered or abnormal levels of polypeptide expression. Normal or standard values for polypeptide expression are established by combining body fluids or cell extracts taken from normal mammalian subjects, preferably humans, with antibody to the polypeptide under conditions suitable for complex formation The amount of standard complex formation may be quantified by various methods, such as by photometric means.

Antibodies which specifically bind to a polypeptide of the invention may be used for the diagnosis of conditions or diseases characterised by expression of the polypeptide, or in assays to monitor patients being treated with the polypeptides, nucleic acid molecules, ligands and other compounds of the invention. Antibodies useful for diagnostic purposes may be prepared in the same manner as those described above for therapeutics. Diagnostic assays for the polypeptide include methods that utilise the antibody and a label to detect the polypeptide in human body fluids or extracts of cells or tissues. The antibodies may be used with or without modification, and may be labelled by joining them, either covalently or non-covalently, with a reporter molecule. A wide variety of reporter molecules known in the art may be used, several of which are described above.

Quantities of polypeptide expressed in subject, control and disease samples from biopsied tissues are compared with the standard values. Deviation between standard and subject values establishes the parameters for diagnosing disease. Diagnostic assays may be used to distinguish between absence, presence, and excess expression of polypeptide and to monitor regulation of polypeptide levels during therapeutic intervention. Such assays may also be used to evaluate the efficacy of a particular therapeutic treatment regimen in animal studies, in clinical trials or in monitoring the treatment of an individual patient. A diagnostic kit of the present invention may comprise:

(a) a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention;

(b) a polypeptide of the present invention; or

(c) a ligand of the present invention.

In one aspect of the invention, a diagnostic kit may comprise a first container containing a nucleic acid probe that hybridises under stringent conditions with a nucleic acid molecule according to the invention; a second container containing primers useful for amplifying the nucleic acid molecule; and instructions for using the probe and primers for facilitating the diagnosis of disease. The kit may further comprise a third container holding an agent for digesting unhybridised RNA. In an alternative aspect of the invention, a diagnostic kit may comprise an array of nucleic acid molecules, at least one of which may be a nucleic acid molecule according to the invention.

To detect polypeptide according to the invention, a diagnostic kit may comprise one or more antibodies that bind to a polypeptide according to the invention; and a reagent useful for the detection of a binding reaction between the antibody and the polypeptide. Such kits will be of use in diagnosing a disease or disorder or susceptibility to disease or disorder in members of the glycoprotein family of proteins are implicated. Such diseases and disorders may include reproductive disorders, cell proliferative disorders, including neoplasm, melanoma, lung, colorectal, breast, pancreas, head and neck and other solid tumours; myeloproliferative disorders, such as leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, angiogenesis disorder, Kaposis' sarcoma; autoimmune/inflammatory disorders, including allergy, inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, psoriasis and respiratory tract inflammation, asthma, and organ transplant rejection; cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension, oedema, angina, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, sepsis, shock, reperfusion injury, and ischemia; neurological disorders including central nervous system disease, Alzheimer's disease, brain injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, peripheral nervous system disease and pain; developmental disorders; metabolic disorders including diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, and obesity, AIDS and renal disease; infections including viral infection, bacterial infection, fungal infection and parasitic infection and other pathological conditions. Preferably, the diseases are those in which glycoproteins are implicated, particularly diabetes and sugar metabolism related disorders.

Various aspects and embodiments of the present invention will now be described in more detail by way of example, with particular reference to the INSP 192 and INSPl 95 polypeptides. It will be appreciated that modification of detail may be made without departing from the scope of the invention.

Brief description of the Figures Figure 1: CDD output for INSP 192.

Figure 2: Signal peptide prediction for INSP 192 (SEQ ID NO: 16), using neural networks (NN) SignalP v2.0. INSP 192 is predicted to have a signal peptide. The predicted cleavage occurs between residues 19 and 20 (ARA-RPQ). Figure 3: DGPI result (Julien Kronegg, Didier Buloz, (1999), "Detection/prediction of GPI cleavage site (GPI-anchor) in a protein (DGPI)", Retrieved [15/04/2004] from http://129.194.185.165/dgpi/) showing INSP192 GPI predicted cleavage/attachment site.

Figure 4: Alignment of INSP 192 and predicted orthologues. Figure 5: INSP 192 N-Glycosylation site predictions (Prediction of N-glycosylation sites in human proteins. R. Gupta, E. Jung and S. Brunak. In preparation, 2002). INSP 192 is predicted to contain 4 glycosylation sites.

Figure 6: Exon layout of INSP 195

Figure 7: DNA and amino acid sequence of INSP 195. The position and sense of primers used for RT and PCR are indicated by arrows. Exon-exon junctions are indicated by vertical diamond arrows.

Figure 8: DNA and amino acid of INSP 192. The position and sense of primers used for RT and PCR are indicated by arrows. Exon-exon junctions are indicated by vertical diamond arrows. Figure 9 : Clustal W amino acid sequence alignment of INSP 192 and INSP 195 Figure 10: Clustal W amino acid sequence alignment of INSP 192 and ADM87091

Figure 11: Clustal W amino acid sequence alignment of INSP 195 and clones S121B and S135A.

Figure 12: Clustal W nucleotide sequence alignment of INSP 192 and clones S121B and S 135 A. The position and sense of primers used for PCR are indicated by arrows.

Figure 13: Alignment of INSP 192 with GumN domain Pfam PF7446. Figure 14: Alignment of INSPl 95 with GumN domain Pfam PF7446.

TABLE 2

Examples

Example 1- INSP 192

The INSP 192 foil length polypeptide, as disclosed herein, is predicted to be a GPI- anchored, cell surface glycoprotein.

Figure 2 shows that INSP 192 is predicted to possess a signal peptide at the start of the protein. As the SignalP data in Figure 2 clearly shows, the signal peptide cleavage site is thought to be between residues 19 and 20 of the INSP 192 polypeptide sequence (Nielsen, H. et al. 1997, Protein Engineering, 10, 1-6; Nielsen, H., and Krogh, A.: Prediction of signal peptides and signal anchors by a hidden Markov model. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB 6), AAAI Press, Menlo Park, California, pp. 122-130 (1998)).

INSP 192 is predicted to have a GPI cleavage/attachment site between residues 489 and 490 as illustrated in Figure 3. As shown in Figure 5, INSP 195 is predicted to contain four glycosylation sites. These are found at positions 219, 228, 277 amd 335.

Examυle 2 - INSP 195

INSP 195 is predicted to be a splice variant and soluble form of INSP 192. It may be possible that the INSP 195 polypeptides act to regulate negatively the effects mediated by the INSP 192 polyeptides, blocking the signal by binding to the ligand molecules before they are able to interact with the membrane- anchored protein sequence.

With respect to INSP 192, INSP 195 skips exon 4 (see black arrow in Figure 6), which results in a change of frame and a truncation in the encoded protein sequence. The INSP 195 protein product does not contain the GPI Anchor seen in the INSP 192 sequence. Example 3- Cloning of INSP195 and INSP192 3.1 RT-PCR from human multi-tissue mRNA 3.1.1 Preparation of a human multi-tissue cDNA template

A preparation of human RNA was prepared by mixing approximately 10 μg total RNA from each of the following sources: Brain (Clontech), Heart (Clontech), Kidney (Clontech), Liver (Clontech), Lung (Clontech), Placenta (Clontech), Skeletal Muscle (Clontech), Small Intestine (Clontech), Spleen (Clontech), Thymus (Clontech), Uterus (Clontech) Bone Marrow (Clontech) Thyroid (Clontech), Ovary (Ambion), Prostate (Ambion), Skin (Resgen), Pancreas (Clontech), Salivary gland (BD Biosciences), Adrenal gland (BD Biosciences), Breast (Ambion), Pituitary gland (BioChain Institut), Stomach (Ambion), Mammary gland (Clontech), Lymph Node (BioChain Institut), Adipose tissue (BioChain Institut), Bladder (BioChain Institut), Appendix (BioChain Institut), Artery (BioChain Institut), Throat (BioChain Institut), Universal Human Reference (Stratagene), Foetal Kidney (Stratagene), Foetal Brain (BioChain Institut), Foetal Spleen (BioChain Institut), Foetal Liver (BioChain Institut), Foetal Heart (BioChain Institut), Foetal Lung (BioChain Institut).

The resulting pool of total RNA was fractionated by chromatography on a pre-packed oligo-dT column (Stratagene) according to the protocol supplied by the manufacturer. Approximately 400 μg total RNA yielded 12.6 μg polyA÷ mRNA which was aliquoted and stored frozen at -80⁰C.

3.1.2 Synthesis of gene specific cDNAs

The gene specific cDNA primer for INSP195, AS382, was pooled with gene specific cDNA primers for 9 other gene predictions, each at a final concentration of 1 pM. The pooled cDNA primer set was diluted 10 fold into 50 μl of a mixutre containing 1 x RT buffer, 500 μM each dNTPs, lOU/μl RNAguard (Pharmacia) and 1 μg denatured polyA+ RNA (prepared as described above). cDNA synthesis was initiated by addition of 1OU Omniscript reverse transcriptase (Qiagen) and allowed to proceed for Ih at 37°C. At the end of the reaction, 5 μl of the cDNA mix was used for PCR amplification as described below. 3.1.3 PCR amplification for INSP 195

Top strand (AS383) and bottom strand (AS384) PCR primers (see Table 3) were designed to span the entire predicted coding sequence of INSP 195. BamHI restrictions sites were added at the 5' end of each primer since no internal sites for this enzyme were predicted. A reaction mixture was set up containing 1 x PCR buffer, 0.2 mM each dNTP, 0.5 μM each PCR primer, 5 μl cDNA template, and the PCR reaction was initiated by addition of 5U PfuTurbo (Stratagene). Cycling conditions were: 95 ⁰C, 3min (1 cycle); 95°C, 30 sec; 5O⁰C, 30 sec and 75⁰C, 70 sec (35 cycles); 75°C, 10 min (1 cycle). An aliquot of the PCR reaction was analysed by electrophoresis on 0.8% agarose gels and the remainder was purified using the Wizard PCR Cleanup System (Promega) as recommended by the manufacturer, prior to subcloning of the PCR products.

3.2 Sub cloning PCR products An aliquot of the purified PCR reation was digested with BamHI (New England Biolabs) for 2 h at 37°C using the enzyme buffer supplied by the manufacturer.

In parallel, an appropriate amount of the Bluescript BSK- cloning vector (Stratagene) was digested with BamHI and dephosphorylated using calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (Roche Diagnostics) according to the supplier's recommendations. The full length linearized and dephosphorylated cloning vector was separated on a 0.8% agarose gel, and excised and purified using the Wizard Cleanup System (Promega) according to the protocol provided by the manufacturer. The purified vector DNA and PCR products were mixed in a molar ratio of 1 :3 and precipitated overnight at -20⁰C. The precipitated DNA was recovered by centrifugation, washed in 70% ethanol, dried under vacuum and ligated in a final volume of 10 μl using the Rapid Ligation Kit (Roche Diagnostics) according to the protocol supplied by the manufacturer.

The ligation mixture was then used to transform E. coli strain JMlOl as follows: 50 μl aliquots of competent JMlOl cells were thawed on ice and 1 μl or 5 μl of the ligation mixture reaction was added. The cells was incubated for 40 min on ice and then heat shocked by incubation at 42°C for exactly 2 min. Warm (room temperature) L-Broth (LB) (1 ml) was added and samples were incubated for a further 1 h at 37°C with shaking. The transformation mixture was then plated on LB plates containing ampicillin (100 μg/ml), IPTG (0.1 μM) and X-gal (50 μg/ml) and incubated overnight at 37⁰C. Single white colonies were chosen for plasmid isolation. 3.3 Plasmid DNA preparation, restriction digestion and sequence analysis.

Miniprep plasmid DNA was prepared from 5 ml cultures using a Biorobot 8000 robotic system (Qiagen) or Wizard Plus SV Minipreps kit (Promega cat. no. 1460) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Plasmid DNA was eluted in 80 μl of sterile water. The DNA concentration was measured using an Eppendorf BO photometer or Spectramax 190 photometer (Molecular Devices). Aliquots of miniprep plasmid DNA (100-200 ng) were digested with BamHI for 2 h at 37 ⁰C and analysed by electrophoresis on 0.8% agarose gels. Plasmids with inserts of the appropriate size were selected for DNA sequence analysis. Inserts were sequenced in both directions by mixing 200-500 ng plasmid DNA with either the T7 or T3 sequencing primers (see Table 3), and processed using the BigDye Terminator system (Applied Biosystems cat. no. 4390246) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Sequencing reactions were purified using Dye-Ex columns (Qiagen) or Montage SEQ 96 cleanup plates (Millipore cat. no. LSKS09624) then analyzed on an Applied Biosystems 3700 sequencer. 3.4 Results of sequence analysis

INSP 195 is a splice variant of INSP 192 which lacks exon 4. This results in a translational frame shift and leads to an alternative C-terminal peptide sequence. The predicted cDNA for INSP195 encodes a protein of 321 amino acids (Figure 7), while the predicted cDNA for INSP 192 encodes a protein of 517 amino acids (Figure 8). In attempting to clone INSP 195, all PCR fragments sequenced contained the exon 4, characteristic of INSP 192. However, since the primers employed were based on the sequence of INSPl 95, all cDNAs were truncated at the INSP 195 stop codon.

From an initial cloned cDNA, designated minprep 16, full length INSP 195 was obtained by deleting the sequence corresponding to exon 4. Full length INSP 192 was obtained by performing 3' RACE.

3.5 Derivation of INSPl 95 by deletion mutagenesis

Two mutagenesis primers were designed to delete the sequence corresponding to exon 4 from the cloned miniprep 16 cDNA described above. In one PCR reaction, the top strand mutagenesis primer, AS419 was used with the 3' primer AS 384; in a second PCR reaction, the bottom strand mutagenesis primer, AS420 was used with the 5' primer AS383 (see Table 3). PCR products of approximately 0.15 kb and 0.85 kb were obtained from reactions 1 and 2 respectively, and purified using the Wizard Cleanup system as described above. In a third PCR reaction, 2 μl purified DNA from each of reactions 1 and 2 were combined and amplified in the presence of AS383 and AS384. All PCR reactions were performed in a reaction mixture containing 1 x PCR buffer, 0.2 mM each dNTP, 0.5 μM each PCR primer, and DNA templates as described above. PCR was initiated by addition of 5U PfuTurbo (Stratagene) and cycling conditions were: 95 ⁰C, 3 min (1 cycle); 95°C, 30 sec; 50°C, 30 sec; 75°C, 70 sec (25 cycles) and 75°C, 10 min (1 cycle). The PCR reaction products were fractionated by electrophoresis on 0.8% agarose gels and a band of the predicted size of 0.95 kb was excised and subcloned into the BamHI site of Bluescript BSK- as described above (section 4.2). Sequence analysis revealed the full length cDNA coding sequence as predicted for INSP 195 (Plasmid ID: 17654)

3.6 Generation of the INSP 192 coding sequence

A new RT primer located downstream of the stop codon of the predicted INSP 192 coding sequence, AS421 (see Table 3), was designed and used to prepare INSP192-specific cDNA using the protocol described in section 3.1.2 above. Amplification of the C-terminal coding region of INSP 192 from this cDNA was performed using the top strand and bottom strand PCR primers AS422 and AS423 respectively (see Table 3). In parallel, the original N-terminal cDNA fragment from miniprep 16 described in section 3.4, was amplified using the PCR primers AS424 and AS425 which modified the ends of this fragment by addition of an EcoRI site at the 5' end and removal of the BamHI restriction site at the 3 'end. The products of the two PCR reactions were fractionated by electrophoresis on 0.8% agarose gels and bands of 0.45 kb and 1.1 kb, corresponding to the C-terminus and the N- terminus respectively of INSP 192, were excised and purified using the Wizard Cleanup System (Promega). These two purified fragments were then mixed in an equimolar ratio and subjected to further rounds of PCR amplification in the presence of the two terminal PCR primers AS424 and AS423 both of which carry restriction sites for EcoRI at their 5' ends. The resulting 1.6 kb reaction product was purified by gel electrophoresis digested with EcoRI and ligated into the EcoRI site of Bluescript BSK- as described above (section 3.2).

Transformation of E.coli JMlOl, purification and sequencing of plasmid DNAs was performed as described above (sections 3.2 and 3.3).

Sequence analysis as described above (section 3.3) confirmed the full length cDNA coding sequence for INSP 192 (Plasmid ID: 17664) as predicted.

Table 3

Example 4

Functionality and use of the polypeptides of the invention may be further assessed as set out below: Experiments may be performed to determine the tissue distribution and expression levels of the INSP 192 polypeptides in vivo, on the basis of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences disclosed herein.

For example, the presence of the transcripts for INSP 192 may be investigated by PCR of cDNA from different human tissues. The INSP 192 transcripts may be present at very low levels in the samples tested. Therefore, extreme care is needed in the design of experiments to establish the presence of a transcript in various human tissues as a small amount of genomic contamination in the RNA preparation will provide a false positive result. Thus, all RNA should be treated with DNAse prior to use for reverse transcription. In addition, for each tissue a control reaction may be set up in which reverse transcription was not undertaken (a -ve RT control). For example, 1 μg of total RNA from each tissue may be used to generate cDNA using Multiscript reverse transcriptase (ABI) and random hexamer primers. For each tissue, a control reaction is set up in which all the constituents are added except the reverse transcriptase (-ve RT control). PCR reactions are set up for each tissue on the reverse transcribed RNA samples and the minus RT controls. INSP192-specific primers may readily be designed on the basis of the sequence information provided herein. The presence of a product of the correct molecular weight in the reverse transcribed sample together with the absence of a product in the minus RT control may be taken as evidence for the presence of a transcript in that tissue. Any suitable cDNA libraries may be used to screen for the INSP 192 transcripts, not only those generated as described above.

The tissue distribution pattern of the INSP 192 polypeptides will provide further useful information in relation to the function of those polypeptides.

Furthermore, overexpression or knock-down of the expression of the polypeptides in cell lines may be used to determine the effect on transcriptional activation of the host cell genome. Dimerisation partners, co-activators and co-repressors of the INSP 192 polypeptide may be identified by immunoprecipitation combined with Western blotting and immunoprecipitation combined with mass spectroscopy.

Claims

1. A polypeptide, which polypeptide:

(i) comprises the amino acid sequence as recited in SEQ ED NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:22 and/or, SEQ ID

NO:24;

(ii) is a fragment thereof having secreted protein function, and in particular having GPI-anchored, cell surface glycoprotein function, or having an antigenic determinant in common with the polypeptide of (i); or (iii) is a functional equivalent of (i) or (ii).

2. A polypeptide according to claim 1 which comprises the amino acid sequence as recited in SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO:20 or SEQ ID NO:24.

3. A polypeptide according to claim 1 or 2 which consists of the amino acid sequence as recited in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:22 and/or, SEQ ID NO:24.

4. A polypeptide, which polypeptide:

(i) comprises the amino acid sequence as recited in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:30 and/or, SEQ ED NO:32;

(ii) is a fragment thereof having secreted protein function, and in particular- having glycoprotein function, or having an antigenic determinant in common with the polypeptide of (i); or

(iii) is a functional equivalent of (i) or (ii).

5. A polypeptide according to claim 4 which comprises the amino acid sequence as recited in SEQ ID NO:30 or SEQ ID NO:32.

6. A polypeptide according to claim 4 or 5 which consists of the amino acid sequence as recited in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ED NO:28, SEQ ED NO:30 and/or, SEQ ID NO:32.

7. A polypeptide which is a functional equivalent according to part (iii) of claim 1 or 4, characterised in that it is homologous to the amino acid sequence as recited in SEQ ID N0:2, SEQ ID N0:4, SEQ ID N0:6, SEQ ID N0:8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:30 and/or, SEQ ID NO:32.

8. A polypeptide which is a fragment or a functional equivalent as recited in any one of claims 1 to 7, which has greater than 80% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence recited in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:30 and/or, SEQ ID NO:32 or with an active fragment thereof, preferably greater than 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% sequence identity.

9. A polypeptide which is a functional equivalent as recited in any one of claims 1 to 7, which exhibits significant structural homology with a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence recited in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:22 and/or, SEQ ID NO:24.

10. A polypeptide which is a fragment according to any one of the preceding claims, having an antigenic determinant in common with the polypeptide of part (i) of any one of claim 1 to claim 9 which consists of 7 or more amino acid residues from the amino acid sequence recited in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ED NO:28, SEQ ID .NO:30 and/or, SEQ TD NO:32.

11. A fragment according to claim 10, which comprises or consists of amino acids 52 to 346 of SEQ ID NO: 16 or amino acids 42 to 263 of SEQ ID NO: 30.

12. A fusion protein comprising a polypeptide according to any previous claim.

13. A purified nucleic acid molecule which encodes a polypeptide according to any one of the preceding claims.

14. A purified nucleic acid molecule according to claim 13, which comprises the nucleic acid sequence as recited in SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID

NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ED NO:27, SEQ ID NO:29 and/or, SEQ ID NO:30, or is a redundant equivalent or fragment thereof.

15. A purified nucleic acid molecule according to claim 13 which consists of the nucleic acid sequence as recited in SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO.13, SEQ ID NO.15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21 and/or, SEQ ID NO:23.

16. A purified nucleic acid molecule which hybridizes under high stringency conditions with a nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 13 to 15.

17. A vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule as recited in any one of claims 13 to 16.

18. A host cell transformed with a vector according to claim 17.

19. A ligand which binds specifically to the GPI-anchored, cell surface glycoprotein family polypeptide according to any one of claims 1 to 12.

20. A ligand according to claim 19, which is an antibody.

21. A compound that either increases or decreases the level of expression or activity of a polypeptide according to any one of claims 1 to 12.

22. A compound according to claim 21 that binds to a polypeptide according to any one of claims 1 to 12 without inducing any of the biological effects of the polypeptide.

23. A compound according to claim 22, which is a natural or modified substrate, ligand, enzyme, receptor or structural or functional mimetic.

24. A polypeptide according to any one of claims 1 to 12, a nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 13 to 16, a vector according to claim 17, a host cell according to claim 18, a ligand according to claim 19 or claim 20, or a compound according to any one of claims 21 to 23, for use in therapy or diagnosis of disease.

25. A method of diagnosing a disease or disorder in a patient, comprising assessing the level of expression of a natural gene encoding a polypeptide according to any one of claims 1 to 12, or assessing the activity of a polypeptide according to any one of claims 1 to 12, in tissue from said patient and comparing said level of expression or activity to a control level, wherein a level that is different to said control level is indicative of disease.

26. A method according to claim 25 that is carried out in vitro.

27. A method according to claim 25 or claim 26, which comprises the steps of: (a) contacting a ligand according to claim 19 or claim 20 with a biological sample under conditions suitable for the formation of a ligand-polypeptide complex; and (b) detecting said complex.

28. A method according to claim 26 or claim 27, comprising the steps of: a) contacting a sample of tissue from the patient with a nucleic acid probe under stringent conditions that allow the formation of a hybrid complex between a nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 13 to 16 and the probe; b) contacting a control sample with said probe under the same conditions used in step a); and c) detecting the presence of hybrid complexes in said samples; wherein detection of levels of the hybrid complex in the patient sample that differ from levels of the hybrid complex in the control sample is indicative of disease.

29. A method according to claim 26 or claim 27, comprising: a)contacting a sample of nucleic acid from tissue of the patient with a nucleic acid primer under stringent conditions that allow the formation of a hybrid complex between a nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 13 to 16 and the primer; b)contacting a control sample with said primer under the same conditions used in step a); and c)amplifying the sampled nucleic acid; and d)detecting the level of amplified nucleic acid from both patient and control samples; wherein detection of levels of the amplified nucleic acid in the patient sample that differ significantly from levels of the amplified nucleic acid in the control sample is indicative of disease.

30. A method according to claim 26 or claim 27, comprising: a)obtaining a tissue sample from a patient being tested for disease; b)isolating a nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 13 to 16 from said tissue sample; and c)diagnosing the patient for disease by detecting the presence of a mutation which is associated with disease in the nucleic acid molecule as an indication of the disease.

31. The method of claim 30, further comprising amplifying the nucleic acid molecule to form an amplified product and detecting the presence or absence of a mutation in the amplified product.

32. The method of claim 26 or claim 27, wherein the presence or absence of the mutation in the patient is detected by contacting said nucleic acid molecule with a nucleic acid probe that hybridises to said nucleic acid molecule under stringent conditions to form a hybrid double-stranded molecule, the hybrid double-stranded molecule having an unhybridised portion of the nucleic acid probe strand at any portion corresponding to a mutation associated with disease; and detecting the presence or absence of an unhybridised portion of the probe strand as an indication of the presence or absence of a disease- associated mutation.

33. A method according to any one of claims 25 to 32, wherein said disease or disorder includes, but is not limited to, reproductive disorders, cell proliferative disorders, including neoplasm, melanoma, lung, colorectal, breast, pancreas, head and neck and other solid tumours; myeloproliferative disorders, such as leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, angiogenesis disorder, Kaposis' sarcoma; autoimmune/inflammatory disorders, including allergy, inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, psoriasis and respiratory tract inflammation, asthma, and organ transplant rejection; cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension, oedema, angina, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, sepsis, shock, reperfusion injury, and ischemia; neurological disorders including central nervous system disease, Alzheimer's disease, brain injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, peripheral nervous system disease and pain; developmental disorders; metabolic disorders including diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, and obesity, AIDS and renal disease; infections including viral infection, bacterial infection, fungal infection, parasitic infection and sugar metabolism related disorders.

34. A method according to any one of claims 25 to 32, wherein said disease is a disease in which the GPI-anchored, cell surface glycoprotein family of proteins are implicated.

35. Use of a polypeptide according to any one of claims 1 to 3 and claims 7 to 12 as a GPI-anchored, cell surface glycoprotein protein.

36. Use of a polypeptide according to any one of claims 4 to 12 as a glycoprotein protein.

37. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a polypeptide according to any one of claims 1 to 12, a nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 13 to 16, a vector according to claim 17, a host cell according to claim 18, a ligand according to claim 19 or claim 20, or a compound according to any one of claims 21 to 23.

38. A vaccine composition comprising a polypeptide according to any one of claims 1 to 10 or a nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 13 to 16.

39. A polypeptide according to any one of claims 1 to 12, a nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 13 to 16, a vector according to claim 17, a host cell according to claim 18, a ligand according to claim 19 or claim 20, a compound according to any one of claims 21 to 23, or a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 37, for use in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of reproductive disorders, cell proliferative disorders, including neoplasm, melanoma, lung, colorectal, breast, pancreas, head and neck and other solid tumours; myeloproliferative disorders, such as leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, angiogenesis disorder, Kaposis¹ sarcoma; autoimmune/inflammatory disorders, including allergy, inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, psoriasis and respiratory tract inflammation, asthma, and organ transplant rejection; cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension, oedema, angina, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, sepsis, shock, reperfusion injury, and ischemia; neurological disorders including central nervous system disease, Alzheimer's disease, brain injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, peripheral nervous system disease and pain; developmental disorders; metabolic disorders including diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, and obesity, AIDS and renal disease; infections including viral infection, bacterial infection, fungal infection, parasitic infection, sugar metabolism related disorders and other pathological conditions.

40. A polypeptide according to any one of claims 1 to 12, a nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 13 to 16, a vector according to claim 17, a host cell according to claim 18, a ligand according to claim 19 or claim 20, a compound according to any one of claims 21 to 23, or a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 37, for use in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease in which the glycoprotein family of proteins is implicated.

41. A method of treating a disease in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a polypeptide according to any one of claims 1 to 12, a nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 13 to 16, a vector according to claim 17, a host cell according to claim 18, a ligand according to claim 19 or claim 20, a compound according to any one of claims 21 to 23, or a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 37.

42. A method according to claim 41, wherein, for diseases in which the expression of the natural gene or the activity of the polypeptide is lower in a diseased patient when compared to the level of expression or activity in a healthy patient, the polypeptide, nucleic acid molecule, vector, ligand, compound or composition administered to the patient is an agonist.

43. A method according to claim 41, wherein, for diseases in which the expression of the natural gene or activity of the polypeptide is higher in a diseased patient when compared to the level of expression or activity in a healthy patient, the polypeptide, nucleic acid molecule, vector, ligand, compound or composition administered to the patient is an antagonist.

44. A method of monitoring the therapeutic treatment of disease in a patient, comprising monitoring over a period of time the level of expression or activity of a polypeptide according to any one of claims 1 to 12, or the level of expression of a nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 13 to 16 in tissue from said patient, wherein altering said level of expression or activity over the period of time towards a control level is indicative of regression of said disease.

45. A method for the identification of a compound that is effective in the treatment and/or diagnosis of disease, comprising contacting a polypeptide according to any one of claims 1 to 12, or a nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 13 to 16 with one or more compounds suspected of possessing binding affinity for said polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule, and selecting a compound that binds specifically to said nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide.

46. A kit useful for diagnosing disease comprising a first container containing a nucleic acid probe that hybridises under stringent conditions with a nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 13 to 16; a second container containing primers useful for amplifying said nucleic acid molecule; and instructions for using the probe and primers for facilitating the diagnosis of disease.

47. The kit of claim 46, further comprising a third container holding an agent for digesting unhybridised RNA.

48. A kit comprising an array of nucleic acid molecules, at least one of which is a nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 13 to 16.

49. A kit comprising one or more antibodies that bind to a polypeptide as recited in any one of claims 1 to 12; and a reagent useful for the detection of a binding reaction between said antibody and said polypeptide.

50. A transgenic or knockout non-human animal that has been transformed to express higher, lower or absent levels of a polypeptide according to any one of claims 1 to 12.

51. A method for screening for a compound effective to treat disease, by contacting a non-human transgenic animal according to claim 50 with a candidate compound and determining the effect of the compound on the disease of the animal.

52. The use of an INSP 192 or INSP 195 polypeptide as a target for screening candidate drugs for treating or preventing a disease in which the glycoprotein family of proteins is implicated.

53. Method of selecting biologically active compounds comprising:

(i) contacting a candidate compound with recombinant host cells expressing an INSP 192 or INSP 195 polypeptide;

(ii) selecting compounds that bind said INSP 192 or INSP 195 polypeptide at the surface of said cells and/or that modulate the activity of the INSP 192 or INSP 195 polypeptide.