WO2007078244A1 - Positionnement de fibres optiques - Google Patents

Positionnement de fibres optiques Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007078244A1
WO2007078244A1 PCT/SE2006/001521 SE2006001521W WO2007078244A1 WO 2007078244 A1 WO2007078244 A1 WO 2007078244A1 SE 2006001521 W SE2006001521 W SE 2006001521W WO 2007078244 A1 WO2007078244 A1 WO 2007078244A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fiber ends
fiber
unit
determined
distance
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PCT/SE2006/001521
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English (en)
Inventor
Wei-Ping Huang
Kjell Ahlstedt
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Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
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Application filed by Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) filed Critical Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
Priority to US12/159,733 priority Critical patent/US7751665B2/en
Priority to CN2006800499511A priority patent/CN101375191B/zh
Priority to EP06835928A priority patent/EP1966639A1/fr
Publication of WO2007078244A1 publication Critical patent/WO2007078244A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/255—Splicing of light guides, e.g. by fusion or bonding
    • G02B6/2551—Splicing of light guides, e.g. by fusion or bonding using thermal methods, e.g. fusion welding by arc discharge, laser beam, plasma torch
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/255—Splicing of light guides, e.g. by fusion or bonding
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/255—Splicing of light guides, e.g. by fusion or bonding
    • G02B6/2555—Alignment or adjustment devices for aligning prior to splicing

Definitions

  • the present invention is related to positioning optical fibers, in particular to a method for moving optical fiber ends to a desired position, and also to a method and a device for fusion splicing optical fibers.
  • fiber lasers have been considered to be serious alternatives to solid state and CO 2 lasers for military, aerospace, medical and industrial material processing applications. Fiber lasers are very attractive due mainly to their high output power as well as excellent beam quality and the flexibility of the design of the lasers.
  • Large mode area double-clad fibers (LMA-DCF) are one of the key components in fiber lasers.
  • the cladding of the LMA-DCF is designed to have a high numerical aperture and variously shaped cross-sections, e.g. round, octagon, square etc..
  • the cladding diameters of LMA-DCFs are typically in the range of 300 - 1000 ⁇ m, depending on the level of the output power.
  • the cores of LMA-DCFs are often doped with a high concentration of rare-earth elements, e.g. ytterbium, and their sizes can be as large as 50 ⁇ m with a low numerical aperture to reduce non-linear effects.
  • LMA-DCFs One of the major problems that deter the use of LMA-DCFs is the fact that it is very difficult to achieve high quality splices of such fibers using traditional splicing techniques. Due to general demands in the design of fiber lasers, fibers of different types have to be spliced to each other, e.g.
  • LMA-DCF splices between differently shaped LMA-DCFs, such as a round LMA-DCF spliced to an octagon LMA-DCF, an LMA-DCF containing rare-earth dopants spliced to an LMA-DCF not containing rare-earth dopants, and an LMA-DCF spliced to a conventional single mode optical fiber (SMF), the latter two fibers cladding diameters that differ very much from other, e.g. by a factor of three or more.
  • SMF single mode optical fiber
  • One of the core alignment processes based on image analysis is disclosed in various Japanese patents, see e.g. the Japanese patent 11194227 for Fujikura.
  • the vertical distance between the positions of the e.g. upper edge of thexladding and of the approximate center of the core image is measured for each fiber, the fibers as conventional assumed to be located horizontally in the pictures.
  • the alignment is performed by then displacing the two fibers in relation to each other so that the difference of said two measured distances of the two fibers becomes equal to the vertical difference between the positions of the upper edges of the claddings of the two fibers.
  • an offset distance between the fiber ends is stepwise adjusted using a cascade technique.
  • the method may be used in a procedure for core alignment, the predetermined reference positions then being the positions of the cores of the fiber ends such as the positions of the center lines or axes of the cores.
  • the method may be used in a procedure in which the self-focusing effect of optical fibers is , used for finding the reference positions, which in this case are the positions of the center lines or axes of the total fiber ends, i.e. center lines or axes of the surfaces of the claddings of the optical fiber ends.
  • the method may be used for the longitudinal positioning of the fiber ends in which the gap between the end surfaces of the fiber ends is set to a desired value.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of some main components of an imaging system for capturing pictures of an optical fiber included in a fiber splicer
  • - Fig. 2 is a typical picture of an SMF taken using the imaging system of a fiber splicer
  • - Fig. 3 is a graph of a light intensity profile extracted from Fig. 2
  • - Fig. 4 is a diagram of a ray tracing simulation where light passes through an SMF
  • Figs. 5a, 5b are pictures taken at self-focusing planes for a round and an octagon 400 ⁇ m LMA- DCF, respectively, using the imaging system of a fiber splicer,
  • - Fig. 6 is a graph of a light intensity profile extracted from Fig. 5 a
  • - Fig. 7 is a graph of the first derivative of truncated Gaussian profile of Fig. 6.
  • - Fig. 8 is a graph of light intensity profiles determined for a 400 ⁇ m octagon LMA-DCF
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating a principle for determining a core offset
  • - Fig. 10a is a flow chart of an alignment process for optical fiber ends based on the self-focusing effect
  • - Fig. 10b is a flow chart of a process for determining the position of the center line in pictures of an optical fiber end taken using the self-focusing effect
  • Fig. 10c is a flow chart of an alignment process for optical fiber ends using a cascade method based on the self-focusing effect
  • Fig. 1Od is a flow chart of an alignment process for optical fiber ends based on pictures showing cores of ends
  • FIG. 11a is a schematic of a fiber splicer in which main components of the imaging system are drawn
  • FIG. 1 Ib is a schematic of a fiber splicer in which also main electrical components are drawn
  • - Fig. 12a is a block diagram of an alignment unit using a center-focus method
  • - Fig. 12b is a block diagram of an alignment unit using a cascade method
  • - Fig. 12c is a block diagram of an alignment unit using a core alignment method
  • - Fig. 13a is a photograph or picture, as captured by the imaging system of a fiber splicer, of two fiber ends to be spliced to each other, using the best setting of the imaging system for the left fiber end to perform a center-focus alignment operation
  • - Fig. 13b is a photograph or picture, as captured by the imaging system of a fiber splicer, of two fiber ends to be spliced to each other, using the best setting of the imaging system for the left fiber end to perform a core alignment operation
  • - Fig. 14a is a photograph or picture, as captured by the imaging system of a fiber splicer, of the ends of two optical fibers having different diameters to be spliced to each other, using the best setting of the imaging system for the left, thinner fiber end for performing a core alignment operation,
  • Fig. 14b is a photograph or picture similar to Fig. 14a using the best setting of the imaging system for the right, thicker end for performing a core alignment operation
  • - Fig. 15a is a photograph or picture, as captured by the imaging system of a fiber splicer, of the ends of two optical fibers having different diameters to be spliced to each other, using the best setting of the imaging system for the left, thinner fiber end for performing an alignment operation using a center-focus method, and
  • - Fig. 15b is a photograph or picture similar to Fig. 15a using the best setting of the imaging system for the right, thicker end for performing an alignment operation using a center-focus method.
  • a method for splicing two optical fiber ends with each other will be described herein as executed in a fiber splicer, such as in e.g. an automatic fiber splicer.
  • a method for executing a multiple-step displacement operation for placing the fiber ends in a desired geometric relation with each other will be described, where this method is mainly described as a part of procedures of aligning the fiber ends with other.
  • a conventional automatic fusion splicer for splicing optical fibers to each other basically has at least one image capturing system that typically includes a collimated light source 1, such as a light emitting diode 3 (LED) and a collimator 5, issuing a collimated light beam to an imaging system 6 including an optical system 7 in turn including e.g. a multiple-lens package, an image capturing device 9, e.g. a plate of the charged-coupled device (CCD) type, and an electronic image processing and analyzing unit 11, also called an image unit.
  • the collimated light source, the imaging system and their components are located to have a common optical axis 12.
  • the imaging system 6 is designed so that the object plane 15 of the optical system is movable in relation to the object to be imaged.
  • the object is an optical fiber 13 which actually in most cases includes two adjacent ends of two optical fibers to be spliced to each other.
  • the optical fiber has a cladding 14 and most frequently also a core 14'.
  • the optical system images only objects located in the object plane to sharp images captured by the image capturing device in an image plane that here is the front surface of the image capturing device 9.
  • the displacement of the object plane is typically made by moving the optical system 7 backwards and forwards with respect to the fiber 13 that may be assumed to have a well defined reference position.
  • the positions of the light source 1 and of the image capturing device 9 are fixed, whereas the optical system 7 is movable.
  • the object 13 can be moved but for the alignment this movement only occurs in a plane perpendicular to the optical axis 12 which also is called the current viewing direction.
  • the object plane 15 can also be considered as the observation plane when observing the object such as an optical fiber, the terms object plane and observation plane thus denoting the same thing and used herein alternatingly with each other.
  • Fig. 2 is a typical picture of a single mode fiber (SMF) that can also be considered as including images of the ends of single mode fibers (SMF) of the same kind, separated at a splicing line 18, captured for such a position of the object plane.
  • SMF single mode fiber
  • the picture observed or captured contains distinct horizontally elongated or longitudinal fields, also called longitudinal regions, longitudinal areas, longitudinal image areas, etc., having different light intensities or brightnesses, respectively, these two latter terms being used herein alternatingly with each other to indicate the same kind of information.
  • the brightness in a captured picture is typically measured as grey-scale levels.
  • the light intensity profile also called a transverse intensity distribution
  • the brightness is the brightness, also called light intensity as mentioned above, measured in a captured picture along a line substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the image of a fiber as a function of the position along the line, most often as function of the vertical position in conventionally captured pictures in which the fiber or the fiber ends has/have a horizontal orientation as in Fig. 2.
  • the positions and brightnesses of the various fields in the observed/captured pictures and in particular the light intensity profiles may be carefully observed and analyzed, such as by the image processing and analyzing unit 11.
  • the light intensity profile measured at the line 17 in Fig. 2 is drawn in the diagram of Fig. 3 in which it can be observed that the profile includes a well-resolved five-peak structure, the five peaks corresponding to five distinct fields in Fig. 2 that are surrounded by fields having smaller brightnesses/light intensities.
  • the two outside peaks p o i, p or represent the upper and lower, outer edges of the cladding 14, as seen from or by the imaging system 6.
  • the distance W2 between the images of the upper and lower edges of the cladding in the picture is proportional to the physical cladding diameter of the imaged fiber 13 where the proportional constant is mainly determined by the magnification of the optical system 7.
  • a ray tracing simulation for an SMF has been performed, see the diagram of Fig. 4, where thus the cladding 14 is assumed to have a constant or uniform refractive index different from the constant refractive index of the core 14'.
  • the fiber end 13 is assumed to be illuminated by collimated light, i.e. a parallel light beam, as illustrated in Fig. 1.
  • the simulation is accomplished by repeatedly applying the well-known Snell's law. Light hitting the fiber 13 is refracted at the boundaries of the fiber to air and also inside the fiber if it passes regions having different or varying refractive indices.
  • the fiber can be considered to work as a cylindrical optical lens, this fact called the "lens effect".
  • the optical axis 12 of the imaging system 6 and hence the observation direction assumed to be horizontal the light refracted inside fiber 13 and the background light together indicate the edges of the fiber, which results in the images of the upper and lower edges of the cladding 14, i.e. two outermost peaks p o i, p or shown in Fig. 3. These two peaks correspond to the two horizontal strip-shaped regions r o i, r ou seen in Fig. 2 having a brightness exceeding the surrounding black or nearly black regions.
  • the strong refraction of light inside the fiber results also in two areas including no rays. These two areas correspond to the "black areas" r- b i, V bn inside the image of fiber 13, cf. Fig. 2, and the regions bi, b r in the intensity profile of Fig. 3.
  • a central strip-shaped composite region r 3c can be observed that has a brightness significantly exceeding that of the surrounding black regions ry and rt, u and is composed of three distinct regions, lower and upper bright regions r cl , r cu and a central bright region r c , these regions separated from each other by two narrow regions r s i, r su having somewhat smaller brightnesses.
  • the central composite region corresponds to a characteristic three-peak central structure p 3c that can be observed in light intensity profiles derived from the corresponding pictures, the central bright region r c corresponding to a center peak p o and the lower and upper, central bright regions r o i, Tcu corresponding to side peaks p c i, p or . It is clear that the central bright region r 0 and the center peak p c in the corresponding central structure p 3o can be attributed to the contribution from the refracted light that has undergone double refractions, whereas the lower and upper central bright regions r o i, r ou and the corresponding two side peaks p c i, p cr are formed by light passing the cladding 14 only.
  • the central bright region r c and the center peak p c contain information about the core, the center peak called the "core image peak”.
  • the two side peaks p c i, p cr also called satellite peaks, in the central structure are called “cladding image peaks”.
  • the degree of separation between the three central bright fields and correspondingly between the core image peak and the cladding image peaks is mainly determined by the difference between the refractive index of the core 14' and that of the cladding 14, which in turn is determined by the type of dopants and the concentration of dopants in the core and the cladding, and the design of the optical system 7. It can also be directly seen from Fig. 4 that the width Wl of the central composite bright field in Fig. 2 and correspondingly of the three-peak structure in the center of the profile, see Fig. 3, changes with changing the position of the object plane 15 of the optical system 7. In general, the smaller the distance between the core 14' and the object plane is, the larger is the width Wl .
  • the first parameter Hl represents the total contrast of the center bright field r c , i.e. the difference between the maximum brightness in the center field and the average brightness of regions where only stray or "noise" light can be observed, such as in the black fields ⁇ u, r t , u in Fig. 2.
  • the first parameter Hl is the maximum value of the core image peak p c with respect to the level of stray light, i.e. the level of light intensity in the "black areas" b l5 b r mentioned above.
  • the position of the object plane 15 of the optical system 7 affects the magnitude of the parameter Hl.
  • the second parameter H2 represents the local contrast of the center bright field r 0 , i.e. the difference between the maximum brightness in the center field and the mean of the minimum brightnesses of the two surrounding separating narrow darker fields r s i, r su in the central composite bright field r 3c .
  • the second parameter H2 is the contrast of the core image peak and may be defined as the difference between the maximum of the core image peak p c and the mean value of the two minimums mi, m r adjacent to the core image peak.
  • the pictures having highest values of the second parameter H2 are the best ones for observing the core image, and hence the corresponding position of the object plane is the best for observing the core image.
  • the values of the two parameters Hl and H2 may be taken as criteria in alignment processes, such as in a core alignment process, as will be described hereinafter.
  • This method includes four key procedures or four key steps, including: - Performing a center-focus alignment process by using the lens-effect of the fiber - this process can also be used separately and also for fibers having no core.
  • Fig. 4 it can be derived that for observation planes perpendicular to the observation axis 12 the central composite bright field having three distinct bright fields in the image of the fiber and the three-peak structure in corresponding light intensity profiles can be observed in observation planes located at places where light has passed the core 14' of fiber 13 and that the intensity of the central bright field and the corresponding core image peak, represented by the value of the first parameter Hl, increases with increasing the distance of light propagation from the light source.
  • the value of the total contrast Hl reaches its highest value for observation planes at the position indicated by "c" where the central composite bright field degrades into a central field having no distinct inner fields and the three-peak structure in the light intensity profiles degrades into a one-peak structure.
  • Figs. 5a and 5b are pictures taken with the object plane 15 located at the self-focusing positions for a 400 ⁇ m round LMA-DCF and a 400 ⁇ m octagon Yb-doped LMA-DCF, respectively. It can be seen that very similar images as to the "white-zone", i.e. the central region of the respective picture having a relatively large brightness/high light intensity, are found for these two fibers.
  • the light intensity distribution of the "white-zone” is extracted from Fig. 5 a and a line 19 indicates the position of the extraction.
  • the light intensity distribution is plotted in Fig. 6. It can be reminded that for the self-focusing effect the refraction of light in the core 14' has no importance and that thus this effect appears also for fibers having no core.
  • the central peak c p has similarities to a truncated Gaussian profile. This corresponds to the fact that the central bright region r 0 in the image of the fiber, see Fig. 5a, has a highest and constant brightness in a field along its center line.
  • a detailed analysis demonstrates that said center line and the center of the truncated profile fit very well to the center of the cladding of the fiber, which can be explained by the high symmetry of the cross-section of the claddings in all commercial optical fibers.
  • the lens-effect of fiber self-focusing can be used to develop a "quasi-cladding alignment" process without requiring information about the position of cladding edges in captured pictures.
  • This alignment process is the so-called "center-focus alignment".
  • the concept of "center-focus” was first introduced in the Ericsson FSU975PM-A splicer, cf. FSU975 PM-A, User's Manual, 94ST005R1D, 1998, p. 39. The process was developed to establish a reference position of the imaging system for taking the profile of polarization observation by lens-effect tracing, i.e. the POL profile, cf. the cited U.S. patent 5,572,313.
  • the concept of "center-focus” is further developed for use in the process of a center-focus alignment procedure.
  • the self-focusing position of the considered fiber 13 has to be found. It may be done by evaluating the central bright field for changing positions of the object plane 15 and in particular by carefully analyzing, for such changes, the truncated center profile, e.g. assuming that it is a truncated Gaussian. Since the truncation of the central peak clearly indicates saturation of the imaging system 6 and in particular of the light sensitive device 9, the top portion of the peak having been removed by the saturation effect, the light intensity profile of the truncated structure can thus be easily identified.
  • the truncation or saturation of the observed light intensity or brightness is obviously identical to the fact that the light intensity or brightness in some region is larger than a predetermined value that may be relative high compared e.g. to the contrast values Hl, H2 discussed above for the case where a central composite relatively bright field is observed or a three-peak structure in the corresponding light intensity profile.
  • One way to find the positions in which saturation and truncated structures are obtained is to measure the maximum brightness HM or the maximum value of the light intensity profile and compare it to the saturation threshold SAT of the imaging system 6, e.g. a grey-scale value of 255 in a typical device used for exploring this effect, the saturation threshold then being the relatively high predetermined value mentioned above. It is realized that saturation may occur in a relative wide range near the self-focusing position "c" of the considered fiber.
  • the total contrast value Hl or the corresponding average Hl av can obviously be used also for the case where only a single central bright longitudinal field is obtained in images of a fiber end in captured pictures to find a range in which or an object plane position in which a search for a more accurate location of the self-focus plane.
  • the condition for obtaining saturation for the central bright area is then equivalent to the condition Hl > SAT where SAT is the saturation level of the image capturing device 9.
  • SAT is a predetermined quantity and is equivalent to a predetermined threshold value.
  • the condition Hl av > SAT can also be used or generally HM > Hl h ig h (Hl > Hlhigh or Hlav > Hlhigh) where Hlhi g h is a suitably chosen, relatively high threshold value and Hl av is the average relative brightness in the central field.
  • a pre-process for a fast searching of a preliminary object plane position may be started.
  • the searching may start from a well- defined reference position of the object plane, that e.g. may be taken at a location at or at a relatively small distance of the side of the optical fiber end that faces the optical system, said distance being small e.g. in relation to the diameter of the considered fiber end 13.
  • the object plane 15 of the optical system 7 is moved away from the fiber end, pictures are continuously taken, the corresponding HM- values (Hl -values or H l th - values) are derived by e.g.
  • the pre-process is terminated and the current position of the object plane is the start position for the next process.
  • a range for the location of the object plane in which the next procedure for determining the self- focus position will be started or searched may be determined, the object plane positions inside the range all fulfilling the mentioned condition. If e.g. such a range is determined, the start position, also called a first position, for the next procedure may be somewhere inside the range such as in the middle thereof.
  • the additional process may be started after having first found the region or at least one position of the object plane in which saturation and hence truncated center profiles are obtained, or generally in which the observed light intensity or brightness is larger than the mentioned relatively high predetermined value.
  • Searching the minimum width Wl 1nJn may then be done by moving the object plane 15 of the imaging system 6 backwards and forwards around a position in which a truncated center profile has been found, continuously taking images during the movement and measuring in real time the width Wl of the truncated center profile.
  • the term "continuously” may herein be taken to mean as conventional that images are taken and analyzed repeatedly with relatively short time intervals or with the object plane moved with relatively small, predetermined steps, i.e. in steps having some predetermined length.
  • ⁇ l is a predetermined value or predefined constant, also called a threshold value, that may be set to be typically equal to 0.1 ⁇ m.
  • the value Wl m i ⁇ is usually well defined for an optical fiber of a given type.
  • the center Cl of the central bright field r c and of the truncated center profile p c approximately represents or indicates the center of the cladding 14 of the fiber, which may be used to perform a "quasi-cladding alignment" of the two optical fibers actually imaged.
  • a light intensity profile e.g. a method involving analysis of the derivative of the profile.
  • a method involving analysis of the derivative of the profile e.g. a method involving analysis of the derivative of the profile.
  • Fig. 7 the first derivative of the truncated center profile of Fig. 6 is plotted. It can be seen that two centrally located strong peaks p cp , p cn are superposed on noise. The distance between these positive and negative peaks in the plot of Fig. 7 obviously gives a precise measure of the profile width Wl.
  • core alignment is used. Therefore, the process of "center-focus alignment” can in principle be used to replace the process of real core alignment to align fibers of high quality.
  • LDFs refers to fibers having cladding diameters larger than 300 ⁇ m, typically in the range of 300 - 1000 ⁇ m, compared to standard SMFs having a diameter of 125 ⁇ m.
  • the width Wl of the central truncated peak or of the central bright field in the self-focusing region is typically a factor 5 - 10 smaller than the width of the cladding diameter in the captured pictures, see Figs. 5a and 5b, which implies that, using the method of center-focus alignment, alignment can be performed without requiring an advanced imaging system having an image sensor of relatively large dimensions, in particular in the height direction for conventional orientations of fibers and pictures of fibers, and/or an optical system having a zoom function.
  • the center-focus alignment is a cost effective solution for aligning LDFs in fusion splicers.
  • LMA-DCFs due to primarily technical reasons and the rather complicated processes in manufacturing LMA-DCFs it is still difficult to manufacture LMA-DCFs of a high quality.
  • the typical eccentricity of an LMA-DCF is usually about 1 - 2 ⁇ m, which is a factor 5 larger than that of conventional SMFs.
  • the quality of splices is not consistent when using methods based on aligning the claddings. This results from the fact that the core offset varies randomly, depending on the azimuthal orientation of the fibers to be spliced to each other.
  • the final core offset in the splice can vary between 0 and 4 ⁇ m.
  • the variation of the initial core offset results in a corresponding significant variation of splice loss from one splice to another.
  • core alignment can improve splices for LMA-DCFs and possibly also other optical fibers having a large eccentricity.
  • core alignment does not guarantee low splice losses for fibers having a large eccentricity. Due to the effect of eccentricity, an axial offset or lateral offset, also called transverse offset, between the cladding surfaces of the fibers to be spliced appears when the cores of the two fibers are accurately aligned with each other.
  • the fibers intend to mimmize the axial offset due to the viscous self-centering effect of molten material, typically some glass, i.e. the so-called surface-tension effect.
  • the process of center-focus alignment may not be suitable for LMA-DCFs having a large eccentricity, it can however at least serve as a pre- alignment process for developing an advanced core alignment process for LMA-DCFs.
  • the process of center-focus alignment as described above can approximately position the LMA-DCFs with a relatively small core offset in relation to each other. It implies that the analyzing range for finding the core image could be significantly reduced without knowing the position of the cladding edges in the pictures taken.
  • a core-alignment process, based on this fact, that is particularly suitable for LMA-DCFs but also applicable to fibers of other types, not requiring the use of a complicated and advanced imaging system, will now be described.
  • the profile c is characterized by "saturation" in the central peak p c and is immediately identified, this profile taken with the object plane at the position "c" for "fiber self- focusing".
  • the profile b is taken with the object at position "b" where the core image is well resolved so that the central three-peak structure p 3c can be observed though the cladding peaks p s i, p sr suffer from a high level of "noise”.
  • the profile a is taken with the object plane at position "a” where the profile is centrally quite flat. However, the core image p c is still well resolved and is characterized by two inverted peaks pu, p; r with the "minimum intensities”.
  • Detailed studies show that, for fibers of a given type and well-defined settings of the imaging system 6, the corresponding upper and lower limits are almost the same.
  • a suitable value of the threshold Hl t h can be defined as the average value of the upper and lower limits of the range in which the three-peak structure is well resolved and it should generally be smaller than or preferably significantly smaller than the saturation level SAT, or equivalently compared to Hl h i gh , of the image capturing sensor 9 used.
  • the upper and lower limits are 60 and 120 grey scales, respectively, as mentioned above.
  • the threshold values for fibers of different types can be experimentally determined and/or be determined by educated guesses. For instance, according to the basic mechanism of core-image formation, see Fig. 4, a reasonable position for setting the object plane 15 of the imaging system 6 to obtain Hl th is near the side or surface of the cladding 14 where light leaves the fiber 13.
  • the well-resolved three- peak structure may be usually defined by a minimum accepted value H2 m i n of the local core-peak contrast H2.
  • H2 m i n may typically be set to be a factor 2 higher than that of the noise level, i.e. H2 n ⁇ in can be set to 4 grey scale levels in the example given and generally the value of H2 m i n should not be smaller than this value.
  • a pre-process for a fast searching of an object plane position giving the three-peak structure in captured pictures may be started.
  • the searching may start from a well-defined reference position of the object plane, that e.g. may be taken as the self-focusing plane of the considered optical fiber end 13 or generally at a location remote of or at relatively large distance of the side of the optical fiber end that faces the optical system.
  • the object plane 15 of the optical system 7 is moved towards the core 14' of the fiber 13, pictures are continuously taken, the corresponding Hl -values are extracted by real-time analysis of the intensity profiles and compared to Hlth- If the condition Hl ⁇ Hl th is found to be fulfilled, the pre-process is terminated and the current position of the object plane is the start position for the next process.
  • an average total contrast Hl av may be used, the average total contrast defined as the difference between average brightness in the central composite bright field r 3c and the brightness in the adjacent black regions ry, r br in captured pictures or equivalently between the average light intensity in the central three-peak structure p 3o and the light intensity in the adjacent black areas hi, b r in the intensity profiles derived from the captured pictures.
  • H1 - Hl th l ⁇ ⁇ 6 or (Hl t h - Hl) ⁇ 56 may be used where 66 is a suitably chosen, relatively small predetermined value to select a position of or range for object plane at/in which the next procedure for determining a best position will be started or searched. If e.g. such a range is determined, the start position for the next procedure may be somewhere inside the range such as in the middle thereof.
  • the best position for determining the position of the core 14' in the pictures taken will be determined. It is clear that the best object plane position for the imaging system 6 to give pictures from which the position of the core 14' can be determined is the position in which the local core-contrast H2 has its highest value H2 max , since, at the object plane position for H2 max , the best resolved structure of the core-image peak is obtained. To find the object plane position giving the value H2 max , the value of the local core contrast H2 can be maximized by moving the object plane 15 backwards and forwards around the position in which the total core-peak contrast in the pictures taken is approximately equal to Hl th .
  • H2 max - H2 the condition (H2 max - H2) ⁇ 52 for an object plane position is fulfilled, where the constant 52 is a predetermined value or pre-defined constant, typically 1 - 2 grey scales in the apparatus used for testing the method.
  • the value of H2 max can be derived experimentally.
  • the best focusing or object plane position may significantly vary from one system to the other, resulting in variation of the image quality from one splicer to the other.
  • a rigorous checking of the tolerances of optical components is necessary, which significantly increases manufacturing costs.
  • the best position for observing the core of a fiber is dynamically determined and optimized for the individual imaging system 6.
  • the demands on the manufacture of the optical lenses could be reduced.
  • the core-image is well separated/resolved from the two side "cladding peaks".
  • the negative contributions of the cladding peaks to the core peak are minimized in this position, such negative contributions e.g.
  • the transverse offset may e.g. be determined from positions of the cores of the two fibers, in particular of the centers of the cores, in the picture or from positions of the center lines mentioned above.
  • the position of a core 14' or of a center line in a picture may in turn be obtained from a single point in the image of the core or center line, such a single point then located at a suitable, relatively small distance from the image of the end surface of the fiber.
  • the offset as observed by the imaging system is finally determined from the difference between obtained positions in the transverse direction.
  • the position of a core or center line may be obtained from determined positions of a plurality a points taken in the image of the core or center line, such points e.g. having a suitably chosen constant spacing and located at increasing distances from the image of the end surface, the point closest to the image of the end surface also then located at a suitable, relatively small distance from the image of the end surface of the fiber.
  • the determined positions of the points, in the transverse direction may then be fitted to a straight line by a suitable method, e.g. some standard method as the method of "linear regression fitting".
  • the two straight lines are extended up to the splice point or more accurately, up to the plane where the splice is intended to be made, this plane being an intended splice line in the pictures.
  • the transverse core offset in the pictures taken can be determined, such as by forming the distance or difference between the intersections points.
  • the process of using a plurality of determined points for each fiber end to find an offset or distance is schematically illustrated in Fig. 9.
  • the position of a core 14' or of a center line may be determined from a single intensity profile located at a suitable, relatively small distance from the image of the end surface of the fiber.
  • it may give a higher accuracy to determine the position of the core or center line from a plurality of intensity profiles, taken at lines located at increasing distances of the image of the end surface.
  • many samples of intensity profiles along the fiber end may be taken, e.g. 20 samples with an interval of 5 ⁇ m from the image of the end surface, also called cleave end, of the considered fiber.
  • the center position of the core peak or the central peak for each sample intensity profile is determined. Methods for determining the center position of the core peak or generally of a central peak will be discussed below.
  • These center positions may as above be fitted to a straight line by a suitable method, e.g. some standard method as the method of "linear regression fitting".
  • the two fibers are usually watched or imaged in two viewing planes, herein taken as perpendicular to X- and Y-viewing directions, that in most cases are perpendicular to each other but in some devices may have another angle to each other.
  • the viewing directions are perpendicular to and the viewing planes are parallel to the longitudinal direction of the parallel fiber ends positioned and clamped in the device, this longitudinal direction taken as the Z-direction.
  • the real or actual physical offsets DX, DY can be calculated from the magnification of the optical system 7.
  • the offset DX is the offset seen in the viewing direction X and the offset DY is the offset seen in the viewing direction Y.
  • the images of the end surfaces, in suitable ones of the pictures taken may similarly be fitted to two straight lines, using e.g. the method of linear regression. Then the average distance between the two straight lines is determined or calculated, this distance taken to be the distance between end surfaces in the pictures taken. From this distance ⁇ Z determined in the pictures, the real or actual offset DZ between the end surfaces in the Z-direction can be calculated as above, using the magnification of the optical system 6.
  • the alignment process is straightforward.
  • the longitudinal offset DZ between the end surfaces of the two the fibers in the Z-direction, that extends in parallel to the longitudinal direction of the clamped fiber ends, is first adjusted to obtain approximately the value of a well defined gap distance DG within a pre-defined threshold 53.
  • the offset DX or DY as seen in a first one of the transverse viewing directions is minimized by activating accordingly the motor 33 for moving the respective fiber fixture 31 parallel to this viewing plane, see the detailed description of Figs. 11a and l ib below, and hence the fiber end held by the fixture is moved in the same plane.
  • This movement can be made using e.g. a constant step having a value, that then should be very small, i.e.
  • the cascade technique refers to the use of a special algorithm for reducing the offsets in the Z-direction and as observed in the X-, Y-directions.
  • This algorithm includes using steps of successively smaller values when the respective fixture 31 and fiber end, all of the steps taken in the same direction for reducing the offset to a smallest possible value.
  • Such successively smaller values may in one example be taken according to an exponentially decaying function, but other decaying functions can be used, the actual function used chosen e.g. depending on the required speed until the offset is minimized.
  • an algorithm using a half-step cascade to reduce the offset may in some cases be a good choice.
  • the offset in the picture after each step is determined, then it is determined if the offset, or the corresponding physical offset between the fiber ends, has been sufficiently minimized, i.e. is smaller than a predetermined value 54 or 55 for the offsets ⁇ X or ⁇ Y, respectively, and then moving the fixture 31 by a new step having a value calculated to reduce the now determined offset to half its value.
  • the offset is smaller than the predefined value, the process for alignment in the considered viewing direction is terminated. Thereafter, the same process is executed for the other viewing direction. Finally, if required, a picture can be captured in the first viewing direction to check that the offset as determined therein still is sufficiently small.
  • the fibers can be spliced to each other.
  • the constants 54 and 55 are determined by the accuracy of the mechanical system. Typical values of these two constants are 0.1 ⁇ m for the physical offsets or the corresponding values calculated for offsets in the captured pictures, obtained from the magnification of the optical system 7 and, for digital imaging, the density of pixels in captured pictures. A similar method may also be applied to setting the longitudinal offset DZ to the desired value DG.
  • the procedure for aligning or positioning in one view or in one direction according to the cascade method includes the following steps:
  • the constants ai, a 2 , ... can in this case be exponentially dependent on the real offset decreasing from larger values for large offsets to smaller values for smaller offsets.
  • the constants a ls a 2 , ... can have a large fixed value, e.g. 3/4, for offsets larger than a threshold value, and smaller fixed value, e.g. 1/2, for offset smaller than or equal to the threshold value.
  • G(x ;!/ ;a y ) is the j-th analytic function with fitting parameters a tJ
  • F 1 (X 1 ) is the z-th measured intensity of the core-image peak at the position X 1 with a measurement error-bar AF 1 .
  • the error-bar AF is estimated by the standard deviation, i.e. AF, « ⁇ F 1 (x, ) .
  • N is the total number of measurement points at X 1 .
  • C is a noise background of the image system and is assumed to be a variable constant
  • ⁇ is the number of fitting parameters varied during the fitting procedure.
  • the 5 integer n is the number of independent analytic functions used in the fitting procedure,
  • the Gaussian function may be a suitable analytic function to be used for modeling the profile where the core-image peak is located.
  • equation (1) can be reduced to:
  • G(XjJa 1 Ja 2 ) is the Gaussian function with fitting parameters a ⁇ and ⁇ 2 .
  • the parameters ⁇ i and ⁇ 2 stand for the expected center position of the highest peak in the profile and the full width to half maximum (FWHM) of the peak, respectively.
  • the best set of fitting parameters are those that maximize the probability of representing the measured data.
  • the fitting parameters giving a result of £ « 1 is searched for. By varying the fitting parameters using well-defined fitting loops and calculating the corresponding value of ⁇ , the value for representing the core-image peak is found.
  • the position of the core-image peak is given by a ⁇ : b es t-
  • the light contrast pro- file can in principle be represented by a set of elementary functions, such as quadratic, polynomial, logarithmic, exponential, etc.
  • the selection of analytic functions to be used depends mainly on the alignment accuracy and the time for executing the model calculations, Therefore, for a fiber of a given type, any functions fulfilling the demands on well-defined alignment accuracy and time should be considered as suitable functions for model calculations.
  • a typical example is the quadratic function that has in practice been successfully used for fast analyzing and determining the center of the core peak.
  • the alignment processes may be performed in different ways in order to finish some of the processes faster or to simplify the processes. It is generally obvious that if the "best" alignment positions as defined above for the two fibers in the respective process are sufficiently close to each other, it may be possible to use for the alignment procedure a single object plane position and pictures captured for this object plane position.
  • This single object plane position may then in some way be derived from the determined alignment positions, such as being the mean thereof, or even being the alignment position for one of the two fiber ends, this case thus requiring only the search for a the alignment position for one fiber end. Otherwise, separate pictures may have to be captured for each of the alignment positions and 5 evaluated.
  • the 20 fiber then may not have an optimum quality but, in most cases, the quality may be acceptable for making an accurate alignment, see the photograph of Fig. 14a, where the difference between the cladding diameters is actually 150 % of the diameter of the thinner fiber.
  • the best object plane position for the thicker fiber cannot be used since, if that object plane would be used, it would not be possible to observe the core 14' of the thinner fiber, see the photograph of Fig.
  • the optimum positions of the object plane 12 for each of the two fibers may instead be used, meaning that first the best position for one of the fiber ends is used to determine a reference position for 35 this fiber end in the image thereof, such as the position of the core 14' thereof, that then the best position for the other fiber end is used to determine the reference position thereof in the image thereof, that thereafter the offset, as viewed in the current one of the X- and Y-directions is calculated, and finally that the fiber ends are repositioned by a suitable displacement in the plane perpendicular to the current viewing direction, to minimize the calculated offset.
  • this method (c) is the general one, working for all cases, but it may require a time period of a significant length. The fact that it may be preferable to use this method for e.g. center-focus alignment appears from the photographs of Figs. 15a and 15b, where the best object plane positions are used for the thinner and thicker fiber - left and right fiber ends - respectively.
  • the selection of a suitable method as described under (a), (b) and (c) may, if the cladding diameters of the two fibers to be spliced can be automatically determined by the imaging system 6, 11, be automatically selected according to difference between the cladding diameters. Otherwise, a user may input some command for determining the method to be used and if desired or applicable, whether the image of the left or and right end fiber end will be used for the alignment process. More details of an automatic optical fiber splicer in which the methods described above can be executed are shown in Fig. 11a.
  • the fibers 13, 13' have their end regions located between points of electrodes 21, between which an electrical discharge 23 is generated for heating the fiber ends, the intensity of the electrical discharge being controlled by the intensity of the electrical current between the electrodes 21.
  • An optical system symbolized by lenses 7, compare also Fig. 1, depicts, in two perpendicular directions, the fiber end regions on the light sensitive areas 9 of two cameras, the light sensitive areas e.g. being plates carrying CCD-elements.
  • a digital imaging processing system 11 is provided for processing the electric signals from the light sensitive areas 9 and thereby to monitor the fibers 13, 13' used and the splicing procedure by controlling fiber positioning devices and the intensity of the electrode current.
  • the image processing system is connected to a monitor or display element 29 for showing pictures, such as one of the two pictures captured.
  • a picture of a particular type, as composed by the image processing system 11 may also show the splicing position between the fiber ends as viewed in the two perpendicular directions and positioned above each other.
  • the splicing device has fixtures or retainers 31, in which the end portions of the fibers 13, 13' are placed and firmly held during the positioning and the splicing.
  • the fixtures are movable in three orthogonal coordinate directions both in parallel to the longitudinal direction of the fibers, the Z-direction, and in two directions perpendicular to this direction, the X- and Y-directions.
  • the fixtures 31 are thus displaced along suitable mechanical guides, not shown, by control motors 33. Electric lines to the electrodes 21 and to the light sources 1, the motors 33 and the cameras 6, only one shown in this figure, extend from an
  • control circuit module 35 from driver circuits 39 and 41 respectively, and from a video interface 43 in the electronic circuit module 35.
  • the control lines to the cameras are used for displacing the object plane of the optical system included in the respective camera.
  • a suitable image signal is from the video interface 43 delivered to the image processing and image analysis unit 11.
  • the various procedural steps are controlled by a control circuit unit 45, e.g. including one or more suitable electronic microprocessors.
  • the control circuit 45 performs the procedural steps mentioned above and thus controls the displacement of the fiber ends in relation to each other by energizing the motors 33 in suitable displacement directions, and provides a signal to the image processing and image analysis unit 11 for starting analysis operations of different kinds of an obtained picture. Further, the control circuit 45 controls the time, when a fusion current is to be started to be provided to the electrodes 21 and the time period during which this current is to be delivered and the intensity of the current.
  • ends of the fibers 13, 13' are first clamped in the fixtures 31, the fiber ends are aligned using the light sources 1, cameras 6 and motors 33 as controlled by electronic circuit unit 35 and finally the ends are spliced by energizing the electrodes 21 so mat an electric discharge is created heating the fiber ends and thereby fusing them to each other.
  • a unit 193 in the control circuit unit 45 may be provided.
  • This unit may then include a subunit 194 for accessing the diameters of diameters of the two fiber ends, such as receiving values representing the diameters from e.g. manual input, or it may be adapted to command the imaging system 6 to capture a picture and the image unit 11 to determine such values from the captured image.
  • the unit 193 can include a subunit 195 for comparing the values of the diameters and a subunit 196 for making the very decision or choice.
  • the control circuit unit 45 may further include a general unit 197 for aligning using some determined optical settings and it can in turn include a subunit 198 for positioning the fiber ends in their longitudinal direction.
  • a general unit 197 for aligning using some determined optical settings and it can in turn include a subunit 198 for positioning the fiber ends in their longitudinal direction.
  • Other units included in the electronic circuit unit 35 and in the exemplary embodiment specifically described to be included e.g. in the control circuit unit 45 and the image unit 11 will be described below.
  • the various methods for finding suitable object plane positions and for positioning and alignment of optical fibers described above will now be briefly discussed with reference to the simplified program flow charts of Figs. 10a, 10b, 10c and 1Od and corresponding units included in the electronic circuit module 35.
  • the flow chart of Fig. 10a illustrates the major steps used in order to find the self-focusing position or the setting of optical system in which the self-focusing effect is achieved and the use thereof for aligning two fibers.
  • a selected viewing direction, the X- or Y-direction is used in all steps of the procedure.
  • a first step 201 the two fibers, the ends of which are held and clamped by the fixtures 31, are roughly prealigned.
  • the prealignment step may e.g.
  • a prealignment unit 51 in the control circuit 45 may control the motor or motors 33 to displace the fixtures 31 accordingly, as guided by pictures automatically taken by the camera 6 and analyzed by suitable units, not shown, of the image unit 11, the unit 51 then sending also appropriate commands to the video interface 43 and the image unit.
  • the procedure for finding the desired settings is started by entering a first subprocedure for finding a region in which the self-focusing position will then be searched. This is made by activating a general unit 53 for determining the self-focusing position and a unit 55 therein for executing the first subprocedure, i.e.
  • the imaging system 6 is set in a suitable initial position, also called start position, in this case so that the object plane 15 of the optical system 7 is placed near the side of the fibers that face the imaging system, this side called the proximate side. It can be executed by a corresponding unit 57 that sends appropriate signals, e.g. to the optical system 7 through the driver circuits 41, and if required, to the video interface 43 and the image unit 11 for checking that the desired proximate position has been achieved.
  • the setting procedure for a first of the held fiber ends as viewed in a selected direction is then started in a step 205, executed in a unit 59, in which a picture of the two adjacent fiber ends is taken.
  • the unit 59 then commands the video interface 43 accordingly and the captured picture is received by the image processing and analysis unit 11.
  • the height Hl that may be a relative height or a total contrast value as described above, of the center peak structure of the intensity profile for the image of the first fiber end in the captured picture is determined, this being activated by a unit 61 that commands a unit 63 in the image unit 11 to achieve an intensity profile from the image of the selected fiber end in the captured image and a unit 65 to determine the value Hl from the intensity profile.
  • a threshold value Hl h ig h valid for the type of " fibers to which the fiber belongs that has the fiber end from the image of which the intensity profile and the value Hl was derived is performed in a step 209, by a comparing unit 67, that for the threshold value Hl ⁇ gh uses a value taken from a table of parameters for fibers of different types stored in a memory place 69 in a memory 71, the type to which the fiber having the current fiber ends belongs being stored in memory place 73, see also Fig. lib.
  • a step 211 is performed in which the object plane 15 of the optical system 7 is displaced by a predetermined step or a step having a predetermined length away from the fibers in the selected viewing direction.
  • a unit 75 then sends a command to the imaging system 6 to change the setting of the optical system by a step of length si taken from a memory place 77. Then the steps 205, 207 and 209 are again performed, as executed by the respective units.
  • step 209 If it was determined in step 209 that the height Hl fulfils the condition, the first s ⁇ bprocedure is terminated and a second subprocedure is entered, by activating a unit 79 included in the unit 53 in the control circuit unit 45. Then, a step 213 is performed in which the width Wl of the central peak of the intensity profile for the image of the first fiber end is determined, this being controlled by a unit 81 in the unit 79 commanding a unit 83 in the image unit 11 to process the intensity profile that has already been determined by the unit 63. In a step 215 is then determined whether the determined width is sufficiently small, i.e.
  • the comparing operation is executed in a comparator 85 in the control unit 45 that takes the values Wl m i n and ⁇ l from the table in the memory place 69 and from a memory place 87 for storing predetermined maximum deviation values, respectively.
  • the setting of the imaging system is in a step 217 changed by a predetermined amount, i.e. an adjustment of the optical system 7 is made to displace the object plane 15 by a predetermined step s2, i.e. by a step having a predetermined length s2, this displacing being made starting from the new start position of the object plane found after leaving the first subprocedure, i.e. after the step 209 when the condition therein was fulfilled, and around, forth and back, around this position, hi practice, this changing of the setting can be made in the following way: 1. Select a direction, e.g. away from the selected fiber end.
  • the changing step can be commanded by unit 89 taking the value s2 of the step length from the memory place 77.
  • the step length s2 may preferably be smaller than the step length si used in previous subprocedure and even significantly smaller.
  • a picture in the selected viewing direction is again captured in a step 219, as commanded by a unit 91.
  • the step 213 is then performed again. If the width Wl is determined to be sufficiently small in step 215, the self-focus position of the object plane 15 has been reached and the second subprocedure is terminated.
  • the current setting of the optical system 7 may be stored in a step 221, as executed by unit 93 storing a value representing the setting in a memory place 95 associated with the selected fiber end.
  • the 5 position of the center of the center peak structure of the intensity profile may be determined in a step 223.
  • the execution of this step can be controlled by a unit 97 that sends a command to a unit 99 in the image unit 11 that performs the necessary calculations. For instance, the method using the derivative of the intensity profile as described
  • the object plane 15 can be displaced a little from the found position for self-focusing, such as by some predetermined step, i.e. a step having some predetermined length, in an arbitrary one
  • the center of the center peak may be determined from a plurality of intensity profiles taken from different parallel lines, perpendicular to the considered fiber end, as described with reference to Fig. 9 and/or for a few different positions of the object plane 15 around the found optimum one.
  • a captured picture/captured pictures may for example be as those illustrated in the flow chart of Fig. 10b.
  • step 223 After the position of the central peak in the intensity profile obtained from the image of the first fiber end has been determined in step 223, the same procedure, i.e. steps 203 - 223, is in a step 225 repeated for the other fiber end that is visible in the same pictures. This can be
  • a fiber end 25 controlled by unit 101 for selecting a fiber end, such as the left or right fiber end, using a memory place 103 for storing an indicator of the current fiber end the image of which is being or is to be analyzed.
  • a final step 227 the fiber ends held by the fixtures 31 are moved, by activating at least one of the motors 33, in the plane perpendicular to the selected viewing direction, by a step or distance determined from the determined positions of the centers of the central peaks in the
  • the fiber ends may in the moving operation be placed at a desired distance DX des , DY des of each other as observed in the selected viewing direction.
  • the moving step 227 can be executed and controlled by a unit 105 in the control unit
  • 35 45 that in turn can use a unit 106 for determining the offset between the two fiber ends as seen in the plane perpendicular to selected viewing direction, this unit e.g. calculating the difference between the positions determined in step 223 as calculated by the unit 99.
  • a unit 107 for selecting a viewing direction such as a horizontal or vertical viewing direction or a front or rear viewing direction, using a memory place
  • a procedure may be executed such as that illustrated by Fig. 10b involving a "defocusing" operation. It is as above assumed that a viewing direction has been selected.
  • a direction for displacing the object plane 15 of the optical system 7 is selected. This direction is either away from or towards the considered fiber end.
  • an intensity profile is determined along a first line in the image of the selected fiber end in a picture that has been previously captured.
  • the derivative of the intensity is then determined in a step 305 and the positive and negative peaks in the derivative that indicate the sides of the central peak are then determined in a step 307, see Fig. 7 and the description above referencing this figure.
  • the determination includes that the regions of these peaks are determined and in particular that the number of pixels, i.e. points or discrete arguments of the intensity profile function, in each such region is determined, see step 309. It is then asked in a step 311 whether these determined numbers are sufficient, such as that the numbers are larger than or equal td a predetermined number p, for obtaining, in a later step, a satisfactory determination of the positions for which the extreme values of positive and negative steps are taken.
  • a step 313 is performed in which it is asked whether the defocusing in the selected direction has been too far, i.e. whether the number of steps in the selected direction is larger than or equal to a predetermined number d. If this is true, the selected direction is changed in a step 315 and the object plane is displaced to its start position in a step 317. After this step, and also after step 313 in the case where the steps in the selected direction has not been too many, the object plane 15 of the optical system 7 is displaced, by a step having a length s3, in the selected direction in a procedural step 319. This is the "defocusing" step. In the next step 321 a picture is captured and thereafter the step 303 is again performed.
  • a step 323 is performed in which the positions of the extreme values or alternatively the centers of the positive and negative peaks in the derivative are determined.
  • a measure of the position of the center or the actual maximum of the central peak in the intensity profile is determined in a step 325 by taking the mean of the positions determined in the previous step.
  • the intensity profile is determined along another line in the captured picture, if a sufficient number of intensity profiles have not yet been determined and analyzed. Then, as performed earlier, the derivative of this intensity profile is determined in a step 329, the positive and negative peaks in the derivative are localized in a step 331, and then the step 323 is again performed.
  • an accurate position of the central peak in the image of the considered fiber end in the latest captured pictured is in a final step 333 determined in some suitable way, such as calculating the mean or average of the mean values as determined in step 325 or, in order to get a more accurate measure suitable for the alignment process, using the method of linear regression discussed above, fitting the determined mean values to a straight line and taking the position of the peak as the point where this straight line hits the splicing plane, the splicing plane generally being the plane perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the held fiber ends that extents through the points of the electrodes 21 and conceived as a vertical line in the captured pictures.
  • the procedure in the step 227 described with reference to Fig. 10a may be performed in a "cascade" manner, as illustrated by the steps of the flow-chart of Fig. 10c, and using units illustrated in Figs, l ib and 12b.
  • a first step 401 executed and controlled by a unit 121, the fiber ends are moved in relation to each other, in the plane perpendicular to a selected viewing direction, a distance to place them so that they sufficiently apart from each other. Then they are moved in the opposite direction to absorb mechanical play.
  • the fiber ends have to be relatively moved a distance of at least (P + ⁇ des + r) from a position of approximate alignment or prealignment away from each other and then the distance P in the opposite direction, where r is a small, predetermined quantity.
  • the optical system 7 of the imaging system or camera 6 is in step 403 set for taking a picture of a first one of the two fiber ends, e.g. by fetching information on the setting from one of the memory cells 95, or the memory cells 183 to be described hereinafter. This step can be executed by a unit 122.
  • a picture is taken, as commanded by a unit 123.
  • a reference position such as the position of the center of the central peak in the image of the considered fiber end in the captured picture or the position where the maximum of the central peak is located or the position of an end surface in the captured picture, is determined in a step 407, this step activated and controlled by a unit 127.
  • the unit 127 commands an appropriate unit in a unit 129 in the image unit 11 to determine the reference position, such as by activating the unit 99 described above to determine the position of the center peak or some other unit such as a unit 131 for determining the position where the central peak takes its maximum value or a unit 132 for determining the position of the end surface in the image of the first fiber end.
  • the unit 131 may e.g. use the Chi-Square fitting method described above.
  • steps 409, 411 and 413 the three preceding steps 403, 405 and 407 are repeated for the second fiber end. This can be executed by the same units as described for the three preceding steps, controlled by a unit 133 for selecting the fiber end the image of which is to be processed, the unit 133 e.g. using the memory cell 103.
  • the offset or distance ⁇ X, ⁇ Y or ⁇ Z between the determined reference positions in the images is determined in a step 415, this being executed in a unit 129.
  • the next step 417 it is asked whether the determined offset is sufficiently equal to a desired offset or distance value ⁇ Xdes, ⁇ Yd es or ⁇ Zd es , respectively, such as deviates from it by at most an amount 54 or 55.
  • This desired offset or distance value as obtained from the picture corresponds to a real, mechanical desired offset or distance value DXd es , DYdes or DZd es -
  • This step can be executed in a comparator 131 using the respective maximum deviation value 54, 55 taken from the memory place 87. If the result of the comparing operation is that the offset or distance is sufficiently close to the desired value, the procedure is terminated. Otherwise, a corresponding distance for mechanically moving the fiber ends in relation to each other is calculated in a step 419, executed in a unit 133, using a value of the magnification of the camera 6.
  • the calculated distance is reduced by a factor in the next step 421, in which a unit 135 takes a factor from a memory place 137, possibly a table, in which factors for use for different distances are stored.
  • the fiber ends are then moved in relation to each other in the plane perpendicular to the selected, considered viewing direction in a step 423, a distance or displacement step equal to the reduced, calculated step, this being controlled by a unit 139, in the same direction as in the last part of step 401 used to absorb the play.
  • the procedure is performed again, starting with step 403 and continuing to repeat the procedure until it is determined in step 417 that the offset determined from the pictures taken sufficiently with the desired value.
  • the corresponding mechanical offsets or distances DX, DY or DZ and the desired mechanical offsets or distances DX te) DY d ⁇ s or DZ des can be used, this requiring a calculation such as that performed in step 419.
  • the core alignment method will now be briefly described with reference to the flow-chart of Fig. 1Od and the units illustrated in Figs. 1 Ib and 12c.
  • the procedural steps of this method can be controlled by a core alignment unit 151.
  • a first step 501 the two fiber ends are prealigned, as e.g. executed by the unit 51 or by a unit 141 for executing the center-focus method, the unit 141 e.g. including the various units described above for executing this method.
  • the best object plane positions are determined by a unit 153.
  • a subprocedure for determining a suitable range in which the best possible position of 5 the object plane 15 will then be searched is started, or a suitable first position from or around which the best possible position of the object plane 15 will then be searched, this controlled by a unit 155.
  • the imaging system 6 is, for the selected viewing direction, in the second step 503 set to have its object plane 15 sufficiently remote of the fiber ends, i.e. at a relatively large distance thereof or in a distant position, this being executed by a unit 157 that sends appropriate
  • a picture is then captured in the selected viewing direction, as commanded by a unit 159, and in a step 507 the value Hl is determined for a selected one of the two held fiber ends, in the same way as described above for step 207.
  • a unit 161 controls the determination of the value Hl by sending control signals to the unit 63 for determining an intensity profile from the image of the selected fiber end in the captured image
  • the unit 161 may, in the same way as for many other units described herein, itself contain subunits, not shown, for executing one or more of the elementary steps such as said two steps included in the determination of Hl.
  • the determined value Hl is compared to the threshold value Hl th in step 509, this step executed by comparator 163 finding the value Hl th for the respective fiber type in the table stored in the memory place 69.
  • a step 511 is performed in which the object plane 15 of the imaging system 6 is moved towards the fiber ends, in the selected viewing direction, a predetermined step s4, i.e. by a step having a predetermined length s4. This step is executed by a corresponding unit 165 that accesses the value of s4 from the memory place 77. If it is determined in step 509 that the determined value
  • Hl is smaller than or equal to the predetermined threshold value Hl th the subprocedure for finding a suitable range or region or first position has been terminated.
  • Another subprocedure for finding the best object plane position for obtaining image produced by the core 14' is then entered, this being executed by a unit 167.
  • the value H2 is determined in step 513, as controlled by a unit
  • step 515 it is asked whether the determined value H2 is sufficiently high, i.e. deviates from the assumed maximum value H2 max by at most an amount 52. This is executed in a comparator 173, fetching the maximum value H2 max from the table stored in the memory place 69 and the deviation value ⁇ 2 from the memory place 87. If it is
  • a step 517 is performed in which the object plane 15 of the optical system 7 is moved forwards and backwards around the position that the object plane had when leaving the first subprocedure and entering the second subprocedure, i.e. when entering step 513, in the same way as described above for step 217 in Fig. 10a.
  • the movement is made in steps of the predetermined length s5, this length preferably being smaller, such as significantly smaller, than the predetermined step length s4 used in searching for the start position for this subprocedure of finding the best object plane position, see block 511.
  • the movement is controlled by a unit 177 retrieving the step length s5 from the memory place 77 and sending the appropriate commands to the imaging system 6. Then a picture is taken in the selected viewing direction, in step 519 and as controlled by a unit 179.
  • the second subprocedure is then performed again starting with step 513. If it is determined in step 515 that the value H2 is sufficiently high, this subprocedure is terminated.
  • the actual setting of the optical system 7 may now be stored in a step 521, such as commanded by a unit 181 storing the setting in the respective one of two memory places 183. Then the position of the center of or of the maximum of the center peak in the center peak structure or some equivalent quantity in the intensity profile may be determined in a step 523.
  • the execution of this step can be controlled by a unit 185 that sends a command to some unit included in the reference determining unit 129 that performs the necessary calculations.
  • the center of the center peak may be determined from a plurality of intensity profiles taken from different parallel lines, perpendicular to the considered fiber end, as described with reference to Figs. 9 and 10b.
  • step 523 After the position of the central peak in the image of the selected fiber end has been determined in step 523, the whole procedure including the steps 501 - 523 is in a step 525 repeated for the other of the two fiber ends that are visible in the same pictures, for the same selected viewing direction.
  • This can be controlled by unit 187 for selecting a fiber end, such as the left or right fiber end, using the memory place 103 for storing an indicator of the current fiber end the image of which is being or is to be analyzed.
  • a final step 527 the fiber ends held by the fixtures 31 are moved in relation to each other, by activating at least one of the motors 33, in the plane perpendicular to the selected viewing direction, by a distance determined from the determined positions of the central peaks in the images of the two fiber ends, to align the central peaks with each other, thereby achieving the desired core alignment as seen in the selected viewing direction, or possibly to place the cores at a desired distance of each other.
  • This step can be executed by a unit 189, using e.g. the "cascade method" as illustrated in Fig. 10c.
  • the unit can use a unit 191 for determining the offset between the two fiber ends as seen in the plane perpendicular to selected viewing direction, this unit e.g.
  • Fig. 10a the same procedural steps as illustrated in Fig. 1Od may then be performed for the other viewing direction, as controlled by the unit 107 for selecting a viewing direction, using the memory place 109 in which the indicator of the current viewing direction is stored.
  • the elementary units i.e. all units executing only a small, element step in the described procedures, illustrated in said figures can be all considered as only included in the electronic circuit unit 35 and not in the various main units executing processes including a plurality of element steps.

Abstract

Lors du positionnement ou de l'alignement d'extrémités de fibres optiques (13), l'une par rapport à l'autre, une distance de décalage entre les extrémités des fibres qui représente la distance entre des positions de référence prédéterminées des extrémités de fibres, est réglée progressivement au moyen d'une technique en cascade. Le procédé, qui peut être mis en oeuvre de manière précise et rapide, peut être utilisé p. ex. dans une procédure d'alignement des coeurs, les positions de référence prédéterminées représentant ensuite les positions des coeurs (14') des extrémités de fibres telles que les positions des lignes centrales ou des axes des coeurs. Le procédé peut également être utilisé dans une procédure dans laquelle l'effet d'autofocalisation des fibres optiques est utilisé pour trouver les positions de référence, qui, dans ce cas, coïncident avec les positions des lignes centrales ou des axes des extrémités de fibres totales, c.-à-d. les lignes centrales ou les axes des surfaces des gaines (14) des extrémités des fibres optiques. Le procédé peut en outre être utilisé pour le positionnement longitudinal des extrémités de fibres, l'intervalle entre les surfaces d'extrémité des extrémités des fibres étant fixé à une valeur voulue.
PCT/SE2006/001521 2005-12-30 2006-12-29 Positionnement de fibres optiques WO2007078244A1 (fr)

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US12/159,733 US7751665B2 (en) 2005-12-30 2006-12-29 Positioning optical fibers
CN2006800499511A CN101375191B (zh) 2005-12-30 2006-12-29 光纤的位置确定
EP06835928A EP1966639A1 (fr) 2005-12-30 2006-12-29 Positionnement de fibres optiques

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SE0502951-7 2005-12-30
SE0502951A SE529875C2 (sv) 2005-12-30 2005-12-30 Placering av optiska fibrer i läge

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