WO2007056340A2 - Disinfectant and antiseptic pyridinium and thiazolium compounds and methods of using the same - Google Patents

Abstract

Long lasting pyridinium and thiazolium compounds and methods of their use in medicine, industry, agriculture and recreational activities are disclosed. The present invention also relates to methods of controlling microbial growth and infection.

Description

DISINFECTANT AND ANTISEPTIC PYRIDINIUM AND THIAZOLIUM COMPOUNDS AND METHODS OF USING THE SAME

[0001] Related Application Information

[0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/734,467, filed November 8, 2005, U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/734,518, filed November 8, 2005, and U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/773,366, filed February 13, 2006. The disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0003] Field of the Invention

[0004] The present invention generally relates to disinfectant and antiseptic pyridinium and thiazolium compounds and methods of using the same in human and veterinary medicine, industry, agriculture and recreational usage.

[0005] Background of the Invention

[0006] There exists a need for treating microorganisms such as fungi and/or bacteria using new compounds. Fungi include organisms such as slime molds, mushrooms, smuts, rusts, mildews, molds, stinkhorns, puffballs, truffles and yeasts. Molds constitute a large group of fungi that are a common trigger for allergies and affect crops, plants and food. Molds can exist as tiny particles called "mold spores" present in indoor and outdoor air. Molds may grow in environments that present moisture sources. Common molds include, but are not limited to, Cladosporium, Penϊcillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Fusarium, Neurospora, Stachybotyrs and Mucor.

[0007] Soil-borne and seed-borne fungal pathogens of plants are responsible for severe economic losses in the agricultural and horticultural industries worldwide.. These pathogens cause plant diseases such as seed decay, root/foot rot, seedling blight and wilt. Such diseases commonly reduce emergence, plant vigor and yield potential. Severe disease infection can kill emerging seedlings of an entire plant population, and result in a total loss of crop yield.

[0008] There also exists- the need to control algae and alga-like euglena species, particularly using compounds that are more environmentally friendly and less toxic to humans, animals and aquatic species including vertebrates and invertebrates. Algae include alga-like euglena species and organisms such as pond scums, terrestrial algae, snow algae, seaweeds, freshwater and marine phytoplankton etc. Common algae include, but are not limited to bacillariophyta (diatoms), chlorophyta (green algae), chrysophyta (golden-brown algae), cryptophyta (cryptomonads), cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), dinophyta (dinoflagellates), euglenophyta (euglenoids), glaucophyta, phaeophyta (brown algae), tribophyta (yellow-green algae), prymnesiophyta (haptophytes) and rhodophyta (red algae).

[0009] Additionally, vast demands exist for compounds to control microorganisms in various other fields. These include the treatment of fabrics to prevent mildew and rot; to inhibit and kill bacterial growth; the treatment of surfaces and substrates to obtain antiseptic conditions for medical, industrial, food processing and household purposes; the treatment of wood for decking or building; the formulation of ink and paints to prevent mold growth and bacterial decomposition; the prevention and treatment of human and animal diseases; and on through an almost infinite spectrum of applications impacting our daily lives.

[00010] Further, there is a continuing need for new antibacterial agents. Although many compounds are known which are useful in the treatment of gram-positive and gram- negative bacterial infections as well as other microbial infections, the widespread use of such compounds continues to give rise to resistant strains of microorganisms, i.e., strains of microorganisms against which a particular antibiotic or group of antibiotics, and chemical compositions which was previously effective, is no longer useful. Also, known antibiotics and chemical compositions may be effective against only certain strains of microorganisms or have limited activity against either gram-positive or gram-negative, aerobic or anaerobic organisms.

[00011] Accordingly, there is a need for new compounds and/or methods of combating microorganisms in medical, industrial, agricultural and recreational uses that provide longer lasting antimicrobial effects than observed with conventional antimicrobial preparations.

[00012] Summary of the Invention

[00013] The present invention provides pyridinium and thiazolium compounds, analogs, homologs and derivatives for use as a disinfectant, antiseptic or aseptic composition. The compounds can be formulated with an appropriate solvent to provide a longer lasting antimicrobial product that can be applied to a substrate including soft and hard surfaces, and further including skin. The compositions of the present invention can be formulated for cleaning surfaces or as a disinfectant, antiseptic and/or aseptic product to prevent the growth and/or reproduction of various microorganisms in a home, hospital, medical environment, or the like.

[00014] Embodiments of the present invention provide a composition comprising a compound having the following structure:

or a solvate thereof, wherein

NR_J R.₂ and NR₃R₄ are in the ortho, meta or para positions;

X^" is an anionic salt;

Ri_, R₂, R₃, or R₄ are the same or different and independently selected from the group consisting of Ci-io alkyl (linear or branched) and alkenes (linear or branched), or wherein R₁ and R₂ or R₃ and R₄ taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form pyrrolidine or piperidino rings;

R₅ is selected from the group consisting of C_MO alkyl (linear or branched), alkenes (linear or branched), alkynes, an organometallic compound (substituted or unsubstituted), substituted and unsubstituted aryl moieties and substituted and unsubstituted benzyl moieties; R₅ is (CH2)_n-MR₆, wherein n is a number from 1 to 6, M is an organometallic compound selected from the group consisting of tin, silicon, and germanium, and wherein R_& is selected from the group consisting of propyl, butyl, and alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted; or Rs is a polyalkylene glycol moiety comprising a Ci_-5 alkyl (linear or branched) substituted polyethylene glycol, a C2-₅ alkene (linear or branched) substituted polyethylene glycol or a C₂-5 alkyne substituted polyethylene glycol; and a solvent.

[00015] Embodiments of the present invention provide a composition comprising a compound having the following structure:

or a solvate thereof, wherein

NR₁R₂ and NR₃R₄ are in the ortho, meta or para positions;

X^" is an anionic salt;

Ri_, R₂, R₃, or R₄ are the same or different and independently selected from the group consisting of C _MO alkyl (linear or branched) and alkenes (linear or branched), or wherein Rj and R₂ or R₃ and R₄ taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form pyrrolϊdino or piperidino rings;

R₅ is selected from the group consisting of CJ._{J O} alkyl (linear or branched), alkenes (linear or branched), alkynes, an organometallic compound (substituted or unsubstituted), substituted and unsubstituted aryl moieties and substituted and unsubstituted benzyl moieties; R₅ is (CHb)_n-MR₆, wherein n is a number from 1 to 6, M is an organometallic compound selected from the group consisting of tin. silicon, and germanium, and wherein RO is selected from the group consisting of propyl, butyl, and alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted; or R₅ is a polyalkylene glycol moiety comprising a C ₁-₅ alkyl (linear or branched) substituted polyethylene glycol, a C₂-₅ alkene (linear or branched) substituted polyethylene glycol or a C₂-₅ alkyne substituted polyethylene glycol; and a solvent.

[00016] Embodiments of the present invention further provide a composition comprising a compound having the following structure:

or a solvate thereof, wherein

NR₁R₂ is in the ortho, meta or para position;

X^" is fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, halide, methanesulfonate (mesylate), benzenesulfonate (besylate), p-toluenesulfonate (tosylate), napthylate, m- nitrobenzenesulfonate (nosylate), para-aminobenzoate, lauryl sulfate, 2,4-dihydroxy benzophenone or 2-(2-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl) benzotriazole;

Ri and R₂ are the same or different and independently selected from the group consisting of Ci-io alkyl (linear or branched) and alkenes (linear or branched), or wherein R₁ and R₂ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form pyrrolidino or piperidino rings;

Rs is selected from the group consisting of C no alkyl (linear or branched), alkenes (linear or branched), alkynes, substituted and unsubstituted aryl moieties and substituted and unsubstituted benzyl moieties; R₃ is an organometallic compound; R₃ is (CH₂)_n-MR₉, wherein n is a number from 1 to 6, M is an organometallic compound wherein R₉ is alkyl; or R3 is a polyalkylene glycol moiety comprising a C 1.5 alkyl (linear or branched) substituted polyethylene glycol, a C₂-₅ alkene (linear or branched) substituted polyethylene glycol or a C₂-₅ alkyne substituted polyethylene glycol;

R₄ through Rg are the same or different and may be selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C_M0 alkyl (linear or branched), representative examples of alkyl including, but not limited to, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, alkenes (linear or branched), alkynes, substituted and unsubstituted aryl moieties and substituted and unsubstituted benzyl moieties, hydroxy, alkoxy, SCH₃, (Ci-C₃) alkylthio, SH, (Ci-C₃) haloalkoxy, (Ci-C₃) perhaloalkoxy, NH₂, NH(lower alkyl), N(lower alkyl)₂, halogen, (Ci-C₃) haloalkyl, (Ci-C₃) perhaloalkyl, -CF₃, -CH₂CF₃, -CF₂CF₃, -CN, -NC, -OCN, -SCN, -NO, -NO₂, -N₃, -S(O) (lower alkyl), - S(O) (aryl), -S(O)₂ (lower alkyl), -S(O)₂ (aryl), S(O)₂ (alkoxyl) , -S(O)₂(aryloxy), -S(O)NH₂; -S(O)₂NH-lower alkyl, -S(O)₂NH-aryl, -S(O)₂N-(lower alkyl)₂, -S(O)₂N-(aryl)₂, -C(O)R₃, -C(O)OR₃₅ -C(O)NR₃Rb, -C(NH)NR₃Rb, -OC(O)R₃, -SC(O)R₃, -OC(O)OR₃, -SC(O)OR₃, -OC(O)NRaRb, -SC(O)NR_aR_b, -OC(NH)NR_aR_b, -SC(NH)NR₃Rb, -[NHC(O)J_nR₃, -[NHC(O)J_nOR₃, -[NHC(O)]_nNR_aR_b and -[NHC(NH)J_nNR₃R_b, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 5, and wherein R_a and R_b can be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, trifluoromethyl, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, a heterocyclic group, a substituted heterocyclic group, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, formyl, acyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, carboxyaryl, amido, carbamoyl, guanidino, ureido, amidino, cyano, nitro, mercapto, sulfinyl, sulfonyl and sulfonamide, and any of R₄ through Rg together can form a fused ring; and a solvent.

[00017] In particular embodiments, the solvent is water, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, propylene glycol, benzyl alcohol, glycerin, methanol, ethylene glycol or a polyethylene glycol.

[00018] Embodiments of the invention provide methods of sanitizing hands comprising contacting the compositions described herein with the hands of the subject. [00019] Embodiments of the invention also provide methods of preparing an anatomical site for injection comprising contacting the site with compositions described herein.

[00020] The present invention further provides compositions that can be used to synthesize a product having aseptic, antiseptic and disinfectant qualities for use in a home, communal, medical, agricultural and industrial environment.

[00021] DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[00022] The foregoing and other aspects of the present invention will now be described in more detail with respect to other embodiments described herein. It should be appreciated that the invention can be embodied in different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.

[00023] The terminology used in the description of the invention herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used in the description of the embodiments of the invention and the appended claims, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Also, as used herein, "and/or" refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Furthermore, the term "about," as used herein when referring to a measurable value such as an amount of a compound, dose, time, temperature, and the like, is meant to encompass variations of 20%, 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1% or even 0.01% of the specified amount. Unless otherwise defined, all terms, including technical and scientific terms used in the description, have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

[00024] All publications, patent applications, patents and other references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties for the teachings relevant to the sentence and/or paragraph in which, the reference is presented.

[00025] As used herein, the term "microbe" or "microbial" refers to microscopic organisms that can exist as a single cell or cell clusters.

[00026] As used herein, "biofilm" refers to an aggregation of microorganisms. The biofϊlm can excrete a protective and/or adhesive matrix. Biofilms can exhibit surface attachment, structural heterogeneity, genetic diversity, complex community interactions, and/or an extracellular matrix of polymeric substances. Exemplary biofilms include free floating, or planktonic, forms in which single cells float or swim independently, yet in concert, in an aqueous medium and an attached state in which cells are closely packed and firmly attached to each other and usually a solid surface.

[00027] As used herein, the term "disinfectant" refers to substances used to kill a majority of microorganisms in a population. In some instances, a disinfectant can provide partial or complete sterilization. The disinfectant results in little or essentially no detectible activity of the microorganism.

[00028] As used herein, the term "aseptic" refers reducing the number of microorganisms and preventing spread of the same. Moreover, medical or clean asepsis reduces the number of organisms and prevents their spread and surgical or sterile asepsis includes procedures to eliminate microorganisms from an area such as in operating theatres and treatment areas.

[00029] As used herein, the term "antiseptic" refers to substances that reduce the growth and reproduction of various microorganisms, however, the growth and reproduction of the microorganism may be reduced without kiling the microorganism.

[00030] As used herein, the term "sanitize" refers to reducing the level of microorganisms to a level that is less likely to cause illness.

[00031] As used herein, the term "eliminating" refers to complete cessation of the specified activity.

[00032] As used herein, the term "reducing" or "reduce" refers to a decrease or diminishment in the specified activity of at least about 10%, 25%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 95% or more. In some embodiments, the reduction results in little or essentially no detectible activity (at most, an insignificant amount, e.g., less than about 10% or even 5%).

[00033] As used herein, the term "retarding the growth" or "retardation of growth" refers to reducing, delaying and/or hindering activity contributing to the growth of the microorganism.

[00034] As used herein, the term "effective amount" refers to an amount of a compound or composition that is sufficient to produce the desired effect, which can be a therapeutic or agricultural effect. The effective amount will vary with the application for which the compound or composition is being employed, the microorganism and/or the age and physical condition of the subject, the severity of the condition, the duration of the treatment, the nature of any concurrent treatment, the pharmaceutically or agriculturally acceptable carrier used, and like factors within the knowledge and expertise of those skilled in the art. An appropriate "effective amount" in any individual case can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art by reference to the pertinent texts and literature and/or by using routine experimentation. {See, for example for pharmaceutical applications, Remington, The Science And Practice of

Pharmacy (9^th Ed. 1995).

[00035] As used herein, the term "treat" refers to an action resulting in a reduction in the severity of the subject's condition or at least the condition is partially improved or ameliorated and/or that some alleviation, mitigation or decrease in at least one clinical symptom (or agricultural index for plants or comparable measure for industrial products) is achieved and/or there is a delay in the progression of the condition and/or prevention or delay of the onset of the condition. Thus, the term "treat" refers to both prophylactic and therapeutic treatment regimes.

[00036] As used herein, "pharmaceutically acceptable" refers to a component such as a salt, carrier, excipient or diluent that is compatible with the other ingredients of the composition in that it can be combined with compositions of the present invention without eliminating the biological activity of the biologically active agent, and is suitable for use with subjects as provided herein without undue adverse side effects (such as toxicity, irritation, and allergic response). Side effects are "undue" when their risk outweighs the benefit provided by the pharmaceutical composition. Non-limiting examples of pharmaceutically acceptable components include, without limitation, any of the standard pharmaceutical carriers such as phosphate buffered saline solutions, water, emulsions such as oil/water emulsion, microemulsions and various types of wetting agents.

[00037] Pyridinium and Thiazolium Compounds

[00038] The present invention relates to formulations including pyridinium and thiazole compounds, analogs, homologs and derivatives, processes for their preparation and methods of their use to provide long lasting antimicrobial effects.

[00039] Stilbazium iodide is a known anthelmintic, which is reported to be effective against roundworms, threadworms, and whipworms. U.S. Patent Nos. 3,075,975 and 3,085,935 recite methods of eradicating infestations of parasitic nematodes inhabiting the intestinal tract.

[00040] Embodiments of the present invention include a composition (or formulation) including a compound having the following structure:

or a solvate thereof, wherein X^* is an anionic salt, wherein Ri₁ R2, R₃, or R₄ are the same or different and independently selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, C _MO alkyl (linear or branched) and alkenes (linear or branched), or wherein when R₁ and R2 or when R3 and R₄ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, they form pyrrolidino or piperidino rings. X^' can be selected from the group including fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide halide, methanesulfonate (mesylate), p-toluenesulfonate (tosylate), napthylate, m-nitrobenzenesulfonate (nosylate), para-aminobenzoate, benzenesulfonate (besylate), lauryl sulfate, 2,4-dihydroxy benzophenone, or 2-(2-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl) benzotriazole, R5 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, C1.10 alkyl (linear or branched), alkenes (linear or branched), alkynes, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, substituted and unsubstituted aryl moieties and substituted and unsubstituted benzyl moieties. R₅ may also be an organometallic compound such as organotin, organosilicon, or organogermanium. Additionally, R₅ may be (CHa)_n-MR₆, wherein n is a number from 1 to 6, M is an organometallic compound such as tin, silicon, or germanium, and wherein R₆ is a selected from the group consisting of propyl, butyl, or any alkyl compound. R₅ may also be a polyalkylene glycol moiety comprising a C₁-₅ alkyl (linear or branched) substituted polyethylene glycol, a C₂-₅ alkene (linear or branched) substituted polyethylene glycol or a C₂-₅ alkyne substituted polyethylene glycol. The end-terminals of these polyethylene glycol moieties can be hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy and acetyloxy. The amino moieties on the aromatic rings can be in either the ortho, meta or para position. The formulation can further include a solvent such as water, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, propylene glycol (a diol), benzyl alcohol, glycerin, methanol, ethylene glycol and polyethylene glycols.

[00041] Embodiments of the present invention include a formulation including a compound having the following structure:

or a solvate thereof, wherein X^' is an anionic salt, wherein Rj, R2, R₃, or R₄ are the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, C_1-10 alkyl (linear or branched) and alkenes (linear or branched), or wherein when R₁ and R2 or when R₃ and R₄ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, they form pyrrolidine or piperidino rings. R₅ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, Ci.io alkyl (linear or branched), alkenes (linear or branched), alkynes, n-propyl, i- propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, substituted and unsubstituted aryl moieties and substituted and unsubstituted benzyl moieties. X^" can be selected from the group including fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, halide, methanesulfonate (mesylate), p-toluenesulfonate (tosylate), napthylate, m-nitrobenzenesulfonate (nosylate), para-aminobenzoate, lauryl sulfate, 2,4- dihydroxy benzophenone, 2-(2-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl) benzotriazole, or benzenesulfonate (besylate). R₅ may also be an organometallic compound such as organotin, organosilicon, or organogermanium. Additionally, R₅ may be (CHa)_n-MRe, wherein n is a number from 1 to 6, M is an organometallic compound such as tin, silicon, or germanium, and wherein Re is a selected from the group consisting of propyl, butyl, or any alkyl compound. R₅ may also be a polyalkylene glycol moiety including a C 1.5 alkyl (linear or branched) substituted polyethylene glycol, a C₂-₅ alkene (linear or branched) substituted polyethylene glycol or a C₂-₅ alkyne substituted polyethylene glycol. The end-terminals of these polyethylene glycol moieties can be hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy and acetyloxy. The present pyridinium compound is more commonly known as stilbazium. In a particular embodiment, the compound is 2,6,- bis (p-pyrrolidinostyryl) pyridine methiodide. The formulation can further include a solvent such as water, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, propylene glycol (a diol), benzyl alcohol, glycerin, methanol, ethylene glycol and polyethylene glycols.

[00042] Alternatively, the NR_\R₂ and NR₃R₄ moieties may be in various positions as evidenced in the compounds below. For example, in one embodiment, the NRi R2 moiety is in one meta position:

[00043] In another embodiment, the NRiR₂ and NR₃R₄ moieties are present in both meta positions:

[00044] wherein X^" may be an anionic salt, Ri₁ R₂, R₃, or R₄ are the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, Ci_-1O alkyl (linear or branched), and alkenes (linear or branched), or wherein when Ri and R₂ or when R₃ and R₄ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, they form pyrrolidϊno or piperidino rings. R₅ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, Cj.io alkyl (linear or branched), alkenes (linear or branched), alkynes, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, substituted and unsubstituted aryl moieties and substituted and unsύbstituted benzyl moieties. Additionally, Rs can be (CH₂)_Ii-MRe, wherein n is a number from 1 to 6, M is an organometallic compound such as tin, silicon, or germanium, and wherein Re is a selected from the group consisting of propyl, butyl, or any alkyl compound. R₅ may also be a polyalkylene glycol moiety including a C ₁.₅ alkyl (linear or branched) substituted polyethylene glycol, a C₂_s alkene (linear or branched) substituted polyethylene glycol or a C₂-₅ alkyne substituted polyethylene glycol. The end-terminals of these polyethylene glycol moieties can be hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy and acetyloxy.

[00045] The formulation can further include a solvent such as water, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, propylene glycol (a diol), benzyl alcohol, glycerin, methanol, ethylene glycol and polyethylene glycols. [00046] The compounds described herein are capable of existing as geometric isomers. All such isomers, individually and as mixtures, are included within the scope of the present invention for their industrial uses. The E,E isomer is one configuration of the invention, and both the cisoid and transoid 2,6-conformations of the E,E-configuration are possible. Additionally, the otho, ortho conformation of the structure can be formed in addition to the para and meta structures illustrated above. The ortho conformation structure can include the same salts and moieties as disclosed above and throughout the application.

[00047] Some of the compounds employed in the present invention include 1 -ethyl -(E,- £)-2,6-bis[2-[4-(pyrrolidinyl)phenyl]ethenyl]pyridinium chloride, 1 -ethyl-CE, -£")-2,6-bis[p- (l-pyrrolidinostyryl]pyridinium chloride, l-rnethyl-(E,-iζ)-2,6-bis[2-[4-

(pyrrolidinyl)phenyl]ethenyl]pyridinium chloride and l-methyl-(is,-.E)-2,6-bis[p-(l- pyrrolidinostyryljpyridinium chloride in a suitable formulation as described herein.

[00048] Additionally, formulations of the present invention may include compounds having the following structure:

or a solvate thereof, wherein n is a number from 1 to 5, wherein Z can be present at multiple positions on the phenyl ring and is selected from the group consisting of C₅ N, O, S and halogen, wherein X^" is an anionic salt, wherein Ri₁ R₂, R₃, or R4 are independently not present or are the same or different and selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, Ci-io alkyl (linear or branched), alkenes (linear or branched), nitriles, benzenes, pyridines, benzothiophenes, trifluoroalkyls, difluoroalkyls, substituted and unsubstituted aryl moieties and substituted and unsubstituted benzyl moieties, or wherein when Ri and R₂ or when R₃ and R₄ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, they form pyrrolidino or piperidino rings. X^' can be selected from the group including fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, halide, methanesulfonate (mesylate), p-toluenesulfonate (tosylate), napthylate, m-nitrobenzenesulfonate (nosylate), para-aminobenzoate, benzenesulfonate (besylate), lauryl sulfate, 2,4-dihydroxy benzophenone, or 2-(2-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl) benzotriazole. R₅ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, C₁-_Io alkyl (linear or branched), alkenes (linear or branched), alkynes, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, substituted and unsufastituted aryl moieties and substituted and unsubstituted benzyl moieties. Rs may also be an organometallic compound such as organotin, organosilicon, or organogermanium. Additionally, R₅ may be (CFb)_n-MR₆, wherein n is a number from 1 to 6, M is an organometallic compound such as tin, silicon, or germanium, and wherein R₆ is a selected from the group consisting of propyl, butyl, or any alkyl compound, with the proviso that said compound is not l-ethyl-(Z,Z), (Z₅E) or (E₅Z) -2,6-bis[2-[4- (pyrrolidinyl)phenyl]ethenyl]pyridinium chloride. Rs may also be a polyalkylene glycol moiety comprising a C ₁.₅ alkyl (linear or branched) substituted polyethylene glycol, a C2-5 alkene (linear or branched) substituted polyethylene glycol or a C2-5 alkyne substituted polyethylene glycol. The end-terminals of these polyethylene glycol moieties can be hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy and acetyloxy.

[00049] The formulation can further include a solvent such as water, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, propylene glycol (a diol), benzyl alcohol, glycerin, methanol, ethylene glycol and polyethylene glycols.

[00050] Parent compounds according to the invention can be made according to any suitable method of organic chemistry. More specifically, compounds described above can be prepared as outlined in U.S. Patent No. 3,085,935.

[00051] Additionally, embodiments of the present invention may include native compounds produced by a synthesis that includes preparing the compounds by condensation of two equivalents of an aldehyde as shown below

with a quaternary ammonium salt of 2,6-lutidine

[00052] The condensation may be performed in a lower alcohol with a catalyst such as a secondary amine (e.g., piperidine). When the anion X^" in the above formula is an iodide ion (corresponding to an alkiodide salt of lutidine), the condensation product is relatively insoluble and precipitates in the course of the reaction. The reaction yield of the final product can be nearly quantitative. At least three times the amount of catalyst as stated in U.S. Patent 3,085,935 can be used. Other methods may be used to produce the compound and both more or less catalyst may be employed to produce the resulting compounds.

[00053] For the above reactions, R can be selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, C₁-_Io alkyl (linear or branched), alkenes (linear or branched), alkynes, n-propyl, i- propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, substituted and unsubstituted aryl moieties and substituted and unsubstituted benzyl moieties. Additionally, R can be (CHi)_n-MR₂, wherein n is a number from 1 to 6, M is an organometallic compound such as tin, silicon, or germanium, and wherein R₂ is a selected from the group consisting of propyl, butyl, or any alkyl compound. R may also be a polyalkylene glycol moiety comprising a C₁-₅ alkyl (linear or branched) substituted polyethylene glycol, a C_2-s alkene (linear or branched) substituted polyethylene glycol or a C₂-₅ alkyne substituted polyethylene glycol. The end-terminals of these polyethylene glycol moieties can be hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy and acetyloxy.

[00054] Furthermore, it may be desirable to convert the iodide salt to the chloride salt. This conversion can be accomplished by size exclusion (molecular sieve) chromatography, eluted and equilibrated with a suitable solvent containing an excess of ammonium chloride. The column effluent, containing the chloride salt can be obtained by evaporation of the solvent, along with the ammonium iodide by-product. The resulting product should be substantially free of the iodide salt. Alternatively, an alkiochloride salt of 2,6-lutidine can be reacted with an aldehyde in the presence of a secondary amine (e.g., piperidine) to give the chloride salt of the compound directly.

[00055] Alternatively, the compound can be prepared by dissolving 2,6-lutidine ethiodide in methanol, followed by bubbling anhydrous HCl (220 grams) slowly into the solution. An ice/H₂O bath can be used to keep the reaction below 30⁰C. After all the HCl has been added, the reaction is stirred overnight at room temperature. After stirring, the reaction should be concentrated to near dry and re-diluted with 1000 mL of fresh methanol. The ethiodide can be converted to the desired ethochloride by bubbling anhydrous HCl into the mixture. After stirring 10 minutes, the reaction is concentrated to dry on a rotovap, and placed on hi- vacuum manifold for final drying overnight. [00056] The chloride salt can have an increased stability as compared to the iodide salt. Other methods known in the art may be utilized to convert the salts to UV blocker salts or surfactant salts. Other anionic salts may include:

[00057] Formula A-PEGylated stilbazium p-aminobenzoate salts

R¹ is H, CH₃, C₂H₅ and CH₃CO . _anά

[00058] Formula B-PEGylated stilbazium dodecyl sulfate salt (PEGylated stilbazium lauryl sulfate salts)

O₃S O (CHz)₁₀(CH₂)CH₃

R' is H, CH₃, C₂H₅ and CH₃CO

[00059] Additional anionic "salts" may be produced from substituted benzophenones such as 2,4-dihydroxy benzophenone, and substituted benzotriazoles, such as 2-(2-hydroxy- 5'-methylρhenyl) benzotriazole.

[00060] The anionic salts may include an ultraviolet blocker or a surfactant as an additional ingredient. As used herein "ultraviolet blocker" refers to all "photosensitive materials" which refers to all compositions and materials designed to block and/or absorb ultraviolet light. This term also refers to all photoprotective and photoresistant agents. Accordingly, X^" as recited herein can include an ultraviolet blocker, an ultraviolet absorber or a surfactant.

[00061] Embodiments of the present invention include formulations including thiazolium compounds, analogs, homologs and derivatives. In some embodiments, the compounds have the following structure:

or a solvate thereof wherein the compound is substantially in the E, E configuration, or the compound can also be in the E,Z or Z₅Z configuration. The amino moieties can be in either the ortho, meta or para positions. The anion X^" can be fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, halide, methanesulfonate (mesylate), benzenesulfonate (besylate), p-toluenesulfonate (tosylate), napthylate, m-nitrobenzenesulfonate (nosylate), para-aminobenzoate, lauryl sulfate, 2,4-dihydroxy benzophenone, or 2-(2-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl) benzotriazole. Ri and R-₂ are the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, Cwio alkyl (linear or branched) and alkenes (linear or branched), or wherein Ri and R₂ may be taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form pyrrolidino or piperidino rings. R₃ can be selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, C₁-_JO alkyl (linear or branched), alkenes (linear or branched), alkynes, n-propyl, i- propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, substituted and unsubstituted aryl moieties and substituted and unsubstituted benzyl moieties. R₃ may also be an organometallic compound such as organotin, organosilicon, or organogermanium. Additionally,^' R₃ may be (CH2)_n-MRs_>, wherein n is a number from 1 to 6, M is an organometallic compound such as tin, silicon, or germanium, and wherein R₉ is a selected from the group consisting of propyl, butyl, or any alkyl compound. In some embodiments, R₃ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, Ci-₁₀ alkyl (linear or branched), alkenes (linear or branched), alkynes, n-propyl, i- propyl. n-butyl, i-butyl, an organometallic compound, substituted and unsubstituted aryl moieties and substituted and unsubstituted benzyl moieties. R₃ can also be a polyalkylene glycol moiety including a Cj -₅ alkyl (linear or branched) substituted polyethylene glycol, a C2-₅ alkene (linear or branched) substituted polyethylene glycol or a C₂-₅ alkyne substituted polyethylene glycol. The end-terminals of these polyethylene glycol moieties can be hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy and acetyloxy. R₄ through Rg are the same or different and may be selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C _MO alkyl (linear or branched), representative examples of alkyl including, but not limited to, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i- butyl, alkenes (linear or branched), alkynes, substituted and unsubstituted aryl moieties and substituted and unsubstituted benzyl moieties, hydroxy, alkoxy, SCH₃, (C₁-C3) alkylthio, SH, (C₁-C₃) haloalkoxy, (C₁-C₃) perhaloalkoxy, NH₂, NH(lower alkyl), N(lower alkyl)2, halogen, (C-C₃) haloalkyl, (Ci-C₃) perhaloalkyl, -CF₃, -CH₂CF₃, -CF₂CF₃, -CN, -NC, -OCN, -SCN, -NO, -NO₂, -N₃, -S(O) (lower alkyl), -S(O) (aryl), -S(O)₂ (lower alkyl), -S(O)₂ (aryl), S(O)₂ (alkoxyl) , -S(O)₂(aryloxy), -S(O)NH₂; -S(O)₂NH-lower alkyl, -S(O)₂NH-aryl, -S(O)₂N- (lower alkyl)₂, -S(O)₂N-(aryl)₂, -C(O)R₃, -C(O)OR₃, -C(O)NR_aR_b, -C(NH)NR_aR_b, -OC(O)R_a, -SC(O)R₃, -OC(O)OR_a, -SC(O)OR₃, -OC(O)NR_aR_b, -SC(O)NR₃R₁,, -OC(NH)NR_aR_b, -SC(NH)NR₃R_h, -[NHC(O)]_MR_a, -[NHC(O)J_nOR₃, -[NHC(O)J_nNR₃R₅ and -[NHC(NH)]_nNR_aR_b, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 5, and wherein R_a and R_b can be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, trifluoromethyl, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, a heterocyclic group, a substituted heterocyclic group, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, forrnyl, acyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, carboxyaryl, amido, carbamoyl, guanidino, ureido, amidino, cyano, nitro, mercapto, sulfinyl, sulfonyl and sulfonamide, and any OfR₄ through Rg together can form a fused ring. In some embodiments, the compound is thiazolium or a salt thereof.

[00062] The formulation can further include a solvent such as water, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, propylene glycol (a diol), benzyl alcohol, glycerin, methanol, ethylene glycol and polyethylene glycols.

[00063] According to some embodiments of the present invention, a suitable thiazolium compound of the present invention can be pegylated at at least four sites and/or can be PEGylated in many differing PEG lengths and molecular weights. In some embodiments, the PEG moiety is PEG200 through PEG₅₀Oo- [00064] In some embodiments, the compounds have the following structure:

R is H, CH₃, C₂H₅ and CH₃CO

[00065] In further embodiments, the compounds have the following structure:

O₃S- -(CHa)₁₀(CH₂)CH₃

[00066] As shown below in the Scheme 1, typically, commercially available substituted or unsubstituted phenyl methyl ketones (1) are reacted with bromine in a non-polar solvent to produce the corresponding phenacyl bromides (2). Reaction of the reactive alpha-bromo ketones (2) with commercially available thioacetamide (3) in an protic solvent such as methanol with heat afforded the 2-methyl-4-phenylthiazoles (4). N-Alkylation of thiazoles (4) with PEGylated alkyl halides such as MeO-PEGlOOO-Cl (5, Biolink Life Sciences, Inc., Cary, NC BLS- 106- 1000) in aprotic solvents such as dirnethylformamide and heat readily formed the corresponding PEGylated products (6). Reaction of these thiazolium halides. (6) with (N,N'-disubstituted)amino benzaldehydes (7) in a protic solvent such as methanol with a basic catalyst such as piperidine and heat then produces the desired 2-(N,N'- dialkylaminostyryI)-3-(PEGylated)alkyl-4-ρhenylthiazolium halides (8). This synthetic scheme can be carried out in accordance with procedures and modifications known to those skilled in the art such as those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,641,012; 3,851,060 and 3,883,658. Scheme 1

i phenyl methyl ketones g phenacyl bromides 3 thioacetamide

4 2-methyl-4-pheny)lhiazoles 5 PEGylated alkyl halide

S

a 2-(dialkylaminostyryl)-3-PEGylated alkyl- 4-phenylthia20lium halides

[00067] PEGylation

In general, attachment of polyalkylene moieties as described herein can be employed to reduce immunogenicity and/or extend the half-life of the native compounds discussed herein. Any conventional PEGylation method can be employed, provided that the PEGylated agent retains pharmaceutical activity. See also Schacht, E.H. et al. Poly (ethylene glycol) Chemistry and Biological Applications, American Chemical Society, San Francisco, CA 297- 315 (1997). [00068] Polyalkylene glycol is a biocompatible polymer where, as used herein, polyalkylene glycol refers to straight or branched polyalkylene glycol polymers such as polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, and polybutylene glycol, and further includes the monoalkylether of the polyalkylene glycol. In some embodiments of the present invention, the polyalkylene glycol polymer is a lower alkyl polyalkylene glycol moiety such as a polyethylene glycol moiety (PEG), a polypropylene glycol moiety, or a polybutylene glycol moiety. PEG has the formula HO(CH2CH2O)_nH, where n can range from about 1 to about 4000 or more. In some embodiments, n is 1 to 100, and in other embodiments, n is 5 to 30. PEG can range from average molecular weight of about 90 to about 180,000 or more. For example, an average molecular weight of about 300 can correspond to n is 5-6, an average molecular weight of about 2,300 can correspond to n is 50, an average molecular weight of about 13,300 can correspond to n is 300 and an average molecular weight of about 22,000 can correspond to n is 500. In some embodiments, the PEG moiety can be linear or branched. In further embodiments, PEG can be attached to groups such as hydroxyl, alkyl, aryl, acyl or ester. In some embodiments, PEG can be an alkoxy PEG, such as methoxy-PEG (or mPEG), where one terminus is a relatively inert alkoxy group, while the other terminus is a hydroxyl group.

[00069] PEG moieties are well known in the art and can be synthesized or are commercially available products that can be readily obtained. See, for example, http://www.biolinkonline.com/MPEG%20CATALOG.pdf.

[00070] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the pegylated compounds of the present invention can be water soluble, soluble in isopropyl alcohol (IPA), ethanol (EtOH), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methanol (MeOH), less sensitive to UV light than a non-pegylated counterpart and/or economical to synthesize.

[00071] Pyridinium compounds suitable for PEGylation include, but are not limited to those described herein. Moreover, suitable pyridinium compounds include those described in U.S. Patent Application Serial No.10/792,339, filed March 3, 2004, U.S. Application Serial No. 10/792,495, filed March 3, 2004, and U.S. Application Serial No. 10/792,496, filed March 3, 2004. A suitable pyridinium compound of the present invention can be pegylated at at least four sites (the 1-, 3-, 4- and 5- positions on the central pyridinium core) and/or can be PEGylated in many differing PEG lengths and molecular weights. In some embodiments, the PEG moiety is PEG₂₀O through PEG5000-

[00072] Thiazolium compounds suitable for PEGylation include, but are not limited to, those described herein. Moreover, suitable thiazolium compounds include those described in published PCT application WO 2006/065942. A suitable thiazolium compound of the present invention can be pegylated at at least four sites and/or can be PEGylated in many differing PEG lengths and molecular weights. In some embodiments, the PEG moiety is PEG200 through PEG₅₀₀O.

[00073] Pegylated compounds of the present invention can further exhibit improved solubility, enhanced bioavailability, improved stability, lower toxicity, decreased degradation and chemical sensitivities and/or increased conjugation potential to like molecules and other drug molecules.

[00074] Solvents

[00075] In particular, the compounds provided herein can be formulated with a desirable ratio of solvent and active agent. More specifically, a desirable ratio of alcohol, water and active agent. Suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, water, ethanol, isoprppyl alcohol, propylene glycol (a diol), benzyl alcohol, glycerin, methanol, ethylene glycol and polyethylene glycols (e.g.., PEG 400, PEG 600, PEG 800, PEG 1000, PEG 4000, etc). Such ratios can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art considering the importance of toxicity and/or volatility/flammability. For example, any suitable range from about 10% to 99% solvent to water may be employed depending upon the solvent. However, in some embodiments, it is desirable to significantly decrease the amount of alcohol relative to water in order to decrease, suppress and/or stop the solutions from supporting combustion while adding a relatively small amount of the compounds described herein. In some embodiments less than about 90%, 80%, 70%, 60% or 50% alcohol is provided. In some embodiments, the resulting product includes about 70% isopropyl alcohol and 30% water product (with excipients, perfume, etc).

[00076] Microorganisms and Microbial Infections

[00077] In addition to the microorganisms previously discussed, microorganisms that can be affected according to methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to, bacteria, mycobacteria, spirochetes, rickettsia, chlamydia, mycoplasma, algae, fungi, protozoans, viruses, and parasites. Accordingly, methods disclosed herein relate to bacterial, mycobacterial, spirochetal, rickettsial, chlamydial, mycoplasmal, algal, fungal, viral, and parasitic infections.

[00078] Further bacterial infections that can .be treated using the active agents of the present invention can be caused by bacteria such as gram-negative bacteria. Examples of gram-negative bacteria include, but are not limited to, bacteria of the genera, Salmonella, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Haemophilus, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Neisseria, Vibro, Helicobacter, Brucella, Bordetella, Legionella, Campylobacter, Francϊsella, Pasteurella, Yersinia, Bartonella, Bacteroides, Streptobacillus, Spirillum and Shigella. Furthermore, bacterial infections that can be treated using the active agents of the present invention can be caused by gram-negative bacteria including, but not limited to, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria meningitides, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella entertidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus ducreyi, Proteus mirabilis, Vibro cholera, Helicobacter pylori, Brucella abortis, Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis, Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis, Legionella pneumophila, Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter jejuni, Francisella tularensis, Pasteurella multocida, Yersinia pestis, Bartonella bacilliformis, Bacteroides fragilis, Bartonella henselae, Streptobacillus moniliformis, Spirillum minus and Shigella dysenteriae. Bacterial infections that can be treated using the active agents of the present invention can also be caused by bacteria such as gram-positive bacteria. Examples of gram-positive bacteria include, but are not limited to, bacteria of the genera Listeria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Peptostreptococcus, and Clostridium. Furthermore, bacterial infections that can be treated using the active agents of the present invention can be caused by gram-positive bacteria including, but not limited to, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium tetani, Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Peptostreptococcus anaerobϊus. In some embodiments, the gram-positive bacteria is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

[00079] Additional bacterial infections that can be treated using the active agents of the present invention can be caused by bacteria in the genera including, but not limited to, Actinomyces, Propionibacterium, Nocardia and Streptomyces. Furthermore, bacterial infections that can be treated using the active agents of the present invention can be caused by bacteria including, but not limited to, Actinomyces Israeli, Actinomyces gerencseriae, Actinomyces viscosus, Actinomyces naeslundii, Propionibacterium propionicus, Nocardia asteroides, Nocardia brasiliensis, Nocardia otitidiscaviarum and Streptomyces somaliensis.

[00080] Mycobacterial infections that can be treated by the compounds of the present invention can be caused by mycobacteria belonging to the mycobacteria families including, but not limited to, Mycobacteriaceae. Additionally, mycobacterial infections that can be treated by the compounds of the present invention can be caused by mycobacteria including, but not limited to, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, Mycobacterium kansasii, and Mycobacterium ulcerans.

[00081] Spirochetal infections that can be treated using the active agents of the present invention can be caused by spirochetes belonging to the genera including, but not limited to, Treponema, Leptospira, and Borrelia. Additionally, spirochetal infections that can be treated using the active agents of the present invention can be caused by the spirochetes including, but not limited to, Treponema palladium, Treponema pertenue, Treponema carateum, Leptospira interrogans, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Borrelia recurrentis.

[00082] Rickettsial infections that can be treated using the active agents of the present invention can be caused by rickettsia belonging to the genera including, but not limited to, Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Orienta, Bartonella and Coxiella. Furthermore, rickettsial infections that can be treated using the active agents of the present invention can be caused by rickettsia including, but not limited to, Rickettsia rickettsϊi, Rickettsia akari, Rickettsia prowazekii, Rickettsia typhi, Rickettsia conorii, Rickettsia sibirica, Rickettsia australis, Rickettsia japonica, Ehrlichia chqffeensis, Orienta tsutsugamushi, Bartonella quintana, and Coxiella burnt.

[00083] Chlamydial infections that can be treated using the active agents of the present invention can be caused by chlamydia belonging to the genera including, but not limited to, Chlamydia. Furthermore, chlamydial infections that can be treated using the active agents of the present invention can be caused by chlamydia including, but not limited to, Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia caviae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia muridarum, Chlamydia psittaci, and Chlamydia pecorum.

[00084] Mycoplasmal infections that can be treated using the active agents of the present invention can be caused by mycoplasma belonging to the genera including, but not limited to, Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma. In addition, mycoplasmal infections that can be treated using the active agents of the present invention can be caused by mycoplasma including, but not limited to, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Ureaplasma urealyticum.

[00085] Fungal infections that can be treated using the active agents of the present invention can be caused by fungi belonging to the genera including, but not limited to, Aspergillus, Candida, Cryptococcus, Coccidioides, Tinea, Sporothrix, Blastomyces, Histoplasma, and Pneumocystis. Additionally, fungal infections that can be treated using the active agents of the present invention can be caused by fungi including, but not limited to, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus rύdulans, Candida albicans, Cocddioides immitis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Tinea unguium, Tinea corporis, Tinea cruris, Sporothrix schenckii, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Histoplasma duboisii.

[00086] Viral infections that can be treated using the active agents of the present invention can be caused by viruses belonging to the viral families including, but not limited to, Flaviviridae, Arenaviradae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Poxviridae, Togaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Herpesviridae, Picornaviridae, Caliciviridae, Reoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Papovaviridae, Parvoviridae, Adenoviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Coronaviridae, Retroviridae, and Orthomyxoviridae. Furthermore, viral infections that can be treated using the active agents of the present invention can be caused by the viruses including, but not limited to, Yellow fever virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, Dengue virus, Hepatitis G virus, Hepatitis C virus, Bovine diarrhea virus, West Nile virus, Japanese B encephalitis virus, Murray Valley encephalitis virus, Central European tick-borne encephalitis virus, Far eastern tick-born encephalitis virus, Kyasanur forest virus, Louping ill virus. Powassan virus, Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, Kumilinge virus, Absetarov anzalova hypr virus, Ilheus virus, Rocio encephalitis virus, Langat virus, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Junin virus, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever virus, Lassa fever virus, California encephalitis virus, Hantaan virus, Nairobi sheep disease virus, Bunyamwera virus, Sandfly fever virus, Rift valley fever virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Marburg virus, Ebola virus, Variola virus, Monkeypox virus, Vaccinia virus, Cowpox virus, Orf virus, Pseudocowpox virus, Molluscum contagiosum virus, Yaba monkey tumor virus, Tanapox virus, Raccoonpox virus, Camelpox virus, Mousepox virus, Tanterapox virus, Volepox virus, Buffalopox virus, Rabbitpox virus, Uasin gishu disease virus, Sealpox virus, Bovine papular stomatitis virus, Camel contagious ecthyma virus, Chamios contagious ecthyma virus, Red squirrel parapox virus, Juncopox virus, Pigeonpox virus, Psittacinepox virus, Quailpox virus, Sparrowpox virus, Starlingpox virus, Peacockpox virus, Penguinpox virus, Mynahpox virus, Sheeppox virus, Goatpox virus, Lumpy skin disease virus, Myxoma virus, Hare fibroma virus, Fibroma virus, Squirrel fibroma virus, Malignant rabbit fibroma virus, Swinepox virus, Yaba-like disease virus, Albatrosspox virus, Cotia virus, Embu virus, Marmosetpox virus, Marsupialpox virus, Mule deer poxvirus virus, Volepox virus, Skunkpox virus, Rubella virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Sindbis virus, Semliki forest virus, Chikungunya virus, O'nyong-nyong virus, Ross river virus, Parainfluenza virus, Mumps virus, Measles virus (rubeola virus), Respiratory syncytial virus, Herpes simplex virus type 1, Herpes simplex virus type 2, Varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, Cytomegalovirus, Human b-lymphotrophic virus, Human herpesvirus 7, Human herpesvirus 8, Poliovirus, Coxsackie A virus, Coxsackie B virus, ECHOvirus, Rhinovirus, Hepatitis A virus, Mengovirus, ME virus, Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus, MM virus, Columbia SK virus, Norwalk agent, Hepatitis E virus, Colorado tick fever virus, Rotavirus, Vesicular stomatitis virus, Rabies virus, Papilloma virus, BK virus, JC virus, Bl 9 virus, Adeno-associated virus, Adenovirus, serotypes 3,7,14,21, Adenovirus, serotypes 11,21, Adenovirus, Hepatitis B virus, Coronavirus, Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus, Human immunodeficiency virus, Human foamy virus, Influenza viruses, types A, B, C, and Thogotovirus.

[00087] Plant viruses include viruses in the following groups: Adenoviridae; Birnaviridae; Bunyaviridae; Caliciviridae, Capillovirus group; Carlavirus group; Carmovirus virus group; Group Caulimovirus; Closterovirus Group; Commelina yellow mottle virus group; Comovirus virus group; Coronaviridae; PM2 phage group; Corcicoviridae; Group Cryptic virus; group Crypto virus; Cucumovirus virus group Family ([PHgr]6 phage group; Cysioviridae; Group Carnation ringspot; Dianthovirus virus group; Group Broad bean wilt; Fabavirus virus group; Filoviridae; Flayiviridae; Furovirus group; Group Germinivirus; Group Giardiavirus; Hepadnaviridae; Herpesviridae; Hordeivirus virus group; Illarvirus virus group; Inoviridae; Iridoviridae; Leviviridae; Lipothrixviridae; Luteovirus group; Marafivirus virus group; Maize chlorotic dwarf virus group; icroviridae; Myoviridae; Necrovirus group; Nepovϊrus virus group; Nodaviridae; Orthomyxoviridae; Papovaviridae; Paramyxoviridae; Parsnip yellow fleck virus group; Partitiviridae; Parvoviridae; Pea enation mosaic virus group; Phycodnaviridae; Picomaviridae; Plasmaviridae; Prodoviridae; Polydnaviridae; Potexvirus group; Potyvirus; Poxviridae; Reoviridae; Retroviridae; Rhabdoviridae; Group Rhizidiovirus; Siphoviridae; Sobemovirus group; SSV 1-Type Phages; Tectiviridae; Tenuivirus; Tetraviridae; Group Tobamovirus; Group Tobravirus; Togaviridae; Group Tombusvirus; Group Torovirus; Totiviridae; Group Tymovirus; and plant virus satellites. Geminiviruses encompass viruses of the Genus Mastrevirus, Genus Curtovirus, and Genus Begomovirus. Exemplary geminiviruses include, but are not limited to, Abutilon Mosaic Virus, Ageratum Yellow Vein Virus, Bhendi Yellow Vein Mosaic virus, Cassava African Mosaic Virus, Chino del Tomato Virus, Cotton Leaf Crumple Virus, Croton Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus, Dolichos Yellow Mosaic Virus, Horsegram Yellow Mosaic Virus, Jatropha Mosaic virus, Lima Bean Golden Mosaic Virus, Melon Leaf Curl Virus, Mung Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus, Okra Leaf Curl Virus, Pepper Hausteco Virus, Potato Yellow Mosaic Virus, Rhynchosia Mosaic Virus, Squash Leaf Curl Virus, Tobacco Leaf Curl Virus, Tomato Australian Leaf Curl Virus, Tobacco mosaic virus, Tomato Indian Leaf Curl Virus, Tomato Leaf Crumple Virus, Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus, Tomato Yellow Mosaic Virus, Watermelon Chlorotic Stunt Virus, Watermelon Curly Mottle Virus, Bean Distortion Dwarf Virus, Cowpea Golden Mosaic Virus, Lupin Leaf Curl Virus, Solanum Apical Leaf Curling Virus, Soybean Crinkle Leaf Virus, Chloris Striate Mosaic Virus, Digitaria Striate Mosaic Virus, Digitaria Streak Virus, Miscanthus Streak Virus, Panicum Streak Virus, Pasalum Striate Mosaic Virus, Sugarcane Streak Virus, Tobacco Yellow Dwarf Virus, Cassava Indian Mosaic Virus, Serrano Golden Mosaic Virus,. Tomato Golden Mosaic Virus, Cabbage Leaf Curl Virus, Bean Golden Mosaic Virus, Pepper Texas Virus, Tomato Mottle Virus, Euphorbia Mosaic Virus, African Cassava Mosaic Virus, Bean Calico Mosaic Virus, Wheat Dwarf Virus, Cotton Leaf Curl Virus, Maize Streak Virus, and any other virus designated as a Geminivirus by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).

[00088] Badnaviruses are a genus of plant viruses having double-stranded DNA genomes^ Specific badnavirus include cacao swollen shoot virus and rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV). Most badnavirus have a narrow host range and are transmitted by insect vectors. In the badnaviruses, a single open reading frame (ORF) may encode the movement protein, coat protein, protease and reverse transcriptase; proteolytic processing produces the final products. Exemplary Badnaviruses include, but are not limited to Commelina Yellow Mottle Virus, Banana Streak Virus, Cacao Swollen Shoot Virus, Canna Yellow Mottle Virus, Dioscorea Bacilliform Virus, Kalanchoe Top-Spotting Virus, Piper Yellow Mottle Virus, Rice Tungro Bacilliform Virus, Schefflera Ringspot Virus, Sugarcane Bacilliform Virus, Aucuba Bacilliform Virus, Mimosa Baciliform Virus, Taro Bacilliform Virus, Yucca Bacilliform Virus, Rubus Yellow Net Virus, Sweet Potato Leaf Curl Virus, Yam Internal Brown Spot Virus, and any other virus designated as a Badnavirus by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).

[00089] Caulimoviruses have double-stranded circular DNA genomes that replicate through a reverse transcriptase-mediated process, although the virus DNA is not integrated into the host genome. As used herein, Caulimoviruses include but are not limited to Cauliflower Mosaic Virus, Blueberry Red Ringspot Virus, Carnation Etched Ring Virus, Dahlia Mosaic Virus, Figwort Mosaic Virus, Horseradish Latent Virus, Mirabilis Mosaic Virus, Peanut Chlorotic Streak Virus, Soybean Chlorotic Mottle Virus, Strawberry Vein Banding Virus, Thistle Mottle Virus, Aquilegia Necrotic Mosaic Virus, Cestrum Virus, Petunia Vein Clearing Virus, Plantago Virus, Sonchus Mottle Virus, and any other virus designated as a Caulimovirus by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).

[00090] The Nanoviruses have single-stranded circular DNA genomes. As used herein, Nanoviruses include but are not limited to Banana Bunchy Top Nanavirus, Coconut Foliar Decay Nanavirus, Faba Bean Necrotic Yellows Nanavirus, Milk Vetch Dwarf Nanavirus, and any other virus designated as a Nanovirus by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).

[00091] Protozoans that can be treated using the active agents of the present invention include flagellates, amoebae, sporozoans and ciliates.

[00092] Parasitic infections that can be treated using the active agents of the present invention can be caused by parasites belonging to the genera including, but not limited to, Entamoeba, Dientamoeba, Giardia, Balantidium, Trichomonas, Cryptosporidium, Isospora, Plasmodium, Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Babesia, Naegleria, Acanihamoeba, Balamuthia, Enterobius, Strongyloides, Ascaradia, Trichuris, Necator, Ancylostoma, Uncinaria, Onchocerca, Mesocestoides, Echinococcus, Taenia, Diphylobothrium, Hymenolepsis, Moniezia, Dicytocaulus, Dirofilaria, Wuchereria, Brugia, Toxocara, Rhabditida, Spirurida, Dicrocoelium, Clonorchis, Echinostoma, Fasciola, Fascioloides, Opisthorchis, Paragonimus, and Schistosoma. Additionally, parasitic infections that can be treated using the active agents of the present invention can be caused by parasites including, but not limited to, Entamoeba histolytica, Dientamoeba fragilis, Giardia lamblia, Balantidium coli, Trichomonas vaginalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Isospora belli, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania donovani, Leishmania tropica, Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei, Babesia divergens, Babesia microti, Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba culbertsoni, Acanthamoeba polyphaga, Acanthamoeba castellanii, Acanthamoeba astronyxis,, Acanthamoeba hatchetti, Acanthamoeba rhysodes, Balamuthia mandrillaris, Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Strongyloides fulleborni, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Ancylostoma braziliense , Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala, Onchocerca volvulus, Mesocestoides variabilis, Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia solium, Diphylobothrium latum, Hymenolepis nana, Hymenolepis diminuta, Moniezia expansa, Moniezia benedeni, Dicytocaulus viviparous, Dicytocaulus filarial, Dicytocaulus arnfieldi, Dirofilaria repens, Dirofilaria immitis, Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Clonorchis sinensis, Echinostoma, Echinostoma ilocanum, Echinostoma jassyenese, Echinostoma malayanum, Echinostoma caproni, Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica, Fascioloides magna, Opisthorchis viverrini, Opisthorchis felineus, Opisthorchis sinensis, Paragonimus westermani, Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma haematobium.

[00093] Methods of Use

[00094] The formulations of the present invention including pyridinium and thiazolium compounds, analogs, homologs and derivatives can be used in a disinfectant, aseptic and/or antiseptic capacity. More specifically, the pyridinium and thiazolium compounds, analogs, homologs and derivatives described herein can be formulated for application to a surface in order to disinfect, i.e., kill a majority of microorganisms in a population, antiseptic, render the surface provide a reduction in the growth and reproduction of various microorganisms without necessarily killing the microorganisms, i.e., antiseptic, or reduce the number of microorganisms and preventing spread of the same, i.e., antiseptic. As described ih further detail herein, the surface can be inaminate or living, soft or hard, human or animal.

[00095] Further, the formulations of the present invention may also be used to treat all areas where microorganisms described herein, such as algae, molds, fungi viruses and bacteria, are grown. Examples include, but are not limited to wood, air ducts, lumber, floorings, decks, buoys, seawalls, retaining walls, docks, pilings, watercrafts, boats, pipes, stucco, tiles, paint, insulation, roofs, roofing materials, building materials, metal, concrete and cement-based materials, plasters, asphalts, ceramics, stucco, sheetrock, grout, caulking, mortar, plastics, foam, glass, carpets, wallpaper, cloth, computer parts, food packaging, paper products, medical devices, petroleum processing, oil and natural gas extraction, metal working fluids, fasteners, adhesives, sealants, recreational water bodies, such as swimming pools, saunas, hot tubs, whirlpools, Jacuzzis and spas, etc., and surfaces thereof, wall coverings, siding materials, flooring, filtration systems, cooling towers and substrates, etc.

[00096] In some embodiments, the formulations are applied to hospital surfaces and instruments, hi particular, the formulations can be applied to medical instruments prior to surgery. The formulations can be applied to implantable devices such as catheters, stents, pacemakers, medical screws and pins and artificial joints. Application of the formulations can reduce formation of biofilms and/or disinfect or render the object sanitary or aseptic. As used herein, "medical" also refers to "dental." Thus, the formulations described herein are also suitable for dental applications where decreased microbial presence is desired. [00097] Products such as wood, floorings, tiles, paint, insulation, roofs, roofing materials, other building materials, ceramics, plastics, foam, glass, carpets, wallpaper, cloth, computer parts, pet houses and litter boxes, etc. that come in contact with humans and animals provide an opportunity to introduce various pathogens to the subject. Accordingly, treatment of such products with the formulations described herein may present a mechanism to reduce microbial infections in humans and animals.

[00098] Additionally, marine coatings serve as an application for the antimicrobial compounds of the present invention. When incorporated into paint or coatings on decks, buoys, pilings, the hulls of ships or on metal subsurfaces, etc. in a marine environment, the formulations of the present invention may reduce or prevent biological deposits and biological corrosion. As understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, a slime layer only about 1 millimeter thick on a hull can reduce the speed of a vessel by at least about 15 percent and increase fuel costs correspondingly. Heavier deposits can also result in corrosion of the metal itself thereby limiting the life of the coating, requiring premature dry-docking of the vessel. Application of the formulations described herein may combat these effects.

[00099] Petroleum processing and oil and natural gas extraction can use extensive amounts of antimicrobials to prevent or reduce the souring of natural gas, crude oil and water in oil fields. Water is used both in drilling muds to lubricate the drill and as fluid to force crude petroleum from oil-bearing rock. The use of formulations described herein may facilitate the decontamination process involved in these operations.

[000100] Metal working fluids are used at manufacturing facilities to cool and lubricate metal parts being drilled, milled, machined or formed. These fluids are primarily water-based emulsions, although some petroleum-based fluids can also be used. In addition to cooling and lubricating, metal working fluids can also function to flush metal particles from the process surfaces. While water-based fluids are particularly susceptible to microbial growth, petroleum-based fluids can become tainted when microbial growth occurs in any water collecting in the containment system under the oil phase. Microbial contamination can cause noxious odors, decomposition of the lubricating agents, acidity that can be detrimental to machine tool parts, and, in some instances, a limited health hazard during prolonged exposure of workers' skin to the fluid. Accordingly, the formulations described herein may minimize these effects.

[000101] Paper products, especially recycled paper, which is even more prone to microbial contamination, and paper coatings, can be treated with the formulations described herein in an effort to prevent microbial growth on surfaces, and thus, prevent the contamination and ultimate spoilage of goods.

[000102] Cooling towers, which are an integral part of temperature control systems, can remove chemicals and biological contamination from the air and trap it in the cooling liquid and can rapidly become contaminated with a variety of microorganisms. The presence of slime deposits can reduce heat transfer and increase energy requirements. The occurrence of possible pathogenic organisms is a secondary concern in cooling towers and evaporative condenser systems. Each cooling season, individuals are suspected of developing pulmonary disease due to Legionella pneumophila associated with cooling towers and the cooling process. Formulations described herein may reduce the pathogens associated with the operation of cooling towers.

[000103] Embodiments of the present invention further include application of the formulations of the present invention onto various articles of manufacture, substrates and/or materials and/or use in processes listed above as well as incorporation into the products to form an integral part of the material. For example, formulations of the present invention may be coated or sprayed onto and/or incorporated into the substrate forming the medical device, such as a stent, for the prevention of biofilm formation. Formulations of the present invention may be coated onto a cement-based material and/or included in the cement mix during formation of the cement-based material. Lumber may be pressure-treated with the formulations described herein and/or soaked with a solution including the formulations. Fabrics may be coated or sprayed or soaked with the formulations described herein, or individual strands may be treated prior to the weaving or fabrication process. Other building materials such as wall board, masonite, particle board, etc. may be treated with formulations described herein, or the formulations may be added to the slurry or mixture during the fabrication of the materials so that the compounds of the present invention become an integral part of intermediate and final materials. The amount of the compound to be added during the fabrication process can be determined through routine experimentation and in view of government regulations through agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), as well as foreign counterparts.

[000104] Factors that can influence the concentrations necessary to combat microorganisms in a swimming pool, hot tub, spa, etc. include, but are not limited to, the number of individuals using the area; frequency of use; frequency with which water is changed; general weather conditions; and types and degree of organic contamination of the water by the users themselves (e.g., suntan lotions and oils) and by various debris. Therefore, laboratory testing and/or confirmatory field testing as conducted by one of skill in the art can be used to ascertain the concentration of the compounds of the present invention to achieve the desired effect.

[000105] To combat the growth of microorganisms, a recreational body of water may include from about 0.001 ppm (parts per million) by weight to about 2500 ppm compounds of formula I. In some embodiments, the concentration can be about 1 ppm by weight to 2200 ppm by weight, and in some other embodiments, about 5 to 500 ppm by weight. Further embodiments may include about 5 to 25 ppm by weight compounds of formula I.

[000106] For industrial use, in addition to liquids, the compounds may be provided in as aerosol or non-aerosol spray. The aerosol spray, whether formed from solid or liquid particles, can be produced by the aerosol generator. Any suitable propellant may be used in carrying out the present invention. The resulting aerosol or non-aerosol spray product may be applied to surfaces in residential areas, medical facilities, commercial areas or vehicles, aircrafts, trains, buses, etc. where microbial growth is present or likely to exist. For example, the formulations of the present invention may be applied in bathrooms such as sink, toilet and shower areas, kitchens, garages, garbage receptacles, pool areas, etc. of homes, hospitals, hotels, daycares, communal living facilities, restaurants, airplanes, buses, trains etc., where applicable. The liquid and/or aerosol formulations of the present invention can be used instead of conventional disinfectant liquids or sprays or in combination with known disinfectant liquids or sprays.

[000107] Additionally, a liquid composition of matter according to the present invention may be formed and may be mixed with and/or diluted by an excipient. When the excipient serves as a diluent, it may be a solid, semi-solid, or liquid material which acts as a vehicle, carrier, or medium for the composition of matter. Various suitable excipients will be understood by those skilled in the art and may be found in the National Formulary, 19: 2404- 2406 (2000), the disclosure of pages 2404 to 2406 being incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. Preferable excipients include butanediol and EDTA. Examples of suitable excipients include, but are not limited to, starches, gum arabic, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, methacrylates, shellac, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water, syrup, and methylcellulose. An aqueous medium may include an active ingredient or ingredients, a quantity of one or more surfactants sufficient to dissolve or suspend said active ingredients uniformly throughout the medium and other manufacturing additives as known to the art. The latter include granulating-binding agents such as gelatin; natural gums, such as acacia, tragacanth; starches, sodium alginate, sugars, polyvinylpyrrolidone; cellulose derivatives such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, polyvinyloxoazolidones; pharmaceutical fillers such as lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, dextrose, mannitol, sucrose; tabletting lubricants if needed such as calcium and magnesium stearate, stearic acid, talc, sterotex (alkaline stearate). The term "aqueous medium" for one ingredient of one of the embodiments of the invention is used within the custom of the art. Primarily, it connotes a water medium, with added water-miscible solvents such as isopropanol or ethanol when needed, to support the active ingredient.

[000108] Formulations of the present invention are suitable for topical administration for medical use and use in personal care and/or hygiene (e.g., soaps, skin creams and/or lotions, soaps, cleansers, shampoos, wipes, towelettes, gels, etc.). In particular embodiments, the formulations can be used instead of, or in conjunction with, alcohol wipes to reduce the number and/or activity of microorganisms present on a surface, for example, on the skin prior to injection. In other embodiments, the formulations exist in the form of a gel, emulsion, lotion or cream that can be readily used to render the skin, particularly the hands, sanitized by reducing the number and/or activity of microorganisms present on the surface. In still further embodiments, the formulations can be applied to the skin directly or to bandages for wound management.

[000109] Topical compositions can include the active agents with vitamin E, vitamin A, conjugated linoleic acid, and essential fatty acids. The topical compositions disclosed herein are suitable for topical application to mammalian skin. The compositions comprise a safe and effective amount of the active agents, and a cosmetically and/or pharmaceutically acceptable topical carrier. The phrase "cosmetically acceptable carrier", as used herein, means any substantially non-toxic carrier suitable for topical administration to the skin, which has good aesthetic properties, and is compatible with the active agent of the present invention. By "compatible" it is meant that the active agent will remain stable and retain substantial activity therein. The carrier can be in a wide variety of forms, such as sprays, emulsions, mousses, liquids, creams, oils, lotions, ointments, gels and solids.

[000110] Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable topical carriers include, but are not limited to, water, glycerol, alcohol, propylene glycol, fatty alcohols, triglycerides, fatty acid esters, and mineral oils. Suitable topical cosmetically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, water, petroleum jelly, petrolatum, mineral oil, vegetable oil, animal oil, organic and inorganic waxes, such as microcrystalline, paraffin and ozocerite wax, natural polymers, such as xanthanes, gelatin, cellulose, collagen, starch or gum arabic, synthetic polymers, alcohols, polyols, and the like. Preferably, because of its non-toxic topical properties, the pharmaceutically and/or cosmetically-acceptable carrier is substantially miscible in water. Such water miscible carrier compositions can also include sustained or delayed release carriers, such as liposomes, microsponges, microspheres or microcapsules, aqueous based ointments, water-in-oil or oil-in- water emulsions, gels and the like.

[000111] Subjects suitable to be treated for non-industrial purposes include, but are not limited to, plant, avian and mammalian subjects. Mammals of the present invention include, but are not limited to, canines, felines, bovines, caprines, equines, ovines, porcines, rodents (e.g. rats and mice), lagomorphs, primates, humans, and the like, and mammals in utero. Any mammalian subject in need of being treated according to the present invention is suitable. Human subjects are preferred. Human subjects of both genders and at any stage of development (i.e., neonate, infant, juvenile, adolescent, adult) can be treated according to the present invention.

[000112] Illustrative avians according to the present invention include chickens, ducks, turkeys, geese, quail, pheasant, ratites (e.g., ostrich) and domesticated birds (e.g., parrots and canaries), and birds in ovo.

[0001 13] The invention can also be carried out on animal subjects, particularly mammalian subjects such as mice, rats, dogs, cats, livestock and horses for veterinary purposes, and for drug screening and drug development purposes.

[000114] When applied to agricultural tools and machinery, the formulations of the present invention may be effective against powdery mildews and rusts, pyrenophora, rhynchosporium, tapesia, fusarium and leptosphaeria fungi, in particular against pathogens of monocotyledonous plants such as cereals, including wheat and barley. They may further be effective against downy mildew species, powdery mildews, leaf spot diseases and rusts in dicotyledonous plants.

[000115] The amount of the compounds of the invention to be applied, will depend on various factors such as the compound employed in the formulation, the purpose of the treatment (prophylactic or therapeutic) and the type of fungi and/or bacteria to be treated and the application time as can be ascertained by one skilled in the art.

[000116] The fungicidal and/or bactericidal combinations are of particular interest for controlling a large number of fungi and/or bacteria in various crops or their seeds, especially wheat, rye, barley, oats, rice, maize, lawns, cotton, soybeans, coffee, sugarcane, fruit and ornamentals in horticulture and viticulture, in vegetables such as cucumbers, beans and cucurbits, and in field crops such as potatoes, peanuts, tobacco and sugarbeets. The term "controlling" means reducing, inhibiting, lessening, restraining, hampering, etc.

[000117] Particularly, formulations to be applied in spraying forms such as water dispersible concentrates or wettable powders may contain surfactants such as wetting and dispersing agents, e.g. the condensation product of formaldehyde with naphthalene sulphonate, an alkylarylsulphonate, a lignin sulphonate, a fatty alkyl sulphate, and ethoxylated alkylphenol and an ethoxylated fatty alcohol. Embodiments of the present invention provide formulations suitable for application to agricultural tools and machinery to reduce the growth and spread of microorganism among plants.

[000118] Similarly, the formulations can be applied to farm and livestock machinery and tools to reduce the growth and spread of microorganism among livestock.

[000119] Encapsulation

[000120] According to embodiments of the present invention, the formulations including the compounds described herein can be encapsulated. In some embodiments, the formulations are encapsulated in a capsule. In other embodiments, the formulations are encapsulated in a microcapsule. As used herein the term "microcapsules" is intended to contemplate single molecules, encapsulated discrete particulate, multiparticulate, liquid multicore and homogeneously dissolved active components. The encapsulation method may provide either a water soluble or oil soluble active component encapsulated in a shell matrix of either a water or oil soluble material. The microencapsulated active component may be protected from oxidation and hydration, and may be released by melting, rupturing, biodegrading, or dissolving the surrounded shell matrix or by slow diffusion of the active component through the matrix. Microcapsules usually fall in the size range of between 1 and 2000 microns, although smaller and larger sizes are known in the art.

[000121] The formulations of the present invention may be placed in a microcapsule or hollow fiber type used for distribution. They may also be dispersed in a polymeric material or held as a liquid.

[000122] An active ingredient may be placed with the compound of the present invention in a microcapsule. Examples of the active ingredient having aromatic activity include geraniol, limonene, benzyl alcohol, esters of a C6.₂0 hydrocarbon, ethers, aldehydes and alcoholic compounds. Examples of the active ingredient having pesticidal activity include insecticides such as salithion, diazinon and chlorpyrifos and bactericides such as thiophanate- methyl and captan. [000123] Such constituents can be encapsulated, as is desired in the case of phase change materials. Such encapsulated constituents can further be encapsulated in microcapsules. The microcapsules can be made from a wide variety of materials, including polyethylene, polypropylenes, polyesters, polyvinyl chloride, tristarch acetates, polyethylene oxides, polypropylene oxides, polyvinylidene chloride or fluoride, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl acetates, urethanes, polycarbonates, and polylactones. Further details on microencapusulation are to be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,589,194 and 5,433,953. Microcapsules suitable for use in the base materials of the present invention have diameters from about 1.0 to 2,000 microns.

[000124] No particular limitation is imposed on the shape for holding the active ingredient. In other words, there are various forms for holding the active ingredient by a holding mixture. Specific examples include microcapsules in which the surface of the active ingredient has been covered with the holding mixture; and products processed into a desired shape, each being obtained by kneading the active ingredient in the holding mixture or forming a uniform solution of the holding mixture and the active ingredient, dispersing the active ingredient in the holding mixture by the removal of the solvent or the like and then processing the dispersion into a desired shape such as single molecule, liquid, sphere, sheet, film, rod, pipe, thread, tape or chip. In addition, these processed products having a surface covered with a barrier layer for controlling the release of the active ingredient and those coated with an adhesive for improving applicability can be given as examples. As further examples, those obtained by filling the active ingredient in the holding mixture processed into a form of a capillary tube, heat sealing both ends of the capillary tube and then encapsulating the active ingredient therein; and those obtained by centrally cutting the above-mentioned capillary tube into two pieces, thereby having each one end as an opening.

[000125] The container formed of a holding mixture which container has an active ingredient enclosed therein as a liquid phase to secure uniform release ability over a long period of time. As such shape, tube-, bottle- or bag-shaped container is used generally.

[000126] When the mixture is formed into a container, the sustained release layer desirably has a thickness of at least 0.002 mm for effecting stable sustained release. There occurs no particular problem when the sustained release layer has a thickness not smaller than 0.002 mm, but that ranging from 0.005 mm to 5 mm can be used. When it exceeds 5 mm, the release amount of the compound tends to become too small.

[000127] For solids, the release surface area of the sustained release preparation formed of such a container is desirably .001 cm² or larger. A range of from .01 cm² to 1 cm² may be used. [000128] When the active ingredient is enclosed and held in a container of the sustained release preparation, said container having been formed of a holding mixture, it may be enclosed in portions. The enclosed amount can be 0.5mg to 5 mg, and may be lmg, 2mg, 3mg, or 4mg.

[000129] As the shape of the container formed of a holding mixture, a tube, bottle and bag can be used. In the case of the tube-shaped preparation, that having an internal diameter of 0.4 mm to 10 mm can be used. Internal diameters smaller than 0.4 mm make it difficult to fill the active ingredient in the container, while those larger than 10 mm make it difficult to conduct encapsulation. The bottle-shaped preparation is formed by blow molding or injection molding and generally has an internal volume of 0.1 to 200 ml. The bottle having an internal volume less than 0.1 ml cannot be formed easily, while that having an internal volume greater than 200 ml is not economical because there is a large difference between the amount of the active ingredient filled therein and the internal volume. In the case of a bag-shaped preparation, the amount of the active ingredient filled in the bag is desirably 1 mg to 100 g.

[000130] The biodegradable sustained-release preparation according to the first group of the present invention should retain its essential performance during application so that a pigment or dye, or various stabilizers such as ultraviolet absorber/blocker or antioxidant may be added to the holding mixture in order to improve the weather resistance. Alternatively, it is possible to add such an additive to the active ingredient enclosed in the container formed of a holding mixture.

[000131] As used herein, the term "controlled release" is intended to mean the release of a bio-active at a pre-selected or desired rate. This rate will vary depending upon the application. Desirable rates include fast or immediate release profiles as well as delayed, sustained or sequential release profiles. Combinations of release patterns, such as initial spiked release followed by lower levels of sustained release of the bio-active are also contemplated by the present invention.

[000132] As used herein, the term "bio-active" includes therapeutic agents such as pharmaceutical or pharmacological active agents, e.g., drugs and medicaments, as well as prophylactic agents, diagnostic agents and other chemicals or materials useful in treating or preventing conditions, infections and/or diseases. The compositions of the present invention are particularly effective in plants and other organisms.

[000133] In accordance with the present invention there is provided a microcapsule bactericide and/or fungicide formulation including microcapsules each having a polyurea shell including as an integral part of said shell a photostable ultraviolet light absorbent compound or blocker compound having a log molar extinction coefficient of from 2 to 5 with respect to radiation having wave lengths in the range of from 270 to 350 nanometers and a liquid fill capable of slowly permeating the shell and comprising a pyridinium and/or thiazolium salt and a biological synergist therefor.

[000134] As used herein "photosensitive material" refers to all compositions and materials designed to block and/or absorb ultraviolet light. This term also refers to all photoprotective and photoresistant agents.

[000135] As herein used "surfactant" refers to all compositions including surfactant salt compositions that are capable of forming emulsions, micro-emulsions, suspensions, etc.

[000136] The entire microcapsule composition can include of 60-90 percent of liquid fill and 40-10 percent of shell wall, the liquid fill comprising 5-40 percent of pyridinium salt, 25- 50 percent of biological synergist and 20-40 percent of a water-immiscible organic solvent and the shell including as an integral part thereof 0.5-20 percent of photostable ultraviolet light absorbent compound (all percentages being based on the weight of the entire microcapsule composition).

[000137] The pyridinium or thiazolium salts remain inside the microcapsules while the composition is packaged and in storage, i.e., in a closed container due to the partial pressure of the pyridinium salt surrounding the microcapsules. When the product is applied as a bacteriocide and/or fungicide, the pyridinium or thiazolium salt, releases slowly (the actual speed of release depending upon the thickness and porosity of the capsule walls). The pyridinium or thiazolium salt is chemically stable during storage and after application until it permeates the capsule walls. At that time, it becomes available as a bacteriocide and/or fungicide until degraded. Since the fill permeates the shell wall slowly, the microcapsule product has a long effective bacteriocide and/or fungicide life and may be stored for extended periods (e.g. for 6 months and more).

[000138] Suitable fill stabilizers absorb ultraviolet radiation in the range of 270-350 nanometers and convert it to a harmless form. They have a high absorption coefficient in the near ultraviolet portion of the spectrum (e.g. a log molar extinction coefficient of from about 2 to 5) but only minimal absorption in the visible portion of the spectrum. They do not exhibit any substantial chemical reaction with the isocyanate groups and primary amine groups of the shell forming compounds during the microencapsulation process. Among the compounds which can be used as fill stabilizers are substituted benzophenones such as 2,4-dihydroxy benzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-octyloxy benzophenone, etc.; the benzotriazoles such as 2-(2-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl) benzotriazole, 2-(3',5'-diallyl- 2'-hydroxylphenyl)benzotriazole, etc.; substituted acrylates such as ethyl 2-cyano-3,3- diphenyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl-2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl acetate, etc.; salicylates such as phenyl salicylates, 5-butyl phenyl salicylate, etc.; and nickel organic compounds such as nickel bis (octylphenol) sulfide, etc. Additional examples of each of these classes of fill stabilizers may be found in Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. The fill stabilizers may comprise up to 5 percent, and are generally from 0.01 to 2 percent, by weight of the microcapsule composition.

[000139] The embodiments of the invention also provide a process for controlling fungal and bacterial activity by contacting the fungi and bacteria with an effective level of the compositions including the compounds as recited throughout. Contact may be accomplished directly, for example, by atomization of the composition into the air in the form of a- spray. Alternatively, compositions of the present invention may be provided in various other forms, for example in sheet materials carrying the microcapsules, (e.g. tapes coated or impregnated with the microcapsules) that may be placed in areas where the fungi and bacteria may grow.

[000140] Another embodiment of the present invention may include heat sensitive materials which are excellent in preservation stability especially in resistance to light, and microcapsules having an ultraviolet absorber enclosed therein, which are applicable to various fields. Desirable constituents which may be present in a base material include materials which can absorb heat and protect an underlying material from overheating. Thermal energy is absorbed by the phase change of such materials without causing an increase in the temperature of these materials. Suitable phase change materials include paraffinic hydrocarbons, that is, straight chain hydrocarbons represented by the formula C_nH_n+2, where n can range from 13 to 28. Other compounds which are suitable for phase change materials are 2,2-dimethyl- 1,3 -propane diol (DMP), 2-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-l,3- propane diol (HMP) and similar compounds. Also useful are the fatty esters such as methyl palmitate. Phase change materials that can be used include paraffinic hydrocarbons.

[000141] Heat sensitive recording materials are well known which utilize a color forming reaction between a colorless or light-colored basic dye and an organic or inorganic color acceptor to obtain record images by thermally bringing the two chromogenic substances into contact with each other. Such heat sensitive recording materials are relatively inexpensive, are adapted for use with recording devices which are compact and easy to maintain, and have therefore found wide applications as recording media for facsimile systems, various computers, etc. In order to improve light resistance of heat sensitive recording materials a finely divided ultraviolet absorber or blocker can be added to the heat sensitive recording layer or protective layer.

[000142] Another embodiment of the present invention is to provide microcapsules which have excellent retainability of ultraviolet absorber, difficult to be ruptured at a usual pressure and are excellent in ultraviolet ray absorbing efficiency.

[000143] Embodiments of the present invention can include a heat sensitive recording material comprising a substrate, a recording layer formed over the substrate and containing a colorless or light-colored basic dye and a color acceptor, and a protective layer formed over the recording layer, the recording material being characterized in that microcapsules having an ultraviolet absorber enclosed therein and having substantially no color forming ability are incorporated in the protective layer.

[000144] Further, the present invention provides microcapsules having an ultraviolet absorber and as required an organic solvent enclosed therein, which have capsule wall film of synthetic resin and mean particle size of 0.1 to 3μm.

[000145] The following are examples of ultraviolet absorbers that may be used in the present invention as additional ingredients:

[000146] Phenyl salicylate, p-tert-butylphenyl salicylate, p-octylphenyl salicylate and like salicylic acid type ultraviolet absorbers; 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4- methoxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-octyloxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4- dodecyloxybenzophenone, 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, 2,2,'-dihydroxy-4,4'- dimethoxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-sulfobenzophenone and like benzophenone type ultraviolet absorbers; 2-ethylhexyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl-acrylate, ethyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylate and like cyanoacrylate type ultraviolet absorbers; bis(2,2,6,6- tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) succinate, bis(l,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl) 2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-2-n-butyl malonate and like hindered amine type ultraviolet absorbers; 2-(2'- hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2- (2'-hydroxy-5 -tert-butylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2- (2^l-hydroxy-3',5'-di-tert-butylρhenyl)benzotriazole, 2- (2¹- hydroxy-3 '-tert-butyl-S'-methylphenyty-S-chlorobenzotrϊazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-3 ',5'-di-tert- butylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-3'-5'-di-tert-butylphenyl)-5-tert- butylbenzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-3',5'-di-tert-amylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2Vhydroxy-3',5^r- di-tert-amylphenyl)-5-tert-amylbenzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-3',5'-di-tert-amylphenyl)-5- methoxybenzotriazole, 2-[2'-hydroxy-3'-(3",4",5",6"-tetrahydrophthalimido-methyl)-5'- methylpheny l]benzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-tert-octylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy- 3'-sec-butyl-5'-tert-butylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-3'-tert-amyl-5^l-phenoxyρhenyl)- 5-methylbenzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-n-dodecylphenyl)benzotriazoIe, 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'- sec-octyloxyphenyl)-5-phenylbenzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-3'-tert-amyl-5'-phenylphenyl)-5- methoxybenzotriazole, 2-[2'-hydroxy-3',5^l-bis(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)phenyl]benzotriazole and like benzotriazole type ultraviolet absorbers which are solid at ordinary temperature; 2-(2'- Hydroxy-S'-dodecyl-S'-methylpheny^-benzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-3'-undecyl-5'- methylphenyl)-benzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-3^r-tridecyl-5'-methylphenyl)-benzotriazole₅ 2-(2'- hydroxy-3 '-tetradecyl-5'-meihylphenyl)-beiizotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-3 ^*-pentadecyl-5'- methylphenyl)-benzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-3 '-hexadecy 1-5 '-methylphenyl)-benzotriazole, 2- [2'-hydroxy-4'-(2"-ethylhexyl)oxyphenyl]-benzotriazole, 2-[2'-hydroxy-4'-(2"- ethylheptyl)oxyphenyl]-benzotriazole, 2-[2'-hydroxy-4'-(2"-ethyloctyl)oxyphenyl]- benzotriazole, 2-[2'-hydroxy-4'-(2"-propyloctyl)oxyphenyl]-benzotriazole, 2-[2'-hydroxy-4'- (2"-propylheptyl)oxyphenyl]-benzotriazole, 2-[2'-hydroxy-4'-(2"-propylhexyl)oxyphenyl]- benzotriazole, 2-[2'-hydroxy-4'-(l "-ethylhexyl)oxyphenyl]-benzotriazole₅ 2-[2'-hydroxy-4'- (1 "-ethylheptyl)oxyphenyl]-benzotriazole, 2-[2'-hydroxy-4'-( 1 "-ethyloctyl)oxyphenyl]- benzotriazole, 2-[2'-hydroxy-4'-(l "-propyloctyl)oxyphenyl] -benzotriazole, 2-[2'-hydroxy-4^l- (1 "-propylheptyl)oxyphenyl]-benzotriazole, 2-[2'-hydroxy4'-(l "-propylhexyl)oxyphenyl]- benzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-3'-sec-butyl-5'-tert-butylphenyl-5-n-butylbenzotriazole, 2-(2'- hydroxy-3 '-sec-butyl-S'-tert-butylphenyl) -5-tert-pentyl-benzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-3'-sec- butyl-5'-tert-butylphenyl)-5-n-pentyl-benzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-3'-sec-butyl-5'-tert- pentylphenyl)-5-tert-butylbeπzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-3'-sec-butyl-5'-tert-pentylphenyl)-$-n- butylbenzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-3',5'-di-tert-butylphenyl)-5-sec-butylbenzotriazole, 2-(2'- hydroxy-3',5'-di-tert-pentylphenyl)-5-sec-butylbenzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-3'-tert-butyl-5'- tert-pentylphenyl)-5-sec-butylbenzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-3',5'-di-sec-butylphenyl)-5- chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-3 'jS'-di-sec-butylphenyO-S-methoxybenzotriazole, 2-(2'- hydroxy-S'jS'-di-sec-butylpheny^-S-tert-butylbenzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-3',5'-di-sec- butylphenyl)-5-n-butylbenzotriazole, octyl 5-tert-butyl-3-(5-chloro-2H-benzotriazole-2-yl)-4- hydroxybenzene-propionate, condensate of methyl 3-[3-tert-butyl-5-(2H-benzotriazole-2-yl)- 4-hydroxyphenyl]propionate and polyethylene glycol (molecular weight: about 300) and like benzotriazole type ultraviolet absorbers which are liquid at ordinary temperature. Of course, the ultraviolet absorber is not limited to thereabove and can be used as required in a mixture of at least two of them. [000147] Although the amount of ultraviolet absorber to be used is not limited specifically, the amount can be adjusted to 10 to 500 parts by weight, and generally from 20 to 250 parts by weight of the ultraviolet absorber versus the active ingredient.

[000148] The microcapsules for use in the present invention can be prepared by various known methods. They are prepared generally by emulsifying and dispersing the core material (oily liquid) comprising an ultraviolet absorber and, if necessary, an organic solvent in an aqueous medium, and forming a wall film of high-molecular-weight substance around the resulting oily droplets.

[000149] Examples of useful high-molecular-weight substances for forming the wall film of microcapsules are polyurethane resin, polyurea resin, polyamide resin, polyester resin, polycarbonate resin, aminoaldehy.de resin, melamine resin, polystyrene resin, styrene-acrylate copolymer resin, styrene-methacrylate copolymer resin, gelatin, polyvinyl alcohol, etc. Especially, microcapsules having a wall film of a synthetic resin, particularly polyurea resin, polyurethane resin and aminoaldehyde resin among other resins have excellent retainability of an ultraviolet absorber and high heat resistance and accordingly exhibit the outstanding additional effect to serve the function of a pigment which is to be incorporated in the protective layer for preventing sticking to the thermal head. Moreover, microcapsules having a wall film of polyurea resin or polyurethane resin are lower in refractive index than microcapsules with wall films of other materials and usual pigments, are spherical in shape and are therefore usable favorably because even if present in a large quantity in the protective layer, they are unlikely to reduce the density of record images (so-called whitening) owing to irregular reflection of light. Further, polyurea resin and polyurethane resin are more elastic than aminoaldehyde resin and therefore polyurea resin and polyurethane resin are generally used as a wall film for microcapsules that are used under a condition of high pressure. On the other hand, microcapsules having a wall film made from aminoaldehyde resin have a merit that the wall film can be controlled in thickness without depending on particle size of emulsion because the microcapsules can be prepared by adding a wall-forming material after emulsification of a core material.

[000150] The present invention may also include organic solvent together with an ultraviolet absorber. The organic solvent is not particularly limited and various hydrophobic solvents can be used which are used in a field of pressure sensitive manifold papers. Examples of organic solvents are tricresyl phosphate, octyldiphenyl phosphate and like phosphates, dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate and like phthalates, butyl oleate and like carboxylates, various fatty acid amides, diethylene glycol dibenzoate, monoisopropylnaphthalene, diisopropylnaphthalene and like alkylated naphthalenes, 1- methyl-1 -phenyl- 1 -tolylmethane, 1 -methyl- 1 -phenyl-1 -xylylmethane, 1 -phenyl-1 - tolylmethane and like alkylated benzenes, isopropylbiphenyl and like alkylated biphenyls, trimethylolpropane triacrylate and like acrylates, ester of polyol and unsaturated carboxylic acid, chlorinated paraffin and kerosene. These solvents can be used individually or in a mixture of at least two of them. Among these hydrophobic media having a high boiling point, tricresyl phosphate and 1 -phenyl-1 -tolylmethane are desirable since they exhibit high solubility in connection with the ultraviolet absorber to be used in the present invention. Generally, the lower the viscosity of the core material, the smaller is the particle size resulting from emulsification and the narrower is the particle size distribution, so that a solvent having a low boiling point is conjointly usable to lower the viscosity of the core material. Examples of such solvents having a low boiling point are ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methylene chloride, etc.

[000151] The amount of organic solvent to be used should be suitably adjusted according to the kind and amount of ultraviolet absorber to be used and the kind of organic solvent and is not limited specifically. For example in case of using an ultraviolet absorber which is liquid at ordinary temperature, an organic solvent is not necessarily used. However, in case of using an ultraviolet absorber which is solid at ordinary temperature, since it is desired that the ultraviolet' absorber be in a fully dissolved state in the microcapsules, the amount of organic solvent, for example in case of microcapsules of polyurea resin or polyurethane resin, is adjusted generally from to usually 10 to 60 wt. %, or from 20 to 60 wt. %, based on the combined amount of organic solvent, ultraviolet absorber and wall-forming material. Further, in case of microcapsules of aminoaldehyde resin, the amount of organic solvent is adjusted to usually 50 to 2000% by weight, generally from 100 to 1000% by weight of ultraviolet absorber.

[000152] While the amount of capsule wall-forming material to be used is not limited specifically either, preservation for a long period of time is likely to permit the organic solvent in the microcapsules to be released to decrease contemplated effects or give adverse effects to a heat sensitive recording material and other materials having microcapsules used, so that it is desired to use a larger amount of wall-forming material than is the case with usual microcapsules used in a pressure sensitive recording material, etc. Thus, for example in case of using microcapsules of polyurea resin or polyurethane resin, the wall-forming material is used preferably in an amount of 20 to 70 wt. %, more preferably 25 to 60 wt. %, based on the combined amount of the three components, i.e., the organic solvent which is used as required, ultraviolet absorber and wall-forming material. In case of using microcapsules of aminoaldehyde resin, the wall-forming material is used usually in an amount of 30 to 300% by weight, preferably 35 to 200% by weight of the core material containing as main components ultraviolet absorber and as required organic solvent.

[000153] Additionally, an absorber may be utilized. An absorber should be selected which reduces the sensitivity of the microcapsule in those portions of its spectral sensitivity range which interfere with the exposure of microcapsules at other wavelengths (its inactive range) without overly reducing the sensitivity of the microcapsule in those portions of the spectral sensitivity range in which the microcapsule is intended to be exposed (its active range). In some cases it may be necessary to balance the absorption characteristics of the absorber in the active range and the inactive range to achieve optimum exposure characteristics. Generally absorbers having an extinction coefficient greater than about 100/M cm in the inactive range and less than about 100,000/M cm in the active range of the microcapsule are used. When the absorber is directly incorporated into the photosensitive composition, ideally, it should not inhibit free radical polymerization, and it should not generate free radicals upon exposure.

[000154] The absorbers used in the present invention can be selected from among those absorbers which are known in the photographic art. Examples of such compounds include dyes conventionally used as silver halide sensitizing dyes in color photography (e.g., cyanine, merocyanine, hemicyanine and styryl dyes) and ultraviolet absorbers. A number of colored dyes which absorb outside the desired sensitivity range of the microcapsules and do not absorb heavily within the range could also be used as absorbers in the present invention. Among these, Sudan I, Sudan II, Sudan III, Sudan Orange G, Oil Red O, Oil Blue N, and Fast Garnet GBC are examples of potentially useful compounds.

[000155] Additionally ultraviolet absorbers that may be desirable include those selected from hydroxybenzophenones, hydroxyphenylbenzotriazoles and formamidines. The absorbers may be used alone or in combination to achieve the spectral sensitivity characteristics that are desired.

[000156] Representative examples of useful hydroxybenzophenones are 2-hydroxy-4-n- octoxybenzophenone (UV-CHEK AM-300 from Ferro Chemical Division, Mark 1413 from Argus Chemical Division, Witco Chem. Corp., and Cyasorb UV-531 Light Absorber from American Cyanamid), 4-dodecyl-2-hydroxybenzopheήone (Eastman Inhibitor DOBP from Eastman Kodak), 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (Cyasorb UV -9 Light Absorber from American Cyanamid), and 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (Cyasorb UV-24 Light Absorber from American Cyanamid). Representative examples of useful hydroxybenzophenyl benzotriazoles are 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl)benzotriazole (Tinuvin P from Ciba-Geigy Additives Dept), 2-(3^l,5'-ditert-butyl-2'hydroxyphenyl)-5- chlorobenzotriazole (Tinuvin 327 from Ciba-Geigy), and 2-(2-hydroxy-5-t- octylphenyl)benzotriazole (Cyasorb UV-5411 Light Absorber from American Cyanamid). Representative examples of useful formamidines are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,021,471 and include N-Cp-ethoxy-carbonylphenyO-N'-ethyl-N'-phenylformamidine (Givsorb UV-2 from Givaudan Corp.). The optimum absorber and concentration of absorber for a particular application depends on both the absorption maximum and extinction coefficient of the absorber candidates and the spectral sensitivity characteristics of the associated photoinitiators.

[000157] Additionally, the microcapsules, photosensitive compositions, image-forming agents, developers, and development techniques described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,399,209 and 4,440,846.

[000158] Liposomal Formulations

[000159] The compositions of the present invention can be provided in a liposomal formulation. As used herein, the term "liposome" refers to a structure including a lipid bilayer enclosing at least one aqueous compartment. The walls are prepared from lipid molecules, which have the tendency both to form bilayers and to minimize their surface area. The lipid molecules that comprise the liposome have hydrophilic and lipophilic portions. Upon exposure to water, the lipid molecules form a bilayer membrane wherein the lipid ends of the molecules in each layer are directed to the center of the membrane, and the opposing polar ends form the respective inner and outer surfaces of the bilayer membrane. Thus, each side of the membrane presents a hydrophilic surface while the interior of the membrane comprises a lipophilic medium.

Liposomes can be classified into several categories based on their overall size and the nature of the lamellar structure. The classifications include small unilamellar vesicles (SUV), multilamellar vesicles (MLV), large unilamellar vesicles (LUV), and oligolamellar vesicles. SUVs range in diameter from approximately about 20 to 50 nanometers and can include a single lipid bilayer surrounding an aqueous compartment. A characteristic of SUVs is that a large amount of the total lipid, about 70%, is located in the outer layer of the bilayer. Where SUVs are single compartment vesicles of a fairly uniform size, MLVs vary greatly in diameter up to about 30,000 nanometers and are multicompartmental in their structure wherein the liposome bilayers can be typically organized as closed concentric lamellae with an aqueous layer separating each lamella from the next. Large unilamellar vesicles are so named because of their large diameter, which ranges from about 600 nanometers to 30 microns. Oligolamellar vesicles are intermediate liposomes having a larger aqueous space than MLVs and a smaller aqueous space than LUVs. Oligolamellar vesicles have more than one internal compartment and possibly several concentric lamellae, but they generally have fewer lamellae than MLVs.

A variety of methods for preparing liposomes are known in the art, several of which are described in Liposome Technology (Gregoriadis, G., editor, three volumes, CRC Press, Boca Raton 1984) or have been described by Lichtenberg and Barenholz in Methods of Biochemical Analysis, Volume 33, 337-462 (1988). Further methods of preparing liposomal formulations can be found in U.S. Patent Nos. 7,022,336; 6,989,153; 6,726,924; 6,355,267; 6,110,491; 6,007,838; 5,094,785 and 4,515,736. Liposomes are also well recognized as useful for encapsulating biologically active materials. Preparation methods particularly involving the encapsulation of DNA by liposomes, and methods that have a direct application to liposome-mediated transfection, have been described by Hug and Sleight in Biochimica and Biophysica Acta, 1097, 1-17 (1991).

The liposomes of the present invention can be prepared from phospholipids, but other molecules of similar molecular shape and dimensions having both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic moiety can be used. For the purposes of the present invention, all such suitable liposorne-forming molecules will be referred to herein as lipids. One or more naturally occurring and/or synthetic lipid compounds may be used in the preparation of the liposomes.

Representative suitable phospholipids or lipid compounds for forming initial liposomes useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, phospholipid-related materials such as phosphatidylcholine (lecithin), lysolecithin, lysophosphatidylethanol-amine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylethanolamine (cephalin), cardiolipin, phosphatidic acid, cerebrosides, dicetylphosphate, phosphatidylcholine, and dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylglycerol. Additional nonphosphorous- containing lipids include, but are not limited to, stearylamine, dodecylamine, hexadecyl- amine, acetyl palmitate, glycerol ricinoleate, hexadecyl sterate, isopropyl myristate, amphoteric acrylic polymers, fatty acid, fatty acid amides, cholesterol, cholesterol ester, diacylglycerol, diacylglycerolsuccinate, and the like.

As understood by one skilled in the art, different lipids can be used with different properties, cationic, anionic or neutral, but the preparation method can remain the same regardless of which lipid combination is used. More specifically, once lipids have been selected for use in the liposome, they can be dissolved in an organic solvent to ensure complete mixing. The organic solvent can be removed by evaporation followed by drying and a lipid film remains of the homogenous lipid mixture. The lipid mixture can be frozen in cakes and dried. The lipid cakes can be stored frozen until hydration.

The addition of an aqueous medium and agitation of the container hydrate the lipid cake. The resulting product is a large, multilamellar vesicle. This structure can include concentric rings of lipid bilayers separated by water. The large, multilamellar vesicles can be downsized by the application of energy, either in the form of mechanical energy in the process of extrusion or by sonic energy in sonication. The hydrated lipid can be forced though a polycarbonate filter with progressively smaller pores to produce particles with a diameter of similar size to the pore. Before the final pore size is used, the lipid suspension may be subjected to several freeze-thaw cycles to ensure the final particles are homogenous in size. Final particle size is partly dependent on the lipid combination used. The mean particle size is reproducible from batch to batch. This process can produce large, unilamellar vesicles that can be reduced to small, unilamellar vesicles by the application of sonic energy from a sonicator. The particles in the test tube being sonicated can be removed by centrifugation. Mean size of the resulting vesicles can be influenced by composition, concentration, volume and temperature of the lipid mixture and duration, power, and tuning of the sonicator. I

Specific liposome preparation methods include, but are not limited to, the hand- shaken method, sonication method, reverse-phase evaporation method, freeze-dried rehydration method, and the detergent depletion method. According to the hand-shaken method, in order to produce liposomes, lipid molecules are introduced into an aqueous environment. When dry lipid film is hydrated the lamellae swell and grow into myelin figures. Mechanical agitation, for example, vortexing, shaking, swirling or pipetting, causes myelin figures (thin lipid tubules) to break and reseal the exposed hydrophobic edges resulting in the formation of liposomes.

[000160] Dye Preparation and Bleaching

[000161] The pyridinium and thiazolium compounds, analogs, homologs and derivatives included in the formulations of the present invention exists as dyes and can provide an advantage in terms of visualization and confirmation of areas of which the formulations have been applied. Another advantage is that the color of these compounds may be removed by a type of "bleaching". Furthermore, it has been found possible to bleach the colored substances leached from the present compound in dyed textiles and building materials or from textiles and building materials soiled with a colorant in a solution of wash liquor thereby preventing the colored substance in question from being deposited on other textiles and building materials in the wash liquor, when enzymes utilizing hydrogen peroxide or molecular oxygen for the oxidation of organic or inorganic substances, including colored substances, are added to the wash liquor. Such enzymes are usually termed peroxidases and oxidases, respectively. It is well recognized in the art (cf. for instance B. C. Saunders et al., Peroxidase, London, 1964, p. 10 ff.) that peroxidases act on various amino and phenolic compounds resulting in the production of a color. It is noted that peroxidases (and certain oxidases) may also exert an effect on colored substances in solution such that dye transfer is inhibited. While the mechanism governing the ability of these enzymes to effect dye transfer inhibition has not yet been elucidated, it is currently believed that the enzymes act by reducing hydrogen peroxide or molecular oxygen and oxidizing the colored substance (donor substrate) dissolved or dispersed in the wash liquor, thereby either generating a colorless substance or providing a substance which is not adsorbed to the fabric or building material.

[000162] The present invention is explained in greater detail in the Examples that follow. These examples are intended as illustrative of the invention and are not to be taken are limiting thereof.

[000163] Example 1: Synthesis of l-Ethyl-(£;£)-2,6-bis[2-[4- (pyrrolidinyl)phenyl]ethenyl]pyridinium Chloride (6)

1 (2,6-lutidine) 2 ( iodoethane) 3 (2,6-lutidine ethiodide)

4 (2,6-lutidine ethochloride) 5_(aromatic aldehyde)

[000164] Step a: Reaction of 2,6-Lutidine (1) and Iodoethane (2) to Form 2,6-Lutidine Ethiodide (3). A total of 69.7 grams (0.65 mole) of 2,6-lutidine (1) was combined with 202.8 grams of ethyl iodide (2) and the mixture was heated at 100⁰C overnight. The reaction mixture was then cooled and the precipitated 2,6-lutidine ethiodide (3) was collected by filtration. The filtrate was reheated to 100⁰C overnight, then cooled and filtered to recover a second crop of solid 2,6-lutidine ethiodide (3). These two crops were combined, dissolved in hot absolute ethanol and recrystallized. This resultant solid was dissolved in hot ethanol and recrystallized a second time. The purified 2,6-lutidine ethiodide (3) was air dried to constant weight to yield 107.5 grams of desired product. The ¹H-NMR was consistent with the desired material and the uncorrected melting point was determined to be 205-206⁰C. [000165] Step b: Conversion of 2,6-Lutidine Ethiodide (3) to 2,6-Lutidine Ethochloride (4). The 107.5 grams of 2,6-lutidine ethiodide was dissolved in 2.0 liters of methanol and the solution was chilled in an ice-water bath. A total of 220 grams of anhydrous hydrogen chloride gas was slowly added to the solution via a gas bubbler. An ice-water bath was used to keep the reaction temperature below 30⁰C during the hydrogen chloride addition. After all the hydrogen chloride had been added, the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated to near dryness and then re-dissolved in 1.0 liter of methanol. A total of 103 grams of anhydrous hydrogen chloride gas was then bubbled into the mixture. After stirring for 10 minutes, the reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness under vacuum to yield 94.3 grams of the desired 2,6-lutidine ethochloride (4).

[000166] Step c: Reaction of 2,6-Lutidine Ethochloride (4) and 4- Pyrrolidinobenzaldehyde (5) to Produce l-Ethyl-(E,E)-2,6-bis[2-[4-

(pyrrolidinyl)phenyl]ethenyl]pyridinium Chloride (6).

[000167] A mixture of 30.6 grams (0.22 mole) of 2,6-lutidine ethochloride (4), 75 grams (0.54 mole) of 4-pyrrolidinobenzaldehyde (5), 12 mL piperidine and ca. 2 liters of methanol was heated at reflux overnight. The ¹H NMR indicated that no reaction had occurred. No reaction occurred after heating the reaction mixture for an additional 96 hours at reflux. An additional 12mL of piperidine was added and heating at reflux continued. After a total of 120 hours of heating at reflux, some solids began precipitating but ¹H NMR indicated that the desired reaction was still incomplete. Another 12 mL of piperidine catalyst was added and the reaction mixture was heated at reflux for an additional 24 hours. The ¹H NMR spectrum now indicated the desired reaction was carried to completion. The reaction mixture was slowly cooled to room temperature and the precipitated solid containing l-ethyl-(E,E)-2,6-bis[2-[4- (pyrrolidinyl)phenyl]ethenyl]pyridiniurn chloride (6) was collected by filtration. The solid was triturated and washed with three 100 ml portions of ethyl ether to remove impurities and residual methanol solvent. The solid was air dried and dried under vacuum to constant weight to yield 32.6 grams of red crystalline l-ethyl-(E,E)-2,6-bis[2-[4- (pyrrolidinyl)phenyl]ethenyl]pyridinium chloride (6) - high performance liquid chromatography area per cent (HPLC Area%) = 98.1%, ¹H NMR (DMSO, d₆); ppm 8.16- 8.14 (UH); 8.08-8.07 (d,2H); 7.71-7.68 (d,lH); 7.69-7.67 (d,2H,J=8.8Hz); 7.23-7.20 (d,lH); 6.61-6.59 (d,2H,J=8.8Hz); 4.75-4.74 (m,2H); 3.31 (m,2H); 1.98-1.96 (m,2H); 1.48-1.45 (t,3H). The reaction filtrate was concentrated to approximately one-half the original volume, 1OmL of piperidine was added and the dark reaction filtrate was heated at reflux for 24 hours. ¹H NMR spectral analysis indicated that more 1 -ethyl-(E,E)-2,6-bis[2-[4- (pyrrolidinyl)phenyl]ethenyl]pyridinium chloride (6) had formed, possibly by olefinic isomer equilibration. The heat was removed and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 48 hours, during which time a precipitate formed. The solid was collected by filtration and was triturated and washed with three 100 ml portions of ethyl ether to remove impurities and residual methanol solvent. The red crystalline solid was air dried and dried under vacuum to constant weight to yield 19.2 grams of additional l-ethyl-(E₃E)-2,6-bis[2-[4- (pyrrolidinyl)phenyl]ethenyl]pyridinium chloride (6) - HPLC Area% = 97.4%, ¹H NMR was consistent with the first crop of product (6).

[000168] Example 2: Synthesis of l-Ethyl-(£:,iE)-2,6-bis|2-[4- (dimethylamino)phenyl]ethenyl]pyridinium Chloride

[000169] A mixture of 9.0 grams (0.07 mole) of 2,6-lutidine ethochloride, 23.6 grams (0.16 mole) of 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, 14 mL piperidine and 350 mL methanol was heated at reflux for 77 hours. After 77 hr at reflux, high performance liquid chromatography — mass spectral analysis (LC/MS analysis) indicated that the desired product was present in the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was slowly cooled to effect precipitation and the precipitated solids were collected by filtration. The solids were triturated and washed with three 100 ml portions of ethyl ether to remove impurities and residual methanol solvent. The solid was air dried and dried under vacuum to constant weight to yield 2.8 grams of red crystalline l-ethyl-(£,jET)-2,6-bis[2-[4-(dimethylaniino)phenyl]ethenyl]pyridinium chloride - high performance liquid chromatography area per cent (HPLC Area%) = 99.5%, ¹H NMR (DMSO, do) consistent with the desired product. The reaction filtrate was concentrated to approximately one-half the original volume. A total of 1OmL of piperidine catalyst was added and the dark solution was heated at reflux for an additional 24 hours. At this point high performance liquid chromatography area per cent analysis (HPLC A% analysis) indicated that more product had formed and the 2,6-lutidine ethochloride starting material was almost gone. The heat was removed and the reaction was concentrated under vacuum to yield a heavy slurry. The precipitated solid was collected by filtration, washed with three 100 ml portions of ethyl ether and the resulting solid was air dried and vacuum dried overnight to yield 13.6 grams of red crystalline l-ethyl-(E,E)-2,6-bis[2-[4- (dimethylamino)phenyl]ethenyl]pyridinium chloride - HPLC Area% = 99%, ¹H NMR was consistent with the desired product.

[000170] Example 3: Synthesis of l-Ethyl-(£^)-2,6-bis[2-I4- (diethylamino)phenyl]ethenyl]pyridinium Chloride

[000171] A mixture of 9.0 grams (0.07 mole) of 2,6-lutidine ethochloride, 28.1 grams (0.16 mole) of 4-diethylaminobenzaldehyde, 14 mL piperidine and 350 mL methanol was heated to reflux for 96 hours at which time LC/MS analysis indicated that the desired product was present. The reaction mixture was cooled and concentrated under vacuum to produce a slurry. The solid was collected by filtration and was triturated and washed with three 50 ml portions of ethyl ether. The resulting purified solid was air dried and vacuum dried to yield 17.3 grams of red crystalline l-ethyl-(jB,jEt)-2,6-bis[2-[4-

(diethylamino)phenyl]ethenyl]pyridinium chloride - high performance liquid chromatography area per cent (HPLC Area%) = 95%, ¹H NMR (DMSO₅ d₆) was consistent with the desired material and a trace of the starting 4-diethylaminobenzaldehyde present. [000172] Example 4: Synthesis of l-£thyl-(E,£)-2.6-bis[2-[4- (pyrrolidinyl)phenyl]ethenyl]pyridinium 4-Aminobenzoate Salt

[000173] A total of 52.8g (0.12 mole) of l-ethyl-(££)-2,6-bis[2-[4- (pyrrolidinyl)phenyl]ethenyl]pyridinium chloride and 18.6 grams (0.12 mole) of the sodium salt of 4-aminobenzoic acid (sodium salt of p-aminobenzoic acid, Na⁺ PABA^") were dissolved in 1.3 liters of methanol and this mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 4 days during which time a precipitate formed. The reaction mixture was then filtered and the solid salt was air dried and vacuum dried to yield a first crop of 28.0 grams of 1- ethyl-(E,E)-2,6-bis[2-[4-(pyrrolidinyl)phenyl]ethenyl]pyridinium 4-aminobenzoate salt (also termed the PABA salt). The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to produce more precipitate. Isolation of the second crop was effected by filtration followed by air drying and vacuum drying of the solid to afford a second crop of 42.6 grams of l-ethyl-(E,is)-2₅6-bϊs[2- [4-(pyrrolidinyl)phenyl]ethenyl]pyridϊnium 4-aminobenzoate salt (also termed the PABA salt) - high performance liquid chromatography area per cent (HPLC A%) first crop = 99.6% excluding PABA; HPLC A% second crop = 99.9% excluding PABA; ¹H NMR and Mass Spectral analyses for both crops were consistent with structure of the desired material 1- ethyl-(E,£)-2,6-bis[2-[4-(pyrrolidinyl)phenyl]ethenyl]pyridinium 4-aminobenzoate salt. This product is also named l-ethyl-(^jE)-2,6-bis[2-[4-(pyrrolidinyl)phenyl]ethenyl]pyridinium p- aminobenzoate salt or l-ethyl-(E,j-T)-2,6-bis[2-[4-(pyrrolidinyl)phenyl]ethenyl]pyridinium PABA salt.

[000174] By the methods demonstrated in Examples 1-3, substituted and unsubstituted aromatic aldehydes or substituted and unsubstituted heteroaromatie aldehydes are reacted with substituted and unsubstituted lutidine ethochloride salts, lutidine isobutochloride salts, lutidine methochloride salts, lutidine 1,1,1-trifluoroethochloride salts and the like and with secondary amine catalysts such as piperidine and pyrrolidine in polar protic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol and the like or polar aprotic solvents such as acetonitrile (ACN), dimethyl acetamide (DMA), dimethyl formamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and the like to yield any possible combination of compounds as noted throughout the application and the claims.

[000175] In the following Examples, the "active ingredient" may be any compound described herein included in the formulations of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[000176] EXAMPLE 5 Antibacterial Activity

[000177] Solutions of stilbazium chloride, (1% dimethylsulfoxide) were diluted with sterile water, using serial half-step dilutions. Forty microliters of each dilution were then pipetted onto seeded Mueller-Hinton agar plates. The agar plates were then incubated for 24 hours at 35°C and zones of inhibition were then recorded. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was the lowest concentration of the test material which produced a zone of inhibition against the organism. The MIC for stilbazium chloride against a series of organisms is listed in the table below.

* The data represent the minimal inhibitory concentrations of stilbazium chloride, in μg/mL, for inhibition of bacterial growth, cultured in vitro.

[000178] EXAMPLE 6: Antifungal activity

[000179] Fungal strains (obtained from ATCC) were grown in Mueller-Hinton broth for 18 hours at 35°C. Plates were then seeded with the broth culture and allowed to air-dry at room temperature (22°C) for about 10-15 minutes. Forty microliters of stilbazium chloride (in 1% dimethylsulfoxide) and serial half-step dilutions in water were then pipetted onto the seeded Mueller-Hinton agar plates. The plates were then incubated for 24 hours at 35⁰C and zones of inhibition were then recorded. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was the lowest concentration of stilbazium chloride, which produced a zone of inhibition against the organism. The following table lists the antifungal activity of stilbazium chloride against various fungal strains.

[000180] Table 2: Inhibition of yeast and fungal growth by stilbazium chloride in vitro

* The data represent the minimal inhibitory concentrations of stilbazium chloride, in μg/mL, for inhibition of bacterial growth, cultured in vitro.

[000181] EXAMPLE ?

[000182] Stilbazium iodide was tested against a panel of plant relevant mold stains. A stock solution of the compound was prepared in DMSO at a concentration of 10,000 ppm a.i. Further dilutions were prepared with water. The test was conducted at the following concentrations: 125, 31, 8, 21, 0.5 and 0.125 ppm a.i. Spore suspensions of the fungi were prepared. The test was conducted in microtiter plates and for each fungus and each concentration, 3 wells were prepared. Incubation of the inoculated plates was carried out at 18°C for 7 days. After this time, the optical density of the mycelium developed in each well was measured at 405 nm.

[000183] The data produced, shown in Table 3, allowed an assessment of the IC 90 value (the concentration at which the fungal growth was reduced by at least 90% compared to the control). [000184] Table 3

[000185] EXAMPLE 8

[000186] The data shown below in Table 4 illustrates various bacteria and fungi that can be treated by stilbazium compounds. The data illustrates the overall effectiveness of various stilbazium compounds.

[000187] Table 4

MIC MIC

Species Isolate # 80% 100% MFC

Alternaria species 128.89 6.25 12.5 >100

Aspergillus flavus 112.96 3.12 6.25 6.25

Aspergillus flavus 194.99 3.12 3.12 12.5

Aspergillus flavus 107.96 ^• 6.25 12.5 25

Aspergillus flavus 141.88 12.5 25 25

Aspergillus flavus 178.03 12.5 25 >25

Aspergillus flavus 173.03 25 25 >25

Aspergillus fumigatus 168.95 3.12 6.25 >25

QC A. fumigatus 168.95 3.12 6.25 >100

QC A. fumigatus 168.95 3.12 6.25 >100

Aspergillus fumigatus 111.02 3.12 6.25 12.5

Aspergillus fumigatus 153.90 12.5 25 25

Aspergillus fumigatus 182.99 12.5 25 >25

Aspergillus sydowii 165.02 0.78 1.56 3.12

Aspergillus versicolor 120.02 1.56 3.12 6.25

BiDolaris suicifera 155.89 3.12 3.12 >100 Candida albicans A39 0.39 0.39 0.39

Candida albicans 117.00 0.39 0.39 0.39

QC C. albicans 117.00 1.56 1.56 3.12

QC C. albicans 117.00 3.12 3.12 6.25

Candida albicans 117.00 0.78 1.56 3.12

Candida albicans 116.98 0.39 0.39 1.56

Candida albicans 126.97 0.39 0.78 0.78

Candida albicans 149.97 0.39 0.39 0.78

Candida albicans 159.95 0.39 0.39 1.56

Candida albicans 156.97 1.56 1.56 1.56

Candida albicans 203.03 1.56 1.56 3.12

Candida albicans 204.03 1.56 1.56 1.56

Candida albicans 205.03 1.56 1.56 . 6.25

Candida albicans 206.03 3.12 3.12 12.5

Candida albicans 202.03 3.12 3.12 3.12

Candida parapsilosis 110.01 0.78 0.78 3.12

Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 0.78 0.78 3.12

Candida parapsilosis 109.96 1.56 1.56 3.12

Candida parapsilosis 118.02 1.56 1.56 6.25

Candida parapsilosis 123.00 1.56 1.56 6.25

Chaetomium species T 217 1.56 3.12 >100

Cryptococcus neoformans H99 0.012 0.024 1.56

Curvularia lunata 141.90 1.56 3.12 >100

Curvularia lunata 110.90 3.12 3.12 >100

Curvularia lunata v. aeria 104.89 3.12 6.25 >100

Curvularia lunata 146.90 6.25 6.25 >100

Penicillium aurantiogriseum 135.02 6.25 12.5 >100

Penicillium chrysogenum 119.02 0.78 0.78 12.5

Rhizopus oryzae 172.86 1.56 6.25 >100

Rhizopus oryzae 182.88 3.12 6.25 >100

Rhizopus oryzae 318.86 3.12 6.25 >100

Rhizopus oryzae 117.89 6.25 6.25 12.5

Rhizopus oryzae 127.88 12.5 12.5 >25

Rhizopus oryzae 181.88 12.5 12.5 >25

Rhodotorula mucilaginosa 213.03 1.56 3.12 6.25

Rhodotorula mucilaginosa 207.03 3.12 3.12 3.12

Rhodotorula mucilaginosa 209.03 3.12 6.25 6.25

Rhodotorula mucilasi nosa 210.03 3.12 3.12 3.12 Rhodotorula mucilaginosa 21 1.03 6.25 6.25 6.25

[000188] EXAMPLE 9

[000189] (1) Tablet Formulations (i) Oral m /tablet

[000190] Formulations A to E may be prepared by wet granulation of the first six ingredients with the povidone™, followed by addition of the magnesium stearate and compression.

(iii) Buccal mg/tablet

[000191] The formulation may be prepared by direct compression of the admixed ingredients.

(2) Capsule Formulations (i) Powder mg/Capsule

[000192] Formulations F and G may be prepared by admixing the ingredients and filling two-part hard gelatin capsules with the resulting mixture.

(ii) Liquid fill

[000193] Formulation H may be prepared by melting the Macrogol ™. 4000 BP , dispersing the active ingredient in the melt and filling two-part hard gelatin capsules therewith. Formulation I may be prepared by dispersing the active ingredient in the lecithin and arachis oil and filling soft, elastic gelatin capsules with the dispersion.

(iii) Controlled release m /tablet

[000194] The formulation may be prepared by mixing and extruding the first four ingredients and spheronising and drying the extrudate. The dried pellets are coated with ethyl cellulose as a release controlling membrane and filled into two-part, hard gelatin capsules. Powder Capsules for Inhalation

Active Ingredient (0.5-7.0 μm powder) 1.0 mg

Lactose (30-90 μm powder) 49.0 mg

[000195] The powders were mixed until homogeneous and filled into suitably sized hard gelatin capsules (50 mg per capsule).

Inhalation Aerosol

[000196] The sorbitan trioleate and methanol are dissolved in the trichloro- fluoromethane. The saccharin sodium and active ingredient are dispersed in the mixture which is transferred to a suitable aerosol canister and the dichlorofluoromethane is injected through the valve system. This composition provides 0.5 mg of active ingredient in each 100 μl dose.

To ical solution.

[000197] The compound of formula I (stilbazium chloride) is dissolved directly in the alcohol and placed in amber glass vials. Application to the skin of the resulting 0.2% solution may be attained through application by cottom swab or through a permeable, absorbent cap, applied to the affected epidermis.

[000198] EXAMPLE 10 Biological Activity

[000199] Aqueous cream for external (dermal), vaginal and rectal application The com ound of formula I

[000200] The compound of formula I is suspended in butane by mixing and the resulting cream is applied topically.

[000201] Carrageenan Pleurisy Assay

[000202] The anti-inflammatory activity of compounds of the invention was determined by the procedure of Vinegar, R, et al., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 1981, 168, 24-32, using male Lewis rats of 150.+-.20 grams. The carrageenan dose was 0.075 mg/rat. Pleural exudate was harvested four hours after injection of carrageenan. Acute antiinflammatory activity was determined by inhibition of pleural edema and inflammatory cells (neutrophils) from a negative (vehicle) control group.

[000203] 2) Acetic Acid Colitis Assay

[000204] Anti-inflammatory activity of compounds of the invention was determined in the Acetic Acid Colitis rat model using the procedure of Fretland, D., et al., 1990, 255:572- 576 in male Lewis rats 275+25 grams. Compounds were administered either orally or rectally 24, 16 and 4 hours prior to the 40 second instillation of 3% acetic acid solution in the proximal 6 cm of the colon under light anesthesia. The colon was immediately washed with 5 cc of saline. 24 hours later the rats were sacrificed and 6 cm of the proximal colon was excised weighed for edema. Neutrophil inflammation was determined by measuring MPO levels in the scraped colonic mucosa from these rats. Anti-inflammatory activity was determined by inhibition of edema formation and mucosal MPO levels compared to the negative control group (vehicle).

[000205] 3) Antibacterial Activity

[000206] Solutions of formula I (1% dimethylsulfoxide) were diluted further with sterile water, using serial half-step dilutions. Forty microliters of each dilution were pipetted onto seeded Mueller-Hinton agar plates. The agar plates were then incubated for 24 hours at 35°C. and zones of inhibition were then recorded. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was the lowest concentration of the test material which produced a zone of inhibition against the organism. The MIC for formula I against a series of organisms is listed in Table 2 above.

[000207] 4) Antifungal activity

[000208] Fungal strains (obtained from ATCC) were grown in Mueller-Hinton broth for 18 hours at 35°C. Plates were then seeded with the broth culture and allowed to air-dry at room temperature (22°C.) for about 10-15 minutes. Forty microliters of formula I (in 1% dimethylsulfoxide) and serial half-step dilutions in water were then pipetted onto the seeded Mueller-Hinton agar plates. The plates were then incubated for 24 hours at 35°C. and zones of inhibition were then recorded. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was the lowest concentration of formula I which produced a zone of inhibition against the organism. Below, table 6 lists the antifungal activity of formula I against various fungal strains.

[000209] Table 5: Comparison of Formula I to other anti-inflammatory drugs in the carrageenan pleurisy assay in male, Lewis rats

Compound Dose (μg/rat; % Inhibition WBC % Inhibition intrapleural) Exudate

Formula I 0.2 32 25

Formula I 1.0 41 40

Formula I 5.0 76 60

Dexamethasone 2.0 8 10

Dexamethasone 10.0 29 41

Dexamethasone 50.0 68 83

Prednisolone 50 23 25

Prednisolone 250 32 30

Prednisolone 1250 97 55

[000210] Results are expressed as % inhibition of the infiltration of white blood cells (wbc) and exudates volume resulting from the intrapleural instillation of carrageenan. Drugs were administered 1 hour after, carageenan; measurements were performed 4 hours later.

[000211] Table 6: Comparison of Formula I to other anti-inflammatory drugs in the Acetic Acid Colitis assay in male, Lewis rats

Compound Dose (mg/kg (po) % Inhibition Tissue % Inhibition MPO swelling (edema) (u/cm)

Formula I 5 36 39 Formula I 20 47 37

Sulfasalazine 100 10 20 Sulfasalazine 300 14 16

Prednisolone 3 44 41 Prednisolone 12 40 46

[000212] Table 7: Comparison of Formula I and another anti-fungal drug for treating vaginal candidiasis in female Charles River mice.

[000213] Mice, infected vaginally with Candida albicans, were treated with 0.025 mL of the above treatments, commencing 6 hours post-infection, daily for 4 days. The concentration of formula I was 0.5% (w/v) and chlortrimazole was 1% (w/v).

[000214] Table 8: Inhibition of yeast and fungal growth by Formula I in vitro

[000215] The data represent the minimal inhibitory concentrations of formula I, in μg/mL, for inhibition of bacterial growth, cultured in vitro.

[000216] Table 9: In Vivo Pharmacological and Toxicological Actions of Stilbazium Salts

[000217] Table 10: Efficacy of Stibazium salts +/- Prednisolone in Rodent Inflammation Models

4 Hour Carrageenan Pleuritis

4 Hour Allergic Pleuritis

4 Hour Aller ic S novitis

[000218] EXAMPLE 11 Jn vitro screening

[000219] A stock solution of each compound was prepared in DMSO at a concentration of 10,000 ppm a.i. Further dilutions were prepared with water. The test was conducted at the following concentrations: 125, 31, 8, 21, 0.5 and 0.125 ppm a.i. Spore suspensions of the following fungi were prepared: Alternaria solani, Botrytis cinerea, Cochiobolus mijabeanus, Colletotrichum lagenarium, Fusarium culmorum, Phytophthora infestans, Pyrenophora teres, Pyricularia oryzae, Rhizoctonia solani and Septoria tritici.

[000220] The test was conducted in microtiter plates and for each fungus and each concentration, 3 wells were prepared. Incubation of the inoculated plates was carried out at 18°C for 7 days. After this time, the optical density of the mycelium developed in each well was measured at 405 run. The data produced allowed an assessment of the IC 90 value (the concentration at which the fungal growth was reduced by at least 90% compared to the control).

[000221 ] In vivo - detached leaf assay

[000222] In this model, detached leaves of appropriate host plants were placed on water agar. The leaves were treated with 20 μl cm² of a 15 ppm a.i. solution of each compound, which had been prepared from the 10,000 ppm a.i. stock solution in DMSO. The treated leaves were allowed to dry for 24 h, after which they were inoculated with the following fungal species (host plant in brackets); an exception was wheat brown rust (Puccinia triticina) where the inoculation of the leaves had been made 24 h before application of the test compounds: Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici (wheat), Fusaήum culmorum (barley), Phaeosphaeria nodorum (wheat), Phytophthora infestans (tomato), Puccinia triticina (wheat) and Pyricularia oyrzae (rice).

[000223] The leaves were subsequently incubated at 18°C with a 12 h photo period. The incubation period was up to 7 days. There were 3 replicates.

[000224] In vivo - glasshouse screening

[000225] The compounds were sprayed to run-off onto the test plants at 250, 63 and 16 ppm a.ύ, inoculation of the treated plants took place 24 h after treatment, as before the exception being wheat brown rust, where inoculation took place 24 h before treatment. The following pathogen/host plant combinations were included in the trial: Alternaria solani / tomato, Botrytis cinerea/ bell pepper, Phytophthora infestans I tomato and Puccinia triticina I wheat.

[000226] Incubation followed under climatic conditions favourable for the development of the fungal pathogen. Disease development was assessed 7 days after inoculation.

[000227] Overall Results

[000228] The majority of the tested compounds showed a broad in vitro activity, which was, in some cases, also seen at very low concentrations.

[000229] Under glasshouse conditions and using intact plants, a limited degree of activity could be seen, at a high concentration (250 ppm a.i.) tested. Activity was shown in Alternaria solani and Phytophthora infestans.

[000230] EXAMPLE 12

[000231] Stilbazium iodide was tested against a panel of plant relevant mold stains. A stock solution of the compound was prepared in DMSO at a concentration of 10,000 ppm a.i. Further dilutions were prepared with water. The test was conducted at the following concentrations: 125, 31, 8, 21, 0.5 and 0.125 ppm a.i. Spore suspensions of the fungi were prepared. The test was conducted in microtiter plates and for each fungus and each concentration, 3 wells were prepared. Incubation of the inoculated plates was carried out at 18°C for 7 days. After this time, the optical density of the mycelium developed in each well was measured at 405 ran. [000232] The data produced, shown in Table 11, allowed an assessment of the IC 90 value (the concentration at which the fungal growth was reduced by at least 90% compared to the control).

[000233] Table 11

EXAMPLE 13

N-[Methoxy(poIγethyleneoxy)n.ilethyI 2,6-Lutidinium Methanesulfonate (mPEG750- ethyi hitidinium mesylate)

By several variations of temperature (room temperature to reflux) and time differences (days to weeks) from Example 1, commercially available 2,6-lutidine was successfully reacted with MeO-PEG750-OMs ( Biolink Life Sciences, Inc., Gary, NC) to yield N-[methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)_n-i]ethyl 2,6-lutidinium mesylate where n is from 15 to 17 and X is OMs.

EXAMPLE 14

2_<6-Bis-f2-f4-(N-Pyrrolidϊno^')phenyllvmyn-l-Fmethoxy(polvethyIeneoxy)n,i1-ethyl Pyridinium Methanesulfonate (^"nτPEG750-stilbazium mesylate)

A sample of methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)_n-i -ethyl 2,6-lutidinium mesylate (X = OMs) was reacted with commercially available 4-(N-pyrrolidino)benzaldehyde (4) in heated ethanol containing a catalytic amount of piperidine to yield 2₅6-bis-[2-[4-(N- pyrrolidino)phenyl]vinyl]-l-[methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)_n-i]-ethyl pyridinium methanesulfonate (X is OMs) where n is from 15 to 17.

[000234] The foregoing is illustrative of the present invention, and is not to be construed as limiting thereof. The invention is defined by the following claims, with equivalents of the claims to be included therein.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A composition comprising a compound having the following structure:

or a solvate thereof, wherein

NR]R₂ and NR₃R₄ are in the ortho, meta or para positions;

X^" is an anionic salt;

Ri_; Ra, R₃, or R₄ are the same or different and independently selected from the group consisting of Ci -io alkyl (linear or branched) and alkenes (linear or branched), or wherein Ri and R₂ or R₃ and R₄ taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form pyrrolidino or piperidino rings;

R₅ is selected from the group consisting of C ₁-₁₀ alkyl (linear or branched), alkenes (linear or branched), alkynes, an organometallic compound (substituted or unsubstituted), substituted and unsubstituted aryl moieties and substituted and unsubstituted benzyl moieties; R₅ is (CKb)_n-MR₆, wherein n is a number from 1 to 6, M is an organometallic compound selected from the group consisting of tin, silicon, and germanium, and wherein R$ is selected from the group consisting of propyl, butyl, and alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted; or R₅ is a polyalkylene glycol moiety comprising a C₁-₅ alkyl (linear or branched) substituted polyethylene glycol, a C₂.s alkene (linear or branched) substituted polyethylene glycol or a C₂-₅ alkyne substituted polyethylene glycol; and a solvent.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein X^" is fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, halide, methanesulfonate (mesylate), p-toluenesulfonate (tosylate), napthylate, m- nitrobenzenesulfonate (nosylate), para-aminobenzoate, lauryl sulfate, 2,4-dihydroxy benzophenone, 2-(2-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl) benzotriazole or benzenesulfonate (besylate).

3. The composition of claim 1 or 2, wherein R₅ is a polyalkylene glycol moiety comprising a C1-₅ alkyl (linear or branched) substituted polyethylene glycol.

4. The composition of claims 1 or 2, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of l-ethyl-C^jδ^^jό-bisP-^-CpyrrolidinyOphenyljethenyllpyridinium chloride; l-ethyl-(E,E)-2,6-bis[2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]ethenyl]pyridinium chloride; 1- ethyl-(E,E)-2,6-bis[2-[4-(diethylamino)phenyl]ethenyl]pyridinium chloride; 1 -ethyl-(E,E)- 2,6-bis[2-[4-(pyrrolidinyl)phenyl]ethenyl]pyridinium 4-aminobenzoate salt and 1-methyl- (E,E)-2,6-bis[2-[4-(pyrrolidinyl)phenyl]ethenyl]pyridinium chloride, substantially free of any other confϊgurational isomers; 2,6-bis-[2-[4-(N-pyrrolidino)phenyl]vinyl]-l- [methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)_n-i]-ethyl pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (mPEG350-stilbazium- tosylate), wherein n is 7 or 8 and X^" is OTs; and 2,6-bis-[2-[4-(N-pyrrolidino)phenyl]vinyl]- l-[methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)_n-i]-ethyl pyridinium methanesulfonate (mPEG750-stilbazium mesylate),wherein n is from 15 to 17 and X^" is OMs.

5. A composition comprising a compound having the following structure:

or a solvate thereof, wherein

NRjR₂ is in the ortho, meta or para position;

X^" is fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, halide, methanesulfonate (mesylate), benzenesulfonate (besylate), p-toluenesulfonate (tosylate), napthylate, m- nitrobenzenesulfonate (nosylate), para-aminobenzoate, lauryl sulfate, 2,4-dihydroxy benzophenone or 2-(2-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl) benzotriazole;

Ri and R₂ are the same or different and independently selected from the group consisting of Cj-io alkyl (linear or branched) and alkenes (linear or branched), or wherein R₁ and R₂ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form pyrrolidino or piperidino rings;

R₃ is selected from the group consisting of CM_O alkyl (linear or branched), alkenes (linear or branched), alkynes, substituted and unsubstituted aryl moieties and substituted and unsubstituted benzyl moieties; R₃ is an organometallic compound; R₃ is (CHb)_n-MRp, wherein n is a number from 1 to 6, M is an organometallic compound wherein Rg is alkyl; or R₃ is a polyalkylene glycol moiety comprising a C ₁.₅ alkyl (linear or branched) substituted polyethylene glycol, a C2-₅ alkene (linear or branched) substituted polyethylene glycol or a C₂-₅ alkyne substituted polyethylene glycol;

R₄ through Rg are the same or different and may be selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C M_O alkyl (linear or branched), representative examples of alkyl including, but not limited to, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl₅ i-butyl, alkenes (linear or branched), alkynes, substituted and unsubstituted aryl moieties and substituted and unsubstituted benzyl moieties, hydroxy, alkoxy, SCH₃, (C₁-C₃) alkylthio, SH, (C₁-C₃) haloalkoxy, (C_rC₃) perhaloalkoxy, NH₂, NH(lower alkyl), N(lower aikyi)₂, halogen, (C₁-C₃) haloalkyl, (Ci-C₃) perhaloalkyl, -CF₃, -CH₂CF₃, -CF₂CF₃, -CN, -NC, -OCN, -SCN, -NO, -NO₂, -N₃, -S(O) (lower alkyl), - S(O) (aryl), -S(O)₂ (lower alkyl), -S(O)₂ (aryl), S(O)₂ (alkoxyl) , -S(O)₂(aryloxy), -S(O)NH₂; -S(O)₂NH-lower alkyl, -S(O)₂NH-aryl, -S(O)₂N-(lower alkyl)₂, -S(O)₂N-(aryl)₂, -C(O)R₃, -C(O)OR₃, -C(O)NR₃R_b, -C(NH)NR_aRb, -OC(O)R₃, -SC(O)R₃, -OC(O)OR₃, -SC(O)OR₃, -OC(O)NR_aR_b, -SC(O)NR₃Rb, -OC(NH)NR_aR_b, -SC(NH)NR_aR_b, -[NHC(O)]«R_a, -[NHC(O)]_rtORa, -pSfHC(O)]_nNR_aRb and -[NHC(NH)]_πNR_aRb, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 5, and wherein R_a and R_b can be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, trifluoromethyl, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, a heterocyclic group, a substituted heterocyclic group, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, formyl, acyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, carboxyaryl, amido, carbamoyl, guanidino, ureido, amidino, cyano, nitro, mercapto, sulfinyl, sulfonyl and sulfonamide, and any OfR₄ through R₈ together can form a fused ring; and a solvent.

6. The composition of claims 1 through 5, wherein the solvent is water, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, propylene glycol, benzyl alcohol, glycerin, methanol, ethylene glycol or a polyethylene glycol.

7. The composition of claims 1 through 6, wherein the composition is a liquid, emulsion, gel, cream, ointment, aerosol, encapsulated or in a liposome.

8. The composition of claims 1 through 7, wherein the composition is a disinfectant.

9. The composition of claims 1 through 7, wherein the composition is an antiseptic composition.

10. The composition of claims 1 through 7, wherein the composition provides an aseptic method.

11. The composition of claims 1 through 10, wherein the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically, cosmetically, agriculturally or industrially acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent.

12. A composition comprising stilbazium and/or thiazolium or salts thereof in a solvent in an amount effective to reduce microbial growth.

13. A method of treating an area or product with microbial growth or to prevent microbial growth from occurring, the method comprising administering to the site where growth is to be treated an effective amount of a composition of claims 1 through 12.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the area or product is a residential area, medical facility, hospital, communal area, wood, air ducts, lumber, decks, buoys, seawalls, retaining walls, docks, pilings, watercrafts, boats, pipes, stucco, tiles, paint, insulation, roofs, roofing materials, building materials, metal, concrete and cement based materials, plasters, asphalts, ceramics, stucco, grout, plastics, glass, computer parts, food packaging, swimming pools, pool surfaces, hot tubs, spas, wall coverings, siding materials, flooring, filtration systems, cooling towers and/or substrates.

15. The method of claim 13, wherein the product is a medical device, instrument or implant.

16. A method of disinfecting a surface or environment comprising contacting the surface or environment with a composition of claims 1 through 12.

17. A method of providing an antiseptic surface or environment comprising contacting the surface or environment with a composition of claims 1 through 12. .

18. A method of providing an aseptic method comprising contacting a surface with a composition of claims 1 through 12.

19. A method of hand sanitation comprising contacting the hands of a subject with a composition of claims 1 through 12.

20. A method of preparing a surface for injection comprising administering topically a composition of claims 1 through 12 to the surface of a site for injection.