WO2007110691A1 - Battery charge temperature control - Google Patents
Battery charge temperature control Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2007110691A1 WO2007110691A1 PCT/IB2006/002677 IB2006002677W WO2007110691A1 WO 2007110691 A1 WO2007110691 A1 WO 2007110691A1 IB 2006002677 W IB2006002677 W IB 2006002677W WO 2007110691 A1 WO2007110691 A1 WO 2007110691A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- battery
- current
- temperature
- parameter
- cutoff
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/0047—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
- H02J7/007188—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the charge cycle being controlled or terminated in response to non-electric parameters
- H02J7/007192—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the charge cycle being controlled or terminated in response to non-electric parameters in response to temperature
- H02J7/007194—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the charge cycle being controlled or terminated in response to non-electric parameters in response to temperature of the battery
Definitions
- Implementations described herein relate generally to rechargeable batteries and, more particularly, to charge temperature control of a battery. DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART
- Charging rechargeable batteries requires various levels of control in order to obtain and maintain the desired performance level.
- Various techniques to control charging exist today.
- One such technique includes a constant current phase followed by a constant voltage phase.
- the battery charger supplies a maximum charging current to the battery.
- the constant voltage phase begins.
- the battery charger reduces the charging current to an amount necessary to maintain the battery voltage at the predetermined level.
- a device may include a temperature monitor and a voltage charger.
- the temperature monitor may determine a temperature associated with a rechargeable battery.
- the voltage charger may determine a current cutoff parameter based on the determined temperature, supply current to the battery, determine when the supplied current reaches a value corresponding to the current cutoff parameter, and cease further supply of the supplied current to the battery when the supplied current reaches the value corresponding to the current cutoff parameter.
- the temperature monitor may include a thermistor. Additionally, the device may further include a table that may further include multiple entries, where each of the entries may store a temperature parameter and a current cutoff parameter.
- the voltage charger may match the determined temperature to the temperature parameter associated with one of the entries in the table, and identify the current cutoff parameter that corresponds to the temperature parameter in the one of the entries.
- the device may further include multiple tables that may each include multiple entries, where each of the entries may store a temperature parameter and a current cutoff parameter, and each of the tables may correspond to a battery type or a battery manufacturer.
- one of the tables may be selected based on the battery type or the battery manufacturer associated with the battery.
- the voltage charger may identify the current cutoff parameter from the selected table.
- the voltage charger may less than fully charge the battery.
- the battery may include a lithium ion battery or a lithium polymer battery.
- a method for charging a rechargeable battery may include supplying a current to the battery to charge the battery; determining a temperature associated with the battery; identifying a cutoff parameter based on the determined temperature; determining when the supplied current matches a value corresponding to the cutoff parameter; and stopping further supply of the supplied current to the battery when the supplied current matches the value corresponding to the current cutoff parameter.
- the method may further include storing a table that includes multiple entries, where each of the entries may store a temperature parameter and a current cutoff parameter.
- identifying a cutoff parameter may include matching the determined temperature to the temperature parameter associated with one of the entries in the table, and determining the cutoff parameter as the current cutoff parameter that corresponds to the temperature parameter in the one of the entries.
- the method may further include storing multiple tables that may each include multiple entries, where each of the entries may store a temperature parameter and a current cutoff parameter, and each of the tables may correspond to a battery type or a battery manufacturer.
- identifying a cutoff parameter may includes selecting one of the tables based on the battery type or the manufacturer associated with the battery, and determining the cutoff parameter as one of the current cutoff parameters from the selected table. Additionally, stopping further supply of the supplied current to the battery may include ceasing further supply of the supplied current before the battery is fully charged.
- a device may comprise means for storing multiple sets of temperature parameters and current cutoff parameters, where each of the sets may include one of the temperature parameters and a corresponding one of the current cutoff parameters; means for determining a temperature associated with a battery; means for comparing the determined temperature to the temperature parameters in at least one of the sets to identify one of the temperature parameters; means for identifying the current cutoff parameter corresponding to the identified temperature parameter; means for supplying current to the battery; means for determining when the supplied current matches the identified current cutoff parameter; and stopping further supply of the supplied current to the battery when the supplied current matches the identified current cutoff parameter.
- a device may include multiple tables, a temperature monitor, and a voltage charger.
- Each of the tables may store a plurality of sets of temperature parameters and current cutoff parameters.
- Each of the sets may include one of the temperature parameters and a corresponding one of the current cutoff parameters.
- the temperature monitor may determine a temperature associated with a rechargeable battery.
- the voltage charger may compare the determined temperature to the temperature parameters in one of the tables to identify one of the temperature parameters, identify the current cutoff parameter corresponding to the identified temperature parameter, supply current to the battery, determine when the supplied current matches the identified current cutoff parameter, and cease further supply of the supplied current to the battery when the supplied current matches the identified current cutoff parameter.
- each of the tables may be associated with a different battery type or manufacturer of batteries.
- one of the tables may be selected based on the battery type or the manufacturer associated with the battery.
- the voltage charger may less than fully charge the battery.
- the battery may include a lithium ion battery or a lithium polymer battery.
- Fig. 1 is a diagram of an exemplary device according to an implementation consistent with the principles of the invention
- Fig. 2 is a diagram of exemplary components of the device of Fig. 1;
- Fig. 3 is a diagram of exemplary components of the power logic of Fig. 2;
- Fig. 4 is a diagram of exemplary functional elements of the voltage charger of Fig. 3;
- Fig. 5 is a diagram of an exemplary table that may be used by the voltage charger of Fig. 3 ;
- Figs. 6-8 are exemplary graphs showing charging voltage, current, and capacity over time for different cutoff current and temperature parameters;
- Fig. 9 is a flowchart of exemplary processing for charging a battery according to an implementation consistent with the principles of the invention.
- a “mobile device” may include a radiotelephone; a personal communications system (PCS) terminal that may combine a cellular radiotelephone with data processing, a facsimile, and data communications capabilities; a personal digital assistant (PDA) that can include a radiotelephone, pager, Internet/intranet access, web browser, organizer, calendar, and/or global positioning system (GPS) receiver; a laptop; or another portable computation or communication device.
- PCS personal communications system
- PDA personal digital assistant
- GPS global positioning system
- Fig. 1 is a diagram of an exemplary mobile device 100 according to an implementation consistent with the principles of the invention.
- device 100 may include a housing 110, a speaker 120, a display 130, control buttons 140, a keypad 150, and a microphone 160.
- Housing 110 may protect the components of device 100 from outside elements.
- Speaker 120 may provide audible information to a user of device 100.
- Display 130 may provide visual information to the user. For example, display 130 may provide information regarding incoming or outgoing calls, games, phone books, the current time, web content, etc.
- Control buttons 140 may permit the user to interact with device 100 to cause device 100 to perform one or more operations.
- Keypad 150 may include a standard telephone keypad.
- Microphone 160 may receive audible information from the user.
- Fig. 2 is a diagram of exemplary components of mobile device 100.
- device 100 may include processing logic 210, storage 220, user interface 230, communication interface 240, antenna assembly 250, and power logic 260.
- Processing logic 210 may include a processor, microprocessor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), field programmable gate array (FPGA), or the like.
- Processing logic 210 may include data structures or software programs to control operation of device 100 and its components.
- Storage 220 may include a random access memory (RAM), a read only memory (ROM), and/or another type of memory to store data and instructions that may be used by processing logic 210.
- RAM random access memory
- ROM read only memory
- User interface 230 may include mechanisms for inputting information to device 100 and/or for outputting information from device 100.
- input and output mechanisms might include a speaker (e.g., speaker 120) to receive electrical signals and output audio signals, a microphone (e.g., microphone 160) to receive audio signals and output electrical signals, buttons (e.g., control buttons 140 and/or keys of keypad 150) to permit data and control commands to be input into device 100, a display (e.g., display 130) to output visual information, and/or a vibrator to cause device 100 to vibrate.
- Communication interface 240 may include, for example, a transmitter that may convert baseband signals from processing logic 210 to radio frequency (RF) signals and/or a receiver that may convert RF signals to baseband signals.
- communication interface 240 may include a transceiver to perform functions of both a transmitter and a receiver.
- Communication interface 240 may connect to antenna assembly 250 for transmission and reception of the RF signals.
- Antenna assembly 250 may include one or more antennas to transmit and receive RF signals over the air.
- Antenna assembly 250 may receive RF signals from communication interface 240 and transmit them over the air and receive RF signals over the air and provide them to communication interface 240.
- Power logic 260 may provide power to device 100.
- power logic 260 may be configured to control the charging of a rechargeable battery by cutting off the current supplied to the battery based on the temperature of the battery.
- Fig. 3 is a diagram of exemplary components of power logic 260.
- power logic 260 may include a battery 310, temperature monitor 320, and voltage charger 330.
- Battery 310 may include a rechargeable battery, such as a lithium ion (Li-ion) battery, a lithium polymer (Li-poly) battery, or another type of rechargeable battery.
- Battery 310 may provide power for operation of device 100.
- Temperature monitor 320 may include a temperature sensor, such as a thermistor. Temperature monitor 320 may continuously (or periodically) monitor the temperature associated with battery 310. In one implementation, temperature monitor 320 may monitor the actual temperature of battery 310. In another implementation, temperature monitor 320 may monitor the temperature of a battery compartment housing battery 310.
- Voltage charger 330 may control the charging of battery 310.
- voltage charger 330 may charge battery 310 using a technique that includes a constant current phase followed by a constant voltage phase. During the constant current phase, voltage charger 330 may supply a maximum charging current to battery 310. Alternatively, voltage charger 330 may supply less than a maximum charging current or a variable charging current to battery 310 during the constant current phase. Once the battery voltage reaches a predetermined level, the constant voltage phase may begin. During the constant voltage phase, the amount of charging current supplied to battery 310 may reduce to an amount necessary to maintain the battery voltage at the predetermined level.
- Fig. 4 is a diagram of exemplary functional elements of voltage charger 330.
- voltage charger 330 may include a controller 410 and control software (SW) 420.
- Controller 410 may include an integrated circuit, or the like, to control current supplied to battery 310.
- Control software 420 may control the operation of controller 410 based on temperature info ⁇ nation from temperature monitor 320.
- control software 420 may store a current cutoff parameter and a corresponding temperature parameter that indicate when to cut off the current to battery 310, For example, if the current cutoff parameter is set to 200 mA and the temperature parameter is set to 45 0 C, then controller 410 may cut off the current to battery 310 at 200 mA when the temperature is around 45 0 C.
- controller 410 may less than fully charge battery 310 at high temperatures, thereby improving the performance of battery 310. As explained above, the performance of a battery degrades when it is fully (or near fully) charged at high temperatures. Also, by monitoring the temperature associated with battery 310, it may be possible to retain the charge of battery 310 longer at lower temperatures.
- the particular current cutoff parameter and temperature parameter set in control software 420 may be programmable (factory programmed or possibly user programmed) based on one or more factors associated with battery 310.
- one set of current cutoff and temperature parameters may be provided for Li-ion batteries and another set of parameters may be provided for Li-poly batteries.
- a set of parameters may be provided for different manufacturers of Li-ion and/or Li-poly batteries. These parameters may be programmed into device 100 and set in control software 420, as necessary. The parameters may be set to maximize performance of battery 310 and, thus, minimize performance degradation of battery 310 caused by charging of battery 310.
- device 100 may automatically determine the type of battery 310 (e.g., Li-ion or Li-poly) and/or the manufacturer of battery 310 provided within power logic 260. Device 100 may then program the appropriate current cutoff and temperature parameters within control software 420.
- type of battery 310 e.g., Li-ion or Li-poly
- Device 100 may then program the appropriate current cutoff and temperature parameters within control software 420.
- device 100 may determine the type of battery 310 and/or the manufacturer of battery 310 provided within power logic 260 via user input. For example, device 100 may provide a user interface to a user of device 100 to permit the user to identify the type and/or manufacturer of battery 310. Device 100 may then program the appropriate current cutoff and temperature parameters within control software 420.
- Fig. 5 is a diagram of an exemplary table that may be programmed into device 100. As shown in Fig.
- a first set of parameters might indicate a cutoff current of 50 mA at 25 0 C
- a second set of parameters might indicate a cutoff current of 200 mA at 45 0 C
- a third set of parameters might indicate a cutoff current of 400 mA at 60 0 C.
- device 100 may store multiple tables that stores sets of parameters for different types of batteries, different battery manufacturers, etc.
- Figs. 6-8 are exemplary graphs showing charging voltage, current, and capacity over time for a particular type of battery and the different cutoff current and temperature parameters shown in Fig. 5.
- Fig. 6 is a graph of battery charging at a temperature of 25 0 C and a current cutoff of 50 mA. As shown in Fig.
- a constant current of approximately 850 mA may be supplied to the battery until a battery voltage of approximately 4.2 V is achieved. At this point, the current may reduce to an amount necessary to maintain the battery voltage at 4.2 V. When the current reaches 50 mA (i.e., the current cutoff parameter value), the current may be cut off. As shown in Fig. 6, the battery may be charged to a capacity of approximately 930 niAh when the current cutoff parameter value is reached.
- Fig. 7 is a graph of battery charging at a temperature of 45 °C and a current cutoff of 200 mA.
- a constant current of approximately 850 mA may be supplied to the battery until a battery voltage of approximately 4.2 V is achieved. At this point, the current may reduce to an amount necessary to maintain the battery voltage at 4.2 V.
- the current cutoff parameter value the current may be cut off.
- the battery may be charged to a capacity of approximately 900 mAh when the current cutoff parameter value is reached. In this case, the battery is less than fully charged, which may reduce performance degradation of the battery.
- FIG. 8 is a graph of battery charging at a temperature of 60 0 C and a current cutoff of 400 mA.
- a constant current of approximately 850 mA may be supplied to the battery until a battery voltage of approximately 4.2 V is achieved. At this point, the current may reduce to an amount necessary to maintain the battery voltage at 4.2 V.
- the current cutoff parameter value the current may be cut off.
- the battery may be charged to a capacity of approximately 900 mAh when the current cutoff parameter value is reached. In this case, the battery is less than fully charged, which may reduce performance degradation of the battery.
- the graphs of Figs. 6-8 illustrate examples where the current cutoff parameter value occurs in the constant voltage phase. It should be understood, that the current cutoff parameter value can also occur in the constant current phase. Also, it may be possible to vary the current supplied during the constant voltage phase to permit the performance of the battery to be optimized.
- Fig. 9 is a flowchart of exemplary processing for charging a battery according to an implementation consistent with the principles of the invention. Processing may begin with a current being supplied to a battery, such as battery 310 (block 910). In one implementation, as explained above, a constant (or variable) current may be supplied to battery 310 until a predetermined battery voltage is reached. Then, the amount of current supplied to battery 310 may reduce to an amount necessary to maintain battery 310 at the predetermined battery voltage.
- a constant (or variable) current may be supplied to battery 310 until a predetermined battery voltage is reached. Then, the amount of current supplied to battery 310 may reduce to an amount necessary to maintain battery 310 at the predetermined battery voltage.
- the temperature associated with battery 310 may be monitored (block 920).
- temperature monitor 320 may continuously (or periodically) monitor the temperature of battery 310.
- Temperature monitor 320 may provide information regarding the temperature to voltage charger 330.
- a current cutoff parameter may be determined (block 930).
- Voltage charger 330 may determine an applicable current cutoff parameter based on the temperature information. For example, voltage charger 330 may compare the temperature information to the temperature parameters associated with the one or more sets of current cutoff and temperature parameters set in voltage charger 330. In one implementation, voltage charger 330 may identify the appropriate set of current cutoff and temperature parameters as the set of current cutoff and temperature parameters whose temperature parameter most closely matches (without exceeding) the temperature information. With reference to Fig. 5, voltage charger 330 may select a current cutoff parameter of 200 mA for temperatures ranging from 30 0 C to 49 °C and/or a current cutoff parameter of 400 mA for temperatures of 50 0 C or greater. In another implementation, a matching temperature parameter may be identified in another way
- voltage charger 330 may determine whether the current being supplied to battery 310 reaches a value corresponding to the current cutoff parameter. If the cutoff current has not been reached (block 940 - NO), then current may continue to be supplied to battery 310 (block 910). If the cutoff current has been reached (block 940 - YES), then the current may be cut off (block 950). For example, voltage charger 330 may stop supplying current to battery 310 when the cutoff current has been reached. By cutting off the current like this, voltage charger 330 may less than fully charge battery 310 and, thus, preserve the performance of battery 310 during high temperature situations.
- CONCLUSION Implementations consistent with principles of the invention may maximize the perfo ⁇ nance of a rechargeable battery by cutting off the current supplied during charging of the battery when the temperature associated with the battery exceeds a programmable threshold.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2009502232A JP2009532012A (en) | 2006-03-27 | 2006-09-27 | Battery charging temperature control |
EP06820760A EP1999835A1 (en) | 2006-03-27 | 2006-09-27 | Battery charge temperature control |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/388,981 US7521897B2 (en) | 2006-03-27 | 2006-03-27 | Battery charge temperature control |
US11/388,981 | 2006-03-27 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2007110691A1 true WO2007110691A1 (en) | 2007-10-04 |
Family
ID=38110413
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/IB2006/002677 WO2007110691A1 (en) | 2006-03-27 | 2006-09-27 | Battery charge temperature control |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7521897B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1999835A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2009532012A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20080113263A (en) |
CN (1) | CN101449445A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2007110691A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2007122787A1 (en) * | 2006-03-24 | 2007-11-01 | Nec Corporation | Charging system, charging control program, and portable terminal |
US8710802B2 (en) | 2010-05-14 | 2014-04-29 | Blackberry Limited | Method and apparatus for charging a power pack of a portable electronic device |
US8484496B2 (en) * | 2011-04-22 | 2013-07-09 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Method and system for thermal management of battery charging concurrencies in a portable computing device |
JPWO2013008396A1 (en) * | 2011-07-08 | 2015-02-23 | Necエナジーデバイス株式会社 | Battery pack, charging control system, and charging method |
US20130093385A1 (en) * | 2011-10-14 | 2013-04-18 | Research In Motion Limited | Mode changing power control |
EP2582007A1 (en) * | 2011-10-14 | 2013-04-17 | Research In Motion Limited | Mode changing power control |
US9431848B2 (en) | 2012-12-06 | 2016-08-30 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd | Method and apparatus for protecting wireless power receiver from excessive charging temperature |
US20140158535A1 (en) * | 2012-12-07 | 2014-06-12 | Jonathan Javitt | Electrochemical Amperometry-Based Sensor Combined With Long-Range Radio Communication For Measurement Of Analytes |
CN106026034B (en) | 2016-06-30 | 2019-10-29 | 联想(北京)有限公司 | A kind of over-current protection method and circuit of battery battery core |
KR20180090095A (en) | 2017-02-02 | 2018-08-10 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Apparatus for detecting temperature and electronic device having the same |
JP2019080406A (en) * | 2017-10-23 | 2019-05-23 | 株式会社マキタ | Charge control device, battery pack, and charger |
WO2020051808A1 (en) * | 2018-09-12 | 2020-03-19 | Oppo广东移动通信有限公司 | Charging control method and apparatus, electronic device and computer-readable storage medium |
WO2021095895A1 (en) * | 2019-11-11 | 2021-05-20 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | Electronic device and charging control method of electronic device |
CN111030259B (en) * | 2020-01-03 | 2023-06-30 | 福建升腾资讯有限公司 | Lithium battery charging method and device based on temperature |
CN114976495A (en) * | 2021-02-19 | 2022-08-30 | 三星Sdi株式会社 | Thermal protection of connectors |
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EP0379221A2 (en) * | 1989-01-20 | 1990-07-25 | Sony Corporation | A battery charge apparatus controlled by detecting charge current with constant charge voltage |
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US20020036482A1 (en) * | 2000-08-09 | 2002-03-28 | Toshiyuki Nakatsuji | Charging method of rechargeable battery |
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US5557188A (en) * | 1994-02-01 | 1996-09-17 | Sun Microsystems, Inc. | Smart battery system and interface |
US5831350A (en) * | 1995-12-15 | 1998-11-03 | Compaq Computer Corporation | System using interchangeable nickel-based and lithium ion battery packs |
JPH11150882A (en) * | 1997-11-20 | 1999-06-02 | Hitachi Koki Co Ltd | Method for charging battery |
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JP4744673B2 (en) * | 2000-06-30 | 2011-08-10 | パナソニック株式会社 | Charging device, battery pack and charging system using them |
JP3848574B2 (en) * | 2001-02-20 | 2006-11-22 | セイコーインスツル株式会社 | Charge / discharge control device |
JP2003333765A (en) * | 2002-05-17 | 2003-11-21 | Techno Core International Kk | Method for charging secondary battery |
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2006
- 2006-03-27 US US11/388,981 patent/US7521897B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-09-27 EP EP06820760A patent/EP1999835A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-09-27 JP JP2009502232A patent/JP2009532012A/en active Pending
- 2006-09-27 KR KR1020087026238A patent/KR20080113263A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2006-09-27 CN CNA2006800547479A patent/CN101449445A/en active Pending
- 2006-09-27 WO PCT/IB2006/002677 patent/WO2007110691A1/en active Application Filing
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EP0379221A2 (en) * | 1989-01-20 | 1990-07-25 | Sony Corporation | A battery charge apparatus controlled by detecting charge current with constant charge voltage |
JPH10145981A (en) * | 1996-11-12 | 1998-05-29 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | Battery charging and device therefor |
EP0939474A2 (en) * | 1998-02-28 | 1999-09-01 | Makita Corporation | Battery charger and charging method |
EP1100169A2 (en) * | 1999-11-10 | 2001-05-16 | Makita Corporation | Battery charging device and charging method thereof |
US20020036482A1 (en) * | 2000-08-09 | 2002-03-28 | Toshiyuki Nakatsuji | Charging method of rechargeable battery |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20070222419A1 (en) | 2007-09-27 |
US7521897B2 (en) | 2009-04-21 |
EP1999835A1 (en) | 2008-12-10 |
CN101449445A (en) | 2009-06-03 |
KR20080113263A (en) | 2008-12-29 |
JP2009532012A (en) | 2009-09-03 |
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