WO2007081812A2 - Réflecteurs de luminaires - Google Patents

Réflecteurs de luminaires Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007081812A2
WO2007081812A2 PCT/US2007/000296 US2007000296W WO2007081812A2 WO 2007081812 A2 WO2007081812 A2 WO 2007081812A2 US 2007000296 W US2007000296 W US 2007000296W WO 2007081812 A2 WO2007081812 A2 WO 2007081812A2
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
reflector
light
elevation angle
illuminated
object plane
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PCT/US2007/000296
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English (en)
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WO2007081812A3 (fr
Inventor
Philip Premysler
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Philip Premysler
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Publication of WO2007081812A2 publication Critical patent/WO2007081812A2/fr
Publication of WO2007081812A3 publication Critical patent/WO2007081812A3/fr

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V7/00—Reflectors for light sources
    • F21V7/04—Optical design
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
    • H04N9/12—Picture reproducers
    • H04N9/31—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM]
    • H04N9/3141—Constructional details thereof
    • H04N9/315—Modulator illumination systems

Definitions

  • the present invention relates in general to luminaires. More particularly, the present invention relates to luminaires with improved optics.
  • FIG. 1 is a view of compact arc lamp
  • FIG. 2 is a plot of luminance weighted by the cosine of the elevation angle as a function of elevation angle for a compact arc lamp such as shown in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram including a luminaire and an object plane that is illuminated by the luminaire according to certain embodiments of the invention
  • FIG. 4 is a profile of a luminaire reflector according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a plot of light intensity verses radial position on an object plane illuminated by a luminaire with the reflector shown in FIG. 4 and a lamp having the cosine weighted luminance distribution shown in FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 6 is a profile of a second Iuminaire reflector according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a plot of light intensity versus radial position on an object plane illuminated by a Iuminaire with the second Iuminaire reflector and a lamp having the radiance distribution shown in FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 8 is a profile of a third Iuminaire reflector according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a plot of light intensity verses radial position on the object plane illuminated by a Iuminaire having the third Iuminaire reflector and the lamp having the cosine weighted luminance shown in FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional side view of a Iuminaire according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 11 is schematic diagram of a Iuminaire and an object plane that is illuminated by the Iuminaire according to an embodiment of the invention
  • FlG. 12 is a plot of light intensity versus radial position on the illuminated plane illuminated by the Iuminaire shown in FIG. 11- and the lamp having the cosine weighted luminance shown in FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 13 is cross-sectional side view of a reflectorized discharge envelope integrated Iuminaire according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of Iuminaire optics including a prism according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIGs. 15-21 illustrate generatrices of types of Iuminaire reflectors according to additional embodiments of the invention.
  • FIG. 22 is a flowchart of a first method of manufacturing reflectors according to embodiments of the invention.
  • FIG. 23 is a flowchart of a second method of manufacturing reflectors according to embodiments of the invention.
  • FIG. 26 is a block diagram of a projector system in which luminares having reflectors according to embodiments of the invention can be used.
  • FIG. 1 is a view of compact arc lamp 100.
  • the compact arc lamp 100 comprises a transparent envelope 102 which comprises a central discharge containing bulb portion 104, a first stem portion 106 extending from the bulb portion 104, and a second stem portion 108 that extends from the bulb portion 104 opposite the first stem portion 106.
  • An anode 110 and a cathode 112 are located in the bulb portion 104 and are spaced from each other forming a discharge gap 114.
  • the bulb portion 104 also contains a discharge fill (not visible) including one or more gases, metals and/or compounds.
  • the anode 110 is connected to an anode terminal 116 located at a distal end of the first stem portion 106.
  • the cathode 112 is connected to a cathode terminal 118 located at a distal end of the second stem portion 108.
  • a power supply not shown
  • the discharge fill becomes ionized and emits light.
  • the name of the compact arc lamp 100 derives from the relatively small gap 114 between the anode 110 and the cathode 112 (compared to other discharge lamps), and from the small size of the light emitting discharge that is formed in the gap 114 when the lamp 100 is powered.
  • Compact arc lamps are considered quasi point sources. An X-Y coordinate system is drawn on the lamp 100 for reference.
  • the Y-axis is aligned on a longitudinal axis of the lamp 100 about which the lamp 100 is substantially rotationally symmetric.
  • the origin of the X-Y coordinate system is conveniently located in the discharge gap 114.
  • the compact arc lamp 100 is but one type of lamp that is to be used in the luminaires according to the present invention. Incandescent bulbs or other types of bulbs are alternatively used in luminaires according to the teachings described hereinbelow.
  • the luminaire optics described herein are particularly suited to compact arc lamps because the luminaire optics described herein are able to collect a substation portion of light emitted by compact arc lamps notwithstanding the fact that compact arc lamps emit light over a substantial though not full range of elevation angle, and are able to distribute the light in a highly controlled manner.
  • FIG. 2 is a plot of luminance weighted by the cosine of the elevation angle ⁇ as a function of elevation angle ⁇ for a compact arc lamp of the general type shown in FIG. 1.
  • the example data shown in FIG. 2 is from a 160 Watt DC "SHP" model Mercury Xenon lamp manufactured by Phoenix Electric of Hyogo Prefecture Japan.
  • the plot shown in FIG. 2 was generated using light rays generated using a ProSourceTM light source model software (version 6.2.4.) which is published by Radiant Imaging of Duvall Washington, in conjunction with a ProSourceTM model.
  • the ProSourceTM model is based on measurements of the lamp using a photopic filter.
  • the coordinate system shown in FIG. 1 is retained in FIG. 2.
  • the elevation angle denoted ⁇ is measured, in the counterclockwise direction, from the positive X-axis.
  • the elevation angle ⁇ is, in fact, measured from the X-Z plane.
  • compact arc lamp lamps e.g. 100
  • the time average light intensity distribution is nominally rotationally symmetric about the longitudinal axes of compact arc lamps (e.g. 100), which coincides with the Y-axis shown in FIGs. 1-2.
  • the radiance is nominally uniform as a function of azimuth angle.
  • the light intensity distribution is not uniform as a function of elevation angle.
  • reference circle 202 shows what the light intensity distribution weighted by cos( ⁇ ) would be if the light intensity distribution were uniform as a function of elevation angle. Note that the actual light intensity distribution is not symmetric about the X-Z plane.
  • the light intensity distribution of a compact arc lamp (e.g. 100) is substantially confined to a range of elevation angle that extends upward and downward from the X-Z plane by less than ninety degrees.
  • a compact arc lamp e.g. 100
  • the light intensity along the optical axis (Y-axis) in both the positive and negative directions is substantially zero.
  • the elevation angle is limited due to obstructions by the anode 110 and cathode 112.
  • nominal lower and upper bounds of the elevation angle range in which the compact arc lamp 100 emits are denoted cp A and ⁇ P B respectively. There may be some minimal detectable light emitted outside the bounds.
  • Parts of the bulb portion 104 can be covered with a reflective coating in order to further restrict the angular range light emission and enhance the brightness of light emitted in the restricted angular range.
  • Optics disclosed below can be used with bulbs having partial reflective coatings as well as bulbs without such coatings.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram including a lumina ⁇ re 300 and an area 302 that is illuminated by the first luminaire 300 according to embodiments of the invention.
  • a lamp e.g. 100
  • the luminaire 300 comprises a reflector 304.
  • the chevrons representing the lamp are seen through the first reflector 304, as though in an X-ray view.
  • the reflector 304 distributes light emitted by the compact arc lamp 100 in a controlled manner, such that a predetermined desired radial light intensity distribution on the illuminated plane 302 is well approximated.
  • the illuminated area 302 is a mathematically specified object plane that may or may not include an actual physical object (e.g., light modulator, semiconductor wafer, photosensitive coating, etc.)
  • the luminaire 300 is able to achieve controlled distribution of light closely approximating specified desired distributions.
  • FIG. 3 includes an idealized depiction of how light emitted within a differential of solid angle corresponding to a differential of elevation angle ⁇ , at particular elevation angle ⁇ is reflected into an annulus having a radius x and a differential width ⁇ x. (Note that the differential of solid angle that maps into the annulus spans a complete 2 ⁇ range of azimuth angle.)
  • the reflector 304 and other reflectors described hereinbelow can be surfaces of revolution, such that light emitted by a source (e.g., compact arc lamp 100) is distributed over a circular area of the illuminated plane 302. According to alternative embodiments only an off-axis portion of the first reflector 304 is used.
  • the profile or generatrix of the reflector is given by the following second order differential equation defined in polar coordinates: EQU. 1
  • ⁇ p is the domain variable of the domain in which equation 1 is defined and is the elevation angular coordinate of the generatrix of the reflector in the X-Y coordinate system; (cp is measured in a counterclockwise direction from the positive X-axis of the X- Y coordinate system.)
  • r( ⁇ ) is a polar radial coordinate of the generatrix of the first reflector 304 (in the X-Y coordinate system r( ⁇ ) is equal to J ⁇ 2 + y );
  • Yt is equal to the Y coordinate of the object plane
  • Xt( ⁇ ) is the X-coordinate on the object plane 302 to which a ray emanating at an elevation angle ⁇ (in the X-Y coordinate system) from the origin of the X-Y coordinate system would be reflected by the reflector 304, and is given by: EQU. 3
  • Y-Z coordinate system Xt is a cylindrical radial coordinate equal to (X 2 +Z 2 ) " ⁇ .)
  • Rad( ⁇ ) is the intensity of light (e.g., radiance or luminance) emitted by the lamp 100 of the luminaire 300 at elevation angle ⁇ ;
  • Irr(Xt) is the desired irradiance at a given cylindrical radial coordinate on the illuminated plane 302;
  • ⁇ j_ R is an angle of incidence on the reflector 302 given by: EQU. 4
  • ⁇ R ( ⁇ J R ) is the reflectance of the reflector for light incident at angle of incidence ⁇ i R ;
  • X MIN is the inner radius of an annulus of the object plane 302 to be illuminated by the luminaire 300;
  • XMAX is an outer radius of an annulus or circular area of the object plane 302 to be illuminated by the luminaire 300; ⁇ o is the lower limit of the elevation angle range subtended by the reflector 304; ⁇ n is the upper limit of the elevation angle range subtended by the reflector 304;
  • F is a normalization factor that compensates for reflection losses
  • F e.g., 1/0.96 for silver.
  • a more precise value of F is found by trial and error (e.g., by a numerical root finding method) such that Xt(cpn, r( ⁇ Q ), 3r( ⁇ )/5 ⁇ (at where X ⁇ is a chosen value of X (either X M
  • ⁇ P ⁇ is to be directed by the reflector); with initial conditions r( ⁇ 0 ) set as described hereinbelow.
  • Rad( ⁇ ) is based on measurements of the lamp 100 or other light source to be used in the luminaire.
  • Rad( ⁇ ) is nonuniform, which is to say Rad( ⁇ ) is a non-constant function of ⁇ .
  • Rad( ⁇ ) and r R ( ⁇ j_ R ) are suitably represented as a interpolating spline, such as a cubic spline.
  • Irr(Xt) can be represented by a single mathematical function or a piecewise defined mathematical function such as a cubic spline.
  • ⁇ R ( ⁇ LR ) is based on measurements of the reflective material used to make the reflector. For certain materials ⁇ R ( ⁇ J _ R ) can be calculated but calculated values should also be verified with measurements.
  • Reflectors defined by equation 1 are able to efficiently collect light from non-uniformly emitting sources and illuminate object planes with a relatively high degree of accuracy according to predetermined specified radial light intensity distributions. Note that despite that the fact that the source (e.g., lamp 100) does not in general maintain the same radiance or luminance over a large portion of the angular range over which the source emits ⁇ o and ⁇ o can be set wide apart to collect a high percentage of emitted light while still achieving relatively accurate approximation of a desired light intensity distribution. Examples given below illustrate achievable levels of accuracy.
  • equation 1 is not based on any assumptions as to the distance between the luminaire 300 and the object plane 302, and thus reflectors described by equation 1 are able to illuminate very close object planes. Additionally, reflectors described by equation 1 are able to distribute light in a highly controlled manner within illuminated areas that have a transverse dimension that is not so large that the transverse dimension of the reflector is negligible in comparison. In fact, in several examples shown below, the transverse dimension of the illuminated area is smaller than the transverse dimension of the reflector.
  • Equation 1 with the plus sign in front of the DIST subexpression specifies a reflector that (in the case of an ideal point source) reflects light such that as the elevation angle of a ray emanating from the source (e.g. 100) increases from ⁇ o to cpo, the object plane intercept of the ray, Xt decreases.
  • equation 1 with a minus sign in front of the DIST subexpression specifies a reflector that (in the case of an ideal point source) reflects light such that as the elevation angle of a ray emanating from the source (e.g.
  • Equation 1 is suitably integrated numerically in order to determine the shape of the generatrix of a reflector.
  • a straight forward approach is to integrate equation 1 in the forward direction starting at a selected lowest value of the independent variable-the elevation angle ⁇ which is ⁇ 0 .
  • the initial polar radial coordinate r( ⁇ o) and the Y-coordinate of the object plane, Yt are then chosen.
  • a wide range of initial polar radial coordinate values and Y coordinates of the object plane have been used successfully in integrating equation 1.
  • r( ⁇ o) determines the transverse dimension of the reflector.
  • r( ⁇ o) is suitably selected small enough to fit within a space allowed for the reflector, however r( ⁇ po) should not be made so small that it approaches the dimension of the light source.
  • X 0 is a chosen radial coordinate to which a ray emanating from the origin at angle cpo is to be reflected by the reflector.
  • Xo is set equal to X MAX or X MIN -
  • Reflectors described by equation 1 are able to efficiently collect light from non-uniformly emitting sources and illuminate areas, including relatively small areas (e.g., areas the size of a projection image modulator) with a relatively high degree of accuracy according to predetermined specified radial intensity distributions lrr(Xt)
  • Equation 1 is suitably integrated numerically using a commercially or publicly available differential equation integrating program or application.
  • equation 1 which is a second order differential equation, the following substitution is made in the equation 1 : EQU. 6:
  • Equation 1 (with the substitution) in combination with equation 6 itself, make up a system of two coupled first order differential equations that are equivalent to equation 1.
  • the system of differential equations can be integrated using Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) integrators that are included in computer algebra system (CAS), such as, for example, MAPLE V® by Maplesoft of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, Mathematica ® by Wolfram Research, Inc. of Champaign, IL systems or using other commercially or publicly available ODE integrators.
  • ODE Ordinary Differential Equation
  • the inventor has used Maple V, and the FORTRAN Runge-Kutta ODE integrators included in the IMSL library published by Visual Numerics of Houston, Texas.
  • FIG. 4 is a generatrix of a first luminaire reflector 304 of the first luminaire 300 schematically depicted in FIG. 3 according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • the generatrix is a solution of equation 1.
  • the initial conditions and other design parameters associated with the reflector generatrix shown in FIG. 4 are given in Table I. In the examples described herein a constant reflectance r R (9 i R ) was assumed.
  • FIG. 5 is a plot 500 of light intensity verses radial position on the illuminated plane 302 when illuminated by the first luminaire 300 having the first reflector 304 generatrix shown in FIG. 4 and using the 160 Watt DC "SHP" model lamp.
  • the light intensity profile shown in FIG. 5 was determined by ray tracing rays generated from the above mentioned ProsourceTM light source model.
  • the deviation of the light intensity from the desired uniform light intensity indicated by horizontal line 502 is relatively small.
  • the average absolute value deviation from the specified distribution is 3.25%. (Note in calculating this figure equal weight was given to the deviation at each radius, (as opposed to weighting by annulus area) so as not to de-emphasize the effect of deviations closer to the optical axis).
  • the maximum deviation is 14.8%.
  • FSG. 6 is a generatrix of a second luminaire reflector 602 according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • the reflector generatrix shown in FIG. 6 is another solution of equation 1.
  • the initial conditions and other design parameters associated with the generatrix shown in FIG. 6 are given in Table II.
  • the second luminaire reflector was intended to produce a light intensity profile that increased linearly from a minimum equal to 10% of the maximum intensity at the optical axis (Y-axis) to the maximum intensity at Xmax.
  • FIG. 7 is a plot 700 of light intensity verses radial position on the illuminated plane 302 when illuminated with the second reflector profile 602 shown in FIG. 6 and the 160 Watt DC "SHP" model lamp.
  • the light intensity profile shown in FIG. 7 was also determined by ray tracing rays generated from the above mentioned ProsourceTM light source model.
  • the average absolute value deviation from the specified distribution is 3.08%.
  • the maximum absolute value deviation which occurs near the optical axis is 9.26%. Assuming a reflector reflectance of 0.95 the collection efficiency is 83%.
  • FIG. 8 is a generatrix of a third reflector 802 according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • the reflector generatrix 802 shown in FIG. 8 is another a solution of equation 1.
  • the initial conditions and other design parameters associated with the generatrix shown in FIG. 9 are given in Table III.
  • the second reflector was intended to produce a light intensity profile that linearly decreased from a maximum intensity at the optical axis to 10% of the maximum intensity at Xmax.
  • FIG. 9 is a plot 900 of light intensity verses radial position on the illuminated plane 302 when illuminated by the third luminaire having the third reflector profile 802 shown in FIG. 8 and using the 160 Watt DC "SHP" model lamp.
  • the light intensity profile shown in FIG. 8 was also determined by ray tracing based on the above mentioned ProsourceTM light source model.
  • the average absolute value deviation from the specified distribution is 2.15%.
  • the maximum absolute value deviation which occurs near the optical axis is 9.5%. Assuming a reflector reflectance of 0.95 the collection efficiency is 91%.
  • FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional side view of a luminaire 1000 according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • the first luminaire 1000 comprises the arc lamp 100, which is positioned on the axis of symmetry of a reflector 1001.
  • the reflector 1001 has a reflective surface 1002 having the profile that is a solution of equation 1.
  • the reflector 1001 includes an upper flange 1004 and a lower flange 1006. Light reflected by the reflector 1001 exits through an opening 1007 (encircled by the lower flange 1006).
  • a lamp support 1008 is coupled to upper flange 1004.
  • the lamp support 1008 can be coupled to the upper flange 1004 by various methods or can be formed integrally with the upper flange 1004.
  • the lamp support 1008 serves to support the arc lamp 100 relative to the reflector 1001.
  • the lamp support 1008 may also serve as a heat sink for the lamp.
  • the lamp support 1008 can be affixed to the arc lamp by various methods.
  • a mechanism for adjusting the position of the arc lamp relative to the reflector is provided. Such a mechanism may be useful for adjusting the position of lamps if asymmetric erosion of the electrodes occurs.
  • the particular mechanical arrangement for supporting the arc lamp 100 relative to the reflector 1002 that is shown here is merely exemplary.
  • a cathode lead 1010 is coupled to the cathode terminal 118 and an anode lead 1012 is coupled to the anode terminal 116.
  • the anode lead 1012 can be made flat and reflective and aligned so as minimize light blockage (aligned so that the optical axis is in the plane of the flat lead). This is particularly appropriate if it is necessary to make the cross section area of the anode lead 1012 large in order to carry a large current. Alternatively, multiple anode leads 1012 which may also be flat are provided to carry large currents. Current consumption varies from lamp to lamp. The details of the mechanical arrangement can vary widely from what is shown in FIG. 10 and are not the focus of the invention. For certain applications a nonuniformity in the light intensity distribution caused by an electrical lead obstructing light may be tolerable. Optionally, such a nonuniformity can be reduced by a diffuser located beyond the obstructing electrical lead. In an alternative embodiment, the anode lead 1012 is passed through a small hole (not shown) in the reflector 1001.
  • FIG. 11 is schematic diagram of a fourth luminaire 1100 and an object plane 1102 that is illuminated by the fourth luminaire 1100 according to a certain embodiments of the invention.
  • the lamp 100 (or other light source, represented by opposed chevrons in FIG. 11) is positioned within a fourth luminaire reflector 1104. Light emanating from the lamp 100 is reflected by a reflective surface 1106 of the fourth reflector 1104 to the object plane 1102.
  • the transparent window 1108 In traversing from the reflective surface 1106 to the object plane 1102 the light passes through a transparent window 1108. For practical reasons it is often desirable to locate a transparent window 1108, in front of the reflector 1104 of the luminaire 1100. One reason is to contain fragments in the event that the lamp 100 of luminaire 1100 fails explosively. Another reason is to form a sealed environment within the reflector 1104 that protects the reflective surface 1106 of the reflector 1104 and lamp 100 from humidity and dust. Although as shown in FIG. 11, the transparent window 1108 is displaced from the reflector 1100 the window 1108 is alternatively located over a front aperture 1110 of the reflector 1100. Alternatively, a cylindrical housing part (not shown) is positioned between the transparent window 1108 and the front aperture 1110.
  • Reflectors conforming to equation 1 will, in general, reflect most rays to object planes at angles. (There may be a small subset of rays that do reach the illuminated plane at normal incidence.) As shown at 1112 in FIG. 11, rays passing through the transparent window 1108 at an angle will be offset by certain distance (denoted ⁇ ) from their original path. Thus, if a transparent window (e.g., 1108) is used with reflectors conforming to equation 1, the irradiance profile will be disturbed. The degree of disturbance depends on the magnitude of the offsetting of rays which depends on the thickness and index of refraction of the transparent window 1108 and on the angle of incidence of light rays on the transparent window 1108. Generally, a larger difference between the size of the aperture 1110 and the illuminated area diameter, Xmax leads to rays passing through the transparent window 1108 at larger angles.
  • Equation 7 describes a generatrix of the fourth reflector 1104, and more generally describes profiles of a class of reflectors that illuminate object planes through one or more with transparent objects (e.g., windows, prisms) with an light intensity distributions that closely approximate predetermined specified light intensity distributions.
  • the transparent window 1108 or a plurality of transparent windows is a simple example of the aforementioned transparent objects.
  • a prism that has an entrance face and an exit face, and one or more reflective faces is another example of a transparent object.
  • One application of reflectors of the type described by equation 7 where an area is illuminated through a prism is the illumination of one or more micromirror array light modulator chips through a Total Internal Reflectance (TIR) prism in an image projector.
  • TIR Total Internal Reflectance
  • N is the number of transparent objects (e.g., transparent windows or prisms) positioned between the reflector described by equation 7 and the illuminated plane; lower case n is an index that refers to the individual transparent objects; no is an index of refraction in the environment of the luminaire (e.g., nominally 1.0 for air) th n is the thickness (measured along the optical axis of the reflector) of the n , 1 th transparent object (e.g., window 1108), npn is the index of refraction of the n th transparent object; EQU. 8
  • ⁇ i n is the angle of incidence of on the nth transparent object
  • t n ( ⁇ i_n) is the transmittance of the n th transparent object
  • F in this case is a normalization factor that compensates for reflection losses and transmission losses of the transparent objects, given by t n ( ⁇ ,_ n ).
  • F is approximately equal to the inverse of the product of r R ( ⁇ j_ R )* ⁇ t n ( ⁇ j_ n ) for typical values of the angle ⁇ j_ R , ⁇ j_ n .
  • the angle of incidence on each transparent object ⁇ j_ n is expressed in terms of the independent variable ⁇ , polar radial coordinate r( ⁇ ), and the derivative of the polar radial coordinate drfd ⁇ .
  • the angle of rays reflected by the reflector relative the Y-axis (the optical axis) is given by:
  • np n -i is the index of refraction of the (n-1) th transparent object. If multiple transparent objects are cemented together with optical cement, the reflectance of light passing between the multiple transparent object may be negligible.
  • Fresnel transmission formulas are used for t n ( ⁇ i_ n ). If one or more of the transparent objects are coated with single of multiplayer interference coatings known equations for transmittance given for example in A. Thelen, "Design of Optical Interference Coatings", McGraw Hill, 1989 can be used for t n ( ⁇ L n). In cases in which t n ( ⁇ j_ n ) is not readily calculable, measurements of t n ( ⁇ j_ n ) can be made and fitted to a function or spline interpolant for use in DIST.
  • Reflectors described, described by equation 7 are able to achieve a object plane light intensity distributions that approximate predetermined light intensity distributions specified by Irr(x) when illuminating the object plane through one or more transparent objects (e.g., window 1108).
  • the calculation of the initial value of the derivative of the polar radial coordinate differs from the calculation used for the initial value of the derivative of the polar radial coordinate given by equation 5.
  • One approach to calculating the initial value of the derivate for equation 7, is to substitute chosen numerical values for all quantities (Yt, Xo, ⁇ o, r( ⁇ o), th n , np n , no, N) appearing in equation 9 and then numerically solve equation 9 for the initial value of the derivative of the polar radial coordinate.
  • a chosen axial location of the object plane 1102 is substituted for Yt and a chosen coordinate X 0 (e.g., equal Xmax or Xmin) to which an ideal ray emanating from the origin at angle ⁇ o is to be reflected is substituted for Xt.
  • the bisection method is one method that can be used to numerically solve equation 9 for the initial value of the derivative.
  • FIG. 12 is a plot 1200 of light intensity versus radial position on the object plane illuminated by the fourth luminaire reflector and a lamp having the cosine weighted luminance shown in FIG. 2.
  • the average absolute value deviation from the specified uniform light distribution is 3.74%.
  • the maximum absolute value deviation which occurs near Xmax is 10.5%.
  • the initial conditions and other design parameters which were used to obtain the light intensity profile shown in FIG. 12 are given Table IV.
  • FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional side view of a reflectorized discharge envelope integrated luminaire 1300 according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • the luminaire 1300 includes a ceramic body 1302.
  • An outside surface 1304 of the ceramic body 1302 is cylindrical and an inside surface 1306 of the ceramic body 1302 is formed in the shape of a rotationally symmetric reflector described by equation 7.
  • a reflective coating 1307 e.g., silver, aluminum
  • An anode support/heat sink 1308 abuts a back end 1310 of the ceramic body 1302.
  • the anode support/heat sink 1308 is coupled to the ceramic body by a first sleeve 1312 that is located peripherally about the back end 1310 of the ceramic body 1302 and the anode support/heat sink 1308.
  • the first sleeve 1312 is suitably Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welded to the anode support/heat sink 1308 and brazed to ceramic body 1302.
  • TIG Tungsten Inert Gas
  • a sapphire window 1314 is fitted at a front end 1316 of the ceramic body 1302.
  • the window 1314 is attached to the ceramic body 1302 by a flange 1318, second sleeve 1320 and a set of spacers 1322.
  • the set of spacers 1322 are suitably brazed to each other and to the flange 1318.
  • the flange 1318 is suitably TIG welded to the second sleeve 1320 which is brazed to the ceramic body 1302.
  • An anode 1324 is supported by the anode support/heat sink 1308.
  • a plurality of cathode support arms 1326 extend radially inward from one or more of the set of spacers 1322 to a centrally located cathode 1328.
  • the anode 1324 and cathode 1328 are arranged on an axis of rotational symmetry of the inside surface 1306.
  • a tube 1330 fitted into the anode support/heat sink 1308 allows the luminaire 1300 to be evacuated and filled with a discharge fill such as Xenon gas.
  • Integrated luminaires have certain technical characteristics that make them preferable to conventional separate lamp luminares for certain applications.
  • Using reflectors described by equation 7 allows controlled light intensity distributions to be obtained notwithstanding the presence of the window 1314. Construction details can vary considerably from the particular design shown. For example, a copper body can be used in lieu of ceramic. Also, the reflector can be separate part positioned within the body. In each case, the luminaire optics described herein may be used.
  • a procedure that may be used to obtain the Rad( ⁇ ) is to measure the near field radiance in front of the window of an integrated luminaire that has a traditional elliptical or parabolic reflector and then use backward ray tracing to trace rays that have energies derived from the measured near field radiance back beyond points of reflection by the traditional reflector, then to trace the rays to an imaginary reference sphere and to bin the rays according to elevation angle at the reference sphere.
  • a interpolant representing Rad( ⁇ ) e.g., a cubic spline interpolant can be fitted to the binned data.
  • FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of luminaire optics 1400 according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • the luminaire optics 1400 are similar to the luminaire optics 1100 shown in FIG. 11, but include a right-angle prism 1402 between the transparent window 1106 and the object plane 1102.
  • the prism 1402 includes an entrance face 1404 facing the reflector 1104, an exit face 1406 facing the illuminated area, and a silvered reflective face 1408 tilted at forty five degrees. Note that the prism 1402 also turns the optical axis, labeled O. A., by ninety degrees.
  • the reflective face 1408 can be set at another angle, such as an angle at which total internal reflection (TIR) occurs.
  • TIR total internal reflection
  • FIG. 15 schematically illustrates the generatrix of the first luminaire reflector and FIGs. 16-21 illustrate generatrices of types of luminaire reflectors according to additional embodiments of the invention.
  • FIGs. 16-20 show different embodiments of reflectors that are obtained from equation 1 by changing the sign in front of the expression DIST, changing the point X 0 at the object plane (used in calculating the initial condition) to which a ray emanating from the origin ⁇ 0 is reflected and in the case of FIGs. 19-20 breaking the range ⁇ o- ⁇ o into two sub-ranges and integrating equation 1 for the sub-ranges to compute a generatrix that includes two parts that smoothly connect.
  • FIG. 16 shows a generatrix of a reflector 1600 that is given by equation 1 when X 0 is set to zero (or as discussed above to a small distance e.g., 0.001 mm) and there is a negative sign in front of the expression DIST.
  • X 0 is set to zero (or as discussed above to a small distance e.g., 0.001 mm) and there is a negative sign in front of the expression DIST.
  • an ideal ray emanating from the origin at the elevation angle ⁇ 0 is incident on an object plane 1602 at the optical axis (Y-axis) (or at a point removed by the small distance) and as the elevation angle increases the point of incidence moves out to X MAX -
  • FIG. 17 shows a generatrix of a reflector 1700 that is given by equation 1 when X 0 is set to zero (or in this case to a small negative distance e.g., -0.001 mm). Strictly speaking, a positive sign in front of the DIST subexpression is used to obtain the generatrix of reflector 1700. However, in as much as the integral in the numerator of DIST is a measurement of light power (watts) or lumens, and may be precomputed and stored as a positive value, then it needs to be considered that for the reflector 1700 Xt appearing in the denominator will have a negative sign thus changing the sign of DIST.
  • FIG. 18 shows a generatrix of a reflector 1800 that is given by equation 1 when Xo is set to negative X MAX -
  • a negative sign is used in front of the DIST expression to obtain the generatrix of the reflector 1800.
  • the integral in the numerator of DIST is precomputed and stored as a positive number, then a positive sign is used in front of DIST to obtain the generatrix of the reflector 1800.
  • FIG. 19 shows a generatrix of a reflector 1900 that includes a lower part 1902 and an upper part 1904.
  • the two parts 1902, 1904 join together at boundary 1906, that is located at an elevation angle, shown in FIG. 19 and referred to hereinbelow as ⁇ i .
  • the generatrix of the reflector 1900 is obtained by two integrations of equation 1.
  • a chosen elevation angle of a lower edge 1908 is used as ⁇ o in equation 1 and for the initial condition of equation 1 and a chosen value of (pi is used as ⁇ in equation 1.
  • the chosen value of (P 1 is used as ⁇ o in equation 1 and for the initial condition of equation 1
  • a chosen elevation angle of an upper edge 1910 of the reflector 1900 is used as ⁇ Q in equation 1.
  • each point of an object plane 1912 illuminated by the reflector 1900 is illuminated by the lower part 1902 and the upper part 1904. (Recall that what is shown in FIG. 19 is a generatrix, not a complete rotationally symmetric reflector).
  • the desired irradiance Irr(x) which is approximately achieved by the reflector 1900 is the sum of a first contribution specified by Irn(x) due to the lower part 1902 and a second contribution specified by Irr 2 (x) due to the upper part 1904.
  • lrri(x) is used in DIST in integrating equation 1 to obtain the generatrix of the lower part 1902
  • Irr 2 (x) is used in DIST in integrating equation 1 to obtain the generatrix of the upper part 1904.
  • equation 13 can be solved numerically, e.g. by a bisection method.
  • the lower part 1902 of the reflector 1900 is, by itself, a reflector of the type illustrated in FIG. 15 and the upper reflector 1904 is, by itself, a reflector of the type illustrated in FIG. 17.
  • FIG. 20 also shows a generatrix of a reflector 2000 that includes a lower part 2002 and an upper part 2004 that are joined at a boundary located at an elevation angle ⁇ -i .
  • each reflector part 2002, 2004 has a generatrix obtained by a separate integration of equation 1.
  • the lower part 2002 is, by itself, a reflector of the type illustrated in FIG. 18
  • the upper part 2004 is, by itself, a reflector of the type illustrated in FIG. 16.
  • the considerations regarding apportionment of light energy that are discussed above with reference to FIG. 19 also apply to the reflector 2000.
  • the reflectors 1900, 2000 include two parts that distribute light energy, alternatives that have more than two parts that are defined by Equation 1 are also possible.
  • FIG. 21 shows a generatrix of a reflector 2100 of a luminaire according to another embodiment of the invention.
  • the reflector 2100 is made up of four parts each of which is a solutions of equation 1.
  • a first part 2102 ranges from elevation angle ⁇ O -i to elevation angle ⁇ Q- i.
  • a second part 2104 ranges from elevation angle to elation angle ⁇ o-2.
  • the initial condition for the first part 2102 is set using XO equal to zero (or zero plus some small physically insignificant number, so as to avoid the aforementioned numerical difficulty for some integrators). Alternatively the initial condition is set using X 0 equal to some other value such as Xmax or some intermediate value.
  • the initial conditions for each successive part 2104-2108 are set equal to the final values for the preceding part, so that the reflector 2100 is continuous and smooth. For ideal rays emanating from the origin in the angular ranges of the first part 2102 and third part. 2106, as the elevation angle increases, the X-coordinate of the intercept with an object plane 2110 increase. For the second part 2104 and fourth part 2108 as the elevation angle increases, the X value of the intercept decreases.
  • the irradiance function Irr(X) for the parts 2102-2108 can be the same or different.
  • a uniform irradiance was used for all parts 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108.
  • each part 2102, 2104, 2106, 2108 accounts for one-quarter of the total elevation angle range subtended by the reflector 2100.
  • the elevation angle range is alternatively divided differently. For example, elevation angle range is alternatively divided into subranges that contain equal radiated light power.
  • the reflectors described above are able to collect a high percentage of light emitted by a compact arc lamp and distribute the light on an illuminated plane in a highly controlled manner.
  • the full illuminated area is illuminated by each of the four parts of the reflector. This provides a degree of integration or averaging which makes the light intensity distribution at the object plane less susceptible to variations in the light source radiance Rad( ⁇ ) that may occur from unit to unit in a production run, or as a lamp ages. However, the benefit is obtained at the expense of increasing the etendue at the object plane.
  • One way to control the tradeoff between making the light intensity distribution less susceptible to variations in Rad( ⁇ ) and controlling the etendue is to divide the object plane into a central circular area and one or more concentric annular areas. At least one of the resulting areas of the object plane is then illuminated with two or more parts of a reflector (each part being described by equation 1 or equation 7).
  • the object plane can be divided into a central circular area and two concentric annular areas, and the reflector can have nine parts, where the first three parts of the reflector (closest to the aperture) illuminate an outer annulus, the next three parts illuminate the inner annulus, and the last three parts illuminate the central circle.
  • the elevation angle boundaries between the groups of three parts are to be chosen so that each group of three parts subtends an elevation angle range that includes light power in proportion to the integrated light power in the object plane area that the group of three parts is assigned to illuminate.
  • the reflector will be smooth and continuous, and a balance will have been struck between making the reflector less susceptible to variations in Rad( ⁇ ) and controlling the etendue.
  • FIGs. 16-21 do not show transparent objects (e.g., windows, prisms) between the reflectors and the object planes, there are analogous embodiments based on equation 7 for the case that there are one or more transparent objects between the reflectors and the object planes.
  • transparent objects e.g., windows, prisms
  • FIG. 22 is a flowchart of a first method 2200 of manufacturing reflectors described by equation 1 or equation 7.
  • the initial conditions of a system of coupled first order equations that is equivalent to equation 1 or equation 7 are set.
  • the system of coupled first order equations is integrated to obtain an integrated solution.
  • data that represents the integrated solution is entered into a computer numeric control (CNC) machine tool (e.g. a CNC lathe) and in block 2208 the CNC machine tool is used to machine a reflector according to the solution of the reflector equation.
  • CNC computer numeric control
  • the reflector is suitably machined from a length of metal bar stock.
  • FIG. 23 is a flowchart of a second method 2300 of manufacturing reflectors described by equation 1 or equation 7.
  • the first three blocks 2202-2206 in the second method 2300 are the same as in the first method 2200.
  • a machine tool is used to machine tooling for manufacturing a reflector according to the solution of the equation 1 or equation 7.
  • the tooling suitably comprises, by way of example, a part of a mold that is used to mold reflectors or a mandrel used to electroform reflectors.
  • the tooling is used to manufacture reflectors according the solution of the reflector equation that was obtained in block 2204.
  • the tooling is suitably machined metal.
  • FIG. 24 is a flowchart of an alternative beginning of the first or second methods shown in FIGs. 22-23.
  • the alternative shown in FIG. 24 employs optimization to select design parameters.
  • initial guesses and/or bounds for design parameters being optimized are set.
  • r( ⁇ 0 ) and Yr( ⁇ 0 ) can be optimized, the inventor has chosen to use a different set of optimization parameters including X R0 and ⁇ RA Y.
  • ⁇ RAY as an optimization parameter allows direct control over, at least the initial value, of the angle of reflected rays relative to the Y-axis angle.
  • the initial value angle of reflected rays relative to the Y-axis is the maximum value of the angle of reflected rays relative to the Y-axis.
  • the set of parameters that is optimized can include ⁇ 0 and ⁇ Q - (Alternatively the set of parameters ⁇ 0 , ⁇ o ,r( ⁇ o) and Yt can be optimized.)
  • the ray tracing can use rays based on near field radiance measurements such as generated by ProsourceTM light source models. The camera used to collect such measurements may not be centered exactly on the center of luminance, resulting in a Y-axis offset between the origin of the coordinate system in which the rays are defined and the center of luminance. (The center of luminance may not be known before measurements are taken.)
  • a fifth optimization parameter that can be added is a Y coordinate shift, denoted ⁇ Y_ray that is added to all ray origins used in ray tracing.
  • optimization routines may require only bounds and certain optimization routines may require only initial guesses.
  • an optimization routine is called.
  • a known general purpose optimization routine that does not require derivative information is suitably used. Examples of general purpose optimization routines that can be used include the Simplex method, the Complex method and the Simulated Annealing method. The inventor has used the DBCPOL FORTRAN implementation of the complex method published by Visual Numerics of San Ramon, Ca.
  • optimum values of the set of parameters are output.
  • initial conditions and the Y-coordinate of the object plane Yt are calculated from the optimum values.
  • FIG. 25 is a flowchart of a subprogram 2500 that is called by an optimization routine that is called in the flowchart shown in FlG. 25.
  • the subprogram 2500 is the function to be optimized.
  • the initial conditions are calculated from the value of call parameters q>o, X RO ⁇ P RAY . Note that cp ⁇ , is not used in calculating the initial conditions.
  • the integral of cos( ⁇ ) weighted light intensity Rad( ⁇ ) that appears in the denominator of DIST is calculated. Note that it is assumed that the integral involving Xt*lrr(Xt) from Xmin to Xmax which is independent of the parameters being optimized will have been precomputed and stored.
  • the system of coupled differential equations defining the profile of the reflector is integrated to obtain an integrated reflector profile.
  • a spline is fit to the integrated profile.
  • ray tracing using the spline fit of the integrated profile and a model of the source, e.g., a set of light rays from a ProsourceTM model, is performed to determine an achieved irradiance profile, and optionally the collection efficiency.
  • a cost function that depends on the mismatch between the achieved irradiance profile and the desired irradiance profile lrr(x) is evaluated.
  • the cost function can, for example, comprise a sum of squares of the differences between Irr(x) and the achieved irradiance.
  • the cost function optionally, also depends on the coupling efficiency.
  • FIG. 26 is a block diagram of a projector system 2600 in which the luminaires having the reflectors described above can be utilized.
  • the projector system 2600 is an example of system that can utilize the reflectors described above.
  • the projector system 2600 comprises a luminaire 2602 that includes a light source and reflector described by 1 or by equations 7.
  • the luminaire is optically coupled (e.g., by simple free space propagation, one or more relay lenses, or a light guide) to an optional polarizer 2604.
  • Polarized light is required for certain types of image modulators (e.g. liquid crystal based image modulators) but not others (e.g., DLPTM micromirror array based modulators).
  • the polarizer 2604 is optically coupled to and may be tightly integrated with an optional polarization conversion/recovery device 2606, which is intended to avoid wasting light rejected by the polarizer 2604.
  • the polarization conversion/recovery device 2606 is coupled to an optional beam shaping device 2608.
  • the beam shaping device 2608 includes, for example an anamorphic beam expander or contractor and/or a light guide, or bundle of light guides that has a cross-section size and/or shape that changes along the length of the light guide.
  • the beam shaping device 2608 is coupled to an optional beam smoothing device 2610.
  • the beam smoothing device 2610 includes for example a holographic diffuser. Alternatively, a kinoform or Light Shaping Diffuser serves as both the beam shaping device 2608 and the beam smoothing device 2610.
  • the beam smoothing device 2610 is coupled to an optional color separation apparatus 2612.
  • the color separation apparatus includes 2612, for example, a static arrangement of dichroic mirrors that divide the light beam into a plurality (e.g., red, blue and green) separate light beams, or a dynamic filter arrangement, e.g., a rotating color wheel that filters the beam with different filters, or a rotating prism.
  • the color separation apparatus 2612 is coupled to one or more imagewise light modulators 2614, such as transmissive or reflective liquid crystal modulators, or micromirror array modulators.
  • a single light modulator 2614 is used with a rotating filter wheel, and three image modulators 2614 are used with a static arrangement of dichroic mirrors.
  • the imagewise modulated light beams they produce are combined by an optional color channel recombination device 2616, e.g., a color combiner prism.
  • an optional color channel recombination device 2616 e.g., a color combiner prism.
  • the color channel recombination device 2616 is coupled to a projection lens optics subsystem 2618.
  • the projection optics subsystem suitably comprises a projection lens, reflective projection optics or a subsystem that combines lenses and reflective elements.
  • the projection optics subsystem 2618 is coupled to a projection screen 2620 which can be a rear projection screen or a front projection screen.
  • a projection screen 2620 which can be a rear projection screen or a front projection screen.
  • Irr(x) can be set to compensate for any radial coordinate dependent losses of components of the system 2600. If the overall radial coordinate dependent losses are given by Loss(Xt) and uniform luminance on the projection screen is the goal, then Irr(Xt) can be set equal to 1/Loss(Xt). Note that losses may occur at radial coordinates that are not equal to Xt but are mapped from Xt by optical coupling (e.g., via lenses) within the projector system. It will be apparent to persons of skill in the art that order of the components represented in FIG. 26 can vary relative to the order shown in FIG. 26.
  • the reduction is due to the fact that such aberrations arise, in the first instance, from the light rays departing object points at different angles. If the range of angles is limited these geometric aberrations will be limited. Diffraction limits on the MTF and image distortion are a separate matter.
  • DIST has the following form which takes into account, an elevation angle dependence of the spectral energy distribution of the lamp, wavelength dependent light loss between the light source and the illuminated object and the spectral sensitivity of the illuminated object.
  • Rad( ⁇ , ⁇ ) is the elevation angle dependent spectral radiance of the light source
  • ⁇ R ( ⁇ LR , ⁇ ) is the spectral reflectance of the reflector 304 which is also dependent on the angle of incidence ⁇ J _ R O ⁇ the reflector 304;
  • SL( ⁇ L ⁇ , ⁇ ) is a factor that accounts for light loss (e.g., undesired reflectance, transmittance or absorption) at the illuminated object which is dependent on the angle of incidence ⁇ rr and the wavelength ⁇ ; tn( ⁇ j_ n .
  • ⁇ is the angle of incidence ⁇ j_ n and wavelength dependent transmission of an n th transparent object (e.g., prism, window) between the reflector and the illuminated area; S(A) is the spectral sensitivity of the illuminated object; ⁇ 0 and AQ are lower and upper spectrum limits; and F is a constant factor.
  • Rad( ⁇ ) is replaced with an integral between limits A 0 and AQ of an integrand that is the product of the angular dependent spectral radiance, angle-of-incidence dependent spectral reflectance of the reflector, angle dependent spectral transmission of one or more transparent objects (e.g., prisms or windows) between the reflector and the illuminated object, a factor that accounts for light loss at the illuminated object, and the spectral sensitivity of the illuminated object.
  • transparent objects e.g., prisms or windows
  • the limits of integration A 0 and AQ are suitably chosen to cover one or more ranges over which the integrand has non-negligible values. For example if the spectral radiance, reflectivity of the reflector, or sensitivity drop to negligible values beyond a particular wavelength, the upper limit AQ can be set equal to the particular wavelength.
  • the spectral radiance may depend on the elevation angle if the lamp exhibits what is termed 'color separation'. Analogously, for ultraviolet or infrared applications the spectral radiance may also depend on elevation angle. On the other hand for certain types of lamps (e.g. xenon or high pressure mercury fill lamps, for example) that do not exhibit significant color separation, the elevation angle dependence of the spectral radiance may be ignored.
  • Spectral radiance data can be obtained by measuring the light output of a light source with a spectrometer at each of a set of elevation angles. The data collected at the set of elevation angles can be represented by one or more interpolating splines in DIST given by equation 15. Near field, radiance can also be measured using optical bandpass filters, and the spectral radiance can be determined based on the near field radiance.
  • the reflector includes a multilayer thin film reflecting surface
  • the reflector 304 includes a metal (e.g., aluminum or silver for example) reflecting surface
  • the angular dependence of the spectral reflectance may be negligible within a range of angle of incidence that is realized, and in such cases may be ignored.
  • base r R ( ⁇ LR ) it is best to base r R ( ⁇ LR ) on actual measurements, although a closed form expressions may be available for certain materials.
  • the factor(s) t ⁇ ( ⁇ j_n, ⁇ ) in DIST can be ignored for many visible light applications. It is noted that the factors t n ( ⁇ j_ n , ⁇ ) in DIST are applicable to reflectors described by equation 7, but not to reflectors described by equation 1.
  • the spectral sensitivity S(K) can be the photochemical sensitivity of a reaction that is to be driven by light reflected by the reflector.
  • the spectral sensitivity can include the photopic response of the human eye, or in a system that uses multiple luminaires for multiple color channels, the spectral sensitivity can include a tristimulus response curve, for example.
  • Determination of F is best started at an approximate value which is equal to the inverse of the spectrally weighted average of the product of t n ( ⁇ , _ structuri, ⁇ ), TR(SJ R, ⁇ ) and SL( ⁇ J _ L , ⁇ ), at some chosen angles of incidence (e.g., normal incidence or initial values of angles of incidence), where the spectral weighting is the product of Rad( ⁇ , ⁇ ) and S( ⁇ ), with ⁇ equal to some chosen value e.g., cpo or ( ⁇ pQ- ⁇ o )/2.
  • the exact angles of incidence used in determining the approximate value of F to start with is not critical.
  • the index of refraction of the medium (e.g., air) between the lamp and the reflector is the same as the index of refraction of the medium above the illuminated object then the angle of incidence on the illuminated object ⁇ t _ ⁇ (assuming a typical case of the object being perpendicular to the Y-axis) is equal to the angle of the reflected ray ⁇ RR given above. If the last (N th ) transparent object (which may be the only transparent object) is in contact with the illuminated object then the angle of incidence on the object ⁇ ,_ ⁇ is related to angle of reflection ⁇ RR by Snell's law, i.e. EQU. 16
  • Rad( ⁇ ) is based on measurements with a filter that matches S( ⁇ )
  • Rad( ⁇ ) is equivalent to Rad( ⁇ , ⁇ ) weighted by S( ⁇ ) and integrated from ⁇ 0 to KQ.
  • Rad( ⁇ ) is equivalent to a convolution Rad( ⁇ , ⁇ ) and S(K) integrated from A 0 to ⁇ Q .
  • the cos( ⁇ ) weighted Rad( ⁇ ) shown in FIG. 2 is based on measurements with a photopic filter S(K) so that the cos( ⁇ ) weighted Rad( ⁇ ) shown in FIG. 2 is in photopic units.
  • the reflectors described above can be complete surfaces of revolution or off-axis reflectors.
  • the reflectors described above can be used in combination with other reflectors that subtend portions of the solid angle space about the light source.
  • Examples of other types of reflectors with which the reflectors described above include but are not limited to spherical reflectors that retroreflect portions of light back toward the light source, conical reflectors, and conic section (e.g., paraboloid, ellipsoid) reflectors.
  • the reflectors described above can be used with lamps that emit over a wide angular range, where some of the light is reflected by the reflector and some passes through the aperture of the reflector and reaches the illuminated area without reflection by the reflector.
  • the total light intensity at each position in the illuminated area will include a reflected light contribution specified by Irr(Xt) and a non- reflected (by the reflector) light contribution.
  • Irr(Xt) should be chosen in view of the non-reflected light contribution, so that the total light intensity is what is desired.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des réflecteurs (304, 702, 902, 1204, 1406, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1800, 2000, 2100) à utiliser avec des sources compactes, qui présentent des génératrices définies par des équations différentielles du deuxième ordre. Les réflecteurs permettent d'éclairer des plans par distribution de lumière commandée (par exemple, sensiblement uniforme) y compris lorsque les sources compactes émettent de la lumière de manière non uniforme. L'invention concerne également des luminaires (300, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300) équipés desdits réflecteurs.
PCT/US2007/000296 2006-01-11 2007-01-08 Réflecteurs de luminaires WO2007081812A2 (fr)

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US9420664B2 (en) 2007-07-19 2016-08-16 Quarkstar Llc Light emitting device including nearly index-matched luminescent glass-phosphor composites
US10746374B2 (en) 2007-07-19 2020-08-18 Quarkstar Llc Nearly index-matched luminescent glass-phosphor composites for photonic applications
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US8579474B2 (en) 2009-03-18 2013-11-12 Osram Gesellschaft Mit Beschraenkter Haftung Bézier curve reflector, light source arrangement and projector apparatus
WO2010105890A1 (fr) 2009-03-18 2010-09-23 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Réflecteur, agencement de source de lumière et appareil de projection
US10408428B2 (en) 2011-11-23 2019-09-10 Quarkstar Llc Light-emitting devices providing asymmetrical propagation of light
US11353167B2 (en) 2011-11-23 2022-06-07 Quarkstar Llc Light-emitting devices providing asymmetrical propagation of light
US11009193B2 (en) 2011-11-23 2021-05-18 Quarkstar Llc Light-emitting devices providing asymmetrical propagation of light
US10451250B2 (en) 2011-11-23 2019-10-22 Quickstar LLC Light-emitting devices providing asymmetrical propagation of light
US9863605B2 (en) 2011-11-23 2018-01-09 Quarkstar Llc Light-emitting devices providing asymmetrical propagation of light
EP2895793A4 (fr) * 2012-09-13 2016-06-29 Quarkstar Llc Dispositifs électroluminescents à éléments réfléchissants
US10088618B2 (en) 2012-09-13 2018-10-02 Quarkstar Llc Light-emitting device with remote scattering element and total internal reflection extractor element
US10274167B2 (en) 2012-09-13 2019-04-30 Quarkstar Llc Light-emitting devices with reflective elements
US9915410B2 (en) 2012-09-13 2018-03-13 Quarkstar Llc Light-emitting devices with reflective elements
US10907797B2 (en) 2012-09-13 2021-02-02 Quarkstar Llc Light-emitting devices with reflective elements
US9291763B2 (en) 2012-09-13 2016-03-22 Quarkstar Llc Light-emitting device with remote scattering element and total internal reflection extractor element
WO2014043410A1 (fr) * 2012-09-13 2014-03-20 Quarkstar Llc Dispositifs électroluminescents à éléments réfléchissants
US10222008B2 (en) 2013-03-07 2019-03-05 Quarkstar Llc Illumination device with multi-color light-emitting elements
US10429034B2 (en) 2013-03-07 2019-10-01 Quarkstar Llc Light-emitting device with light guide for two way illumination
US9752757B2 (en) 2013-03-07 2017-09-05 Quarkstar Llc Light-emitting device with light guide for two way illumination
US9683710B2 (en) 2013-03-07 2017-06-20 Quarkstar Llc Illumination device with multi-color light-emitting elements
US10774999B2 (en) 2013-03-07 2020-09-15 Quarkstar Llc Illumination device with multi-color light-emitting elements
US10811576B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2020-10-20 Quarkstar Llc Color tuning of light-emitting devices

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