WO2007060405A2 - A seat cushion for absorbing shocks from exploding mines - Google Patents

A seat cushion for absorbing shocks from exploding mines Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007060405A2
WO2007060405A2 PCT/GB2006/004330 GB2006004330W WO2007060405A2 WO 2007060405 A2 WO2007060405 A2 WO 2007060405A2 GB 2006004330 W GB2006004330 W GB 2006004330W WO 2007060405 A2 WO2007060405 A2 WO 2007060405A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
seat
seat cushion
vehicle
foam material
base portion
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2006/004330
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2007060405A3 (en
Inventor
David James Burgess
Original Assignee
Constant Developments Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Constant Developments Limited filed Critical Constant Developments Limited
Publication of WO2007060405A2 publication Critical patent/WO2007060405A2/en
Publication of WO2007060405A3 publication Critical patent/WO2007060405A3/en

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60N—SEATS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES; VEHICLE PASSENGER ACCOMMODATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60N2/00—Seats specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement or mounting of seats in vehicles
    • B60N2/24—Seats specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement or mounting of seats in vehicles for particular purposes or particular vehicles
    • B60N2/42—Seats specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement or mounting of seats in vehicles for particular purposes or particular vehicles the seat constructed to protect the occupant from the effect of abnormal g-forces, e.g. crash or safety seats
    • B60N2/4207—Seats specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement or mounting of seats in vehicles for particular purposes or particular vehicles the seat constructed to protect the occupant from the effect of abnormal g-forces, e.g. crash or safety seats characterised by the direction of the g-forces
    • B60N2/4242—Seats specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement or mounting of seats in vehicles for particular purposes or particular vehicles the seat constructed to protect the occupant from the effect of abnormal g-forces, e.g. crash or safety seats characterised by the direction of the g-forces vertical
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60N—SEATS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES; VEHICLE PASSENGER ACCOMMODATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60N2/00—Seats specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement or mounting of seats in vehicles
    • B60N2/24—Seats specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement or mounting of seats in vehicles for particular purposes or particular vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60N—SEATS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES; VEHICLE PASSENGER ACCOMMODATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60N2/00—Seats specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement or mounting of seats in vehicles
    • B60N2/24—Seats specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement or mounting of seats in vehicles for particular purposes or particular vehicles
    • B60N2/42—Seats specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement or mounting of seats in vehicles for particular purposes or particular vehicles the seat constructed to protect the occupant from the effect of abnormal g-forces, e.g. crash or safety seats
    • B60N2/4249—Seats specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement or mounting of seats in vehicles for particular purposes or particular vehicles the seat constructed to protect the occupant from the effect of abnormal g-forces, e.g. crash or safety seats fixed structures, i.e. where neither the seat nor a part thereof are displaced during a crash
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60N—SEATS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES; VEHICLE PASSENGER ACCOMMODATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60N2/00—Seats specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement or mounting of seats in vehicles
    • B60N2/70—Upholstery springs ; Upholstery
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60N—SEATS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES; VEHICLE PASSENGER ACCOMMODATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60N3/00—Arrangements or adaptations of other passenger fittings, not otherwise provided for
    • B60N3/06—Arrangements or adaptations of other passenger fittings, not otherwise provided for of footrests

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a seat cushion and, more especially, this invention relates to a seat cushion for absorbing shocks from exploding mines.
  • Persons in vehicles need protection from the affects of exploding mines.
  • the protection may initially be afforded by designing the vehicles to have body and hull shapes that are able to reduce the overall affects of the enormous accelerations that occur on a person's body if the person is in the vehicle and the vehicle is subject to a mine blast, for example due to having driven over a mine.
  • the affects of mine blasts on persons within vehicles can be further reduced by the provision of specially designed seats.
  • the known seats which are especially designed to reduce the affects of mine blasts are usually such that they incorporate hydraulic or similar damping mechanisms between the floor of the vehicle and the base of the seat. The seats thus produced are inevitably heavy, and their ability to reduce the affects of mine blasts is limited due to the fact that the seat is still connected to the floor.
  • the known seat cushions are made from crushable energy- absorbing foam or from deformable foam with good-absorbing qualities.
  • the crushable energy-absorbing foam is the most efficient material for use in making the seat cushions. This is because the crushable energy- absorbing foam absorbs the acceleration and inertia of a mine blast before the affect of the mine blast acts on the person sitting on the seat, and in particular acts on the person's spine and head.
  • Known mine blast cushions that are made of the crushable energy-absorbing foam are produced from one piece of the foam. These cushions are easily damaged on their upper surface simply from wear and tear during normal use. The damage to the upper surface of the cushions occurs as a result of them being sat upon.
  • the cushions are often also trodden on, which hastens the damage to the upper surface of the cushions.
  • the cushions inflict high pressure points on the buttocks of persons sitting on the cushions, making the cushions uncomfortable to sit on for any length of time.
  • a seat cushion for absorbing shocks from exploding mines which seat cushion comprises a base portion which is made of a crushable energy-absorbing foam material, and an upper portion which is made of at least one resilient foam material.
  • the seat cushion of the present invention is such that the base portion is able to provide the required crushable energy-absorbing properties to deal with the shocks from exploding mines.
  • the upper portion is able to eliminate the excessive wear and damage that occurs with the above mentioned known seat cushions.
  • the upper portion is able to provide more comfort for a person sitting on the cushion.
  • crushable energy-absorbing foam material Any suitable and appropriate known type of crushable energy- absorbing foam material may be used for the base portion.
  • the crushable energy-absorbing foam material is rigid polyurethane foam material.
  • the resilient foam material may be a resilient polyurethane foam material.
  • the resilient foam material for the upper portion will usually be a single resilient foam material. However, if desired, resilient foam material of different densities may be employed.
  • the seat cushion of the present invention may include a protective sheet member which is secured to a lower face of the base portion.
  • the protective sheet member may be made of a metal, a plastics material, card, a film, or a laminate.
  • the protective sheet member may be secured to the lower face of the base portion by being stuck by an adhesive to the lower face of the base portion.
  • Other securing means may be employed for securing the protective sheet member to the lower face of the base portion.
  • the present invention also provides a seat when provided with the seat cushion of the invention.
  • the seat is advantageously one which includes a foot rest or foot rests for keeping a person's feet off a floor of the vehicle.
  • the present invention still further provides a vehicle comprising a seat of the invention.
  • the vehicle may be one in which the seat is secured to the vehicle other than by securing to a floor of the vehicle. This helps to protect a person sitting on the seat from the affects of a mine blast, especially if the mine blast occurs directly under the vehicle.
  • the seat is preferably secured to a wall or a bulkhead of the vehicle.
  • Figure 1 is a cross section through a seat cushion for absorbing shocks from exploding mines
  • Figure 2 is a perspective view of an inside part of a vehicle showing a row of seats of the present invention.
  • the seat cushion 2 for absorbing shocks from exploding mines.
  • the seat cushion 2 comprises a base portion 4 which is made of a crushable energy-absorbing foam material, and an upper portion 6 which is made of at least one resilient foam material.
  • the upper portion 6 is made of a first layer 8 and a second layer 10.
  • the resilient foam material employed for each of the first and second layers 8, 10 respectively may be polyurethane.
  • the polyurethane in each of the layers 8, 10 may be of the same density or of two different densities.
  • the crushable energy-absorbing foam material used for the base portion 4 may be rigid polyurethane foam
  • the seat cushion 2 includes a protective sheet member 12 which is secured by an adhesive to a lower face 14 of the base portion 4.
  • the protective sheet member 12 may be made of a metal, a plastics material, card, a film or a laminate.
  • the seat cushion 2 may be produced by moulding. More especially, the base portion 4 may be placed in the base of a cushion mould. The resilient foam material or foam materials to form the upper portion 6 is then poured or injected into the mould and allowed to set. After setting, the protective sheet member 12 is stuck to the lower face 14 using any suitable and appropriate adhesive. The seat cushion 2 can then be upholstered in an appropriate fabric (not shown).
  • Each seat 18 comprises a frame 20, backrest separators 22, seat separators 24 and head restrainers 26.
  • the seats 18 are secured by a securing frame 28 to a sidewall 30 of the vehicle 16.
  • the seats 18 have foot rests 32.
  • the seats 18 are supported off a floor 34 of the vehicle 16. Persons (not shown) sitting in the seats 18 do not have their feet resting on the floor 34 because their feet rest on the footrests 32.
  • the seats 18 are such that they have backrest portion 36 and seat portions 38.
  • the seat portions 38 are able to be provided with the seat cushions 2 shown in Figure 1.
  • the affects of a mine blast on persons sitting in the seats 18 is first of all minimised by the constructional design of the vehicle 16.
  • the mine blast affects are secondly minimised by the fact that the seats 18 are supported off the floor 16 of the vehicle 16.
  • the mine blast affects on the persons 18 are fourthly able to be absorbed due to the fact that the seats 18 are supported off the floor by their connection to the sidewall 30.
  • the mine blast affects on persons sitting on the seats 18 are fifthly minimised due to the fact that the persons will have their feet off the floor 34 of the vehicle 16 and on the footrests 32.
  • the seat cushions 2 will be comfortable to sit on due to the use of the upper portion 6 being made of one or more resilient foam materials. Also, the one or more resilient foam materials of the upper portion 6 will be able to protect the base portion 4 from damage that would otherwise occur during normal use. Thus the upper portion 6 is able to protect the base portion 4 from damage due to the seat cushions 2 being sat upon, or walked upon as may occur as military situations. The upper portion 6 is also effective to protect the base portion 4 from the effects of hard objects being carried by persons who may sit on the seat cushions 2 such that the hard objects press into the seat cushions 2. Thus the seat cushions 2 wear well in normal use.
  • the seat cushion 2 may have a cross-sectional design which is different from that shown in Figure 1.
  • the seats 18 may be of different designs to those shown in Figure 2.
  • each seat 18 may be provided with two individual foot rests, i.e. one for each foot of the person sitting on the seat 18.

Abstract

A seat cushion (2) for absorbing shocks from exploding mines, the seat cushion (2) comprises a base portion (4) which is made of a crushable energy-absorbing foam material, and an upper portion (6) which is made of at least one resilient foam material.

Description

A SEAT CUSHION FOR ABSORBING SHOCKS FROM EXPLODING MINES
This invention relates to a seat cushion and, more especially, this invention relates to a seat cushion for absorbing shocks from exploding mines.
Persons in vehicles need protection from the affects of exploding mines. The protection may initially be afforded by designing the vehicles to have body and hull shapes that are able to reduce the overall affects of the enormous accelerations that occur on a person's body if the person is in the vehicle and the vehicle is subject to a mine blast, for example due to having driven over a mine. The affects of mine blasts on persons within vehicles can be further reduced by the provision of specially designed seats. The known seats which are especially designed to reduce the affects of mine blasts are usually such that they incorporate hydraulic or similar damping mechanisms between the floor of the vehicle and the base of the seat. The seats thus produced are inevitably heavy, and their ability to reduce the affects of mine blasts is limited due to the fact that the seat is still connected to the floor.
Seat cushions for absorbing shocks from exploding mines are also known. The known seat cushions are made from crushable energy- absorbing foam or from deformable foam with good-absorbing qualities. The crushable energy-absorbing foam is the most efficient material for use in making the seat cushions. This is because the crushable energy- absorbing foam absorbs the acceleration and inertia of a mine blast before the affect of the mine blast acts on the person sitting on the seat, and in particular acts on the person's spine and head. Known mine blast cushions that are made of the crushable energy-absorbing foam are produced from one piece of the foam. These cushions are easily damaged on their upper surface simply from wear and tear during normal use. The damage to the upper surface of the cushions occurs as a result of them being sat upon. In the case of military vehicles, the cushions are often also trodden on, which hastens the damage to the upper surface of the cushions. In addition, due to the rigidity of the crushable energy-absorbing foam, the cushions inflict high pressure points on the buttocks of persons sitting on the cushions, making the cushions uncomfortable to sit on for any length of time.
It is an aim of the present invention to obviate or reduce the above mentioned problems with the seat cushions.
Accordingly, in one non-limiting embodiment of the present invention there is provided a seat cushion for absorbing shocks from exploding mines, which seat cushion comprises a base portion which is made of a crushable energy-absorbing foam material, and an upper portion which is made of at least one resilient foam material.
The seat cushion of the present invention is such that the base portion is able to provide the required crushable energy-absorbing properties to deal with the shocks from exploding mines. The upper portion is able to eliminate the excessive wear and damage that occurs with the above mentioned known seat cushions. In addition, the upper portion is able to provide more comfort for a person sitting on the cushion.
Any suitable and appropriate known type of crushable energy- absorbing foam material may be used for the base portion. Typically, the crushable energy-absorbing foam material is rigid polyurethane foam material.
Any suitable and appropriate type of resilient foam material may be used for the upper portion. Thus, for example, the resilient foam material may be a resilient polyurethane foam material.
The resilient foam material for the upper portion will usually be a single resilient foam material. However, if desired, resilient foam material of different densities may be employed.
The seat cushion of the present invention may include a protective sheet member which is secured to a lower face of the base portion.
Any suitable and appropriate protective sheet member may be employed. The protective sheet member may be made of a metal, a plastics material, card, a film, or a laminate.
The protective sheet member may be secured to the lower face of the base portion by being stuck by an adhesive to the lower face of the base portion. Other securing means may be employed for securing the protective sheet member to the lower face of the base portion.
The present invention also provides a seat when provided with the seat cushion of the invention. The seat is advantageously one which includes a foot rest or foot rests for keeping a person's feet off a floor of the vehicle.
The present invention still further provides a vehicle comprising a seat of the invention.
The vehicle may be one in which the seat is secured to the vehicle other than by securing to a floor of the vehicle. This helps to protect a person sitting on the seat from the affects of a mine blast, especially if the mine blast occurs directly under the vehicle. The seat is preferably secured to a wall or a bulkhead of the vehicle.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described solely by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
Figure 1 is a cross section through a seat cushion for absorbing shocks from exploding mines; and
Figure 2 is a perspective view of an inside part of a vehicle showing a row of seats of the present invention.
Referring to Figure 1 , there is shown a seat cushion 2 for absorbing shocks from exploding mines. The seat cushion 2 comprises a base portion 4 which is made of a crushable energy-absorbing foam material, and an upper portion 6 which is made of at least one resilient foam material. As shown in Figure 1 , the upper portion 6 is made of a first layer 8 and a second layer 10. The resilient foam material employed for each of the first and second layers 8, 10 respectively may be polyurethane. The polyurethane in each of the layers 8, 10 may be of the same density or of two different densities. The crushable energy-absorbing foam material used for the base portion 4 may be rigid polyurethane foam
The seat cushion 2 includes a protective sheet member 12 which is secured by an adhesive to a lower face 14 of the base portion 4. The protective sheet member 12 may be made of a metal, a plastics material, card, a film or a laminate.
The seat cushion 2 may be produced by moulding. More especially, the base portion 4 may be placed in the base of a cushion mould. The resilient foam material or foam materials to form the upper portion 6 is then poured or injected into the mould and allowed to set. After setting, the protective sheet member 12 is stuck to the lower face 14 using any suitable and appropriate adhesive. The seat cushion 2 can then be upholstered in an appropriate fabric (not shown).
Referring now to Figure 2, there is shown part of a vehicle 16 which is provided with a row of four seats 18. Each seat 18 comprises a frame 20, backrest separators 22, seat separators 24 and head restrainers 26. The seats 18 are secured by a securing frame 28 to a sidewall 30 of the vehicle 16. The seats 18 have foot rests 32. Thus the seats 18 are supported off a floor 34 of the vehicle 16. Persons (not shown) sitting in the seats 18 do not have their feet resting on the floor 34 because their feet rest on the footrests 32.
The seats 18 are such that they have backrest portion 36 and seat portions 38. The seat portions 38 are able to be provided with the seat cushions 2 shown in Figure 1. The affects of a mine blast on persons sitting in the seats 18 is first of all minimised by the constructional design of the vehicle 16. The mine blast affects are secondly minimised by the fact that the seats 18 are supported off the floor 16 of the vehicle 16. The mine blast affects on the persons sitting in the seats 18 are thirdly minimised due to the seat cushion 2. More specifically, the mine blast affects are able to be absorbed by the base portion 4 of the seat cushion 2. The mine blast affects on the persons 18 are fourthly able to be absorbed due to the fact that the seats 18 are supported off the floor by their connection to the sidewall 30. The mine blast affects on persons sitting on the seats 18 are fifthly minimised due to the fact that the persons will have their feet off the floor 34 of the vehicle 16 and on the footrests 32.
During normal use, the seat cushions 2 will be comfortable to sit on due to the use of the upper portion 6 being made of one or more resilient foam materials. Also, the one or more resilient foam materials of the upper portion 6 will be able to protect the base portion 4 from damage that would otherwise occur during normal use. Thus the upper portion 6 is able to protect the base portion 4 from damage due to the seat cushions 2 being sat upon, or walked upon as may occur as military situations. The upper portion 6 is also effective to protect the base portion 4 from the effects of hard objects being carried by persons who may sit on the seat cushions 2 such that the hard objects press into the seat cushions 2. Thus the seat cushions 2 wear well in normal use. In the event of a mine blast, they are helpful in absorbing the affects of the mine blast and in particular in helping to prevent persons sitting on the seats 18 suffering spinal and/or head injuries. The Illustrated design and positioning of the seats 18 as shown in Figure 2 is further helpful in preventing persons sitting on the seats 18 suffering mine blast injuries such for example as spinal and/or head injuries.
It is to be appreciated that the embodiments of the invention described above with reference to the accompanying drawings have been given by way of example only and that modifications may be effected. Thus, for example, the seat cushion 2 may have a cross-sectional design which is different from that shown in Figure 1. The seats 18 may be of different designs to those shown in Figure 2. Instead of having a single bar-type foot rest 32 for each seat 18, each seat 18 may be provided with two individual foot rests, i.e. one for each foot of the person sitting on the seat 18.

Claims

1. A seat cushion for absorbing shocks from exploding mines, which seat cushion comprises a base portion which is made of a crushable energy-absorbing foam material, and an upper portion which is made of at least one resilient foam material.
2. A seat cushion according to claim 1 in which the crushable energy- absorbing foam material is rigid polyurethane foam material.
3. A seat cushion according to claim 1 or claim 2 in which the resilient foam material is resilient polyurethane foam material.
4. A seat cushion according to any one of the preceding claims and including a protective sheet member which is secured to a lower face of the base portion.
5. A seat cushion according to claim 4 in which the protective sheet member is made of a metal, a plastics material, card, a film, or a laminate.
6. A seat cushion according to claim 4 or claim 5 in which the protective sheet member is secured to the lower face of the base portion by being adhered to the lower face of the base portion.
7. A seat when provided with a seat cushion according to any one of the preceding claims.
8. A seat according to claim 7 and a foot rest or foot rests for keeping a person's feet off a floor of the vehicle.
9. A vehicle comprising a seat according to claim 7 or claim 8.
10. A vehicle according to claim 9 in which the seat is secured to the vehicle other than by securing to a floor of the vehicle.
11. A vehicle according to claim 10 in which the seat is secured to a wall or bulkhead of the vehicle.
PCT/GB2006/004330 2005-11-28 2006-11-17 A seat cushion for absorbing shocks from exploding mines WO2007060405A2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0524201.1 2005-11-28
GB0524201A GB0524201D0 (en) 2005-11-28 2005-11-28 A seat cushion for absorbing shocks from exploding mines

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2007060405A2 true WO2007060405A2 (en) 2007-05-31
WO2007060405A3 WO2007060405A3 (en) 2007-07-12

Family

ID=35601362

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB2006/004330 WO2007060405A2 (en) 2005-11-28 2006-11-17 A seat cushion for absorbing shocks from exploding mines

Country Status (2)

Country Link
GB (1) GB0524201D0 (en)
WO (1) WO2007060405A2 (en)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2452589A (en) * 2007-09-06 2009-03-11 Jankel Armouring Ltd Explosion-induced G-force absorption apparatus and method
GB2481202A (en) * 2010-06-14 2011-12-21 Exmoor Trim Ltd A blast absorption seat
GB2488355A (en) * 2011-02-24 2012-08-29 Np Aerospace Ltd Seat assembly for a vehicle for use by security and defence forces
CN103625323A (en) * 2013-09-29 2014-03-12 温岭市富康汽车零部件有限公司 Explosion protection seat
WO2014173895A1 (en) * 2013-04-23 2014-10-30 Rheinmetall Man Military Vehicles Gmbh Seat and use thereof in an armored vehicle
EP3096108A1 (en) * 2015-05-22 2016-11-23 Krauss-Maffei Wegmann GmbH & Co. KG Military vehicle

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH1044835A (en) * 1996-08-06 1998-02-17 Yamaha Motor Co Ltd Seat for vehicle
US6520541B1 (en) * 1998-12-22 2003-02-18 Penn State Research Foundation Vehicle safety seat system
AT500225B1 (en) * 2004-05-06 2009-06-15 Steyr Daimler Puch Ag SEAT FOR A WARDED VEHICLE

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
None

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2452589A (en) * 2007-09-06 2009-03-11 Jankel Armouring Ltd Explosion-induced G-force absorption apparatus and method
US7819469B2 (en) 2007-09-06 2010-10-26 Jankel Armouring Ltd. Explosion induced G-force absorption apparatus
GB2481202A (en) * 2010-06-14 2011-12-21 Exmoor Trim Ltd A blast absorption seat
GB2488355A (en) * 2011-02-24 2012-08-29 Np Aerospace Ltd Seat assembly for a vehicle for use by security and defence forces
GB2488355B (en) * 2011-02-24 2016-02-10 Np Aerospace Ltd Seat assembly for a vehicle
WO2014173895A1 (en) * 2013-04-23 2014-10-30 Rheinmetall Man Military Vehicles Gmbh Seat and use thereof in an armored vehicle
CN103625323A (en) * 2013-09-29 2014-03-12 温岭市富康汽车零部件有限公司 Explosion protection seat
EP3096108A1 (en) * 2015-05-22 2016-11-23 Krauss-Maffei Wegmann GmbH & Co. KG Military vehicle
DE102015108172A1 (en) * 2015-05-22 2016-11-24 Krauss-Maffei Wegmann Gmbh & Co. Kg Military vehicle

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2007060405A3 (en) 2007-07-12
GB0524201D0 (en) 2006-01-04

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