WO2008001175A2

WO2008001175A2 - Dipeptide compounds containing d-histidine

Info

Publication number: WO2008001175A2
Application number: PCT/IB2007/001605
Authority: WO
Inventors: Gianpaolo Negrisoli; Renato Canevotti; Massimo Previtali
Original assignee: Flamma S.P.A.
Priority date: 2006-06-23
Filing date: 2007-06-15
Publication date: 2008-01-03
Also published as: EP2035444A2; EP2035444B1; ITMI20061219A1; JP2009541296A; US20090306165A1; WO2008001175A3

Abstract

D-Carnosine lipophilic derivatives are disclosed, characterized by higher bioavailability than L-camosine and intended for the pulmonary distribution where they can exert detoxifying activity on the cytotoxic carbonyl compounds induced by cigarette smoke. Formula (I).

Description

DlPEPTIDE COMPOUNDS CONTAINING D-H(STIDINE

The present invention relates to dipeptide derivatives containing D-histidine, and compositions containing them.

Cigarette smoke contains a mixture of carbonyl compounds including acetaldehyde (1110-2101 μg/cigarette), acrolein (238-468 μg/cigarette), formaldehyde (87.0-243 μg/cigarette), propanal (87.0-176 μg/cigarette), malondialdehyde (18.9-36.0 μg/cigarette), methylglyoxal (13.4-59.6 μg/cigarette) and glyoxal (1.93-6.98 μg/cigarette) (Fujioka K. et al., Environ Toxicol. 2006 Feb; 21 (1):47-54).

Some of these aldehydes are highly reactive and cytotoxic, such as acrolein, an alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehyde characterised by an electrophilic C3, and the dialdehydes glyoxal and methylglyoxal (O' Brien PJ. et al., Crit Rev Toxicol. 2005 Aug; 35(7):609-62). In particular, acrolein reacts with the bases of DNA to form hexocyclic adducts which can play a leading role in the mutagenesis and carcinogenesis induced by cigarette smoke (Cohen SM. et al., Cancer Res. 1992 JuI 1 ;52(13):3577-81 ; Yang IY. et al., Biochemistry. 2002 Nov 19;41 (46): 13826-32; Yang IY. et al., Biochemistry. 2002; 41 (46):13826-32). Acrolein also has many other harmful biological effects, including: 1) a rapid increase in vascular nitric oxide which involves a process of apoptosis affecting the endothelial cells; said process may partly explain the angiopathy induced by cigarette smoke (Misonou Y. et al., Nitric Oxide. 2006 Mar; _.14(2); 180-7); 2) inhibition of T-cell response with a consequent immunosuppression effect (Lambert C. et al., J Allergy CHn Immunol. 2005 Oct; 116(4): 916-22); c) a functional alteration of proteins and peptides by formation of covalent adducts and cross-bridges (Uchida K. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 1999 JuI; 9(5):109-13).

The lung tissue of smokers is also subjected to an oxidative process induced by oxidising species contained in the smoke, such as nitrogen dioxide; these species are responsible for the lipoperoxidative process affecting polyunsaturated fatty acids, which entails the formation of a second group of aldehydes, also highly cytotoxic and reactive, such as 4-hydroxy- trans-nonenal (HNE) (2: lies KE. et al., Free Radic Biol Med. 2005 Aug 1 ;39(3):355-64). Like acrolein, HNE is an alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehyde able to form covalent adducts with DNA, inducing mutagenesis and carcinogenesis (Kowalczyk P. et al., Mutat Res. 2004 Jun 4;550(1-2):33-48) and involved in various molecular processes which lead to cell dysfunction and damage to the lung tissue. A significant correlation between the HNE content of the pulmonary epithelium and the lung function has also been observed (Rahman I. et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Aug 15;166(4):490-5).

As the lung tissue of smokers is continually exposed to alpha, beta- unsaturated aldehyde compounds (present in smoke or induced by it) and these compounds are partly responsible for mutagenic, carcinogenic and tissue dysfunction processes, an increase in detoxification processes aimed at the α , β -unsaturated aldehydes in the lung tissue would potentially represent a preventive pharmacological approach. Earlier studies have demonstrated that carnosine (β -alanyl-L- histidine) performs an important specific detoxifying role towards the α , β - unsaturated aldehydes, with the formation of the corresponding Michael adduct (due to the reaction of the C3 of HNE with the Nτ of the imidazole ring) which lacks reactivity, and consequently cytotoxicity (Aldini G. et al., Biofactors. 2005; 24(1-4):77-87; Aldini G. et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Nov 15;298(5):699-706). This detoxification mechanism was recently demonstrated in muscle tissue which had suffered oxidative damage (Orioli M. et al., J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2005 Nov 15;827(1):109-18).

Carnosine which, together with glutathione, can be involved in detoxification of the alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehydes induced by/present in cigarette smoke, is not present in lung tissue but is present in high concentrations in other tissues, such as the skeletal muscle, myocardium and some parts of the brain (Jackson MC. et al., lnflamm Res. 1996 Mar;

45(3):132-5). The lack of carnosine in the lung tissue can be explained by the presence of camosinases which are responsible for the hydrolytic process of the dipeptide, with the formation of the two constituting aminoacids (Lenney JF. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1976 Mar 11 ;429(1):214-9).

Surprisingly, we recently demonstrated in the rat that D-carnosine (β- alanyl-D-histidine), a peptidomimetic of L-carnosine which is resistant to carnosinase, is distributed in the lung after oral administration. It has also been demonstrated that D-carnosine performs the same detoxification of the alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds of L-carnosine. However, the therapeutic application of D-carnosine is considerably limited by its poor gastrointestinal absorption, as recently demonstrated by pharmacokinetic studies conducted on laboratory animals by monitoring the plasma carnosine content with a liquid chromatography test interfaced via an ESI source with a triple quadruple mass spectrometer.

Description of the invention

The present invention relates to lipophilic derivatives of D-carnosine, which are characterised by greater bioavailability than L-carnosine, and are distributed in the lung, where they detoxify the cytotoxic carbonyl compounds induced by cigarette smoke.

The compounds of the invention have general formula I

I in which:

R2 and R3 which can be the same or different, are: hydrogen, except when R₄ represents a hydroxy group; a straight or branched C1-C20 or cyclic C3-C7 alkylcarbonyl group optionally containing one or more double bonds, except for the acetyl group when R₄ represents a hydroxy group; an arylcarbonyl or arylalkylcarbonyl group; a straight or branched C1-C10 or cyclic C3-C7 alkoxycarbonyl group optionally containing one or more double bonds; an arylalkoxycarbonyl group; an amino group; a hydroxy group; a group of general formula IV

IV

in which Y is nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur and A is hydrogen or an amino group; R₄ is: a hydroxy group, except when R2 or R3 represent hydrogen or an acetyl group; an optionally mono or disubstituted amino group; a straight or branched C1-C20 or cyclic C3-C7 alkyl group, optionally containing one or more double bonds; an arylalkyl group; a straight or branched C1-C20, preferably C4-C10, or cyclic C3-C7, alkoxy group optionally containing one or more double bonds; an alkoxycarbonyloxyalkoxy or alkylcarbonyloxyalkoxy group bearing a straight, branched or cyclic alkyl; an arylalkoxy group. The invention also comprises the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of general formula 1 as well as the complexes with metal cations such as zinc or copper.

The aryl moieties of the aryl, aryl-alkyl, arylcarbonyl, arylalkylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylalkyloxycarbonyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy groups defined above can be mono- or polycyclic and optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from: hydroxy, Ci-Cs-alkoxy, C1-C5 -alkoxycarbonyl groups; amino, C1-C5 -mono- or di-alkylamino, C-i-Cs-acylamino groups; halogen atoms such as Cl, Br, F, I; straight, branched or cyclic alkyl groups; optionally substituted aryl groups.

Preferred alkyl, alkoxy or alkylcarbonyl groups are those in which the alkyl residue is represented by methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec- butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-octyl, n-decyl, n-hexadecyl. Preferred cycloalkyl groups are cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.

By "aryl group or residue" preferably phenyl or naphthyl, more preferably phenyl, optionally substituted with hydroxy, methyl, cyclopropyl, methoxy, amino, dimethylamino, methylamino, ethylamino, diethylamino, acetylamino, formylamino, propionylamino, butanoylamino groups, or halogen atoms, is meant.

A preferred aralkyl group is benzyl or phenethyl. More particularly preferred compounds are D-camosine C₄-Ci o esters.

The compounds of the invention are characterized in that the configuration of the chiral center bearing the methylimidazole substituent has to be (R), while any other chiral centers present can have either (R) or (S) configuration, depending on the compounds. For the intended uses, the compounds of formula I are conveniently formulated in conventional pharmaceutical, cosmetic or nutritional compositions, suitable for the administration through the oral, parenteral, topical or transdermal route. Said compositions are a further object of the invention. Examples of said compositions are capsules, tablets, syrups, injectable solutions or suspensions, ointments, suppositories, controlled- release forms and the like, water-soluble granulates. Said forms, in addition to the carriers and excipients used in the pharmaceutical technique, may optionally contain other active ingredients having complementary or anyway useful activity for the treatment/prevention of the concerned pathologies. The compounds of the invention can be prepared using well known techniques, starting from the suitable D-histidine and 3-aminopropionic intermediates in which residues R2, R3, R4 have the meanings defined above in the case of the molecules of formula (I), or starting from 3-aminopropionyl- D-histidine for the subsequent introduction of the necessary substituents. For example, the compounds of the invention can be prepared by coupling 3-aminopropionic derivatives, suitably substituted at the nitrogen, with D-histidine derivatives bearing the appropriate R₄ substituent, optionally suitably protected, using a coupling method as those described for example in Houben Weil "Synthesis of peptides and peptidomimetics" E 22a chapter 3.

Alternatively, the compounds (I) can be prepared starting from 3- aminopropionyl-D-histidine by subsequent introduction of the necessary substituents using established procedures, such as those reported in T.Greene, P. Wuts "Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry" for functionalization of the carboxylic and amino groups. Experimental section D-Carnosine Ethyl Ester Hydrochloride 0.8 g of D camosine are placed in a 50 ml two-necked round-bottom flask; dissolved in EtOH (16 ml), then added with one drop of DMSO and 2 ml of HCI-saturated Et₂O.

The mixture is cooled to 5°C on an ice bath, then 0.46 g of thionyl chloride are slowly dropped therein (temperature should not exceed 10⁰C). The mixture is refluxed at 60⁰C, monitoring the progress of the reaction by TLC. After completion of the reaction, the mixture is left to cool at room temperature and the solvent is evaporated off under reduced pressure. Final residue: 1.25 g, M.W. 363,6, yield 97%.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-D6): ppm 1 ,17 t 3H; 2,55 t 2H; 2,95 m 2H; 3,0-3,2 m 2H; 4,1 q 2H; 4,55 m 1 H; 7,4 s 1 H; 8,78 d 1 H. D-Carnosine Octyl Ester Hydrochloride

0.7 g of D-camosine are loaded in a round-bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirring; 15 ml of 1-octanol, and 1.75 ml of HCI-saturated Et₂O are added. The mixture is cooled to 5°C on an ice bath, then 0.48 g of thionyl chloride are added dropwise (temperature should not exceed 10⁰C).

The mixture is then heated to 9O⁰C, monitoring the progress of the reaction by TLC. After completion of the reaction, the mixture is left to cool at room temperature and the solvent is distilled off (T = 30⁰C, P = 1 mmHg). The resulting residue is taken up into hexane, to obtain 1.11 g of a white solid which is filtered.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-D6) ppm 0.8 t 3H; 1 ,2 m 10H; 1 ,45 m 2H; 2,3 t 2H; 2,85 m 2H; 1 ,9-3,2 dq 2H; 3,95 t 2H; 4,52 m 1 H; 7,40 s 1 H; 8,75 d 1H. D-Carnosine Methyl Ester Hydrochloride

A 50 ml reactor is loaded with 0.6 g of D-camosine dissolved in methanol (12 ml), then one drop of DMSO and 1.5 ml of HCI-saturated Et2θ are added. The mixture is cooled to 5°C on an ice bath, then 0.2 ml of thionyl chloride are added dropwise (temperature should not exceed 1O⁰C). The mixture is then heated to 60⁰C, monitoring the progress of the reaction by TLC. After completion of the reaction, the solvent is evaporated off under reduced pressure to obtain 0.88 g of a clear oil.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-D6): ppm 2,55 t 2H; 2,95 m 2H; 3,05-3,2 m 2H; 3,65 s 3H; 4,1 m 1 H; 7,4 s 1 H; 8,8 d 1 H. N-Acetyl-D-Carnosine Ethyl Ester

1 g of D-carnosine ethyl ester hydrochloride is placed in a round- bottom flask and dissolved in EtOH (60 ml). The solution is added with 0.42 g of acetic anhydride and 1.38 g of potassium bicarbonate and the mixture is stirred at room temperature, monitoring the progress of the reaction by TLC. After completion of the reaction, the solid is removed and the solvent is evaporated off. The final residue is treated with acetone, thereby obtaining a white residue which is filtered off, whereas the solvent is evaporated, to obtain 0.33 g of a semisolid residue.

¹H-NMR(DMSO-D6): ppm 1,1 t 3H; 1 ,75 s 3H; 2,28 t 2H; 2,81- 2,97 m 2H; 3,18 m 2H; 4,05 q 2H; 4,4 m 1H; 7,5 s 1 H; 8,45 m 1H. The following compounds are prepared analogously: N-Acetyl-D-Carnosine Methyl Ester

¹H-NMR (DMSO-D6): ppm 1 ,78 s 3H; 2,15 t 2H; 2,78-2,95 m 2H; 3,17 m 2H; 3,58 s 3H; 4,4 m 1 H; 7,4 s 1 H; 8,6 d 1 H. N-Acetyl-D-Carnosine Octyl Ester

¹H-NMR (CD3OD): ppm 1 ,85 t 3H; 2,28 m 10H; 2,55 m 2H; 2,90 s 3H; 3,35 t 3H; 3,9-4,1 dq 2H; 4,35 m 2H; 5,05 m 2H; 5,65 m 1 H; 7,85 s 1 H; 8,60 s 1 H.

N-Eoc-D-Carnosine

A round-bottom flask is loaded with 2 g of D-carnosine and 30 ml of absolute ethanol, then 2.7 g of bicarbonate are added and the solution is cooled a 5⁰C. Subsequently, 1.1 g of ethyl chloroformate dissolved in 5 ml of THF are dropped therein. The mixture is warmed to room temperature and reacted for an hour at this temperature, then for 3 hours at 50⁰C. Inorganic salts are filtered off and solvent is evaporated off under reduced pressure to obtain 2.17 g of a spongy solid.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-D6) ppm 1 ,15 t 3H; 2,25 t 2H; 2,80-3,05 dq 2H; 3,15 q 2H; 3,95 q 2H; 4,42 m 1 H; 6,85 s 1 H; 7,75 s 1 H.

The following compound is prepared analogously: N-Eoc-β -Alanine

¹H-NMR (DMSO-D6) ppm 1 ,12 t 3H; 2,35 t 2H; 3,18 q 2H; 3,95 q 2H; 7,05 br. s 1 H. N-Eoc-D-Carnosine Methyl Ester

A 50 ml two-necked round-bottom flask is loaded with 1 g of D- histidine methyl ester hydrochloride, which is dissolved in about 10 ml of dry DMF, then 0.73 g of N-methylmorpholine are added and temperature is brought to O⁰C. After that, 0.7 g of N-Eoc-β -alanine are added and 0.9 g of DCC dissolved in 3 ml of dry DMF are dropwise added. The mixture is reacted at O⁰C for about three hours, left at 5°C overnight, then filtered and the solvent is evaporated off. The residue is taken up in chloroform and washed with a sodium bicarbonate saturated solution (3x30 ml) and water. The organic phase is then dried and evaporated.

The resulting residue is purified by silica gel chromatography, using a CH2CI2/CHCI3 95/5 mixture as the eluent.

The pure fractions are combined and the solvent is evaporated off to obtain 1 g of a solid spongy residue.

¹H-NMR (CDCI₃) ppm 1 ,22 t 3H; 2,42 t 2H; 3,1 m 2H; 3,45 m 2H; 3,70 s 3H; 4,10 q 2H; 4,80 m 1 H; 6,80 s 1 H; 7,6 s 1 H. The following compound is prepared analogously:

N-Eoc-D-Carnosine Benzyl Ester

¹H-NMR (CDCI3) ppm: 1 ,32 t 3H; 2,42 t 2H; 3,1 d 2H; 3,45 m 2H; 4,10 Q 2H; 4,35 m 1 H; 5,09-5,18 dd 2H; 6,52 s 1 H; 7,12 d 1 H;7,30-7,40 m 4H; 7,52 s 1 H.

Claims

1. Compounds of general formula (I)

I in which:

IV

in which Y is nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur and A is hydrogen or an amino group; R₄ is: a hydroxy group, except when R2 or R3 represent hydrogen or an acetyl group; an optionally mono or disubstituted amino group; a straight or branched C1-C20 or cyclic C3-C7 alkyl group, optionally containing one or more double bonds; an arylalkyl group; a straight or branched C1-C20, preferably C4-C10, or cyclic C3-C7, alkoxy group optionally containing one or more double bonds; an alkoxycarbonyloxyalkoxy or alkylcarbonyloxyalkoxy group bearing a straight, branched or cyclic alkyl; an arylalkoxy group; the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and the metal complexes thereof.

2. Compounds as claimed in claim 1 wherein R2 and R3 which can be the same or different, are: hydrogen, except when R4 represents a hydroxy group; a straight or branched C1-C20 or cyclic C3-C7 alkylcarbonyl group optionally containing one or more double bonds, with the exclusion of the acetyl group when R₄ represents a hydroxy group; an arylcarbonyl or arylalkylcarbonyl group; a straight or branched C1-C10 or cyclic C3-C7 alkoxy group optionally containing one or more double bonds; an arylalkoxycarbonyl group; an amino group; R4 is: a hydroxy group, except when R2 or R3 represent hydrogen or an acetyl group; a straight or branched C1-C20 or cyclic C3-C7 alkoxy group optionally containing one or more double bonds; an alkoxycarbonyloxyalkoxy or alkylcarbonyloxyalkoxy group bearing a straight, branched or cyclic alkyl; an arylalkoxy group.

3. Compounds as claimed in claim 2 in which R4 is: a hydroxy group, except when R2 or R3 represent hydrogen or an acetyl group, a straight or branched C4-C16 or cyclic C3-C7 alkoxy group, optionally containing one or more double bonds.

4. Compounds as claimed in claim 3 in which R4 is a straight or branched C4-C10 alkoxy group.

5. A compound as claimed in claims 1-3 selected from: D-carnosine ethyl ester and the salts thereof D-carnosine octyl ester and the salts thereof D-carnosine methyl ester and the salts thereof D-carnosine n-butil ester and the salts thereof N-acetyl-D-camosine ethyl ester

N-acetyl-D-carnosine methyl ester N-acetyl-D-carnosine octyl ester N-Eoc-D-carnosine and the salts thereof N-Eoc-D-camosine methyl ester N-Eoc-D-carnosine benzyl ester

D-carnosine -1-(etoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl ester Eoc- D-carnosine-1-(etoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl ester Z-D carnosine and the salts thereof Z-D carnosine methyl ester

Z-D carnosine octyl ester

6. A composition containing an effective amount of one or more compounds as claimed in claims 1-5 in combination with suitable excipients.