WO2007129006A2 - Moteur à vapeur de type newcomen amélioré - Google Patents

Moteur à vapeur de type newcomen amélioré Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007129006A2
WO2007129006A2 PCT/GB2007/001380 GB2007001380W WO2007129006A2 WO 2007129006 A2 WO2007129006 A2 WO 2007129006A2 GB 2007001380 W GB2007001380 W GB 2007001380W WO 2007129006 A2 WO2007129006 A2 WO 2007129006A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
vapour
mixture
engines
chamber
gas
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2007/001380
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2007129006A3 (fr
Inventor
William Alexander Courtney
Original Assignee
William Alexander Courtney
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GB0608208A external-priority patent/GB0608208D0/en
Application filed by William Alexander Courtney filed Critical William Alexander Courtney
Publication of WO2007129006A2 publication Critical patent/WO2007129006A2/fr
Priority to GBGB0903879.5A priority Critical patent/GB0903879D0/en
Publication of WO2007129006A3 publication Critical patent/WO2007129006A3/fr

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K21/00—Steam engine plants not otherwise provided for
    • F01K21/04—Steam engine plants not otherwise provided for using mixtures of steam and gas; Plants generating or heating steam by bringing water or steam into direct contact with hot gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K7/00—Steam engine plants characterised by the use of specific types of engine; Plants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles or processes; Control means specially adapted for such systems, cycles or processes; Use of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating
    • F01K7/16—Steam engine plants characterised by the use of specific types of engine; Plants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles or processes; Control means specially adapted for such systems, cycles or processes; Use of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating the engines being only of turbine type
    • F01K7/22—Steam engine plants characterised by the use of specific types of engine; Plants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles or processes; Control means specially adapted for such systems, cycles or processes; Use of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating the engines being only of turbine type the turbines having inter-stage steam heating
    • F01K7/223—Inter-stage moisture separation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
    • F22B1/006—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method using solar heat
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • F24S23/30—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with lenses
    • F24S23/31—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with lenses having discontinuous faces, e.g. Fresnel lenses
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers

Definitions

  • This invention relates to improvements in engines used to convert low-grade thermal energy or heat, into mechanical energy, electricity or other forms of energy.
  • low grade heat include waste heat currently dumped into the environment by fossil fuel and nuclear power stations, waste heat generated by manufacturing processes including the compression of gases and the manufacturing of cement
  • Natural sources of low grade heat include geothermal, solar energy and solar energy collected indirectly from sea water.
  • potable water is produced as a by-product, when a fraction of the undrinkable water evaporates. If a mixture of two liquids, having different boi I in,g points at normal atmospheric pressure is used as a medium, the engine may also be used to separate the two liquids by fractional distillation.
  • a device for converting thermal energy into mechanical energy comprising a chain of serially linked engines powered by kinetic energy extracted from moving vapour, with warm vapour being fed into the first engine and then successively through all the engines, with the vapour doing external work to produce mechanical energy inside each engine, with a consequence that the vapour cools and becomes super-saturated on exiting from at least some of the engines, characterised by the super-saturated vapour then partially condensing, releasing sufficient latent heat to warm the residual vapour so it becomes saturated again, before entering the next engine in the chain.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram depicting the principle components of a solar powered version of the invention.
  • Figures 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d provide further clarification of the vapour seeding process by illustrating the differences in behaviour when a gas and a seeded saturated vapour pass through a constriction.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating some super-saturated vapour seeding mechanisms.
  • Figure 4 depicts an alternative arrangement that offers funnelling of the vapour, prior to it passing through the turbine.
  • Figure 5 depicts a kinetic energy rejuvenation chamber used to boost the kinetic energy of the saturated water vapour or vapour plus air mixture.
  • Figure 6 depicts an illustrative example of an East to West section through a trough that has additional features, to encourage liquid convection current flows.
  • Figure 7 depicts a view of a vertical facet of a spiral version of the invention.
  • Figure 8 depicts a plan view of the kinetic energy rejuvenation chambers of another version of the invention.
  • Figure 9 depicts a plan view of the kinetic energy regeneration and condensation chambers, for a version of the invention fed by the injection of hot water vapour.
  • Figure 10 depicts a compression pump; suitable for compressing large volumes of low density gas plus vapour mixtures back up to atmospheric pressure.
  • Figure 11 depicts part of the of the freeze desalination version of the invention.
  • Figure 12 depicts part of a freeze desalination version of the invention used to re-warm the working gas back to about ambient temperature.
  • Figure 13 depicts an innovative turbine design that may be used as part of the invention.
  • Figure 14 is a schematic diagram depicting a West to- East vertical cross section of a solar powered version of the invention, at right angles to the cross- section depicted in Figure I .
  • Figure 15 illustrates how parallel solar powered deyices may be grouped under a common Fresnel lens canopy.
  • Figure 16 illustrates how, especially at the cool end of solar powered versions of the invention, additional shading can be added, to ensure that the condensing vapour always has access to cooler water above it.
  • Figure 17 depicts a variation on the design shown m Figure 16.
  • the earlier Courtney invention included two separate vapour flows.
  • the first or primary vapour increased' .in vapour density as it passed from the cool to the warm end of a long primary evaporation chamber, then decreased in density, as it passed through a series of condensation chambers, in alternating series with turbines.
  • the condensing first vapour evaporated a second liquid, to form a second or secondary vapour, which condensed out, as it passed through a single condensation chamber, underneath and in thermal contact, with the primary evaporation chamber.
  • the first vapour was required to pass through a large number of parallel sided tubes, comparable in total surface area, to the total area of the thermally conducting interface between the primary evaporation chamber and the underlying condensation chambers.
  • the present invention improves on Courtney's prior, art by dispensing with the need for primary and secondary vapours, replacing them with a single vapour flow. It also includes a number of other improvements, which are revealed below.
  • the new device is similar to the original Newcomen engine, in that (i) it can operate effectively with an upper working temperature of about 100 0 C; (ii) it exploits the properties of saturated water or other saturated vapours, as in Newcomen's engine, rather than unsaturated, super-heated vapours, as in Watt's engine, (iii) the pressure drops required to motivate bulk movement of the working elastic fluid (gas/vapour) are .produced by density reduction due to condensation, rather than due to expansion of the working fluid.
  • the invention In acknowiedgement of its historical legacy, the invention is referrer to as an "Improved Newcomen type Engine.” But it should be understood hat the scope of the invention is not limited to an upper temperature of 100°C, nor is it limited to water as the liquid source for saturated vapours.
  • the present invention offers several improvements on the original Newcomen design. These are:
  • Some versions include modified displacement pumps, to compress large volumes of low pressure air/vapour back to atmospheric pressure.
  • the initial steam temperature needs to be at least 100 0 C. So, for example, if the engine is linked to the cool end a conventional coal fired power generator system, the Rankin cycle needs to be closed down at a temperature in excess of 100 u C.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram depicting the principle components of a solar powered version of the invention.
  • Item 1 is a glazed evaporation chamber enclosing a saline water filled trough 2.
  • the rough and evaporation chamber have a warm end 3 and a cool end 4 at about ambient temperature.
  • the evaporation chamber and its contents are heated directly by solar energy 5, and also, at the warm end, by solar energy reflected from a sun tracking mirror 6.
  • the space ,above the water trough is filled with a mixture of air and water vapour.
  • this version of the invention preferably, but not essentially, operates with vapour plus air pressure close to atmospheric pressure, with a gentle drop in pressure towards the warm end.
  • the following explanation assumes that the temperature of the water vapour exceeds 100 0 C and that the vapour is unsaturated at its highest temperature. A small pressure difference draws the air plus water vapour mix. through the first turbo-generator 8, with the mixture cooling, so that the exiting water vapour is close to saturation, because external work has been done in generating electricity.
  • a suitable first turbo-generator will be revealed below with reference to Figure 13. After passing through the second turbo-generator 9, the vapour becomes super-cooled. The super-cooled (super-saturated) vapour exists in a state of unstable equilibrium. In the first thermal regenerator 10, the vapour is seeded, allowing a small fraction of the vapour to condense out as potable water.
  • the condensation process liberates latent heat, lifting the temperature of the residual vapour plus air mixture, to a higher temperature, at which the vapour is just saturated. Consequently, the mixture exits the first thermal energy rejuvenator at a temperature which is only slightly lower than the temperature at which it entered the preceding turbo-generator. Further details of the thermal rejuvenation process will be revealed below with reference to Figures 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d.
  • the thermal rejuvenator region is housed inside a thermally insulated diverging port, which leads on to (an optional) kinetic energy rejuvenation chamber 11. Also optionally, depending on the specific version of the current invention, this chamber is in good direct or indirect thermal contact with the overlying brine trough.
  • vapour condenses as it traverses the length of the optional kinetic energy rejuvenation chamber.
  • the pressure drop accelerates the air plus vapour mixture, which is further accelerated as it exits the chamber via a converging-exit port. This convergence is achieved in part, by the increasing diameter of a cowling over the generator mounted on the rotational axis of the turbogenerator unit 12.
  • the ducting between engines has a uniform cross sectional area. That is, the diverging and converging ports are dispensed with.
  • the sequence consisting of a turbo-generator, thermal rejuvenator and kinetic energy rejuvenator can be repeated many times until most of the latent heat in the water vapour has been unlocked and the residual mixture has cooled to ambient temperature.
  • a final turbo-generator 13 at a fairly high temperature of say about 7O 0 C. At this temperature, the saturated vapour pressure of water is 30% of normal atmospheric pressure. The bulk of the remaining water vapour is then allowed to condense out in a long condensation chamber 14, in good thermal contact with the overlying brine trough.
  • the advantages of closing down the chain at a fajrly high temperature are: (i) the number of turbines in the chain is reduced; ( ⁇ ) the ratio of potable wat ⁇ r t ⁇ power output is increased. Air has to be introduced into the evaporation chamber, to maintain equilibrium with the external atmosphere, but the air fraction in circulation round' the device is non productive. This is because the electricity produced when the air is cooled and its partial pressure drops on passing through the gciiLTatorb Ii, offset by the work done in compressing the air back to atmospheric pressure, at the end of the chain Some mechanical and thermal energy losses are unavoidable, so the presence of the air fraction inevitably leads to slight drop in overall efficiency. Compression is achieved using a compression pump 15.
  • the ratio of potable water to power output for the solar powered version of the invention is flexible. If the primary need is production of potable water, the- turbo-generator chain can be closed down at a higher temperature than 70 0 C, with a larger fraction of the latent heat being fed back into the saline water in the evaporation chamber
  • an insulated closed container encloses a mixture of water and water vapour
  • a state of dynamic equilibrium will rapidly be achieved between the vapour and the liquid states, with the rate at which molecules move out of the liquid surface into the vapour being equal to the rate at which molecules having the same mean kinetic energy leave the vapour for the liquid.
  • the vapour is said to be saturated with the pressure it exerts being the saturated vapour pressure for that temperature.
  • thermal energy If thermal energy is added to the container, it will -heat up. In moving to this higher temperature, there will be a temporary imbalance with more molecules leaving the liquid than entering it. A new, higher saturated vapour pressure will rapidly be established.
  • the saturated vapour pressure can be maintained if sufficient heat is added to the water in the first container to produce the additional vapour required. But if thermal energy is extracted from the vapour en-route to the second container, by making the vapour do external work for example, by drawing it through a turbo-generator, the vapour has to cool for the total energy of the system to be conserved.
  • the cooled vapour could theoretically remain in its "super-cooled” vapour state without condensing" out. In reality, this does not happen if the vapour is super-cooled by more than about 0.2 - 0.3 K.
  • Figures 2a, 2b and 2c provide further clarification o.f his regeneration process by illustrating the differences in behaviour when a gas and -a seeded saturated vapour pass through a constriction.
  • these three explanatory diagrams have an intentional resemblance to Venturi tubes.
  • Figure 2a will be used to explain the potential and kinetic energy changes when a gas flows through a constriction in a wide tube.
  • the tube is assumed to be well lagged, so that there are no heat or any other energy exchanges with the external environment.
  • the tube Before reaching the funnel 1, the tube has a wide diameter and the gas has a low velocity.
  • the gas On passing through the constriction 2, the gas is forced to accelerate, increasing its bulk kinetic energy. This is offset by a reduction in potential energy, manifested as a drop in measured static gas pressure.
  • the velocity vector for all molecules includes a component equal to that at which the gas as a bulk is moving forward. Inside the constriction, the forward velocity of ail the molecules increases. But the sum of all the velocity vectors of the molecules currently inside the constriction must be identical to the sum of their velocities before they entered the constriction, because no energy passes through the walls of the tube.
  • Figure 2b depicts a similar constricted tube to that depicted in Figure 2a but with a notional turbo generator, 1 introduced, to generate electricity.
  • a notional turbo generator 1 introduced
  • Figure 2c highlights important differences, if the gas is replaced by an unsaturated vapour or a gas plus unsaturated vapour mixture.
  • the unsaturated vapour suffers the same two cooling mechanisms, as for a gas, before reaching the diverging port. If the first cooling mechanism drives the vapour into a super- saturated state, then some condensation will occur. This causes a drop in vapour density. Latent heat will also be liberated. At a molecular level, this means'that lower velocity molecules have been culled to form water droplets, increasing the root mean square velocity of the molecules that remain in the vapour state.
  • vapour If saturated vapour or vapour that is close to saturation impacts on the turbine blades, then the vapour will become super-cooled or super-saturated on impact, providing a second opportunity for a drop in static pressure and the release of latent heat inside the constricted region.
  • FIG. 2d depicts a similar system to that discussed with reference to Figure 2c but with a chain of sets of turbine blades 1 -5 all mounted on the same shaft. Five sets are depicted for illustrative purposes, but this is in no way intended to limit the number of sets .in the turbine chain.
  • each set of turbine blades can be considered as a separate engine, because it experiences different vapour velpcity impact conditions.
  • the vapour will at some stage become super-saturated as it gives up bulk kinetic energy to the engine it is currently interacting with. The practical implication is this; if the chain of sets of turbine blades is sufficiently numerous, some thermal rejuvenation will eventually take place.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating some super-saturated vapour seeding mechanisms.
  • Item 1 depicts negative ions discharged from an array of high voltage point electrodes
  • 2 is a complimentary spiked, grounded metal surface which possesses an induced positive charge, because of its proximity to the negatively charged electrodes.
  • Item 3 is a weak/ alpha particle source
  • 4 is particle rich flue gas drawn from a coal fired boiler furnace and injected into the thermal rejuvenation chamber by means of a jet pump.
  • Item 5 represents salt particles naturally present in the vapour, if it originates from a brine filled trough.
  • Item 6 is a thin film of condensate water,-flat on a microscopic scale.
  • Figure 4 depicts an alternative arrangement that provides a fluid accelerating entrance port.
  • This port may include nozzles which deflect the vapour impacting on to the turbine blades in order to maximise the conversion of linear kinetic energy stored in the moving vapour to rotational kinetic energy in the rotating blades.
  • item 1 is an electricity generator, having its rotor coupled to a circular array of turbine blades such -as' 2.
  • a cowling 3 faces up-wind and in collaboration with the side walls 4, funnels the vapour.
  • a second cowling 5 faces down-wind. In collaboration with the side walls this acts as a diverging exit port.
  • the side walls are shown as being parallel, but this is not intended to be a restriction on the design.
  • the external walls may vary in cross sectional circumference at different points along their length to tailor the flow of the vapour. Seeding can take place at any surface shape that helps to reduce the free surface energy of a condensing vapour droplet.
  • the potential surfaces include flaws and other miniscule protrusions in the surfaces of the rotating turbine blades.
  • any liquid condensing on the turbine blades will migrate at speed to the tips of the blades.
  • a small gap may be left between the blade tips and the radially adjacent housing, to allow the liquid to run down the housing walls and be drained off.
  • the radial dimension of the blades may exceed the extreme distance between the nozzles directing the vapour onto the blades, with the diameter of the housing being reduced at the location of the nozzles. That is, the tips of the blades fit into a recess in the housing, as seen from inside the housing.
  • Condensate water droplets from the thermal and kinetic energy regenerators will be carried towards the next turbine in the chain by the moving vapour and air mixture.
  • a number of techniques can be used to capture the droplets. These include mesh filters, electrostatic precipitation, gravity and inertial mass separation. The first three techniques preferably take place near the entry ports for the kinetic energy generators, the fourth technique as close as possible to the following turbine blades, where the suspended droplet velocity is highest.
  • Gravitational and inertial mass separation techniques work best if the moving fluids are forced to make sharp turns by including a plurality of U bends in the enclosing ducting and adding a plurality of internal partitions along the flow lines for the moving vapour. For gravitational separation, the U bends need to be vertical and are preferably assisted by electrostatic precipitation. Electrostatic precipitation also acts as a seeding mechanism.
  • Figure 5 depicts a kinetic energy rejuvenation chamber used to boost the kinetic energy content of the saturated water vapour or vapour plus air mixture.
  • the mixture enters the main body of the chamber 1, via the diverging exit port of the preceding thermal rejuvenator 2 and exits via a funnelling port for the following turbo-generator 3.
  • the vapour is slightly cooled, causing a small drop in vapour pressure, as it traverses the chamber 2.
  • Possible, but not limiting mechanisms for cooling the vapour include placing the external walls of the chamber in good thermal .contact with a cooler body. For example an overlying section of the liquid trough inside the evaporation chamber, for the solar powered version of the device, or, as depicted, using a thermal siphon.
  • the thermal siphon 4 inside the main body of the chamber consists of a long hollow sub-chamber, having thermally conducting walls.
  • Water or other volatile liquid is sprayed onto the inner walls of the-sub-chamber by a sprinkler 5, where it evaporates, to produce a secondary vapour by extracting latent heat from the external vapour in the vicinity of the sub- chamber.
  • the secondary vapour is siphoned off via tube 6 and taken to a heat dump.
  • the secondary vapour condenses out with the condensate liquid then being re-cycled.
  • the rate of heat extraction can be controlled by altering the mass rate at which the liquid is sprayed onto the inner walls of sub chamber 4.
  • Engineers skilled in power plant design will recognise a number of alterative techniques for recycling the secondary vapour, including injecting the vapour back into the primary power chain, at an intermediate stage, when the primary vapour pressure has dropped below that of the secondary vapour injected into it.
  • the drop in vapour pressure of the primary vapour traversing the main chamber causes it to accelerate.
  • the number of stages is reduced to 50.
  • turbo-generators that are fitted with de Laval nozzles. which enable the turbine blades to be impacted by super-sonic vapour flows. Such nozzles would be counter productive early in the turbine chain, but eould be incorporated into the final turbine, to compensate for the low vapour density.
  • Kinetic energy rejuvenators are an important but nonessential part of the present invention.
  • the pressure drops caused by a fraction of the vapour condensing out in the thermal rejuvenators, plus incidental heat losses, may be sufficient to rejuvenate the kinetic energy of the residual vapour.
  • the long temperature gradient axis of the troughs preferably lies along a North to South line.
  • Figure 6 depicts an illustrative example of an East to West section through a trough, towards its cool end. Features have been added to help the latent heat liberated by the condensing of vapour in chambers underlying the trough to be delivered to the overlying liquid at the highest possible temperature.
  • 1 is the liquid surface
  • 2 the underlying vapour in a condensation chamber
  • 3 the thermally conducting base of the trough.
  • the base may be a sheet of copper, galvanised iron or stainless steel.
  • the sheet metal may be work hardened by passing it through rollers that mould the surfaces into micro- ridges or protrusions.
  • two part matt black metal shades for example item 4 comprising a curved upper part and a lower curved or flat part are placed just below the surface of the liquid. Liquid in contact with the shades is warmed and rises towards the surface. When evaporation occurs, the liquid cools locally, becoming denser, then sinks to the base of the trough. Here it warms up, picking up thermal energy from the underlying condensing vapour. It then rises up, passing through the gaps between the parts of the shades, so that the cycle begins again. Around mid day, some of the solar energy passes through the gaps between the shades. This solar energy can be reflected upwards, towards the matt black shades by a second set of silvered or white secondary shades close to the base of the trough, for example 5.
  • the warming may occur in reverse, with the vapour in the underlying chamber being thermally rejuvenated from above, with reduced requirement for fractional condensation between turbine stages.
  • the glazed roof of the evaporation chamber may be convex, with the surface of the glass or other glazing material being moulded to form cylindrical converging lenses, micro-prisms or Fresnel lenses, having North - South major axes. These would focus 'solar energy onto a horizontal strip having a narrower width than the width of the roof. This would allow narrow troughs to be used, providing a high solar energy density and elevating the trough water temperature.
  • narrow troughs would preferably be capped with a second layer of glazing, to limk the vertical circulation of the liberated vapour.
  • the currently illuminated strip area would vary in its bast to West position during the day.
  • the solar powered version of the invention will take time to warm up after sunrise.
  • doors which short circuit the turbines, when opened, may be added. If the first turbine is also blanked off, it's adjacent door closed and the compression pump bypassed, vapour will be encouraged to migrate towards the cool end of the trough, with some vapour diffusing into the underlying chambers, where it can be deposited, giving out warming latent heat.
  • Some of the main sources of energy loss from the .system are heat loss through the external side walls and base of the engine. These losses may be reduced by adding lagging, for example glass fibre wool or sheets of expanded polystyrene foam. Heat loss through a solid or solid foam material is a function of the temperature difference between the two faces. This heat loss increases towards the warm end of the system, so a corresponding increase in the thickness of the lagging is required towards the warm end.
  • lagging for example glass fibre wool or sheets of expanded polystyrene foam.
  • the present invention is extended to ' include combinations of the invention as described in this patent application with traditional Rankin cycle steam turbine units, including, for examples:
  • Figure 7 depicts a view of a vertical facet of a spiral version of the invention, seen from outside the spiral. Three turns of the spiral are shown.
  • the trough may be built as a series of terraces, of which items 1 and 2 are examples. Small leakage ports in the downhill facing terraced walls allow the trough liquid, for example brine, to migrate to the lowest terrace, at the cpol end of the system. Unprocessed brine is regularly added to the uppermost trough, to compensate for the concentrated brine drained off.
  • the motivating low grade thermal energy pumped into the system may arrive as cooling water from a coupled conventional power station or industrial process. But, preferably, the thermal energy arrives as hot vapour, in order to minimise the mass of heat exchange fluid that needs to be pumped to the warm end of the terraced troughs, at the highest level in the system.
  • Item 3 depicts one of a plurality of vapour filled pipes bringing thermal energy to the system. The pipe is immersed in the trough water. The pipe may be rectangular in cross section and allowed to taper towards its lower end, as the mass rate of flow of incoming vapour decreases. If a suitable organic liquid for example hexane, is used to bring thermal energy to the system, its higher vapour pressure, compared with steam at the same temperature, may be used to power an organic Rankin cycle, before entering the engine.
  • a suitable organic liquid for example hexane
  • the heat feed pipes carry hot flue gases from a fire box or combustion chamber.
  • Figure 8 depicts a plan view of the kinetic energy rejuvenation chambers of another version of the invention, which also allows the whole of the base of the trough to be heated by condensation in the underlying kinetic energy rejuvenation chambers.
  • the representative kinetic energy rejuvenation chambers 1, 2, 3 and 4 traverse the base of the evaporation chamber.
  • the real equivalents of the narrowing tapered sections of chamber 5, 6, 7 and 8 protrude laterally beyond the base of the overlying trough.
  • the protruding sections are lagged to prevent heat loss, but, after passing the turbogenerator zone, may be lined with thermally conductive material, that has small protrusions, to help seed the super-saturated vapour.
  • Item 9 is an example .of an array of sheets of rough surfaced thermally conducting seeding material, with the plains of the sheets being aligned with the streamlines of the mixture exiting from the constriction in the region of the preceding turbine.
  • This version produces a complex horizontal temperature gradient at the base of the trough water.
  • the broad trend of the gradient is from the cold to the warm end, as in other versions, but superposes upon it a transverse fine detail.
  • the trough may be partitioned by vertical panels that extend the length of the trough.
  • the dashed lines 11 and 12 represent suitable partitions in the overlying trough.
  • transverse condensation chambers are used with the helical version of the engine described above, then a number of radially adjacent condensation chamber channels may be used, with a condensation chamber at any one location in the channel being connected to a condensation chamber directly below it, so that each channel consists of a vertical stack of condensation chambers.
  • An advantage of this arrangement is that it enhances the temperature gradient across each trough base/condensation chamber roof boundary. This increases the rate at which thermal energy passes through to the trough water.
  • Figure 9 depicts a plan view of the kinetic energy regeneration and condensation chambers, for a version of the invention fed by the injection of hot water vapour.
  • the feed vapour is injected into a first chamber at 1, with the option of low pressure residual vapour being pumped out at 2.
  • vapour may be left to. build up in its final condensation chamber 3, until it reaches its dew point and starts to condense out.
  • the second stream of vapour which is mixed with air and originates in the overlying trough, enters a second channel of condensation chambers at 4, with low pressure air and residual vapour being returned to the trough, after passing through a second compression pump 5.
  • the version of the invention depicted in Figure 8 is suitable for use in a future generation of coal fired power stations, where heat of compression released by sequestration processes is re-cycled. It is also suitable for coupling together solar and industrial waste heat powered versions of the invention.
  • Vapour is drawn through the chain of turbo-generators by a single mechanism; pressure drops induced by the condensing out of super cooled vapour, resulting from the saturated vapour having done external work; (ii) The overlying evaporation trough is dispensed with.
  • Figure 10 depicts a compression pump, suitable, for compressing large volumes of low density gas plus vapour mixtures up to atmospheric pressure.
  • the piston 1 is shown currently moving upwards inside a cylinder 2, to compress the mixture.
  • the roof of the pump 3 is fitted with a large valve 4 sealed in place by (say) one atmosphere of pressure, against an "O" ring seal 5.
  • the pump is well insulated, to discourage condensation of the compressed vapour fraction inside the body of the pump.
  • the piston is fitted with a large valve 6, resting on an "O" ring 7.
  • eccentrics, including 8 lift the piston valve clear of its supporting "O" ring, allowing low pressure mixture to move into the space above the piston.
  • the crown of the pump may have an area'of several square metres.
  • a substance observed as having no defined surface is referred to as either a gas or a vapour, depending on the temperature it currently exists at:
  • vapour is used if the substance can also exis.t as a liquid at that temperature.
  • gas is used if the substance cannot exist as a, liquid at that temperature.
  • Carbon dioxide and other environmentally damaging "gases” may be stripped out of incineration process flue gases by the invention, provided that the offensive "gases” have a critical temperature at or above ambient. That is, strictly speaking the “gases” are. vapours at ambient temperature.
  • the stripping can be done by compressing the vapours until their saturation vapour pressure is exceeded at ambient temperature, extracting the latent heat- of condensation and draining away the condensate liquid.
  • the compression process requires an input of energy, but some of this can be recovered as heat of compression.
  • a pump having a similar construction to that depicted in Figure 10 may be used in the first stage of compression of fossil fuel power station/waste incinerator flue gases, with smaller volume pumps being used for higher stages of compression.
  • the critical pressures of sulphur, nitrogen and carbon dioxides and other pollutant vapours have been exceeded and the vapours have been cooled below their critical temperatures, the heat of compression and latent heats released by this process may be used as sources of low grade heat, to power the engine.
  • dual chamber displacement pumps may be used in order to reduce the pressure differential between the anterior and posterior faces of the piston crowns.
  • a suitable dual chamber pump design is revealed in patents GB 2273133 and GB2306580 (Courtney).
  • the invention may be used to offset the production of greenhouse gases caused by aircraft burning kerosene as an aviation fuel. If the invention is used to produce hydrogen by electrolysis of water, the oxygen liberated as a by product may be used to burn waste materials efficiently. Air contains approximately 20% oxygen by volume. Converting pure oxygen to carbon dioxide simplifies sequestration processes, compared with combusting oxygen from the air, because the total bulk of gases that need to be processed is reduced.
  • the design is more efficient than a conventional nuclear power station, because it rejects less low-grade heat. This cuts down on the nuclear fuel costs for the power station and reduces the mass of nuclear waste produced, per unit of electricity generated.
  • the improved Newcomen engine can operate efficiently with a maximum temperature in the region of 100 0 C. This gives nuclear engineers an opportunity to re-think the reactor presser vessel design, with the possibility of simplification,. by allowing presser vessels to operate at lower temperatures, without net efficiency loss.
  • the invention is extended to include engines that exploit any form of low grade thermal energy, including that released when liquids freeze.
  • the engine In order to run an engine off thermal energy at a temperature of about 100 0 C, using heat released when water freezes at 0 0 C or lower, the engine needs to be coupled to the warm end of a refrigeration plant.
  • Stage L .Dry air or other gas at about ambient temperature and pressure is adiabatically compressed to a temperature of about 100 0 C. Work Wi n i Joules is done on the gas.
  • the air is further compressed isothermally, with additional Work W (n 2 Joules being done on the gas.
  • the chain of compression pumps used to compress the gas is maintained at a temperature of about 100 0 C by spraying it with brine, with a fraction of the brine evaporating, to produce steam.
  • the steam caries away sensible and latent heat having a combined value Qo ut i Joules.
  • the steam is fed into the warm end of the evaporation chamber of the main body of the invention from where it flows thro ⁇ gh the chain of turbo-generators.
  • the steam condenses out along the chain, producing po.table water as for other versions of the invention.
  • Stage 3 The compressed air is cooled to ambient temperature, by passing it through a heat exchanger in good thermal contact with the water trough. Sensible heat Qo ut z Joules is fed into the trough. Alternatively, the same quantity of heat can be directly recycled, using it to either (i) warm up the working gas being fed back from the end of stage 5, to the beginning of stage 1 , or, (ii) warm up the dousing brine required for stage 2.
  • Stage 4 The compressed air is passed through a chain of sub-ambient temperature turbo-generators where it expands to atmospheric pressure while cooling to a temperature well below 0 ⁇ C. Wo «t i Joules of electricity is produced per .unit time, as the gas passes through the turbo-generator chain.
  • Stage 5 The cold working gas is warmed to about ambient temperature by placing it in thermal contact with a brine filled trough. Freeze desalination occurs as heat is transferred from the brine to the gas, with Qi n i Joules of heat passing from the brine to the gas. The ice is scooped out of the trough and the concentrated brine is steadily replaced with fresh brine. At the end of stage five, the same working gas is recycled for a new five stage process.
  • Wi n 3 includes heat losses through the walls, from fluids leaving the system at a slightly higher temperature than they enter it and Joule heating losses in the turbo-generator windings.
  • not all heating losses from machinery are losses from the system. For example, friction losses due the operation of the compression pumps causes warming of the pump walls, but this is not a true loss, because the heat is transferred to the steam that enters the turbine chain in the main body of the invention.
  • stage 4 The cold working fluid produced at the end of stage 4 has commercial value.
  • Stage 5 Alternatives to stage 5 include the use of the cold working fluid as a refrigerant in the food freezing industries, for cooling urban heat islands or for the production of synthetic snow, for recreational purposes.
  • the unit time energy balance equation is:
  • the invention can deliver a net output of useful energy because the heat absorbed from the brine exceeds the energy losses from the system..
  • this version of the invention cannot produce a net output of power
  • FIG 11 depicts that part of the invention used for stages 1 and 2 of the freeze desalination process.
  • two dual chamber displacement pumps 1 and 2 are used to compress the working gas.
  • the construction of these pumps is revealed in patents GB 2273133 and GB2306580 (Courtney).
  • the first dual chamber pump has two inlet ports 3 and 4, which alternately draw in dry air or other working gas, at approximately ambient temperature and pressure. At the instant'shown, inlet port 4 is drawing in gas.
  • the heated gas is transferred Xo a first holding reservoir 5, which is maintained at a temperature of about 100 0 C by spraying it with brine from a shower head 6.
  • a second stage of compression is suffered using the. r pump 2, with the gas being held in a second holding reservoir 7, doused by brine from a second shower head 8.
  • the steam produced by the partial evaporation of the brine is restricted to the inside.of a lagged evaporation chamber 9. It exits via a port 10 to the start of the chain of turbo-generators, in common with other versions of the invention.
  • the compressed dry air exits the second holding reservoir via a port 11, from where it passes through a heat exchange unit, then on to a conventional turbo-gene.rator unit at the beginning of stage 3 of the freeze desalination process.
  • the concentrated brine collects in a sump at the base of the chamber 9 and runs off via an exit port 12.
  • the run-off brine is warm and may be used to pre-heat the dousing brine, before it enters the shower heads.
  • the freeze desalination version of the invention has ' ' been revealed with reference to a working gas passing through the compression pumps, ft is to bemnderstood that the invention is not limited to two compression stages and that the working gas may b.e replaced by a working vapour that suffers saturation, with the release of latent heat, as it passes through stage three of the process.
  • An advantage of generating saturated water vapour at a temperature ⁇ .of 100 0 C is that the maximum pressure inside the chamber 9 is never greatly in excess of the external atmospheric pressure. But this is not intended to limit in any way the scope of the invention, whichis only limited in pressures and temperatures by the strength of the materials available to build a plant that will operate safely.
  • Stage 5 of the process may be modified to include the warming of the gas or vapour by any external form of low grade heat, before the cycle begins again.
  • the residual vapour may be compressed back up to the highest vapour pressure in the system and recycled through the turbine chain.
  • This recycling process incurs a usable energy loss, due to the inevitable inefficiencies of any mechanical system, but offers a net benefit because it reduces the amount of very low grade thermal energy produced as waste by the system.
  • Figure 12 depicts an illustrative example of a part of the freeze desalination version of the invention used to re-warm the working gas back to about ambient temperature, after it has expanded during stage 4 above.
  • the cold working gas passes through thermally conducting metal pipes 1 and 2 fitted with heat exchange fins, for example 3.
  • the pipes are passing through a thermally insulated enclosing chamber 4.
  • An array of spay jets, of which one is depicted as item 5 releases a continuous aerosol of brine into the chamber.
  • the brine is at a higher temperature tha * n the gas passing through the pipes. Consequently convection currents are set up as depicted by the curved arrows.
  • the tiny brine droplets cool and partially freeze, releasing latent heat of fusion.
  • the mixture of cold brine and ice crystals forms slurry 6 in the sump of the chamber, from where it is drained away.
  • Filters such as 7 discourage ice and brine mist from migrating upwards, towards the cold. pipes.
  • Electrostatic repulsion techniques may also be used to discourage the migration of brine droplets towards the filters.
  • Shuttle scrapers, for example 8 may be used to scrape off any ice that forms on the cold fluid pipe heat exchange fins.
  • the total economic potential of the invention is limited only by the local needs.
  • snow sport jobs could be created in ex-deep mine working areas.
  • the liquefied/sublimated carbon dioxide could be transported to redundant mine working areas arid sequestrated underground.
  • the heat absorbed as the carbon dioxide returns to its gaseous form could used to produce synthetic snow, for spraying on the abandoned slag heats.
  • the heaps could be roofed over, to minimise the cooling of the local environment.
  • An attractive feature of the invention is that it can operate at temperatures of around 100 0 C. This means that injection moulded plastics can be used in the construction of the turbines.
  • the turbine design in no way limits the scope of the invention. For ' example, Pelton wheel type turbines may be used. Also, turbine units that can be tuned to different rates of vapour flows using variable geometry nozzles and exit ports may be used.
  • FIG 13 depicts an innovative turbine design that may be used as part of the invention.
  • low velocity vapour 1 accelerates as it enters the constriction 2.
  • the vapour tends to slow down, having lost kinetic energy.
  • the vapour at 4 experiences an acceleration.
  • the vapour venting from the turbine at 5 maintains a high velocity, but slows down if the vapour flows into a wider chamber.
  • This type of turbine is particularly suited to versions Of the invention that draw warm unsaturated vapour into the first turbine unit.
  • FIG 14 is a schematic diagram depicting a West to East vertical cross section of a solar powered version of the invention, at right angles to the cross sectio.n depicted in Figure 1.
  • the evaporation chamber is split into a plurality of parallel channels, in this example there are seven channels, numbered 1 to 7.
  • a canopy 8 made up of cylindrical Fresnel thin lenses, (i.e., micro prisms) the sun can be tracked throughout the day without the complexity of the moving mirrors commonly associated with large solar power units.
  • the central channel 5 is receiving the most intense solar radiation. All of the channels, which effectively act as a common trough, are in good thermal contact with a common underlying condensation chamber 9.
  • the water in the channels to the sides of channel 4 is progressively cooler.
  • Thermal energy can only be transferred from vapour condensing in the lower chamber, to the water above, if the water in the above section of the trough is at a lower temperature.
  • the version of the invention revealed in Figure 14 assists in the heat transfer process, by always offering one or more relatively cool channels.
  • the invention is extended to cover versions in which (i) the channels share a common vapour space above their liquid surfaces, (ii) transverse vapour flow is discouraged. but not eliminated by semi-permeable partitions between channels, (iii) impermeable partitions eliminate vapour flow from the spaces above the channels.
  • the invention is designed to generate electricity and potable water.
  • the thermal recycling features of the invention as discussed with reference to Figure 14 help to improve the ratio of potable water to power production.
  • the cropping zones are only illuminated by scattered sunlight from the sky.
  • the inner glazed zone, occupied by the trough acts like a giant he& pump, shunting heat away from the cropping zones.
  • Photosynthesis will convert about 10% of the solar e.nergy falling on to the leaves in to chemical energy inside the plants. Evaporation of water from the leaves of the plants provides further cooling.
  • This invention will allow people to live comfortably in the desert, without the need for conventional air conditioning.
  • Figure 15 illustrates how parallel solar powered devices 1 and 2 may be grouped under a common Fresnel lens canopy. Additional internal shading 3 can be provided for pedestrians, cyclists and horse riders.
  • Figure 16 illustrates how, especially at the cool end ' of the system, additional shading can be added, to ensure that the condensing vapour always has access to cooler water above it.
  • the trough water 1 is separated from the underlying vapour 2 by a corrugated trough base 3.
  • the corrugations add stiffness to the base and increase the contact area between the vapour and the brine. Matt black shades, for example 4, are suspended above the troughs in the corrugations. Silvered shades, for example 5 are placed above the peaks of the corrugations.
  • the silvered shades are angled, to reflect solar radiation up to the matt black shades. This geometry of shades, having different reflectivities encourages a streamline flow of convection currents in the brine, as depicted by the arrows.
  • Figure 17 depicts a variation on the design shown in Figure 16.
  • a matt black galvanised iron slatted mask 1 is suspended in the trough water 2;
  • the frequency of the slats in the mask is higher than the frequency of the corrugations in the trough base 3.
  • Adjacent sections in the trough base, for example 4 and 5 are either in the shade or sunlight. But, because of the difference in frequencies, the positions of the illuminated and shaded sections, 6 and'7, are shifted on the next corrugation.
  • the engine may be powered by any form of -low, grade waste heat, for example, heat liberated in the manufacturing of calcium or magnesium based cement. It is known that vast reserves of heat are available deep in the earths crust. At these depths, saline water is also abundant. The present invention could be used to exploit this geothermal energy and also desalinate sub-terrene brine to potable Water as a by-product. The residual, high density concentrated brine could be injected back into the ground, at distance from where it is pumped out. Inland desert based solar powered versions of the invention could replenish their brine stocks each evening, using the accompanying geothermal heat to ' drive the invention overnight.
  • any form of -low, grade waste heat for example, heat liberated in the manufacturing of calcium or magnesium based cement. It is known that vast reserves of heat are available deep in the earths crust. At these depths, saline water is also abundant. The present invention could be used to exploit this geothermal energy and also desalinate sub-terrene brine to potable Water
  • the present invention is extended to include:
  • Versions of the invention including a series chain of Pelton wheel type turbines mounted on the same axle shaft, with the connecting vapour carrying conduits being arranged in a helix formation having the same axis as the shaft.

Abstract

La présente invention convertit l'énergie thermique à basse température en énergie mécanique. On obtient de l'eau potable en sous-produit de cette conversion. La Figure 1 représente une version à énergie solaire. Une chambre d'évaporation vitrée renferme un bac (2) d'eau salée. Le bac et la chambre d'évaporation ont une extrémité chaude (3) et une extrémité froide (4). La chambre d'évaporation est chauffée directement par l'énergie solaire (5) et aussi, à l'extrémité chaude, par l'énergie solaire réfléchie par un miroir (6) mobile avec le soleil. Après être passée à travers la seconde turbogénératrice (9), la vapeur devient super-refroidie. On ensemence la vapeur super-refroidie, permettant à une faible fraction de la vapeur de se condenser en eau potable. Le processus de condensation libère de la chaleur latente, élevant la température du mélange vapeur résiduelle plus air à une température plus élevée à laquelle la vapeur est juste saturée.
PCT/GB2007/001380 2006-04-26 2007-04-16 Moteur à vapeur de type newcomen amélioré WO2007129006A2 (fr)

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GBGB0903879.5A GB0903879D0 (en) 2006-04-26 2009-03-06 Improved newcomen type steam engine

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GB0608208A GB0608208D0 (en) 2006-04-26 2006-04-26 Improved newcomen type steam engine
GB0608208.5 2006-04-26
GB0611529A GB0611529D0 (en) 2006-04-26 2006-06-12 Improved newcomen type steam engine
GB0611529.9 2006-06-12

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US7998255B2 (en) 2007-06-15 2011-08-16 Convergitech, Inc. Electrostatic phase change generating apparatus
GB2481999A (en) * 2010-07-14 2012-01-18 William Alexander Courtney Phase change turbine incorporating carrier fluid
GB2494888A (en) * 2011-09-21 2013-03-27 William Alexander Courtney Turbine based heat engine
GB2531079A (en) * 2014-10-12 2016-04-13 Alexander Courtney William A heat engine inside a mechanical engine
CN107098420A (zh) * 2017-06-08 2017-08-29 浙江大学 气液对流型水盐分离装置

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Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7998255B2 (en) 2007-06-15 2011-08-16 Convergitech, Inc. Electrostatic phase change generating apparatus
GB2481999A (en) * 2010-07-14 2012-01-18 William Alexander Courtney Phase change turbine incorporating carrier fluid
WO2012007705A1 (fr) * 2010-07-14 2012-01-19 William Alexander Courtney Turbine à changement de phase contenant un fluide porteur
GB2494588A (en) * 2010-07-14 2013-03-13 William Alexander Courtney Phase change turbine incorporating carrier fluid
GB2494588B (en) * 2010-07-14 2017-09-20 Alexander Courtney William Phase change turbine incorporating carrier fluid
GB2494888A (en) * 2011-09-21 2013-03-27 William Alexander Courtney Turbine based heat engine
GB2531079A (en) * 2014-10-12 2016-04-13 Alexander Courtney William A heat engine inside a mechanical engine
CN107098420A (zh) * 2017-06-08 2017-08-29 浙江大学 气液对流型水盐分离装置
CN107098420B (zh) * 2017-06-08 2022-11-11 浙江大学 气液对流型水盐分离装置

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