WO2007047504A2 - Natriuretic peptide modified transferrin fusion proteins - Google Patents

Natriuretic peptide modified transferrin fusion proteins Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007047504A2
WO2007047504A2 PCT/US2006/040207 US2006040207W WO2007047504A2 WO 2007047504 A2 WO2007047504 A2 WO 2007047504A2 US 2006040207 W US2006040207 W US 2006040207W WO 2007047504 A2 WO2007047504 A2 WO 2007047504A2
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fusion protein
transferrin
protein
peptide
seq
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PCT/US2006/040207
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French (fr)
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WO2007047504A3 (en
Inventor
Homayoun Sadeghi
Andrew J. Turner
Christopher P. Prior
David J. Ballance
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Biorexis Pharmaceutical Corporation
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Application filed by Biorexis Pharmaceutical Corporation filed Critical Biorexis Pharmaceutical Corporation
Priority to EP06825957A priority Critical patent/EP1951277A2/en
Priority to JP2008535740A priority patent/JP2009511060A/en
Priority to CA002625600A priority patent/CA2625600A1/en
Publication of WO2007047504A2 publication Critical patent/WO2007047504A2/en
Publication of WO2007047504A3 publication Critical patent/WO2007047504A3/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/79—Transferrins, e.g. lactoferrins, ovotransferrins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/62—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being a protein, peptide or polyamino acid
    • A61K47/64—Drug-peptide, drug-protein or drug-polyamino acid conjugates, i.e. the modifying agent being a peptide, protein or polyamino acid which is covalently bonded or complexed to a therapeutically active agent
    • A61K47/644—Transferrin, e.g. a lactoferrin or ovotransferrin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/12—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for electrolyte homeostasis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/04—Inotropic agents, i.e. stimulants of cardiac contraction; Drugs for heart failure
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/575—Hormones
    • C07K14/58—Atrial natriuretic factor complex; Atriopeptin; Atrial natriuretic peptide [ANP]; Cardionatrin; Cardiodilatin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/31—Fusion polypeptide fusions, other than Fc, for prolonged plasma life, e.g. albumin

Definitions

  • Therapeutic proteins or peptides in their native state, or when recombinantly produced, are typically labile molecules exhibiting short periods of serum stability or short in vivo circulatory half-lives.
  • these molecules are often extremely labile when formulated, particularly when formulated in aqueous solutions for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
  • PEG Polyethylene glycol
  • Therapeutic proteins or peptides have also been stabilized by fusion to a protein capable of extending the in vivo circulatory half-life of the therapeutic protein.
  • therapeutic proteins fused to albumin or to antibody fragments may exhibit extended in vivo circulatory half-life when compared to the therapeutic protein in the unfused state. See U.S. Patents 5,876,969 and 5,766,883.
  • glycosylated human transferrin Tf
  • GNF nerve growth factor
  • CNTF ciliary neurotrophic factor
  • the Tf portion of the molecule is glycosylated and binds to two atoms of iron, which is required for Tf binding to its receptor on a cell and, according to the inventors of these patents, to target delivery of the NGF or CNTF moiety across the blood-brain barrier.
  • Transferrin fusion proteins have also been produced by inserting an HIV-I protease target sequence into surface exposed loops of glycosylated transferrin to investigate the ability to produce another form of Tf fusion for targeted delivery to the inside of a cell via the Tf receptor (AIi et al. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274(34) :24066-24073).
  • Serum transferrin is a monomelic glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 80,000 daltons that binds iron in the circulation and transports it to various tissues via the transferrin receptor (TfR) (Aisen et al. (1980) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 49: 357-393; MacGillivray et al. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 258: 3543-3553, U.S. Patent 5,026,651). Tf is one of the most common serum molecules, comprising up to about 5-10% of total serum proteins.
  • Tf has been well characterized and the mechanism of receptor binding, iron binding and release and of carbonate ion binding have been elucidated (U.S. Patents 5,026,651, 5,986,067 and MacGillivray et al. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258(6):3543- 3546).
  • Transferrin and antibodies that bind the transferrin receptor have also been used to deliver or carry toxic agents to tumor cells as cancer therapy (Baselga and Mendelsohn, 1994), and transferrin has been used as a non- viral gene therapy vector to deliver DNA to cells (Frank et al., 1994; Wagner et al., 1992).
  • Transferrin fusion proteins have not, however, been modified or engineered to extend the in vivo circulatory half-life of a therapeutic protein or peptide or to increase bioavailability by reducing or inhibiting glycosylation of the Tf moiety nor to reduce or prevent iron and/or Tf receptor binding.
  • the present invention includes modified Tf fusion proteins comprising at least one natriuretic protein, polypeptide or peptide entity, wherein the Tf portion is engineered to extend the in vivo circulatory half-life or bioavailability of the molecule.
  • the invention also includes pharmaceutical formulations and compositions comprising the fusion proteins, methods of extending the serum stability, in vivo circulatory half-life and bioavailability of a therapeutic protein by fusion to modified transferrin, nucleic acid molecules encoding the modified Tf fusion proteins, and the like.
  • Another aspect of the present invention relates to methods of treating a patient with a modified Tf fusion protein.
  • the modified Tf fusion proteins comprise a human transferrin Tf moiety that has been modified to reduce or prevent glycosylation and/or iron and receptor binding.
  • Figure 1 shows an alignment of the N and C Domains of Human (Hu) transferrin (Tf) (SEQ ID NO: 3) with similarities and identities highlighted.
  • Figures 2A-2B show an alignment of transferrin sequences from different species. Light shading: Similarity; Dark shading: Identity.
  • Figure 4 shows vector pREX0730.
  • Figure 5 shows vector pREX0731.
  • Figure 6 shows vector pREX0722
  • Figure 7 shows vector ⁇ REX0723.
  • Figure 8 shows vector pREX0549.
  • Figure 9 shows vector pREX0584.
  • Figure 10 shows vector pREXl 140.
  • Figure 11 shows vector pREXl 146.
  • Figure 12 shows vector pREX0826.
  • Figure 13 shows vector pREX0827.
  • Figure 14 shows vector pREX0828.
  • Figure 15 shows vector pREX0829. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
  • Tf fusion proteins are engineered to reduce or prevent glycosylation within the Tf or a Tf domain as compared to fully glycosylated Tf, for instance fully N-linked glycosylated Tf.
  • the Tf protein or Tf domain(s) is modified to exhibit reduced or no binding to iron or carbonate ion, or to have a reduced affinity or not bind to a Tf receptor (TfR).
  • the present invention therefore includes transferrin fusion proteins, therapeutic compositions comprising the fusion proteins, and methods of treating, preventing, or ameliorating diseases or disorders by administering the fusion proteins.
  • a transferrin fusion protein of the invention includes at least a fragment or variant of a therapeutic protein and at least a fragment or variant of modified transferrin, which are associated with one another, preferably by genetic fusion (z.e., the transferrin fusion protein is generated by translation of a nucleic acid in which a polynucleotide encoding all or a portion of a therapeutic protein is joined in-frame with a polynucleotide encoding all or a portion of modified transferrin) or chemical conjugation to one another.
  • the invention provides a transferrin fusion protein comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a therapeutic protein and a modified serum transferrin protein.
  • the invention provides a transferrin fusion protein comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a biologically active and/or therapeutically active fragment of a therapeutic protein and a modified transferrin protein
  • the invention provides a transferrin fusion protein comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a biologically active and/or therapeutically active variant of a therapeutic protein and modified transferrin protein.
  • the invention provides a transferrin fusion protein comprising a therapeutic protein, and a biologically active and/or therapeutically active fragment of modified transferrin.
  • the therapeutic protein portion of the transferrin fusion protein is the active form of the therapeutic protein.
  • an "amino acid corresponding to" or an "equivalent amino acid" in a transferrin sequence is identified by alignment to maximize the identity or similarity between a first transferrin sequence and at least a second transferrin sequence.
  • the number used to identify an equivalent amino acid in a second transferrin sequence is based on the number used to identify the corresponding amino acid in the first transferrin sequence. In certain cases, these phrases may be used to describe the amino acid residues in human transferrin compared to certain residues in rabbit serum transferrin.
  • binders include starch; gelatin; sugars, such as sucrose, glucose, dextrose, molasses, and lactose; natural and synthetic gums, such as acacia, sodium alginate, extract of Irish moss, panwar gum, ghatti gum, mucilage of isapol husks, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, Veegum, microcrystalline cellulose, microcrystalline dextrose, amylose, and larch arabogalactan, and the like.
  • sugars such as sucrose, glucose, dextrose, molasses, and lactose
  • natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, sodium alginate, extract of Irish moss, panwar gum, ghatti gum, mucilage of isapol husks, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, Veegum, microcrystalline cellulose, microcrystalline dextrose, amylose
  • carrier refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which a composition is administered.
  • Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like.
  • coloring agents are agents that give tablets a more pleasing appearance, and in addition help the manufacturer to control the product during its preparation and help the user to identify the product. Any of the approved certified water- soluble FD&C dyes, mixtures thereof, or their corresponding lakes may be used to color tablets.
  • a color lake is the combination by adsorption of a water-soluble dye to a hydrous oxide of a heavy metal, resulting in an insoluble form of the dye.
  • diluents are inert substances added to increase the bulk of the formulation to make the tablet a practical size for compression. Commonly used diluents include calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, lactose, kaolin, mannitol, sodium chloride, dry starch, powdered sugar, silica, and the like.
  • disintegrators or “disintegrants” are substances that facilitate the breakup or disintegration of tablets after administration. Materials serving as disintegrants have been chemically classified as starches, clays, celluloses, algins, or gums.
  • disintegrators include Veegum HV, methylcellulose, agar, bentonite, cellulose and wood products, natural sponge, cation-exchange resins, alginic acid, guar gum, citrus pulp, cross- linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, carboxymethylcellulose, and the like.
  • the term "dispersibility” or “dispersible” means a dry powder having a moisture content of less than about 10% by weight (%w) water, usually below about 5%w and preferably less than about 3%w; a particle size of about 1.0-5.0 :m mass median diameter (MMD), usually 1.0-4.0 :m MMD, and preferably 1.0-3.0 :m MMD; a delivered dose of about >30%, usually >40%, preferably >50%, and most preferred >60%; and an aerosol particle size distribution of 1.0-5.0 :m mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD), usually 1.5-4.5 :m MMAD, and preferably 1.5-4.0 :m MMAD.
  • MMD mass median diameter
  • MMAD aerodynamic diameter
  • dry means that the composition has a moisture content such that the particles are readily dispersible in an inhalation device to form an aerosol.
  • This moisture content is generally below about 10% by weight (%w) water, usually below about 5%w and preferably less than about 3%w.
  • an effective amount means an amount of a drug or pharmacologically active agent that is sufficient to provide the desired local or systemic effect and performance at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio attending any medical treatment.
  • flavoring agents vary considerably in their chemical structure, ranging from simple esters, alcohols, and aldehydes to carbohydrates and complex volatile oils. Synthetic flavors of almost any desired type are now available.
  • fragment of a Tf protein or "Tf protein,” or “portion of a Tf protein” refer to an amino acid sequence comprising at least about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% of a naturally occurring Tf protein or mutant thereof.
  • a heterologous polynucleotide or a “heterologous nucleic acid” or a “heterologous gene” or a “heterologous sequence” or an “exogenous DNA segment” refers to a polynucleotide, nucleic acid or DNA segment that originates from a source foreign to the particular host cell, or, if from the same source, is modified from its original form.
  • a heterologous gene in a host cell includes a gene that is endogenous to the particular host cell, but has been modified.
  • the terms refer to a DNA segment which is foreign or heterologous to the cell, or homologous to the cell but in a position within the host cell nucleic acid in which the element is not ordinarily found.
  • a signal sequence native to a yeast cell but attached to a human Tf sequence is heterologous.
  • an "isolated" nucleic acid sequence refers to a nucleic acid sequence which is essentially free of other nucleic acid sequences, e.g., at least about 20% pure, preferably at least about 40% pure, more preferably about 60% pure, even more preferably about 80% pure, most preferably about 90% pure, and even most preferably about 95% pure, as determined by agarose gel electrophoresis.
  • an isolated nucleic acid sequence can be obtained by standard cloning procedures used in genetic engineering to relocate the nucleic acid sequence from its natural location to a different site where it will be reproduced.
  • the cloning procedures may involve excision and isolation of a desired nucleic acid fragment comprising the nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide, insertion of the fragment into a vector molecule, and incorporation of the recombinant vector into a host cell where multiple copies or clones of the nucleic acid sequence will be replicated.
  • the nucleic acid sequence may be of genomic, cDNA, RNA, semi- synthetic, synthetic origin, or any combinations thereof.
  • two or more DNA coding sequences are said to be "joined” or “fused” when, as a result of in-frame fusions between the DNA coding sequences, the DNA coding sequences are translated into a fusion polypeptide.
  • fusion in reference to Tf fusions includes, but is not limited to, attachment of at least one therapeutic protein, polypeptide or peptide to the N-terminal end of Tf, attachment to the C-terminal end of Tf, and/or insertion between any two amino acids within Tf.
  • joind or “fused” also includes a construct wherein the DNA sequences encoding two or more moieties are separated by an intron, the precise splicing of which (at the mRNA level) would result in a fusion protein.
  • lubricants are materials that perform a number of functions in tablet manufacture, such as improving the rate of flow of the tablet granulation, preventing adhesion of the tablet material to the surface of the dies and punches, reducing interparticle friction, and facilitating the ejection of the tablets from the die cavity.
  • Commonly used lubricants include talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, and hydrogenated vegetable oils. Typical amounts of lubricants range from about 0.1% by weight to about 5% by weight.
  • Modified transferrin includes a transferrin molecule that exhibits at least one modification of its amino acid sequence, compared to wild-type transferrin. Such modifications may include, but not limited to, modifications that reduce glycosylations compared to fully glycosylated Tf protein. Modified Tf may also include Tf that has reduced glycosylation via enzymatic removal of carbohydrate residues.
  • Modified transferrin fusion protein refers to a protein formed by the fusion of at least one molecule of modified transferrin (or a fragment or variant thereof) to at least one molecule of a therapeutic protein (or fragment or variant thereof).
  • nucleic acid or “polynucleotide” refer to deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides and polymers thereof in either single- or double- stranded form. Unless specifically limited, the terms encompass nucleic acids containing analogues of natural nucleotides that have similar binding properties as the reference nucleic acid and are metabolized in a manner similar to naturally occurring nucleotides. Unless otherwise indicated, a particular nucleic acid sequence also implicitly encompasses conservatively modified variants thereof (e.g. degenerate codon substitutions) and complementary sequences as well as the sequence explicitly indicated.
  • degenerate codon substitutions may be achieved by generating sequences in which the third position of one or more selected (or all) codons is substituted with mixed-base and/or deoxyinosine residues (Batzer et al. (1991) Nucleic Acid Res. 19:5081; Ohtsuka et al. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260:2605-2608; Cassol et al. (1992); Rossolini et al. (1994) MoI. Cell. Probes 8:91-98).
  • nucleic acid is used interchangeably with gene, cDNA, and mRNA encoded by a gene.
  • DNA segment is referred to as "operably linked" when it is placed into a functional relationship with another DNA segment.
  • DNA for a signal sequence is operably linked to DNA encoding a fusion protein of the invention if it is expressed as a preprotein that participates in the secretion of the fusion protein; a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence if it stimulates the transcription of the sequence.
  • DNA sequences that are operably linked are contiguous, and in the case of a signal sequence or fusion protein both contiguous and in reading phase.
  • enhancers need not be contiguous with the coding sequences whose transcription they control.
  • DNA sequences that are operably linked may be separated by one or. more intron sequences wherein splicing of the intron sequences results in the sequences being contiguous in the resulting mature mRNA.
  • Linking in this context, is accomplished by ligation at convenient restriction sites or at adapters or linkers inserted in lieu thereof.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable refers to materials and compositions that are physiologically tolerable and do not typically produce an allergic or similar untoward reaction, such as gastric upset, dizziness and the like, when administered to a human.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable means approvable by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans.
  • physiologically effective amount is that amount delivered to a subject to give the desired palliative or curative effect. This amount is specific for each drug and its ultimate approved dosage level.
  • the term "powder” means a composition that consists of finely dispersed solid particles that are free flowing and capable of being readily dispersed in an inhalation device and subsequently inhaled by a subject so that the particles reach the lungs to permit penetration into the alveoli.
  • the powder is said to be "respirable”.
  • the average particle size is less than about 10 microns (:m) in diameter with a relatively uniform spheroidal shape distribution. More preferably, the diameter is less than about 7.5 :m and most preferably less than about 5.0 :m.
  • the particle size distribution is between about 0.1 :m and about 5 :m in diameter, particularly about 0.3 :m to about 5 :m.
  • the term "recombinant” refers to a cell, tissue or organism that has undergone transformation with a new combination of genes or DNA.
  • the term "subject" can be a human, a mammal, or an animal.
  • the subject being treated is a patient in need of treatment.
  • a targeting entity, protein, polypeptide or peptide refers to a molecule that binds specifically to a particular cell type (normal (e.g., lymphocytes) or abnormal e.g., (cancer cell)) and therefore may be used to target a Tf fusion protein or compound (drug, or cytotoxic agent) to that cell type specifically.
  • a particular cell type normal (e.g., lymphocytes) or abnormal e.g., (cancer cell)
  • Tf fusion protein or compound drug, or cytotoxic agent
  • tablettes are solid pharmaceutical dosage forms containing drug substances with or without suitable diluents and prepared either by compression or molding methods well known in the art. Tablets have been in widespread use since the latter part of the 19 U century and their popularity continues. Tablets remain popular as a dosage form because of the advantages afforded both to the manufacturer (e.g., simplicity and economy of preparation, stability, and convenience in packaging, shipping, and dispensing) and the patient (e.g., accuracy of dosage, compactness, portability, blandness of taste, and ease of administration). Although tablets are most frequently discoid in shape, they may also be round, oval, oblong, cylindrical, or triangular.
  • tablets may differ greatly in size and weight depending on the amount of drug substance present and the intended method of administration. They are divided into two general classes, (1) compressed tablets, and (2) molded tablets or tablet triturates. In addition to the active or therapeutic ingredient or ingredients, tablets contain a number or inert materials or additives.
  • a first group of such additives includes those materials that help to impart satisfactory compression characteristics to the formulation, including diluents, binders, and lubricants.
  • a second group of such additives helps to give additional desirable physical characteristics to the finished tablet, such as disintegrators, colors, flavors, and sweetening agents.
  • the term "therapeutically effective amount” refers to that amount of the transferrin fusion protein comprising a therapeutic molecule which, when administered to a subject in need thereof, is sufficient to effect treatment.
  • the amount of transferrin fusion protein which constitutes a “therapeutically effective amount” will vary depending on the therapeutic protein used, the severity of the condition or disease, and the age and body weight of the subject to be treated, but can be determined routinely by one of ordinary skill in the art having regard to his/her own knowledge and to this disclosure.
  • therapeutic protein refers to proteins, polypeptides, peptides or fragments or variants thereof, having one or more therapeutic, prophylactic and/or biological activities.
  • Therapeutic proteins encompassed by the invention include but are not limited to proteins, polypeptides, peptides, antibodies, and biologies.
  • the terms peptides, proteins, and polypeptides are used interchangeably herein.
  • therapeutic peptide may refer to the endogenous or naturally occurring correlate of a therapeutic protein.
  • a polypeptide displaying a “therapeutic activity” or a protein that is “therapeutically active” is meant a polypeptide that possesses one or more known biological and/or therapeutic activities associated with a therapeutic protein such as one or more of the therapeutic proteins described herein or otherwise known in the art.
  • a “therapeutic protein” is a protein that is useful to treat, prevent or ameliorate a disease, condition or disorder. Such a disease, condition or disorder may be in humans or in a non-human animal, e.g., veterinary use.
  • transformation refers to the transfer of nucleic acid (i.e., a nucleotide polymer) into a cell.
  • genetic transformation refers to the transfer and incorporation of DNA, especially recombinant DNA, into a cell.
  • transformant refers to a cell, tissue or organism that has undergone transformation.
  • transgene refers to a nucleic acid that is inserted into an organism, host cell or vector in a manner that ensures its function.
  • transgenic refers to cells, cell cultures, organisms, bacteria, fungi, animals, plants, and progeny of any of the preceding, which have received a foreign or modified gene and in particular a gene encoding a modified Tf fusion protein by one of the various methods of transformation, wherein the foreign or modified gene is from the same or different species than the species of the organism receiving the foreign or modified gene.
  • variants or variant refers to a polynucleotide or nucleic acid differing from a reference nucleic acid or polypeptide, but retaining essential properties thereof. Generally, variants are overall closely similar, and, in many regions, identical to the reference nucleic acid or polypeptide.
  • variant refers to a therapeutic protein portion of a transferrin fusion protein of the invention, differing in sequence from a native therapeutic protein but retaining at least one functional and/or therapeutic property thereof as described elsewhere herein or otherwise known in the art.
  • the term "vector” refers broadly to any plasmid, phagemid or virus encoding an exogenous nucleic acid.
  • the term is also be construed to include non-plasmid, non-phagemid and non- viral compounds which facilitate the transfer of nucleic acid into virions or cells, such as, for example, polylysine compounds and the like.
  • the vector may be a viral vector that is suitable as a delivery vehicle for delivery of the nucleic acid, or mutant thereof, to a cell, or the vector may be a non- viral vector which is suitable for the same purpose. Examples of viral and non-viral vectors for delivery of DNA to cells and tissues are well known in the art and are described, for example, in Ma et al.
  • viral vectors include, but are not limited to, a recombinant vaccinia virus, a recombinant adenovirus, a recombinant retrovirus, a recombinant adeno-associated virus, a recombinant avian pox virus, and the like (Cranage et al, 1986, EMBO J. 5:3057-3063; International Patent Application No. WO 94/17810, published August 18, 1994; International Patent Application No. WO 94/23744, published October 27, 1994).
  • non- viral vectors include, but are not limited to, liposomes, polyamine derivatives of DNA, and the like.
  • wild type refers to a polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence that is naturally occurring.
  • the transferrin fusion molecules contain a therapeutic protein portion that can be fragments of a therapeutic protein that include the full length protein as well as polypeptides having one or more residues deleted from the carboxy terminus of the amino acid sequence.
  • a polypeptide-having an amino acid sequence at least, for example, 95% "identical" to a query amino acid sequence of the present invention it is intended that the amino acid sequence of the subject polypeptide is identical to the query sequence except that the subject polypeptide sequence may include up to five amino acid alterations per each 100 " amino acids of the query amino acid sequence.
  • the subject polypeptide sequence may include up to five amino acid alterations per each 100 " amino acids of the query amino acid sequence.
  • up to 5% of the amino acid residues in the subject sequence may be inserted, deleted, or substituted with another amino acid.
  • These alterations of the reference sequence may occur at the amino- or carboxy-terminal positions of the reference amino acid sequence or anywhere between those terminal positions, interspersed either individually among residues in the reference sequence, or in one or more contiguous groups within the reference sequence.
  • the polypeptides of the invention comprise, or alternatively, consist of, fragments or variants of the amino acid sequence of a therapeutic protein described herein and/or serum transferrin, and/ modified transferrin protein of the invention, wherein the fragments or variants have 1-5, 5-10, 5-25, 5-50, 10-50 or 50-150 amino acid residue additions, substitutions, and/or deletions when compared to the reference amino acid sequence.
  • the amino acid substitutions are conservative. Nucleic acids encoding these polypeptides are also encompassed by the invention.
  • the fusion proteins of the present invention can be composed of amino-acids joined to each other by peptide bonds or modified peptide bonds and may contain amino acids other than the 20 gene-encoded amino acids.
  • the polypeptides may be modified by either natural processes, such as post-translational processing, or by chemical modification techniques which are well known in the art. Such modifications are well described in basic texts and in more detailed monographs, as well as in a voluminous research literature.
  • the therapeutic proteins of the present invention include, but are not limited to polypeptide, peptide, antibody, or fragments and variants thereof.
  • the therapeutic proteins of the present invention include natriuretic peptides and their analogs, derivatives, and chimeric molecules.
  • Other therapeutic peptide fusions for treatment of cardiovascular disease include fusions to adrenomedullin Shimosawa, T. et al. (2002) Adrenomedullin, an Endogenous Peptide, Counteracts Cardiovascular Damage. Circulation 105,106-111) and fusions to urocortin (Donaldson, CJ. et al. (1996) Cloning and Characterization of Human Urocortin. Endocrinology 137, 2167-2170).
  • the present invention provides fusion proteins comprising one or more copies of a natriuretic peptide fused to a transferrin molecule.
  • the transferrin molecule is a modified transferrin molecule exhibiting reduced glycosylation as compared to the native transferrin molecule.
  • the natriuretic peptide may be an endogenous natriuretic peptide or an exogenous peptide, such as an analog or derivative of an endogenous natriuretic peptide, a chimeric natriuretic peptide, or a peptide able to act as an agonist or antagonist of a natriuretic peptide receptor.
  • the fusion protein may contain only one type of natriuretic peptide or a combination of different types of natriuretic peptides.
  • Natriuretic peptides share common receptors and stimulate the intracellular production of cGMP as a second messenger.
  • the functional activities of the mammalian natriuretic peptides are mediated through the binding of the natriuretic peptides to three distinct mammalian receptors, natriuretic peptide receptors A, B, and C (NPRA, NPRB, and NPRC).
  • NPRA and NPRB are linked to guanyl cyclases (GC).
  • GC guanyl cyclases
  • NPRC is not coupled to cGMP production and may function in the clearance of ANP.
  • the natriuretic peptides have very short half-lives after in vivo delivery. Thus, there is an interest in obtaining natriuretic peptides with extended serum stability or in vivo circulatory half-live and with enhanced functional activity.
  • ANP has been given a variety of names including ANF, cardionatrin, atrionatriuretic factor, pronatriodilatin (PND), atriopeptin, but are now collectively known as ANPs.
  • the main source of ANP is the atria of the heart, though its synthetic equivalent is commercially available in the form of ⁇ -H-ANP.
  • These four peptide hormones within the 126 amino acid ANP prohormone consist of: (1) the first 30 amino acids from the N-terminal end of the prohormone ⁇ i.e., pro ANP 1-30 of SEQ ID NO: 5; long acting natriuretic peptide, LANP); (2) amino acid 31-67 of SEQ ID NO: 5 ⁇ i.e., proANP 31-67; Vessel Dilator); (3) amino acid 79-98 of SEQ ID NO: 5 (proANP 79-98; Kaliuretic Peptide); and (4) amino acid 99-126 of SEQ ID NO: 5 of this prohormone (ANP: SLRRSSCFGGRMDRIGAQSGLGCNSFRY).
  • Each of these four peptide hormones circulate within the blood stream with LANP and Vessel Dilator's concentrations in plasma being 15- to 20-fold higher than ANP.
  • Each of these peptide hormones has biologic effects, e.g., blood pressure lowering, natriuretic and/or diuretic effects in both animals and humans.
  • ANP amino acids 99-126 of SEQ ID NO: 5
  • ANP is the principal circulating form of the peptide.
  • the term "atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)” means any ANP from various species, analogs, and derivatives thereof, and chimeric ANP peptides. The term also refers to synthetically produced ANP having the same amino acid sequence as an endogenous ANP peptide.
  • the term "ANP” may include, ANPs having a sequence derived from mammals, such as, but not limited to, human, rat, mouse, equine, or porcine sources.
  • ANP is a potent natriuretic and vasorelaxant polypeptide.
  • One of its main biologic functions is to enhance sodium excretion (natriuresis).
  • ANP has been shown to play a significant role in blood-pressure homeostasis, regulation of extracellular fluid volume, and as an antagonist to the hypertensive effects of the renin-angiotensin system and other hormonal and neurotransmitter systems.
  • ANP has been detected in the blood by radioimmunoassay (Gufkowska et al., (1984) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Common. 125:315- 323; Tanaka et al, (1984) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 124:663-668).
  • ANP neuropeptide
  • regulation of its levels in the blood would be a therapeutic approach to the treatment of such disorders as hypertension, shock, and the like.
  • current native and synthetic ANP, as well as analogs thereof would allow for the modulation of fluid volume and vascular function by increasing ANP levels
  • effective therapies may also require ANP levels to be reduced in order to achieve the desired extracellular fluid volume and electrolytic homeostasis.
  • ANP has been infused intravenously in treating hypertension, heart disease, acute renal failure and edema.
  • ANP when infused intravenously, has been shown to increase the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and filtration fraction.
  • GFR glomerular filtration rate
  • ANP has also been shown to reduce proximal tubule sodium ion concentration and water reabsorption.
  • ANP has been shown to inhibit net sodium ion reabsorption and water reabsorption in the collecting duct, lower plasma renin concentration and inhibit aldosterone secretion.
  • Use of ANP intravenously has also resulted in mean arterial pressure reduction and has led to natriuresis and diuresis.
  • Vessel Dilator has been shown to have significant beneficial diuretic, natriuretic and hemodynamic properties in humans with congestive heart failure (Vesely, D. L. et al. (1998) Circulation. 98: 323-329).
  • Dialysis provides a method for supplementing or replacing renal function in certain patients. Principally, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are the two methods that are currently utilized.
  • hemodialysis In hemodialysis, the patient's blood is passed through an artificial kidney dialysis machine. A membrane in the machine acts as an artificial kidney for cleansing the blood. Because it is an extracorporeal treatment that requires special machinery, hemodialysis is fraught with certain inherent disadvantages such as the availability of dialysis machines and the possibility of infection and contamination.
  • Peritoneal dialysis utilizes the patient's own peritoneum as a semi-permeable membrane.
  • the peritoneum is a membranous lining of the abdominopelvic walls of the body.
  • the peritoneum is capable of acting as a natural semi-permeable membrane because of its large number of blood vessels and capillaries.
  • a peritoneal dialysis solution is introduced into the peritoneal cavity utilizing a catheter. After a sufficient period of time, an exchange of solutes between the dialysate and blood is achieved. Fluid removal is achieved by providing a suitable osmotic gradient from the dialysate to the blood to permit water outflow from the blood. This allows the proper acid-base, electrolyte and fluid balance to be achieved in the blood. After an appropriate dwell period, the dialysis solution or dialysate is drained from the body through a catheter.
  • peritoneal dialysis provides some advantages over hemodialysis
  • primary disadvantages of peritoneal dialysis include an insufficient net ultrafiltration and insufficient clearances of urea nitrogen and sodium.
  • overall peritoneal dialysis adequacy can be insufficient. Therefore, there is a need for an improved peritoneal dialysis solution which provides a greater net ultrafiltration and increased clearances of components such as urea nitrogen.
  • Patent 5,965,533 provides a peritoneal dialysis solution that contains atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a derivative of ANP, an analogue of ANP, a substance that binds ANP to clearance receptors or a substance that promotes ANP synthesis, which results in an increased net ultrafiltration and increased sodium clearance experienced in peritoneal dialysis patients.
  • ANP atrial natriuretic peptide
  • BNPs Brain Natriuretic Peptides
  • BNP brain natriuretic peptide
  • BNP brain natriuretic peptide
  • BNP brain natriuretic peptide
  • mammals such as, but not limited to, human, rat, mouse, equine, or porcine sources.
  • BNP is a 26-amino acid peptide synthesized in porcine brain and atrial tissue at about 1/100 of the concentration of analyzed atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) activity.
  • ANP atrial natriuretic peptide
  • pBNP analyzed atrial natriuretic peptide
  • BNPs are derived from a larger precursor molecule. Subsequent papers from Sudoh et al. further characterized these proteins. Sudoh et al.
  • BNP-32 32-amino acid natriuretic peptide
  • a cDNA library was obtained from porcine cardiac atrium and the relevant BNP-encoding gene was isolated and sequenced. The gene was found to include a 25-residue putative signal peptide at the N-terminus followed by the codons corresponding to the 106 amino acids of the reported protein. These results are consistent with the information available from studies of the atrial-derived natriuretic peptides which are generally also associated with longer precursors.
  • Kambayashi et al. FEBS Lett. (1990) 259(2):341-5) isolated human brain natriuretic peptide (human BNP) from the human atrium.
  • SEQ ID NO: 7 discloses the human BNP sequences including its signal peptide. The first 26 amino acid in SEQ ID NO: 7 is the signal peptide.
  • the sequence of human BNP (103-134) is preceded by Prol01-Argl02 in the human BNP precursor, which is the same processing signal as Pro97-Arg98 of the precursor of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP, SEQ ID NO: 4).
  • the processing of the BNP precursor occurs in the cardiocyte, although that of the ANP precursor in the cardiocyte is unclear at present.
  • U.S. Patent 5,948,761 discloses recombinant canine BNPs useful in treating conditions characterized by high levels of extracellular fluid.
  • the patent discloses various peptides, such as, Rl-Cys-Phe-Gly-Arg-Arg-Leu-Asp-Arg-Ile-Gly-Ser-Leu-Ser-Gly-Leu- Gly-Cys-R2 wherein Rl is selected from the group consisting of: (H); GIy-; Ser-Gly-; Lys- Ser-Gly-; His-Lys-Ser-Gly-; Met-His-Lys-Ser-Gly-; Thr-Met-His-Lys-Ser-Gly-; Lys-Thr- Met-His-Lys-Ser-Gly-; Pro-Lys-Thr-Met-His-Lys-Ser-Gly-; and Ser-Pro-Lys-Thr-Met-His- Lys
  • BNPs have short half-lives after in vivo delivery.
  • One way to extend the serum stability or in vivo circulatory half-life of the BNPs after in vivo delivery is to fuse them to transferrin or modified transferrin.
  • the present invention provides fusion proteins comprising BNPs fused to modified transferrins exhibiting reduced glycosylation as compared to a native transferrin.
  • the BNPs in the fusion proteins may be endogenous peptides or exogenous peptides, i.e. analogs, derivatives, and chimeric molecules.
  • the exogenous BNPs have, if not enhanced, at least the same functional activity and stability as the endogenous BNPs.
  • the BNP sequence may be fused to the N-terminus of Tf, the C- terminus of Tf, to both the N- and C-termini, or inserted into one or more of the surface exposed loops of Tf.
  • CNPs C-Type Natriuretic Peptides
  • C-type natriuretic peptide was isolated from porcine brain extracts on the basis of their potent relaxant effects on chick rectum (Sudoh et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun (1990) 168(2): 863-870); Sudoh et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun (1990) 168(2): 863-870).
  • CNP is of endothelial cell origin and functions as a vasodilating and growth-inhibiting peptide (Suga et al. J Clin Invest (1992) 90(3): 1145— 1149).
  • CNP C-type Natriuretic Peptide
  • CNP C-type Natriuretic Peptide
  • the term also refers to synthetically produced CNPs having the same amino acid sequence as an endogenous CNP.
  • CNP will include, CNPs having a sequence derived from mammals, such as, but not Jiniited to, human, camel, rat, mouse, equine, or porcine sources.
  • CNP is synthesized from large precursor proteins, and the mature, active peptides have a 17 amino acid loop formed by an intramolecular disulfide linkage.
  • eleven of these amino acids are identical in ANP, BNP, and CNP, whereas the C-terminal tails vary in both length and composition (Kambayashi et al. FEBS Lett. (1990) 259(2):341-5).
  • CNP has no C-terminal tail, and studies of the structure of the gene for CNP demonstrated that translation is terminated by a stop codon immediately after the final cysteine codon in the mRNA.
  • the amino acid sequence of CNP precursor is
  • ANP and CNP both decrease cardiac preload.
  • CNP is not natriuretic (Stingo et ai, Am. J. Physiol. (1992) 262(1 Pt 2):H308-12).
  • the present invention provides CNP with extended serum stability and in vivo circulatory half-life.
  • the present invention provides fusion proteins comprising a CNP fused to transferrin or modified transferrin.
  • the transferrin molecule is modifed to exhibit reduced glycosylation as compared to the wild-type transferrin.
  • the CNP may be an endogenous peptide or an exogenous peptide such as an analog, derivative, or chimeric peptide.
  • the analogs, derivatives, or chimeric peptide have, if not enhanced, at least the same functional activity and stability as the endogenous CNP.
  • the fusion protein may contain a combination of endogenous and exogenous CNP peptides.
  • the CNP sequence may be fused to the N-terminus of Tf, the C-terminus of Tf, to both the N- and C-termini, or inserted into one or more of the surface exposed loops of Tf.
  • the present invention also provides variants of the endogenous natriuretic peptides that function as agonists, mimetics or antagonists.
  • Variants of endogenous natriuretic peptides include analogs, derivatives and chimeric peptides, that can be generated by mutagenesis, e.g., discrete point mutation, amino acid additions, substitutions, or deletions.
  • a variant of a parent natriuretic peptide can retain substantially the same, or a subset of, the biological activities of the naturally occurring form of the parent peptide. Thus, specific biological effects can be elicited by treatment with a variant with a limited function. In one embodiment, treatment of a subject with a variant having a subset of the biological activities of the naturally occurring form of the peptide has fewer side effects in a subject relative to treatment with the naturally occurring form of the parent peptide.
  • variant natriuretic peptides are functionally active.
  • functionally active refers to species displaying one or more known functional attributes of a full-length peptide.
  • variant refers to a polynucleotide or polypeptide differing from the polynucleotide or polypeptide of the present invention, but retaining essential properties thereof. Generally, variants are overall closely similar, and in many regions, identical to the endogenous polynucleotide or polypeptide.
  • Variants of the natriuretic peptides that function as either agonists or mimetics can be identified by screening combinatorial libraries of mutants of the endogenous peptide for peptide agonist.
  • a library of variants is generated by combinatorial mutagenesis at the nucleic acid level and is encoded by a gene library.
  • a library of variants can be produced by, for example, enzymatically ligating a mixture of synthetic oligonucleotides into gene sequences such that a degenerate set of potential sequences is expressible as individual peptides, or alternatively, as a set of larger fusion proteins (e.g., for phage or mTf display) containing the set of sequences therein.
  • a degenerate set of potential sequences is expressible as individual peptides, or alternatively, as a set of larger fusion proteins (e.g., for phage or mTf display) containing the set of sequences therein.
  • the present invention also encompasses libraries comprising peptides of agonists and antagonists of natriuretic receptors. These peptides include those that are not related in by sequence to known natriuretic peptides.
  • Variants of endogenous natriuretic peptides include a sequence of at least 6 (contiguous) nucleic acids or at least 4 (contiguous) amino acids, a length sufficient to allow for specific hybridization in the case of nucleic acids or for specific recognition of an epitope in the case of amino acids, respectively. Variants may be full length or other than full length, if said variant contains a modified nucleic acid or amino acid.
  • Variants include, but are not limited to, molecules comprising regions that are substantially homologous in various embodiments, of at least 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or preferably 95% amino acid identity when: (i) compared to an amino acid sequence of identical size; (ii) compared to an aligned sequence in that the alignment is done by a computer homology program known within the art (e.g. , Wisconsin GCG software) or (iii) the encoding nucleic acid is capable of hybridizing to a sequence encoding the aforementioned peptides under stringent, moderately stringent, or non-stringent conditions (Ausubel et al. , Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y., 1993).
  • Variant may be produced by alteration of their sequences by substitutions, additions or deletions that result in functionally-equivalent molecules.
  • the invention includes DNA sequences that encode substantially the same amino acid sequence.
  • one or more amino acid residues within the sequence of interest may be substituted by another amino acid of a similar polarity and net charge, thus resulting in a silent alteration.
  • Substitutes for an amino acid within the sequence may be selected from other members of the class to which the amino acid belongs.
  • nonpolar (hydrophobic) amino acids include alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan and methionine.
  • Polar neutral amino acids include glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, and glutamine.
  • Positively charged (basic) amino acids include arginine, lysine and histidine.
  • Negatively charged (acidic) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid.
  • variants are related to animals (e.g., mouse, rat, pig, cow, dog, monkey, frog), or human natriuretics.
  • animals e.g., mouse, rat, pig, cow, dog, monkey, frog
  • human natriuretics i.e., nucleic acids encoding peptides derived from species other than human
  • other related sequences e.g., paralogs
  • the variant NP (natriuretic peptide) sequence may be fused to the N-terminus of Tf, the C-terminus of Tf, to both the N- and C-termini, or inserted into one or more of the surface exposed loops of Tf.
  • the present invention also provides fusion proteins comprising one or more copies of a chimeric natriuretic peptide fused to a Tf or mTf molecule.
  • the chimeric natriuretic peptides may contain sequences derived from two or more different natriuretic peptides or a natriuretic peptide and another peptide.
  • U.S. Patent 6,818,619 (which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety) provides an isolated and purified peptide compound having natriuretic, renin-suppressing, diuretic and/or vasodilator activity in mammals.
  • the peptide comprises a compound of formula (I):
  • Al is Leu, Lys, Arg, His, Orn, Asn or GIn;
  • A3 is Asp or GIu;
  • A4 is Lys, Arg, Orn, Ala, Thr, Asn, or Gin;
  • A5 is GIy, Ala, VaI, Met, Leu, Norleucine or He;
  • X2 is absent or is a peptide of from 1 to 35 amino acid residues, preferably of from 1 to 25 amino acid residues;
  • XO is absent or is a peptide of from 1 to 35 amino acid residues, preferably of from 1 to 25 amino acid residues, which peptide has a Cys residue at the C-terminus, and more preferably residues residues from the N-terminus of BNP or CNP; and
  • Xl is Ser or Thr.
  • a preferred peptide of U.S. Patent 6,818,619 includes a chimeric peptide which is a 41 amino acid peptide combining the core ring structure of BNP with the C-terminus of DNP (dendroaspis natriuretic peptide).
  • a preferred compound of formula (I) is a chimeric peptide comprising Ser-Pro-Lys-Met- Val-Gln-Gly-Ser-Gly-Cys-Phe-Gly- Arg- Lys-Met-Asp- Arg-Ile-Se r-Ser-Ser-Ser-Gly-Leu-Gly-Cys-Pro-Ser-Leu-Arg-Asp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Asn-Ala-Pro- S er-Tlir-Ser-Ala (SEQ ID NO: 11), or a biologically active variant or fragment thereof.
  • the chimeric peptide has a disulfide bridge between Cys 10 and Cys 26.
  • ANP is involved in the long-term regulation of sodium and water balance, blood volume and arterial pressure. This hormone decreases aldosterone release by the adrenal cortex, increases glomerular filtration rate (GFR), produces natriuresis and diuresis (potassium sparing), and decreases renin release thereby decreasing angiotensin II. These actions contribute to reductions in blood volume and therefore central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac output, and arterial blood pressure. Chronic elevations of ANP appear to decrease arterial blood pressure primarily by decreasing systemic vascular resistance. The mechanism of systemic vasodilation may involve ANP receptor-mediated elevations in vascular smooth muscle cGMP as well as by attenuating sympathetic vascular tone. This latter mechanism may involve ANP acting upon sites within the central nervous system as well as through inhibition of norepinephrine release by sympathetic nerve terminals.
  • ANP is a counter-regulatory system for the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
  • a class of drugs that are neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors have been shown to be efficacious in animal models of heart failure. These drugs inhibit neutral endopeptidase, the enzyme responsible for the degradation of ANP, and thereby elevate plasma levels of ANP. NEP inhibition is particularly effective in heart failure when the drug is combined with an ACE inhibitor.
  • BNP is of myocardial cell origin, and like ANP circulates in human plasma (de Bold et al, Life ScL, 28, 89 (1981); Burnett et al, Am. J. Physiol. (1984) 247, F863). BNP is natriuretic, renin inhibiting, vasodilating, and lusitropic (Mukoyama et al, J. Clin. Invest.(1991) 87, 1402; Yamamoto et al, Am. J. Physiol. (1996) 271, R1529; Grantham et al, in Natriuretic Peptides in Health and Disease, Samson W. K., Levin E. R., eds, Humana Press, pp. 309-326 (1997)).
  • ANP and BNP are increased in the plasma and heart during congestive heart failure (CHF) in humans, and they exert important cardiorenal protective actions in addition to serving as serum markers for ventricular dysfunction.
  • CHF congestive heart failure
  • VNP vasonatrin peptide
  • the present invention provides methods of using natriuretic peptide/Tf or niTf fusion proteins for the reduction of blood pressure; inhibition of cardiac hypertrophy; treatment of cardiovascular diseases, such as congestive heart failure and decompensated heart failure; enhancement in post surgical repair for CVD; inhibition of aldosterone production and release; diuresis; modulating salt excretion; treatment of various renal diseases which cause renal hypertrophy, such as chronic kidney disease; inhibition of pulmonary diseases, such as pulmonary hypertension and reduction of complications associated with pulmonary diseases; inhibit vascular cell growth and regulate vessel tone in the eye for various diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma; increasing the rate of lipolysis in fat cells; and reduction of inflammation and inflammatory mediators comprising administering said fusion protein at a therapeutically effective dosage to a patient in need thereof.
  • the dosage may be a single administration or may comprise multiple administrations for a time frame that results in a desired outcome.
  • the present invention further provides methods of using the disclosed the natriuretic
  • the natriuretic peptide/Tf or mTf fusion is administered with an inhibitor of proteases or peptidases that may inactivate the natriuretic peptide, e.g. an NEP inhibitor.
  • the inhibitor may be administered at the same time as the fusion protein of the invention or at a dose and frequency appropriate to providing adequate inhibition, e.g. the fusion protein may be administered once per week and the inhibitor administered daily.
  • the present invention also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding transferrin fusion proteins comprising a transferrin protein or a portion of a transferrin protein covalently linked or joined to a therapeutic protein, preferably a therapeutic protein.
  • a therapeutic protein preferably a therapeutic protein.
  • the fusion protein may further comprise a linker region, for instance a linker less than about 50, 40, 30, 20, or 10 amino acid residues.
  • the linker can be covalently linked to and between the transferrin protein or portion thereof and the therapeutic protein, preferably the therapeutic protein.
  • Nucleic acid molecules of the invention may be purified or not.
  • Host cells and vectors for replicating the nucleic acid molecules and for expressing the encoded fusion proteins are also provided. Any vectors or host cells may be used, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic, but eukaryotic expression systems, in particular yeast expression systems, may be preferred. Many vectors and host cells are known in the art for such purposes. It is well within the skill of the art to select an appropriate set for the desired application.
  • DNA sequences encoding transferrin, portions of transferrin and therapeutic proteins of interest maybe cloned from a variety of genomic or cDNA libraries known in the art.
  • the techniques for isolating such DNA sequences using probe-based methods are conventional techniques and are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • Probes for isolating such DNA sequences may be based on published DNA or protein sequences (see, for example, Baldwin, G.S. (1993) Comparison of Transferrin Sequences from Different Species. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 106B/l:203-218 and all references cited therein, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety).
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • similarity between two polynucleotides or polypeptides is determined by comparing the nucleotide or amino acid sequence and its conserved nucleotide or amino acid substitutes of one polynucleotide or polypeptide to the sequence of a second polynucleotide or polypeptide.
  • identity also known in the art is “identity” which means the degree of sequence relatedness between two polypeptide or two polynucleotide sequences as determined by the identity of the match between two strings of such sequences. Both identity and similarity can be readily calculated (Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A.
  • identity and similarity are well known to skilled artisans (Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heinje, G., Academic Press, 1987; Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds., M Stockton Press, New York, 1991; and Carillo, H., and Lipman, D., SIAM J. Applied Math., 48: 1073 (1988). Methods commonly employed to determine identity or similarity between two sequences include, but are not limited to those disclosed in Guide to Huge Computers, Martin J. Bishop, ed., Academic Press, San Diego, 1994, and Carillo, H., and Lipman, D., SIAM J. Applied Math. 48:1073 (1988).
  • Preferred methods to determine identity are designed to give the largest match between the two sequences tested. Methods to determine identity and similarity are codified in computer programs. Preferred computer program methods to determine identity and similarity between two sequences include, but are not limited to, GCG program package (Devereux, et al, Nucl. Acid Res. 12(1):387 (1984)), BLASTP, BLASTN, FASTA (Atschul, et al, J. MoI. Biol. 215:403 (1990)). The degree of similarity or identity referred to above is determined as the degree of identity between the two sequences, often indicating a derivation of the first sequence from the second.
  • the degeneracy of the genetic code permits variations of the nucleotide sequence of a transferrin protein and/or therapeutic protein of interest, while still producing a polypeptide having the identical amino acid sequence as the polypeptide encoded by the native DNA sequence.
  • the procedure known as "codon optimization" (described in U.S. Patent 5,547,871 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) provides one with a means of designing such an altered DNA sequence.
  • the design of codon optimized genes should take into account a variety of factors, including the frequency of codon usage in an organism, nearest neighbor frequencies, RNA stability, the potential for secondary structure formation, the route of synthesis and the intended future DNA manipulations of that gene. In particular, available methods may be used to alter the codons encoding a given fusion protein with those most readily recognized by yeast when yeast expression systems are used.
  • Expression units for use in the present invention will generally comprise the following elements, operably linked in a 5' to 3' orientation: a transcriptional promoter, a secretory signal sequence, a DNA sequence encoding a modified Tf fusion protein comprising transferrin protein or a portion of a transferrin protein joined to a DNA sequence encoding a therapeutic protein or peptide of interest and a transcriptional terminator.
  • a transcriptional promoter operably linked in a 5' to 3' orientation
  • a transcriptional promoter a secretory signal sequence
  • a DNA sequence encoding a modified Tf fusion protein comprising transferrin protein or a portion of a transferrin protein joined to a DNA sequence encoding a therapeutic protein or peptide of interest
  • a transcriptional terminator any arrangement of the therapeutic protein or peptide fused to or within the Tf portion may be used in the vectors of the invention.
  • suitable promoters, signal sequences and terminators will be determined by the selected host cell and will be evident to
  • Suitable yeast vectors for use in the present invention are described in U.S. Patent 6,291,212 and include YRp7 (Struhl et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 1035-1039, 1978), YEpl3 (Broach et al, Gene 8: 121-133, 1979), pJDB249 and pJDB219 (Beggs, Nature 275:104-108, 1978), pPPC0005, pSeCHSA, pScNHSA, pC4 and derivatives thereof.
  • Such vectors will generally include a selectable marker, which may be one of any number of genes that exhibit a dominant phenotype for which a phenotypic assay exists to enable transformants to be selected.
  • selectable markers are those that complement host cell auxotrophy, provide antibiotic resistance or enable a cell to utilize specific carbon sources, and include LEU2 (Broach et al ibid.), URA3 (Botstein et al, Gene 8: 17, 1979), HIS3 (Struhl et al, ibid.) ox POTl (Kawasaki and Bell, EP 171,142).
  • Other suitable selectable markers include the CAT gene, which confers chloramphenicol resistance on yeast cells.
  • promoters for use in yeast include promoters from yeast glycolytic genes (Hitzeman et al, J Biol. Chem. 225: 12073-12080, 1980; Alber and Kawasaki, J. MoI. Appl. Genet. 1 : 419-434, 1982; Kawasaki, U.S. Pat. No. 4,599,311) or alcohol dehydrogenase genes (Young et al, in Genetic Engineering of Microorganisms for Chemicals, Hollaender et al, (eds.), p. 355, Plenum, N.Y., 1982; Ammerer, Meth. Enzymol. 101: 192-201, 1983).
  • particularly preferred promoters are the TPIl promoter (Kawasaki, U.S. Pat. No. 4,599,311) and the ADH2-4 C (see U.S. Patent 6,291,212 promoter (Russell et al, Nature 304: 652-654, 1983).
  • the expression units may also include a transcriptional terminator.
  • a preferred transcriptional terminator is the TPIl terminator (Alber and Kawasaki, ibid.).
  • modified fusion proteins of the present invention can be expressed in filamentous fungi, for example, strains of the fungi Aspergillus.
  • useful promoters include those derived from Aspergillus nidulans glycolytic genes, such as the adh3 promoter (McKnight et al, EMBO J. 4: 2093-2099, 1985) and the tpiA promoter.
  • An example of a suitable terminator is the adh3 terminator (McKnight et al, ibid.).
  • the expression units utilizing such components may be cloned into vectors that are capable of insertion into the chromosomal DNA of Aspergillus, for example.
  • Mammalian expression vectors for use in carrying out the present invention will include a promoter capable of directing the transcription of the modified Tf fusion protein.
  • Preferred promoters include viral promoters and cellular promoters.
  • Preferred viral promoters include the major late promoter from adenovirus 2 (Kaufman and Sharp, MoI. Cell. Biol. 2: 1304-13199, 1982) and the SV40 promoter (Subramani et al, MoI. Cell. Biol. 1 : 854-864, 1981).
  • Preferred cellular promoters include the mouse metallothionein 1 promoter (Palmiter et al, Science 222: 809-814, 1983) and a mouse V6 (see U.S.
  • polyadenylation signal located downstream of the coding sequence of interest.
  • Polyadenylation signals include the early or late polyadenylation signals from SV40 (Kaufman and Sharp, ibid.), the polyadenylation signal from the adenovirus 5 ElB region and the human growth hormone gene terminator (DeNoto et al, Nucl. Acid Res. 9: 3719-3730, 1981).
  • a particularly preferred polyadenylation signal is the V H (see U.S. Patent 6,291,212) gene terminator (Loh et al., ibid.).
  • the expression vectors may include a noncoding viral leader sequence, such as the adenovirus 2 tripartite leader, located between the promoter and the RNA splice sites.
  • Preferred vectors may also include enhancer sequences, such as the SV40 enhancer and the mouse : (see U.S. Patent 6,291,212) enhancer (Gillies, Cell 33: 717-728, 1983).
  • Expression vectors may also include sequences encoding the adenovirus VA RNAs.
  • Cloned DNA sequences comprising modified Tf fusion proteins of the invention may be introduced into cultured mammalian cells by, for example, calcium phosphate- mediated transfection (Wigler et al., Cell 14: 725, 1978; Corsaro and Pearson, Somatic Cell Genetics 7: 603, 1981 ; Graham and Van der Eb, Virology 52: 456, 1973.)
  • Other techniques for introducing cloned DNA sequences into mammalian cells such as electroporation (Neumann et al, EMBO J. 1 : 841-845, 1982), or lipofection may also be used.
  • a selectable marker is generally introduced into the cells along with the gene or cDNA of interest.
  • Preferred selectable markers for use in cultured mammalian cells include genes that confer resistance to drugs, such as neomycin, hygromycin, and methotrexate.
  • the selectable marker may be an amplifiable selectable marker.
  • a preferred amplifiable selectable marker is the DHFR gene.
  • a particularly preferred amplifiable marker is the DHFR 1' (see U.S. Patent 6,291,212) cDNA (Simonsen and Levinson, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 2495-2499, 1983).
  • Selectable markers are reviewed by Thilly (Mammalian Cell Technology, Butterworth Publishers, Stoneham, Mass.) and the choice of selectable markers is well within the level of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the present invention also includes a cell, preferably a yeast cell transformed to express a modified transferrin fusion protein of the invention.
  • a cell preferably a yeast cell transformed to express a modified transferrin fusion protein of the invention.
  • the present invention also includes a culture of those cells, preferably a monoclonal (clonally homogeneous) culture, or a culture derived from a monoclonal culture, in a nutrient medium. If the polypeptide is secreted, the medium will contain the polypeptide, with the cells, or without the cells if they have been filtered or centrifuged away.
  • Host cells for use in practicing the present invention include eukaryotic cells, and in some cases prokaryotic cells, capable of being transformed or transfected with exogenous DNA and grown in culture, such as cultured mammalian, insect, fungal, plant and bacterial cells.
  • Fungal cells including species of yeast ⁇ e.g., Saccharomyces spp., Schizosaccharomyces spp., Pichia spp.
  • yeasts contemplated to be useful in the practice, of the present invention as hosts for expressing the, transferrin fusion protein of the inventions are Pichia (some species of which were formerly classified as Hansenuld), Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Aspergillus, Candida, Torulopsis, Torulaspora, Schizosaccharomyces, Citeromyces, Pachysolen, Zygosaccharomyces, Debaromyces, Trichoderma, Cephalosporium, Humicola, Mucor, Neurospora, Yarrowia, Metschunikowia, Rhodosporidium, Leucosporidium, Botryoascus, Sporidiobolus, Endomy
  • Saccharomyces spp. are S. cerevisiae, S. italicus and S. rouxii.
  • Kluyveromyces spp. are K. fragilis, K. lactis and K. marxianus.
  • a suitable Torulaspora species is T. delbruecHi.
  • Examples of Pichia spp. are P. angusta (formerly H. polymorpha), P. anomala (formerly H. anomald) and P. pastoris.
  • Particularly useful host cells to produce the Tf fusion proteins of the invention are the methylotrophic Pichia pastoris (Steinlein et al. (1995) Protein Express. Purif. 6:619- 624).
  • Pichia pastoris has been developed to be an outstanding host for the production of foreign proteins since its alcohol oxidase promoter was isolated and cloned; its transformation was first reported in 1985.
  • P. pastoris can utilize methanol as a carbon source in the absence of glucose.
  • the P. pastoris expression system can use the methanol-induced alcohol oxidase (AOXl) promoter, which controls the gene that codes for the expression of alcohol oxidase, the enzyme which catalyzes the first step in the metabolism of methanol.
  • AOXl methanol-induced alcohol oxidase
  • yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are another preferred host.
  • a yeast cell or more specifically, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae host cell that contains a genetic deficiency in a gene required for asparagine-linked glycosylation of glycoproteins is used.
  • S. cerevisiae host cells having such defects may be prepared using standard techniques of mutation and selection, although many available yeast strains have been modified to prevent or reduce glycosylation or hypermannosylation. Ballou et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 255: 5986-5991, 1980) have described the isolation of mannoprotein biosynthesis mutants that are defective in genes which affect asparagine-linked glycosylation.
  • the host strain carries a mutation, such as the S. cerevisiae pep4 mutation (Jones, Genetics 85: 23-33, 1977), which results in reduced proteolytic activity.
  • Host strains containing mutations in other protease encoding regions are particularly useful to produce large quantities of the Tf fusion proteins of the invention.
  • Cultured mammalian cells are generally grown in commercially available serum- containing or serum-free media. Selection of a medium appropriate for the particular cell line used is within the level of ordinary skill in the art. Transfected mammalian cells are allowed to grow for a period of time, typically 1-2 days, to begin expressing the DNA sequence(s) of interest. Drug selection is then applied to select for growth of cells that are expressing the selectable marker in a stable fashion. For cells that have been transfected with an amplifiable selectable marker the drug concentration may be increased in a stepwise manner to select for increased copy number of the cloned sequences, thereby increasing expression levels.
  • Baculovirus/insect cell expression systems may also be used to produce the modified Tf fusion proteins of the invention.
  • the BacPAKTM Baculovirus Expression System (BD Biosciences (Clontech) expresses recombinant proteins at high levels in insect host cells.
  • the target gene is inserted into a transfer vector, which is cotransfected into insect host cells with the linearized BacPAK ⁇ viral DNA.
  • the BacPAK ⁇ DNA is missing an essential portion of the baculovirus genome.
  • the DNA recombines with the vector, the essential element is restored and the target gene is transferred to the baculovirus genome.
  • a few viral plaques are picked and purified, and the recombinant phenotype is verified.
  • the newly isolated recombinant virus can then be amplified and used to infect insect cell cultures to produce large amounts of the desired protein.
  • Tf fusion proteins of the present invention may also be produced using transgenic plants and animals.
  • sheep and goats can make the therapeutic protein in their milk.
  • tobacco plants can include the protein in their leaves.
  • Both transgenic plant and animal production of proteins comprises adding a new gene coding the fusion protein into the genome of the organism. Not only can the transgenic organism produce a new protein, but it can also pass this ability onto its offspring.
  • secretory signal sequence or “signal sequence” or “secretion leader sequence” are used interchangeably and are described, for example in U.S. Pat. 6,291,212 and U.S. Pat 5,547,871, both of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • Secretory signal sequences or signal sequences or secretion leader sequences encode secretory peptides.
  • a secretory peptide is an amino acid sequence that acts to direct the secretion of a mature polypeptide or protein from a cell.
  • Secretory peptides are generally characterized by a core of hydrophobic amino acids and are typically (but not exclusively) found at the amino termini of newly synthesized proteins.
  • Secretory peptides may contain processing sites that allow cleavage of the signal peptide from the mature protein as it passes through the secretory pathway. Processing sites may be encoded within the signal peptide or may be added to the signal peptide by, for example, in vitro mutagenesis.
  • Secretory peptides may be used to direct the secretion of modified Tf fusion proteins of the invention.
  • One such secretory peptide that may be used in combination with other secretory peptides is the alpha mating factor leader sequence.
  • Secretory signal sequences or signal sequences or secretion leader sequences are required for a complex series of post-translational processing steps which result in secretion of a protein. If an intact signal sequence is present, the protein being expressed enters the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and is then transported through the Golgi apparatus to secretory vesicles and is finally transported out of the cell.
  • the signal sequence immediately follows the initiation codon and encodes a signal peptide at the amino-terminal end of the protein to be secreted. In most cases, the signal sequence is cleaved off by a specific protease, called a signal peptidase. Preferred signal sequences improve the processing and export efficiency of recombinant protein expression using viral, mammalian or yeast expression vectors.
  • the native Tf signal sequence may be used to express and secrete fusion proteins of the present invention.
  • transferrin molecules exist in various types of secretions such as blood, tears, and milk, there are many different transferrin signal peptides.
  • the transferrin signal peptide could be from serum transferrin, lactotransferrin, or melanotransferrin.
  • the native transferrin signal peptide also could be from various species such as insects, mammals, fish, frog, duck, chicken, or other species.
  • the signal peptide is from a mammalian transferrin molecule. More preferably, the signal peptide is from human serum transferrin.
  • the signal peptides are from variant or modified transferrin molecules that have functionally active signal peptides. Additionally, the signal peptides are variant or modified forms of transferrin signal peptides that retain the ability to transport a transferrin fusion protein of the present invention across the cell membrane and then to process the fusion protein.
  • the pro-peptide sequence is about 2-12 amino acids in length, more preferably about 4-8 amino acids in length.
  • pro-peptides examples include Arg-Ser-Leu-Asp-Lys-Arg (SEQ ID NO: 125, Arg-Ser- Leu-Asp-Arg-Arg (SEQ ID NO: 126), Arg-Ser-Leu-Glu-Lys-Arg (SEQ ID NO: 127), and Arg-Ser-Leu-Glu-Arg-Arg (SEQ ID NO: 128).
  • Short flexible linkers include S, SS, and SSG.
  • Examples of short linkers include one Ser residue, two Ser residues, or the peptide Ser- Ser-Gly, or alternatively one GIy residue, two GIy residues, three GIy residues or the peptide Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser (SEQ ID NO: 140).
  • Examples of rigid linkers include PE, PEA, PEAPTD (SEQ ID NO: 141), (PEAPTD) 2 (SEQ ID NO: 142), (PEAPTD) 3 (SEQ ID NO: 143), or (PEAPTD) n (SEQ ID NO: 144), wherein n is an integer.
  • the present invention also provides the IgG hinge linker (SEQ ID NO: 145-147), the CEx linker (SSGAPPPS (C-terminal extension to Exendin-4) (SEQ ID NO: 148)), the IgG hinge linker in conjunction with the PEAPTD linker (SEQ ID NOS: 149-158) and the IgG hinge linker in conjunction with the CEx linker (SEQ ID NOS: 159-164).
  • Protein blot filters may be prepared by filtering supernatant samples or concentrates through nitrocellulose filters using, for example, a Minifold (Schleicher & Schuell, Keene, N.H.). Colony filters may be prepared by growing colonies on a nitrocellulose filter that has been laid across an appropriate growth medium. In this method, a solid medium is preferred. The cells are allowed to grow on the filters for at least 12 hours. The cells are removed from the filters by washing with an appropriate buffer that does not remove the proteins bound to the filters. A preferred buffer comprises 25 mM Tris-base, 19 mM glycine, pH 8.3, 20% methanol.
  • Transferrin fusion proteins of the present invention may be labeled with a radioisotope or other imaging agent and used for in vivo diagnostic purposes.
  • Preferred radioisotope imaging agents include iodine-125 and technetium-99, with technetium-99 being particularly preferred.
  • Methods for producing protein-isotope conjugates are well known in the art, and are described by, for example, Eckelman et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,652,440), Parker et al. (WO 87/05030) and Wilber et al. (EP 203,764).
  • the transferrin fusion proteins may be bound to spin label enhancers and used for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.
  • MR magnetic resonance
  • immunoassays known in the art can be used, including but not limited to, competitive and non-competitive assay systems using techniques such as radioimmunoassays, ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), sandwich immunoassays, immunoradiometric assays, gel diffusion precipitation reactions, immunodiffusion assays, in situ immunoassays (using colloidal gold, enzyme or radioisotope labels, for example), western blots, precipitation reactions, agglutination assays (e.g.
  • various immunoassays known in the art can be used, including but not limited to, competitive and non-competitive assay systems using techniques such as radioimmunoassays, ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), sandwich immunoassays, immunoradiometric assays, gel diffusion precipitation reactions, immunodiffusion assays, in situ immunoassays (using colloidal gold, enzyme or radioisotope labels, for example), western blots, precipitation reactions, agglutination assays ⁇ e.g., gel agglutination assays), complement fixation assays, immunofluorescence assays, protein A assays, and immunoelectrophoresis assays, etc.
  • competitive and non-competitive assay systems using techniques such as radioimmunoassays, ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), sandwich immunoassays, immunoradiometric assays, gel diffusion precipitation reactions, immunodiffusion assays, in situ
  • a receptor or a ligand of a therapeutic protein is identified, binding to that binding partner by a transferrin fusion protein containing that therapeutic protein as the therapeutic protein portion of the fusion can be assayed, e.g., by means well-known in the art, such as, for example, reducing and non- reducing gel chromatography, protein affinity chromatography, and affinity blotting. Other methods will be known to the skilled artisan and are within the scope of the invention.
  • the present invention further provides methods for producing a modified fusion protein of the invention using nucleic acid molecules herein described.
  • the production of a recombinant form of a protein typically involves the following steps.
  • a nucleic acid molecule is first obtained that encodes a transferrin fusion protein of the invention.
  • the nucleic acid molecule is then preferably placed in operable linkage with suitable control sequences, as described above, to form an expression unit containing the protein open reading frame.
  • the expression unit is used to transform a suitable host and the transformed host is cultured under conditions that allow the production of the recombinant protein.
  • the recombinant protein is isolated from the medium or from the cells; recovery and purification of the protein may not be -necessary in some instances where some impurities may be tolerated.
  • each of the foregoing steps can be accomplished in a variety of ways.
  • the construction of expression vectors that are operable in a variety of hosts is accomplished using appropriate replicons and control sequences, as set forth above.
  • the control sequences, expression vectors, and transformation methods are dependent on the type of host cell used to express the gene and were discussed in detail earlier and are otherwise known to persons skilled in the art.
  • Suitable restriction sites can, if not normally available, be added to the ends of the coding sequence so as to provide an excisable gene to insert into these vectors.
  • a skilled artisan can readily adapt any host/expression system known in the art for use with the nucleic acid molecules of the invention to produce a desired recombinant protein.
  • a particularly preferred purification method is affinity chromatography on an iron binding or metal chelating column or an immunoaffmity chromatography using an antibody directed against the transferrin or therapeutic protein of the polypeptide fusion.
  • the antibody is preferably immobilized or attached to a solid support or substrate.
  • a particularly preferred substrate is CNBr-activated Sepharose (Pharmacia LKB Technologies, Inc., Piscataway, NJ.).
  • BBB Blood Brain Barrier
  • administration may be noninvasive by either the oral, inhalation, nasal, or pulmonary route.
  • the dosage administered will be dependent upon the age, health, and weight of the recipient, kind of concurrent treatment, if any, frequency of treatment, and the nature of the effect desired.
  • compositions of the present invention may contain suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries that facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically for delivery to the site of action.
  • suitable formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous solutions of the active compounds in water- soluble form, for example, water-soluble salts.
  • suspensions of the active compounds as appropriate oily injection suspensions may be administered.
  • Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils, for example, sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, for example, ethyl oleate or triglycerides.
  • Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension and include, for example, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol and dextran.
  • the suspension may also contain stabilizers. Liposomes can also be used to encapsulate the agent for delivery into the cell.
  • the pharmaceutical formulation for systemic administration according to the invention may be formulated for enteral, parenteral or topical administration. Indeed, all three types of formulations may be used simultaneously to achieve systemic administration of the active ingredient.
  • Suitable formulations for oral administration include hard or soft gelatin capsules, pills, tablets, including coated tablets, elixirs, suspensions, syrups or inhalations and controlled release forms thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be in unit dosage form, e.g. as tablets or capsules, hi such form, the composition is sub-divided in unit dose containing appropriate quantities of the active ingredient; the unit dosage forms can be packaged compositions, for example, packeted powders, vials, ampoules, prefilled syringes or sachets containing liquids.
  • the unit dosage form can be, for example, a capsule or tablet itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any such compositions in package form.
  • the dosage to be used in the treatment must be subjectively determined by the physician.
  • the fusion proteins of this invention may be used alone or in combination, or in combination with other therapeutic or diagnostic agents.
  • the compounds of this invention may be coadministered along with other compounds typically prescribed for these conditions according to generally accepted medical practice.
  • the compounds of this invention can be utilized in vivo, ordinarily in mammals, such as humans, sheep, horses, cattle, pigs, dogs, cats, rats and mice, or in vitro.
  • Tf fusion proteins including but not limited to modified Tf fusion proteins, may be formulated for oral delivery.
  • certain fusion proteins of the invention that are used to treat certain classes of diseases or medical conditions may be particularly amenable for oral formulation and delivery.
  • Such classes of diseases or conditions include, but are not limited to, acute, chronic and recurrent diseases.
  • Chronic or recurrent diseases include, but are not limited to, viral disease or infections, cancer, a metabolic diseases, obesity, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, allergy, graft-vs.- host disease, systemic microbial infection, anemia, cardiovascular disease, psychosis, genetic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, disorders of hematopoietic cells, diseases of the endocrine system or reproductive systems, gastrointestinal diseases.
  • these classes of disease include diabetes, multiple sclerosis, asthma, HCV or HIV infections, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, arterial scherosis, arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease.
  • oral formulations of Tf fusion proteins of the invention and methods of administration are particularly useful because they allow long-term patient care and therapy via home oral administration without reliance on injectable treatment or drug protocols.
  • Tf fusion proteins of the invention exhibit extended half-life in serum, that is, the therapeutic protein or peptide(s) attached or inserted into Tf exhibit an extended serum half-life compared to the protein or peptide in its non-fused state.
  • Tf fusion proteins of the invention may be prepared so that they are suitable for transport to the GI epithelium and protection of the Tf fusion protein component and other active components in the stomach.
  • Such formulations may include carrier and dispersant components and may be in any suitable form, including aerosols (for oral or pulmonary delivery), syrups, elixirs, tablets, including chewable tablets, hard or soft capsules, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, emulsions, cachets or pellets granulates, and dispersible powders.
  • Tf fusion protein formulations are employed in solid dosage forms suitable for simple, and preferably oral, administration of precise dosages. Solid dosage forms for oral administration are preferably tablets, capsules, or the like.
  • Tf fusion protein For oral administration in the form of a tablet or capsule, care should be taken to ensure that the composition enables sufficient active ingredient to be absorbed by the host to produce an effective response.
  • the amount of Tf fusion protein may be increased over that theoretically required or other known measures such as coating or encapsulation may be taken to protect the polypeptides from enzymatic action in the stomach.
  • peptide and protein drugs have been administered by injection because of the poor bioavailability when administered by other means, and in particular orally. These drugs are prone to chemical and conformational instability and are often degraded by the acidic conditions in the stomach, as well as by enzymes in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract.
  • certain technologies for oral delivery have been developed, such as encapsulation in nanoparticles composed of polymers with a hydrophobic backbone and hydrophilic branches as drug carriers, encapsulation in mi croparticles, insertion into liposomes in emulsions, and conjugation to other molecules.
  • nanoparticles include mucoadhesive nanoparticles coated with chitosan and Carbopol (Takeuchi et al, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 47(l):39-54, 2001) and nanoparticles containing charged combination polyesters, poly(2-sulfobutyl- vinyl alcohol) and poly(D,L- lactic-co-glycolic acid) (Jung et al, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 50(l):147-160, 2000). Nanoparticles containing surface polymers with poly-N-isopropylacrylamide regions and cationic poly-vinylamine groups showed improved absorption of salmon calcitonin when administered orally to rats.
  • Drug delivery particles composed of alginate and pectin, strengthened with polylysine, are relatively acid and base resistant and can be used as a carrier for drugs. These particles combine the advantages of bioadhesion, enhanced absorption and sustained release (Liu et al, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 51(2): 141 -149, 1999).
  • lipoamino acid groups and liposaccharide groups conjugated to the N- and C-termini of peptides such as synthetic somatostatin, creating an amphipathic surfactant were shown to produce a composition that retained biological activity (Toth et al, J. Med. Chem. 42(19):4010-4013, 1999).
  • Examples of other peptide delivery technologies include carbopol-coated mucoadhesive emulsions containing the peptide of interest and either nitroso-N-acetyl-D,L- penicillamine and carbolpol or taurocholate and carbopol. These were shown to be effective when orally administered to rats to reduce serum calcium concentrations (Ogiso et al, Biol. Pharm. Bull. 24(6):656-661, 2001). Phosphatidylethanol, derived from phosphatidylcholine, was used to prepare liposomes containing phosphatidylethanol as a carrier of insulin. These liposomes, when administered orally to rats, were shown to be active (Kisel et al, hit. J. Pharm. 216(l-2):105-114, 2001).
  • Insulin has also been formulated in poly( vinyl alcohol)-gel spheres containing insulin and a protease inhibitor, such as aprotinin or bacitracin.
  • a protease inhibitor such as aprotinin or bacitracin.
  • the glucose-lowering properties of these gel spheres have been demonstrated in rats, where insulin is released largely in the lower intestine (Kimura et al, Biol. Pharm. Bull. 19(6):897-900, 1996.
  • N- and C-termini of a peptide are linked to polyethylene glycol and then to allyl chains to form conjugates with improved resistance to enzymatic degradation and improved diffusion through the GI wall (www.nobexcorp.com).
  • compositions comprising Tf fusion protein intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of sweetening agents in order to provide a pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparation.
  • Tf fusion protein is mixed with at least one pharmaceutical excipient, and the solid formulation is compressed to form a tablet according to known methods, for delivery to the gastrointestinal tract.
  • the tablet composition is typically formulated with additives, e.g. a saccharide or cellulose carrier, a binder such as starch paste or methyl cellulose, a filler, a disintegrator, or other additives typically usually used in the manufacture of medical preparations.
  • compositions comprising Tf fusion protein may be prepared as described generally in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed. 1990 (Mack Publishing Co. Easton Pa. 18042) at Chapter 89, which is herein incorporated by reference.
  • excipients may be inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, maize starch, gelatin or acacia, and lubricating agents, for example, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, or talc.
  • inert diluents such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate
  • granulating and disintegrating agents for example, maize starch, gelatin or acacia
  • lubricating agents for example, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, or talc.
  • the tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated with known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal track and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period of time.
  • a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax may be employed.
  • Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, or kaolin or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an aqueous or an oil medium, for example, arachis oil, peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.
  • Aqueous suspensions may contain Tf fusion protein in the admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions.
  • excipients are suspending agents, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylrnethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents may be a naturally occurring phosphatide, for example, lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids, for example, polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example, heptadecylethyloxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol
  • the aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives for example, ethyl or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents and one or more sweetening agents such as sucrose or saccharin.
  • preservatives for example, ethyl or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents and one or more sweetening agents such as sucrose or saccharin.
  • Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredient in a vegetable oil, for example, arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin.
  • the oil suspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example, beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol.
  • Sweetening agents, such as those set forth above, and flavoring agents may be added to provide a palatable oral preparation. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an antioxidant such as ascorbic acid.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions containing Tf fusion protein may also be in the form of oil-in- water emulsions.
  • the oil phase may be a vegetable oil, for example, olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil for example, gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally- occurring phosphotides, for example soybean lecithin, and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example, sorbitan monooleate, and condensation products of the same partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
  • the emulsions may also contain sweetening and flavoring agents.
  • Syrups and elixirs containing Tf fusion protein may be formulated with sweetening agents, for example, glycerol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative and flavoring and coloring agents.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, for example, as a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension may be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents which have been mentioned above.
  • compositions may also be formulated for oral delivery using polyester microspheres, zein microspheres, proteinoid microspheres, polycyanoacrylate microspheres, and lipid-based systems (see, for example, DiBase and Morrel, Oral Delivery of Microencapsulated Proteins, in Protein Delivery: Physical Systems, Sanders and Hendren (eds.), pages 255-288 (Plenum Press 1997)).
  • the proportion of pharmaceutically active Tf fusion protein to earlier and/or other substances may vary from about 0.5 to about 100 wt. % (weight percent).
  • the pharmaceutical formulation will generally contain from about 5 to about 100% by weight of the active material.
  • the formulation will generally have from about 0.5 to about 50 wt. % of the active material.
  • oral pharmaceutical compositions comprising Tf fusion protein are formulated in buffered liquid form which is then encapsulated into soft or hard-coated gelatin capsules which are then coated with an appropriate enteric coating.
  • the location of release may be anywhere in the GI system, including the small intestine (the duodenum, the jejunum, or the ileum), or the large intestine.
  • Tf fusion proteins of the invention for oral delivery are capable of binding the Tf receptor found in the GI epithelium.
  • Tf fusion proteins of the invention are typically produced with iron and in some instances carbonate, bound to the Tf moiety. Processes and methods to load the Tf moiety of the fusion protein compositions of the invention with iron and carbonate are known in the art
  • the pharmaceutical compositions are formulated and methods of administration modified to detect an increase in the activity level of the therapeutic protein or peptide in the patient, for instance, detectable increases in the activities of a natriuretic peptide.
  • Such formulations and methods may deliver between about 1 pg to about 100 mg /kg body weight of fusion protein, about 100 ng to about 100 :g/kg body weight of fusion protein, about 100 :g/ to about 100 mg/kg body weight of fusion protein, about 1 :g to about 1 g of fusion protein, about 10 :g to about 100 mg of fusion protein or about 10 mg to about 50 mg of fusion protein.
  • Formulations may also be calculated using a unit measurement of therapeutic protein activity, such as about 5 to about 500 units of human insulin or about 10 to about 100 units of human insulin.
  • the measurements by weight or activity can be calculated using known standards for each therapeutic protein or peptide fused to Tf.
  • the invention also includes methods of orally administering the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention.
  • Such methods may include, but are not limited to, steps of orally administering the compositions by the patient or a caregiver.
  • Such administration steps may include administration on intervals such as once or twice per day depending on the Tf fusion protein, disease or patient condition or individual patient.
  • Such methods also include the administration of various dosages of the individual Tf fusion protein.
  • the initial dosage of a pharmaceutical composition may be at a higher level to induce a desired effect, such as reduction in blood pressure. Subsequent dosages may then be decreased once a desired effect is achieved.
  • These changes or modifications to administration protocols may be done by the attending physician or health care worker.
  • the changes in the administration protocol may be done by the individual patient, such as when a patient is monitoring blood pressure and administering a rnTf-natriuretic peptide oral composition of the invention.
  • the invention also includes methods of producing oral compositions or medicant compositions of the invention comprising formulating a Tf fusion protein of the invention into an orally administerable form. In other instances, the invention includes methods of producing compositions or medicant compositions of the invention comprising formulating a Tf fusion protein of the invention into a form suitable for oral administration. [00305] Moreover, the present invention includes pulmonary delivery of the Tf fusion protein formulations. Pulmonary delivery is particularly promising for the delivery of macromolecules which are difficult to deliver by other routes of administration. Such pulmonary delivery can be effective both for systemic delivery and for localized delivery to treat diseases of the lungs, since drugs delivered to the lung are readily absorbed through the alveolar region directly into the blood circulation.
  • the present invention provides compositions suitable for forming a drug dispersion for oral inhalation (pulmonary delivery) to treat various conditions or diseases.
  • the Tf fusion protein formulation could be delivered by different approaches such as liquid nebulizers, aerosol-based metered dose inhalers (MDFs), and dry powder dispersion devices.
  • MDFs aerosol-based metered dose inhalers
  • dry powder dispersion devices In formulating compositions for pulmonary delivery, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers including surface active agents or surfactants and bulk carriers are commonly added to provide stability, dispersibility, consistency, and/or bulking characteristics to enhance uniform pulmonary delivery of the composition to the subject.
  • Surface active agents or surfactants promote absorption of polypeptide through mucosal membrane or lining.
  • Useful surface active agents or surfactants include fatty acids and salts thereof, bile salts, phospholipid, or an alkyl saccharide. Examples of fatty acids and salts thereof include sodium, potassium and lysine salts of caprylate (C 8 ), caprate (C 10 ), laurate (C 12 ) and myristate (C 14 ).
  • bile salts include cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, glycocholic acid, taurocholic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, and ursodeoxycholic acid.
  • Examples of phospholipids include single-chain phospholipids, such as lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylglycerol, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylinositol and lysophosphatidylserine; or double-chain phospholipids, such as diacylphosphatidylcholines, diacylphosphatidylglycerols, diacylphosphatidylethanolamines, diacylphosphatidylinositols and diacylphosphatidylserines.
  • alkyl saccharides include alkyl glucosides or alkyl maltosides, such as decyl glucoside and dodecyl maltoside.
  • Pharmaceutical excipients that are useful as earners include stabilizers such as human serum albumin (HSA); bulking agents such as carbohydrates, amino acids and polypeptides; pH adjusters or buffers; salts such as sodium chloride; and the like. These carriers may be in a crystalline or amorphous form or may be a mixture of the two.
  • HSA human serum albumin
  • bulking agents such as carbohydrates, amino acids and polypeptides
  • pH adjusters or buffers such as sodium chloride
  • salts such as sodium chloride
  • carbohydrates for use as bulking agents include monosaccharides such as galactose, D-mannose, sorbose, and the like; disaccharides, such as lactose, trehalose, and the like; cyclodextrins, such as 2-hydroxypropyl-.beta.-cyclodextrin; and polysaccharides, such as raffmose, maltodextrins, dextrans, and the like; alditols, such as mannitol, xylitol, and the like.
  • polypeptides for use as bulking agents include aspartame.
  • Amino acids include alanine and glycine, with glycine being preferred.
  • Suitable pH adjusters or buffers include organic salts prepared from organic acids and bases, such as sodium citrate, sodium ascorbate, and the like; sodium citrate is preferred.
  • the Tf fusion compositions for pulmonary delivery may be packaged as unit doses where a therapeutically effective amount of the composition is present in a unit dose receptacle, such as a blister pack, gelatin capsule, or the like.
  • a unit dose receptacle such as a blister pack, gelatin capsule, or the like.
  • the manufacture of blister packs or gelatin capsules is typically carried out by methods that are generally well known in the packaging art.
  • U.S. Patent 6,524,557 discloses a pharmaceutical aerosol formulation comprising (a) a HFA propellant; (b) a pharmaceutically active polypeptide dispersible in the propellant; and (c) a surfactant which is a C 8 -Ci 6 fatty acid or salt thereof, a bile salt, a phospholipid, or an alkyl saccharide, which surfactant enhances the systemic absorption of the polypeptide in the lower respiratory tract.
  • the invention also provides methods of manufacturing such formulations and the use of such formulations in treating patients.
  • transgenic non-human animals that contain a transferrin fusion construct with increased serum half-life increased serum stability or increased bioavailability of the instant invention is contemplated in one embodiment of the present invention, hi some embodiments, lactoferrin may be used as the Tf portion of the fusion protein so that the fusion protein is produced and secreted in milk.
  • transgenic animals The most widely used method for the production of transgenic animals is the microinjection of DNA into the pronuclei of fertilized embryos (Wall et al, J. Cell. Biochem. 49:113 [1992]).
  • Other methods for the production of transgenic animals include the infection of embryos with retroviruses or with retroviral vectors. Infection of both pre- and post- implantation mouse embryos with either wild-type or recombinant retroviruses has been reported (Janenich, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73:1260 (1976); Janenich et al, Cell 24:519 (1981); Guatemalamann et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  • An alternative means for infecting embryos with retroviruses is the injection of vims or virus-producing cells into the blastocoele of mouse embryos (Jahner, D. et al, Nature 298:623 [1982]).
  • the introduction of transgenes into the germline of mice has been reported using intrauterine retroviral infection of the midgestation mouse embryo (Jahner et al, supra [1982]).
  • Infection of bovine and ovine embryos with retroviruses or retroviral vectors to create transgenic animals has been reported.
  • PCT International Application WO 90/08832 [1990]; and Haskell and Bowen, MoI. Reprod. Dev., 40:386 [1995].
  • PCT International Application WO 90/08832 describes the injection of wild-type feline leukemia virus B into the perivitelline space of sheep embryos at the 2 to 8 cell stage. Fetuses derived from injected embryos were shown to contain multiple sites of integration.
  • U.S. Patent 6,291,740 (issued September 18, 2001) describes the production of transgenic animals by the introduction of exogenous DNA into pre-maturation oocytes and mature, unfertilized oocytes (i.e., pre-fertilization oocytes) using retroviral vectors which transduce dividing cells (e.g., vectors derived from murine leukemia virus (MLV)).
  • retroviral vectors which transduce dividing cells (e.g., vectors derived from murine leukemia virus (MLV)).
  • MMV murine leukemia virus
  • U.S. Patent 6,281,408 (issued August 28, 2001) describes methods for producing transgenic animals using embryonic stem cells. Briefly, the embryonic stem cells are used in a mixed cell co-culture with a morula to generate transgenic animals. Foreign genetic material is introduced into the embryonic stem cells prior to co-culturing by, for example, electroporation, microinjection or retroviral delivery. ES cells transfected in this manner are selected for integrations of the gene via a selection marker such as neomycin.
  • a selection marker such as neomycin.
  • transferrin fusion constructs for gene therapy wherein a transferrin or modified transferrin protein or domain is joined to a therapeutic protein or peptide is contemplated in one embodiment of this invention.
  • the modified transferrin fusion constructs with increased serum half-life or serum stability of the instant invention are ideally suited to gene therapy treatments.
  • U.S. Patent 6,225,290 provides methods and constructs whereby intestinal epithelial cells of a mammalian subject are genetically altered to operatively incorporate a gene which expresses a protein which has a desired therapeutic effect.
  • Intestinal cell transformation is accomplished by administration of a formulation composed primarily of naked DNA, and the DNA may be administered orally.
  • Oral or other intragastrointestinal routes of administration provide a simple method of administration, while the use of naked nucleic acid avoids the complications associated with use of viral vectors to accomplish gene therapy.
  • the expressed protein is secreted directly into the gastrointestinal tract and/or blood stream to obtain therapeutic blood levels of the protein thereby treating the patient in need of the protein.
  • the transformed intestinal epithelial cells provide short or long term therapeutic cures for diseases associated with a deficiency in a particular protein or which are amenable to treatment by overexpression of a protein.
  • U.S. Pat. 6,187,305 provides methods of gene or DNA targeting in cells of vertebrate, particularly mammalian, origin. Briefly, DNA is introduced into primary or secondary cells of vertebrate origin through homologous recombination or targeting of the DNA, which is introduced into genomic DNA of the primary or secondary cells at a preselected site.
  • U.S. Pat. 6,140,111 (issued October 31, 2000) describes retroviral gene therapy vectors.
  • the disclosed retroviral vectors include an insertion site for genes of interest and are capable of expressing high levels of the protein derived from the genes of interest in a wide variety of transfected cell types.
  • retroviral vectors lacking a selectable marker, thus rendering them suitable for human gene therapy in the treatment of a variety of disease states without the co-expression of a marker product, such as an antibiotic.
  • These retroviral vectors are especially suited for use in certain packaging cell lines.
  • the ability of retroviral vectors to insert into the genome of mammalian cells has made them particularly promising candidates for use in the genetic therapy of genetic diseases in humans and animals.
  • Genetic therapy typically involves (1) adding new genetic material to patient cells in vivo, or (2) removing patient cells from the body, adding new genetic material to the cells and reintroducing them into the body, i.e., in vitro gene therapy.
  • Discussions of how to perform gene therapy in a variety of cells using retroviral vectors can be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,868,116, issued Sep. 19, 1989, and 4,980,286, issued Dec. 25, 1990 (epithelial cells), WO 89/07136 published Aug. 10, 1989 (hepatocyte cells) , EP 378,576 published JuI. 25, 1990 (fibroblast cells), and WO 89/05345 published Jun. 15, 1989 and WO/90/06997, published Jun. 28, 1990 (endothelial cells), the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the kit of the invention will typically comprise the container described above and one or more other containers comprising materials desirable from a commercial and user standpoint, including buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes, and package inserts with instructions for use.
  • Natriuretic peptides are hormones involved in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis.
  • Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) was initially found in porcine brain (Sudoh et ah (1988) Biochem Biophys Res Comm 155:726-732), but the main source of BNP is the cardiac ventricle. Like other peptides, BNP has a short plasma half-life in humans.
  • the present invention provides fusion proteins with BNP fused to mTf (S415A, T613A) with extended serum stability and in vivo circulatory half-life and pharmaceutical compositions of such fusion proteins for treating patients in need thereof.
  • the patient may be suffering from, for example, from congestive heart failure or renal disease.
  • ANP is part of a hormonal system in which one gene synthesizes four peptide hormones. Regulation of ANP levels in the blood would be a therapeutic approach to the treatment of such disorders as hypertension, shock, and the like. While current native and synthetic ANP, as well as analogs thereof, would allow for the modulation of fluid volume and vascular function by increasing ANP levels, effective therapies may also require ANP levels to be reduced in order to achieve the desired extracellular fluid volume and electrolytic homeostasis.
  • the present invention provides fusion proteins with ANP fused to mTf (S415A, T613A) in order to extend stability in vivo and also provides pharmaceutical compositions for treating a patient in need thereof.
  • steps for producing an ANP/mTf fusion protein are described. The same steps may be used to generate transferrin fusion proteins with other natriuretic peptides such as ANP analogs or derivatives, etc.
  • the human ANP protein sequence (SLRRSSCFGGRMDRIGAQSGLGCNSFRY) (SEQ ID NO: 179) was obtained from PubMed (Accession no. NM_006172), back translated into DNA codon optimized for yeast:
  • ANP N-terminal fusion of ANP: nL ANP(l-28) (PEAPTD) 2 mTf (pREX0826/827)
  • This plasmid was cut with the restriction enzymes Notl and Pvu ⁇ and ligated into pSAC35 cut with the restriction enzymes Notl to create the yeast expression vector ⁇ REX0827 ( Figure 13).
  • the expression cassette was recovered from pREXl 140 by digestion with the restriction enzyme Notl, with the addition of Pvul to cut the vector backbone. This was then ligated into the yeast expression vector pSAC35 cut with Notl and dephosphatased with Antarctic phosphatase to give pREXl 146 ( Figure 11).

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Abstract

Fusion proteins of transferrin and natriuretic peptides with increased serum half-life or serum stability are disclosed. Preferred fusion proteins include those modified so that the transferrin moiety exhibits no or reduced glycosylation, binding to iron and/or binding to the transferrin receptor.

Description

NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE MODIFIED TRANSFERRIN FUSION PROTEINS
INVENTORS: Homayoun Sadeghi, Andrew J. Turner, Christopher P. Prior and
David J. Ballance RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 60/726,198, filed October 14, 2005, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0002] This application is related to, but does not claim the benefit of, U.S. Provisional Application 60/658,140, filed March 4, 2005, U.S. Provisional Application 60/663,757, filed, March 22, 2005, and to International Application PCT/US03/26818, filed August 28, 2003, which claims the benefit of U.S. Application 10/378,094, filed March 4, 2003, and U.S. Application 10/231,494, filed August 30, 2002, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 60/315,745, filed August 30, 2001 and U.S. Provisional Application 60/334,059, filed November 30, 2001, all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. This application is also related to U.S. Provisional Application 60/406,977, filed August 30, 2002, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The present invention relates to therapeutic proteins or peptides with extended serum stability or in vivo circulatory half-life fused to or inserted into a transferrin molecule modified to reduce or inhibit glycosylation, iron binding and/or transferrin receptor binding. Specifically, the present invention includes natriuretic peptides fused to or inserted into a transferrin molecule or a modified transfenin molecule.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] Therapeutic proteins or peptides in their native state, or when recombinantly produced, are typically labile molecules exhibiting short periods of serum stability or short in vivo circulatory half-lives. In addition, these molecules are often extremely labile when formulated, particularly when formulated in aqueous solutions for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
[0005] Few practical solutions exist to extend or promote the stability in vivo or in vitro of proteinaceous therapeutic molecules. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a substance that can be attached to a protein, resulting in longer-acting, sustained activity of the protein. If the activity of a protein is prolonged by the attachment to PEG, the frequency that the protein needs to be administered may be decreased. PEG attachment, however, often decreases or destroys the protein's therapeutic activity. While in some instance PEG attachment can reduce immunogenicity of the protein, in other instances it may actually increase immunogenicity.
[0006] Therapeutic proteins or peptides have also been stabilized by fusion to a protein capable of extending the in vivo circulatory half-life of the therapeutic protein. For instance, therapeutic proteins fused to albumin or to antibody fragments may exhibit extended in vivo circulatory half-life when compared to the therapeutic protein in the unfused state. See U.S. Patents 5,876,969 and 5,766,883.
[0007] Another serum protein, glycosylated human transferrin (Tf) has also been used to make fusions with therapeutic proteins to target delivery to the interior of cells or to carry agents across the blood-brain barrier. These fusion proteins comprising glycosylated human Tf have been used to target nerve growth factor (NGF) or ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) across the blood-brain barrier by fusing full-length Tf to the agent. See U.S. Patents 5,672,683 and 5,977,307. In these fusion proteins, the Tf portion of the molecule is glycosylated and binds to two atoms of iron, which is required for Tf binding to its receptor on a cell and, according to the inventors of these patents, to target delivery of the NGF or CNTF moiety across the blood-brain barrier. Transferrin fusion proteins have also been produced by inserting an HIV-I protease target sequence into surface exposed loops of glycosylated transferrin to investigate the ability to produce another form of Tf fusion for targeted delivery to the inside of a cell via the Tf receptor (AIi et al. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274(34) :24066-24073).
[0008] Serum transferrin (Tf) is a monomelic glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 80,000 daltons that binds iron in the circulation and transports it to various tissues via the transferrin receptor (TfR) (Aisen et al. (1980) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 49: 357-393; MacGillivray et al. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 258: 3543-3553, U.S. Patent 5,026,651). Tf is one of the most common serum molecules, comprising up to about 5-10% of total serum proteins. Carbohydrate deficient transferrin occurs in elevated levels in the blood of alcoholic individuals and exhibits a longer half life (approximately 14-17 days) than that of glycosylated transferrin (approximately 7-10 days). See van Eijk et al. (1983) Clin. Chim. Acta 132:167-171, Stibler (1991) Clin. Chem. 37:2029-2037 (1991), Arndt (2001) Clin. Chem. 47(1): 13-27 and Stibler et al. in "Carbohydrate-deficient consumption", Advances in the Biosciences, (Ed Nordmann et al.), Pergamon, 1988, Vol. 71, pages 353-357).
[0009] The structure of Tf has been well characterized and the mechanism of receptor binding, iron binding and release and of carbonate ion binding have been elucidated (U.S. Patents 5,026,651, 5,986,067 and MacGillivray et al. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258(6):3543- 3546).
[0010] Transferrin and antibodies that bind the transferrin receptor have also been used to deliver or carry toxic agents to tumor cells as cancer therapy (Baselga and Mendelsohn, 1994), and transferrin has been used as a non- viral gene therapy vector to deliver DNA to cells (Frank et al., 1994; Wagner et al., 1992). The ability to deliver proteins to the central nervous system (CNS) using the transferrin receptor as the entry point has been demonstrated with several proteins and peptides including CD4 (Walus et al., 1996), brain derived neurotrophic factor (Pardridge et al., 1994), glial derived neurotrophic factor (Albeck et al.), a vasointestinal peptide analogue (Bickel et al., 1993), a beta-amyloid peptide (Saito et al., 1995), and an antisense oligonucleotide (Pardridge et al., 1995).
[0011] Transferrin fusion proteins have not, however, been modified or engineered to extend the in vivo circulatory half-life of a therapeutic protein or peptide or to increase bioavailability by reducing or inhibiting glycosylation of the Tf moiety nor to reduce or prevent iron and/or Tf receptor binding.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0012] As described in more detail below, the present invention includes modified Tf fusion proteins comprising at least one natriuretic protein, polypeptide or peptide entity, wherein the Tf portion is engineered to extend the in vivo circulatory half-life or bioavailability of the molecule. The invention also includes pharmaceutical formulations and compositions comprising the fusion proteins, methods of extending the serum stability, in vivo circulatory half-life and bioavailability of a therapeutic protein by fusion to modified transferrin, nucleic acid molecules encoding the modified Tf fusion proteins, and the like. Another aspect of the present invention relates to methods of treating a patient with a modified Tf fusion protein. Preferably, the modified Tf fusion proteins comprise a human transferrin Tf moiety that has been modified to reduce or prevent glycosylation and/or iron and receptor binding.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0013] Figure 1 shows an alignment of the N and C Domains of Human (Hu) transferrin (Tf) (SEQ ID NO: 3) with similarities and identities highlighted.
[0014] Figures 2A-2B show an alignment of transferrin sequences from different species. Light shading: Similarity; Dark shading: Identity.
[0015] Figure 3 shows the location of a number of Tf surface exposed insertion sites for therapeutic proteins, polypeptides or peptides.
[0016] Figure 4 shows vector pREX0730. [0017] Figure 5 shows vector pREX0731. [0018] Figure 6 shows vector pREX0722 [0019] Figure 7 shows vector ρREX0723. [0020] Figure 8 shows vector pREX0549. [0021] Figure 9 shows vector pREX0584. [0022] Figure 10 shows vector pREXl 140. [0023] Figure 11 shows vector pREXl 146. [0024] Figure 12 shows vector pREX0826. [0025] Figure 13 shows vector pREX0827. [0026] Figure 14 shows vector pREX0828. [0027] Figure 15 shows vector pREX0829. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
General Description
[0028] The present invention is based in part on the finding by the inventors that therapeutic proteins can be stabilized to extend their serum half-life and/or activity in vivo by genetically fusing the therapeutic proteins to transferrin, modified transferrin, or a portion of transferrin or modified transferrin sufficient to extend the half-life of the therapeutic protein in serum. The modified transferrin fusion proteins include a transferrin protein or domain covalently linked to a therapeutic protein or peptide, wherein the transferrin portion is modified to contain one or more amino acid substitutions, insertions or deletions compared to a wild-type transferrin sequence. In one embodiment, Tf fusion proteins are engineered to reduce or prevent glycosylation within the Tf or a Tf domain as compared to fully glycosylated Tf, for instance fully N-linked glycosylated Tf. In other embodiments, the Tf protein or Tf domain(s) is modified to exhibit reduced or no binding to iron or carbonate ion, or to have a reduced affinity or not bind to a Tf receptor (TfR).
[0029] The therapeutic proteins contemplated by the present invention include, but are not limited to polypeptides, antibodies, peptides, or fragments or variants thereof. Preferably, the therapeutic proteins of the present invention include natriuretic peptides and their analogs, derivatives, chimeric natriuretic peptides, and peptides or proteins that act as natriuretic receptor agonists or antagonists.
[0030] The present invention therefore includes transferrin fusion proteins, therapeutic compositions comprising the fusion proteins, and methods of treating, preventing, or ameliorating diseases or disorders by administering the fusion proteins. A transferrin fusion protein of the invention includes at least a fragment or variant of a therapeutic protein and at least a fragment or variant of modified transferrin, which are associated with one another, preferably by genetic fusion (z.e., the transferrin fusion protein is generated by translation of a nucleic acid in which a polynucleotide encoding all or a portion of a therapeutic protein is joined in-frame with a polynucleotide encoding all or a portion of modified transferrin) or chemical conjugation to one another. The therapeutic protein and transferrin protein, once part of the transferrin fusion protein, may be referred to as a "portion", "region" or "moiety" of the transferrin fusion protein (e.g., a "therapeutic protein portion' or a "transferrin protein portion").
[0031] In one embodiment, the invention provides a transferrin fusion protein comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a therapeutic protein and a modified serum transferrin protein. In other embodiments, the invention provides a transferrin fusion protein comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a biologically active and/or therapeutically active fragment of a therapeutic protein and a modified transferrin protein, hi other embodiments, the invention provides a transferrin fusion protein comprising, or alternatively consisting of, a biologically active and/or therapeutically active variant of a therapeutic protein and modified transferrin protein. In further embodiments, the invention provides a transferrin fusion protein comprising a therapeutic protein, and a biologically active and/or therapeutically active fragment of modified transferrin. In another embodiment, the therapeutic protein portion of the transferrin fusion protein is the active form of the therapeutic protein.
[0032] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods and materials are described.
Definitions
[0033] As used herein, an "amino acid corresponding to" or an "equivalent amino acid" in a transferrin sequence is identified by alignment to maximize the identity or similarity between a first transferrin sequence and at least a second transferrin sequence. The number used to identify an equivalent amino acid in a second transferrin sequence is based on the number used to identify the corresponding amino acid in the first transferrin sequence. In certain cases, these phrases may be used to describe the amino acid residues in human transferrin compared to certain residues in rabbit serum transferrin.
[0034] As used herein, the term "biological activity" refers to a function or set of activities performed by a therapeutic molecule, protein or peptide in a biological context (i.e., in an organism or an in vitro facsimile thereof). Biological activities may include but are not limited to the functions of the therapeutic molecule portion of the claimed fusion proteins, such as, but not limited to, the induction of extracellular matrix secretion from responsive cell lines, the induction of hormone secretion, the induction of chemotaxis, the induction of mitogenesis, the induction of differentiation, or the inhibition of cell division of responsive cells. A fusion protein or peptide of the invention is considered to be biologically active if it exhibits one or more biological activities of its therapeutic protein's native counterpart.
[0035] As used herein, "binders" are agents used to impart cohesive qualities to the powdered material. Binders, or "granulators" as they are sometimes known, impart cohesiveness to the tablet formulation, which insures the tablet remaining intact after compression, as well as improving the free-flowing qualities by the formulation of granules of desired hardness and size. Materials commonly used as binders include starch; gelatin; sugars, such as sucrose, glucose, dextrose, molasses, and lactose; natural and synthetic gums, such as acacia, sodium alginate, extract of Irish moss, panwar gum, ghatti gum, mucilage of isapol husks, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, Veegum, microcrystalline cellulose, microcrystalline dextrose, amylose, and larch arabogalactan, and the like.
[0036] As used herein, the term "carrier" refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which a composition is administered. Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like.
[0037] As used herein, "coloring agents" are agents that give tablets a more pleasing appearance, and in addition help the manufacturer to control the product during its preparation and help the user to identify the product. Any of the approved certified water- soluble FD&C dyes, mixtures thereof, or their corresponding lakes may be used to color tablets. A color lake is the combination by adsorption of a water-soluble dye to a hydrous oxide of a heavy metal, resulting in an insoluble form of the dye.
[0038] As used herein, "diluents" are inert substances added to increase the bulk of the formulation to make the tablet a practical size for compression. Commonly used diluents include calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, lactose, kaolin, mannitol, sodium chloride, dry starch, powdered sugar, silica, and the like. [0039] As used herein, "disintegrators" or "disintegrants" are substances that facilitate the breakup or disintegration of tablets after administration. Materials serving as disintegrants have been chemically classified as starches, clays, celluloses, algins, or gums. Other disintegrators include Veegum HV, methylcellulose, agar, bentonite, cellulose and wood products, natural sponge, cation-exchange resins, alginic acid, guar gum, citrus pulp, cross- linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, carboxymethylcellulose, and the like.
[0040] The term "dispersibility" or "dispersible" means a dry powder having a moisture content of less than about 10% by weight (%w) water, usually below about 5%w and preferably less than about 3%w; a particle size of about 1.0-5.0 :m mass median diameter (MMD), usually 1.0-4.0 :m MMD, and preferably 1.0-3.0 :m MMD; a delivered dose of about >30%, usually >40%, preferably >50%, and most preferred >60%; and an aerosol particle size distribution of 1.0-5.0 :m mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD), usually 1.5-4.5 :m MMAD, and preferably 1.5-4.0 :m MMAD.
[0041] The term "dry" means that the composition has a moisture content such that the particles are readily dispersible in an inhalation device to form an aerosol. This moisture content is generally below about 10% by weight (%w) water, usually below about 5%w and preferably less than about 3%w.
[0042] As used herein, "effective amount" means an amount of a drug or pharmacologically active agent that is sufficient to provide the desired local or systemic effect and performance at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio attending any medical treatment.
[0043] As used herein, "flavoring agents" vary considerably in their chemical structure, ranging from simple esters, alcohols, and aldehydes to carbohydrates and complex volatile oils. Synthetic flavors of almost any desired type are now available.
[0044] As used herein, the terms "fragment of a Tf protein" or "Tf protein," or "portion of a Tf protein" refer to an amino acid sequence comprising at least about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% of a naturally occurring Tf protein or mutant thereof.
[0045] As used herein, the term "gene" refers to any segment of DNA associated with a biological function. Thus, genes include, but are not limited to, coding sequences and/or the regulatory sequences required for their expression. Genes can also include non-expressed DNA segments that, for example, form recognition sequences for other proteins. Genes can be obtained from a variety of sources, including cloning from a source of interest or synthesizing from known or predicted sequence information, and may include sequences designed to have desired parameters.
[0046] As used herein, a "heterologous polynucleotide" or a "heterologous nucleic acid" or a "heterologous gene" or a "heterologous sequence" or an "exogenous DNA segment" refers to a polynucleotide, nucleic acid or DNA segment that originates from a source foreign to the particular host cell, or, if from the same source, is modified from its original form. A heterologous gene in a host cell includes a gene that is endogenous to the particular host cell, but has been modified. Thus, the terms refer to a DNA segment which is foreign or heterologous to the cell, or homologous to the cell but in a position within the host cell nucleic acid in which the element is not ordinarily found. As an example, a signal sequence native to a yeast cell but attached to a human Tf sequence is heterologous.
[0047] As used herein, an "isolated" nucleic acid sequence refers to a nucleic acid sequence which is essentially free of other nucleic acid sequences, e.g., at least about 20% pure, preferably at least about 40% pure, more preferably about 60% pure, even more preferably about 80% pure, most preferably about 90% pure, and even most preferably about 95% pure, as determined by agarose gel electrophoresis. For example, an isolated nucleic acid sequence can be obtained by standard cloning procedures used in genetic engineering to relocate the nucleic acid sequence from its natural location to a different site where it will be reproduced. The cloning procedures may involve excision and isolation of a desired nucleic acid fragment comprising the nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide, insertion of the fragment into a vector molecule, and incorporation of the recombinant vector into a host cell where multiple copies or clones of the nucleic acid sequence will be replicated. The nucleic acid sequence may be of genomic, cDNA, RNA, semi- synthetic, synthetic origin, or any combinations thereof.
[0048] As used herein, two or more DNA coding sequences are said to be "joined" or "fused" when, as a result of in-frame fusions between the DNA coding sequences, the DNA coding sequences are translated into a fusion polypeptide. The term "fusion" in reference to Tf fusions includes, but is not limited to, attachment of at least one therapeutic protein, polypeptide or peptide to the N-terminal end of Tf, attachment to the C-terminal end of Tf, and/or insertion between any two amino acids within Tf. As used herein "joined" or "fused" also includes a construct wherein the DNA sequences encoding two or more moieties are separated by an intron, the precise splicing of which (at the mRNA level) would result in a fusion protein.
[0049] As used herein, "lubricants" are materials that perform a number of functions in tablet manufacture, such as improving the rate of flow of the tablet granulation, preventing adhesion of the tablet material to the surface of the dies and punches, reducing interparticle friction, and facilitating the ejection of the tablets from the die cavity. Commonly used lubricants include talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, and hydrogenated vegetable oils. Typical amounts of lubricants range from about 0.1% by weight to about 5% by weight.
[0050] As used herein, "Modified transferrin" (mTf) includes a transferrin molecule that exhibits at least one modification of its amino acid sequence, compared to wild-type transferrin. Such modifications may include, but not limited to, modifications that reduce glycosylations compared to fully glycosylated Tf protein. Modified Tf may also include Tf that has reduced glycosylation via enzymatic removal of carbohydrate residues.
[0051] As used herein, "Modified transferrin fusion protein" refers to a protein formed by the fusion of at least one molecule of modified transferrin (or a fragment or variant thereof) to at least one molecule of a therapeutic protein (or fragment or variant thereof).
[0052] As used herein, the terms "nucleic acid" or "polynucleotide" refer to deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides and polymers thereof in either single- or double- stranded form. Unless specifically limited, the terms encompass nucleic acids containing analogues of natural nucleotides that have similar binding properties as the reference nucleic acid and are metabolized in a manner similar to naturally occurring nucleotides. Unless otherwise indicated, a particular nucleic acid sequence also implicitly encompasses conservatively modified variants thereof (e.g. degenerate codon substitutions) and complementary sequences as well as the sequence explicitly indicated. Specifically, degenerate codon substitutions may be achieved by generating sequences in which the third position of one or more selected (or all) codons is substituted with mixed-base and/or deoxyinosine residues (Batzer et al. (1991) Nucleic Acid Res. 19:5081; Ohtsuka et al. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260:2605-2608; Cassol et al. (1992); Rossolini et al. (1994) MoI. Cell. Probes 8:91-98). The term nucleic acid is used interchangeably with gene, cDNA, and mRNA encoded by a gene.
[0053] As used herein, a DNA segment is referred to as "operably linked" when it is placed into a functional relationship with another DNA segment. For example, DNA for a signal sequence is operably linked to DNA encoding a fusion protein of the invention if it is expressed as a preprotein that participates in the secretion of the fusion protein; a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence if it stimulates the transcription of the sequence. Generally, DNA sequences that are operably linked are contiguous, and in the case of a signal sequence or fusion protein both contiguous and in reading phase. However, enhancers need not be contiguous with the coding sequences whose transcription they control. Alternatively, DNA sequences that are operably linked may be separated by one or. more intron sequences wherein splicing of the intron sequences results in the sequences being contiguous in the resulting mature mRNA. Linking, in this context, is accomplished by ligation at convenient restriction sites or at adapters or linkers inserted in lieu thereof.
[0054] As used herein, "pharmaceutically acceptable" refers to materials and compositions that are physiologically tolerable and do not typically produce an allergic or similar untoward reaction, such as gastric upset, dizziness and the like, when administered to a human. Typically, as used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable" means approvable by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans.
[0055] As used herein, "physiologically effective amount" is that amount delivered to a subject to give the desired palliative or curative effect. This amount is specific for each drug and its ultimate approved dosage level.
[0056] As used herein, the term "powder" means a composition that consists of finely dispersed solid particles that are free flowing and capable of being readily dispersed in an inhalation device and subsequently inhaled by a subject so that the particles reach the lungs to permit penetration into the alveoli. Thus, the powder is said to be "respirable". Preferably the average particle size is less than about 10 microns (:m) in diameter with a relatively uniform spheroidal shape distribution. More preferably, the diameter is less than about 7.5 :m and most preferably less than about 5.0 :m. Usually the particle size distribution is between about 0.1 :m and about 5 :m in diameter, particularly about 0.3 :m to about 5 :m.
[0057] As used herein, the term "promoter" refers to a region of DNA involved in binding RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.
[0058] As used herein, the term "recombinant" refers to a cell, tissue or organism that has undergone transformation with a new combination of genes or DNA.
[0059] As used herein, the term "subject" can be a human, a mammal, or an animal. The subject being treated is a patient in need of treatment.
[0060] As used herein, a targeting entity, protein, polypeptide or peptide refers to a molecule that binds specifically to a particular cell type (normal (e.g., lymphocytes) or abnormal e.g., (cancer cell)) and therefore may be used to target a Tf fusion protein or compound (drug, or cytotoxic agent) to that cell type specifically.
[0061] As used herein, "tablets" are solid pharmaceutical dosage forms containing drug substances with or without suitable diluents and prepared either by compression or molding methods well known in the art. Tablets have been in widespread use since the latter part of the 19U century and their popularity continues. Tablets remain popular as a dosage form because of the advantages afforded both to the manufacturer (e.g., simplicity and economy of preparation, stability, and convenience in packaging, shipping, and dispensing) and the patient (e.g., accuracy of dosage, compactness, portability, blandness of taste, and ease of administration). Although tablets are most frequently discoid in shape, they may also be round, oval, oblong, cylindrical, or triangular. They may differ greatly in size and weight depending on the amount of drug substance present and the intended method of administration. They are divided into two general classes, (1) compressed tablets, and (2) molded tablets or tablet triturates. In addition to the active or therapeutic ingredient or ingredients, tablets contain a number or inert materials or additives. A first group of such additives includes those materials that help to impart satisfactory compression characteristics to the formulation, including diluents, binders, and lubricants. A second group of such additives helps to give additional desirable physical characteristics to the finished tablet, such as disintegrators, colors, flavors, and sweetening agents.
[0062] As used herein, the term "therapeutically effective amount" refers to that amount of the transferrin fusion protein comprising a therapeutic molecule which, when administered to a subject in need thereof, is sufficient to effect treatment. The amount of transferrin fusion protein which constitutes a "therapeutically effective amount" will vary depending on the therapeutic protein used, the severity of the condition or disease, and the age and body weight of the subject to be treated, but can be determined routinely by one of ordinary skill in the art having regard to his/her own knowledge and to this disclosure.
[0063] As used herein, "therapeutic protein" refers to proteins, polypeptides, peptides or fragments or variants thereof, having one or more therapeutic, prophylactic and/or biological activities. Therapeutic proteins encompassed by the invention include but are not limited to proteins, polypeptides, peptides, antibodies, and biologies. The terms peptides, proteins, and polypeptides are used interchangeably herein. Additionally, the term "therapeutic peptide" may refer to the endogenous or naturally occurring correlate of a therapeutic protein. By a polypeptide displaying a "therapeutic activity" or a protein that is "therapeutically active" is meant a polypeptide that possesses one or more known biological and/or therapeutic activities associated with a therapeutic protein such as one or more of the therapeutic proteins described herein or otherwise known in the art. As a non-limiting example, a "therapeutic protein" is a protein that is useful to treat, prevent or ameliorate a disease, condition or disorder. Such a disease, condition or disorder may be in humans or in a non-human animal, e.g., veterinary use.
[0064] As used herein, the term "transformation" refers to the transfer of nucleic acid (i.e., a nucleotide polymer) into a cell. As used herein, the term "genetic transformation" refers to the transfer and incorporation of DNA, especially recombinant DNA, into a cell.
[0065] As used herein, the term "transformant" refers to a cell, tissue or organism that has undergone transformation.
[0066] As used herein, the term "transgene" refers to a nucleic acid that is inserted into an organism, host cell or vector in a manner that ensures its function. [0067] As used herein, the term "transgenic" refers to cells, cell cultures, organisms, bacteria, fungi, animals, plants, and progeny of any of the preceding, which have received a foreign or modified gene and in particular a gene encoding a modified Tf fusion protein by one of the various methods of transformation, wherein the foreign or modified gene is from the same or different species than the species of the organism receiving the foreign or modified gene.
[0068] "Variants or variant" refers to a polynucleotide or nucleic acid differing from a reference nucleic acid or polypeptide, but retaining essential properties thereof. Generally, variants are overall closely similar, and, in many regions, identical to the reference nucleic acid or polypeptide. As used herein, "variant" refers to a therapeutic protein portion of a transferrin fusion protein of the invention, differing in sequence from a native therapeutic protein but retaining at least one functional and/or therapeutic property thereof as described elsewhere herein or otherwise known in the art.
[0069] As used herein, the term "vector" refers broadly to any plasmid, phagemid or virus encoding an exogenous nucleic acid. The term is also be construed to include non-plasmid, non-phagemid and non- viral compounds which facilitate the transfer of nucleic acid into virions or cells, such as, for example, polylysine compounds and the like. The vector may be a viral vector that is suitable as a delivery vehicle for delivery of the nucleic acid, or mutant thereof, to a cell, or the vector may be a non- viral vector which is suitable for the same purpose. Examples of viral and non-viral vectors for delivery of DNA to cells and tissues are well known in the art and are described, for example, in Ma et al. (1997, Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL U.S.A. 94:12744-12746). Examples of viral vectors include, but are not limited to, a recombinant vaccinia virus, a recombinant adenovirus, a recombinant retrovirus, a recombinant adeno-associated virus, a recombinant avian pox virus, and the like (Cranage et al, 1986, EMBO J. 5:3057-3063; International Patent Application No. WO 94/17810, published August 18, 1994; International Patent Application No. WO 94/23744, published October 27, 1994). Examples of non- viral vectors include, but are not limited to, liposomes, polyamine derivatives of DNA, and the like.
[0070] As used herein, the term "wild type" refers to a polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence that is naturally occurring. Transferrin and Transferrin Modifications
[0071] The present invention provides fusion proteins comprising a therapeutic protein and transferrin or modified transferrin. Preferably, the therapeutic protein provided by the present invention is a natriuretic peptide, analog, derivative, or chimeric natriuretic molecule.
[0072] Any transferrin may be used to make modified Tf fusion proteins of the invention. As an example, the wild-type human Tf(Tf) is a 679 amino acid protein of approximately 75kDa (not accounting for glycosylation), with two main domains (or lobes), N (about 330 amino acids) and C (about 340 amino acids), which appear to originate from a gene duplication. See GenBank accession numbers NM_001063, XM_002793, M12530, XM_039845, XMJB9847 and S95936 (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety, as well as SEQ ID NOS: 1, 2 and 3. The two domains have diverged over time but retain a large degree of identity/similarity (Fig. 1).
[0073] Each of the N and C domains is further divided into two subdomains, Nl and N2, Cl and C2. The function of Tf is to transport iron to the cells of the body. This process is mediated by the Tf receptor (TfR), which is expressed on all cells, particularly actively growing cells. TfR recognizes the iron bound form of Tf (two molecules of which are bound per receptor), endocytosis then occurs whereby the TfR/Tf complex is transported to the endosome, at which point the localized drop in pH results in release of bound iron and the recycling of the TfR/Tf complex to the cell surface and release of Tf (known as apoTf in its iron-unbound form). Receptor binding is through the C domain of Tf. The two glycosylation sites in the C domain do not appear to be involved in receptor binding as unglycosylated iron bound Tf does bind the receptor.
[0074] Each Tf molecule can carry two iron ions (Fe3+). These are complexed in the space between the Nl and N2, Cl and C2 sub domains resulting in a conformational change in the molecule. Tf crosses the blood brain barrier (BBB) via the Tf receptor.
[0075] In human transferrin, the iron binding sites comprise at least amino acids Asp 63 (Asp 82 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which includes the native Tf signal sequence), Asp 392 (Asp 411 of SEQ ID NO: 2), Tyr 95 (Tyr 114 of SEQ ID NO: 2), Tyr 426 (Tyr 445 of SEQ ID NO: 2), Tyr 188 (Tyr 207 of SEQ ID NO: 2), Tyr 514 or 517 (Tyr 533 or Tyr 536 SEQ ID NO: 2), His 249 (His 268 of SEQ ID NO: 2), and His 585 (His 604 of SEQ ID NO: 2) of SEQ ID NO: 3. The hinge regions comprise at least N domain amino acid residues 94-96, 245- 247 and/or 316-318 as well as C domain amino acid residues 425-427, 581-582 and/or 652-658 of SEQ ID NO: 3. The carbonate binding sites comprise at least amino acids Thr 120 (Thr 139 of SEQ ID NO: 2), Thr 452 (Thr 471 of SEQ ID NO: 2), Arg 124 (Arg 143 of SEQ ID NO: 2), Arg 456 (Arg 475 of SEQ ID NO: 2), Ala 126 (Ala 145 of SEQ ID NO: 2), Ala 458 (Ala 477 of SEQ ID NO: 2), GIy 127 (GIy 146 of SEQ ID NO: 2), and GIy 459 (GIy 478 of SEQ ID NO: 2) of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0076] In one embodiment of the invention, the modified transferrin fusion protein includes a modified human transferrin, although any animal Tf molecule may be used to produce the fusion proteins of the invention, including human Tf variants, cow, pig, sheep, dog, rabbit, rat, mouse, hamster, echnida, platypus, chicken, frog, hornworm, monkey, as well as other bovine, canine and avian species. All of these Tf sequences are readily available in GenBank and other public databases. The human Tf nucleotide sequence is available (see SEQ ID NOS 1, 2 and 3 and the accession numbers described above and available at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and can be used to make genetic fusions between Tf or a domain of Tf and the therapeutic molecule of choice. Fusions may also be made from related molecules such as lacto transferrin (lactoferrin) GenBank Ace: NM 002343) or melanotransferrin
(GenBank Ace. NM_013900, murine melanotransferrin).
[0077] Melanotransferrin is a glycosylated protein found at high levels in malignant melanoma cells and was originally named human melanoma antigen p97 (Brown et al, 1982, Nature, 296: 171-173). It possesses high sequence homology with human serum transferrin, human lactoferrin, and chicken transferrin (Brown et al, 1982, Nature, 296: 171-173; Rose et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1986, 83: 1261-1265). However, unlike these receptors, no cellular receptor has been identified for melanotransferrin. Melanotransferrin reversibly binds iron and it exists in two forms, one of which is bound to cell membranes by a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol anchor while the other form is both soluble and actively secreted (Baker et al, 1992, FEBS Lett, 298: 215-218; Alemany et al, 1993, J. Cell Sci., 104: 1155-1162; Food et al, 1994, J. Biol. Chem. 274: 7011-7017).
[0078] Lactoferrin (Lf), a natural defense iron-binding protein, has been found to possess antibacterial, antimycotic, antiviral, antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activity. The protein is present in exocrine secretions that are commonly exposed to normal flora: milk, tears, nasal exudate, saliva, bronchial mucus, gastrointestinal fluids, cervico-vaginal mucus and seminal fluid. Additionally, Lf is a major constituent of the secondary specific granules of circulating polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). The apoprotein is released on degranulation of the PMNs in septic areas. A principal function of Lf is that of scavenging free iron in fluids and inflamed areas so as to suppress free radical-mediated damage and decrease the availability of the metal to invading microbial and neoplastic cells. In a study that examined the turnover rate of 125I Lf in adults, it was shown that Lf is rapidly taken up by the liver and spleen, and the radioactivity persisted for several weeks in the liver and spleen (Bennett et al. (1979), Clin. Sci. (Lond.) 57: 453-460).
[0079] In one embodiment, the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein of the invention includes a transferrin splice variant. In one example, a transferrin splice variant can be a splice variant of human transferrin, hi one specific embodiment, the human transferrin splice variant can be that of Genbank Accession AAA61140.
[0080] In another embodiment, the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein of the invention includes a lactoferrin splice variant. In one example, a human serum lactoferrin splice variant can be a novel splice variant of a neutrophil lactoferrin. In one specific embodiment, the neutrophil lactoferrin splice variant can be that of Genbank Accession AAA59479. In another specific embodiment, the neutrophil lactoferrin splice variant can comprise the following amino acid sequence EDCIALKGE AD A (SEQ ID NO: 129), which includes the novel region of splice- variance.
[0081] In another embodiment, the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein of the invention includes a melanotransferrin variant.
[0082] Modified Tf fusions may be made with any Tf protein, fragment, domain, or engineered domain. For instance, fusion proteins may be produced using the full-length Tf sequence, with or without the native Tf signal sequence. Tf fusion proteins may also be made using a single Tf domain, such as an individual N or C domain or a modified form of Tf comprising 2N or 2C domains (see U.S. Provisional Application 60/406,977, filed August 30, 2002, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). In some embodiments, fusions of a therapeutic protein to a single C domain may be produced, wherein the C domain is altered to reduce, inhibit or prevent glycosylation. In other embodiments, the use of a single N domain is advantageous as the Tf glycosylation sites reside in the C domain. A preferred embodiment is the Tf fusion protein having a single N domain which is expressed at a high level.
[0083] As used herein, a C terminal domain or lobe modified to function as an N-like domain is modified to exhibit glycosylation patterns or iron binding properties substantially like that of a native or wild-type N domain or lobe. In a preferred embodiment, the C domain or lobe is modified so that it is not glycosylated and does not bind iron by substitution of the relevant C domain regions or amino acids to those present in the corresponding regions or sites of a native or wild-type N domain.
[0084] As used herein, a Tf moiety comprising "two N domains or lobes" includes a Tf molecule that is modified to replace the native C domain or lobe with a native or wild-type N domain or lobe or a modified N domain or lobe or contains a C domain that has been modified to function substantially like a wild-type or modified N domain. -
[0085] Analysis of the two domains by overlay of the two domains (Swiss PDB Viewer 3.7b2, Iterative Magic Fit) and by direct amino acid alignment (ClustalW multiple alignment) reveals that the two domains have diverged over time. Amino acid alignment shows 42% identity and 59% similarity between the two domains. However, approximately 80% of the N domain matches the C domain for structural equivalence. The C domain also has several extra disulfide bonds compared to the N domain.
[0086] Alignment of molecular models for the N and C domain reveals the following structural equivalents:
Figure imgf000020_0001
The disulfide bonds for the two domains align as follows:
Bold aligned disulfide bonds Italics bridging peptide
Figure imgf000021_0001
[0087] In one embodiment, the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein includes at least two N terminal lobes of transferrin. In further embodiments, the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein includes at least two N terminal lobes of transferrin derived from human serum transferrin.
[0088] In another embodiment, the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein includes, comprises, or consists of at least two N terminal lobes of transferrin having a mutation in at least one amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Asp63, Gly65, Tyr95, Tyrl88, and His249 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0089] In another embodiment, the transferrin portion of the modified transferrin fusion protein includes a recombinant human serum transferrin N-terminal lobe mutant having a mutation at Lys206 or His207 of SEQ ID NO: 3. [0090] In another embodiment, the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein includes, comprises, or consists of at least two C terminal lobes of transferrin. In further embodiments, the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein includes at least two C terminal lobes of transferrin derived from human serum transferrin.
[0091] In a further embodiment, the C terminal lobe mutant further includes a mutation of one amino acid corresponding to at least one of Asn413 and Asnβl 1 of SEQ ID NO: 3 which does not allow glycosylation.
[0092] In another embodiment, the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein includes at least two C terminal lobes of transferrin having a mutation in at least one amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Asp392, Tyr426, Tyr514, Tyr517 and His585 of SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein the mutant retains the ability to bind metal. In an alternate embodiment, the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein includes at least two C terminal lobes of transferrin having a mutation in at least one amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Tyr426, Tyr514, Tyr517 and His585 of SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein the mutant has a reduced ability to bind metal. In another embodiment, the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein includes at least two C terminal lobes of transferrin having a mutation in at least one amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Asp392, Tyr426, Tyr517 and His585 of SEQ ID NO:3, wherein the mutant does not retain the ability to bind metal and functions substantially like an N domain.
[0093] In some embodiments, the Tf or Tf portion will be of sufficient length to increase the in vivo circulatory half-life, serum stability, in vitro solution stability or bioavailability of the therapeutic protein or peptide compared to the in vivo circulatory half-life, serum stability, in vitro solution stability or bioavailability of the therapeutic protein or peptide in an unfused state. Such an increase in stability, serum half-life or bioavailability may be about a 30%, 50%, 70%, 80%, 90% or more increase over the unfused therapeutic protein. In some cases, the transferrin fusion proteins comprising modified transferrin exhibit a serum half-life of about 10-20 or more days, about 12-18 days or about 14-17 days.
[0094] When the C domain of Tf is part of the fusion protein, the two N-linked glycosylation sites, amino acid residues corresponding to N413 and N611 of SEQ ID NO: 3 may be mutated for expression in a yeast system to prevent glycosylation or hypermannosylationn and extend the serum half-life of the fusion protein and/or therapeutic protein ( to produce asialo-, or in some instances, monosialo-Tf or disialo-Tf). In addition to Tf amino acids corresponding to N413 and N611 , mutations may be to the adj acent residues within the N-X- S/T glycosylation site to prevent or substantially reduce glycosylation. See U.S. Patent 5,986,067 of Funk et al. It has also been reported that the N domain of Tf expressed in Pichia pastoris becomes 0-linked glycosylated with a single hexose at S32 which also may be mutated or modified to prevent such glycosylation.
[0095] Accordingly, in one embodiment of the invention, the transferrin fusion protein includes a modified transferrin molecule wherein the transferrin exhibits reduced glycosylation, including but not limited to asialo- monosialo- and disialo- forms of Tf. In another embodiment, the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein includes a recombinant transferrin mutant that is mutated to prevent glycosylation. In another embodiment, the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein includes a recombinant transferrin mutant that is fully glycosylated. In a further embodiment, the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein includes a recombinant human serum transferrin mutant that is mutated to prevent or reduce glycosylation, wherein at least one of Asn413 and Asn611 of SEQ ID NO: 3 are mutated to an amino acid which does not allow or reduce glycosylation as compared to fully glycosylated Tf. In another embodiment, the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein includes a recombinant human serum transferrin mutant that is mutated to prevent or substantially reduce glycosylation, wherein mutations may be to the adjacent residues within the N-X-S/T glycosylation site. Moreover, glycosylation may be reduced or prevented by mutating the serine or threonine residue. In one embodiment, the modified transferrin protein contains mutations at S415 and T613 of SEQ ID NO.: 3. For instance, the invention includes fusion proteins comprising a modified Tf protein with the mutations S415A and T613A. Further, changing the X to proline is known to inhibit glycosylation.
[0096] As discussed below in more detail, modified Tf fusion proteins of the invention may also be engineered to not bind iron and/or bind the Tf receptor. In other embodiments of the invention, the iron binding is retained and the iron binding ability of Tf may be used to deliver a therapeutic protein or peptide(s) to the inside of a cell, across an epithelial or endothelial cell membrane and/or across the BBB. These embodiments that bind iron and/or the Tf receptor will often be engineered to reduce or prevent glycosylation to extend the serum half-life of the therapeutic protein. The N domain alone will not bind to TfR when loaded with iron, and the iron bound C domain will bind TfR but not with the same affinity as the whole molecule.
[0097] In another embodiment, the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein includes a recombinant transferrin mutant having a mutation wherein the mutant does not retain the ability to bind metal ions. In an alternate embodiment, the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein includes a recombinant transferrin mutant having a mutation wherein the mutant has a weaker binding avidity for metal ions than wild-type serum transferrin. In an alternate embodiment, the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein includes a recombinant transferrin mutant having a mutation wherein the mutant has a stronger binding avidity for metal ions than wild-type serum transferrin.
[0098] In another embodiment, the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein includes a recombinant transferrin mutant having a mutation wherein the mutant does not retain the ability to bind to the transferrin receptor. In an alternate embodiment, the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein includes a recombinant transferrin mutant having a mutation wherein the mutant has a weaker binding avidity for the transferrin receptor than wild-type serum transferrin. In an alternate embodiment, the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein includes a recombinant transferrin mutant having a mutation wherein the mutant has a stronger binding avidity for the transferrin receptor than wild-type serum transferrin.
[0099] In another embodiment, the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein includes a recombinant transferrin mutant having a mutation wherein the mutant does not retain the ability to bind to carbonate ions. In an alternate embodiment, the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein includes a recombinant transferrin mutant having a mutation wherein the mutant has a weaker binding avidity for carbonate ions than wild-type serum transferrin. In an alternate embodiment, the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein includes a recombinant transferrin mutant having a mutation wherein the mutant has a stronger binding avidity for carbonate ions than wild-type serum transferrin. [00100] In another embodiment, the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein includes a recombinant human serum transferrin mutant having a mutation in at least one amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Asp63, Gly65, Tyr95, Tyrl88, His249, Asp392, Tyr426, Tyr514, Tyr517 and His585 of SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein the mutant retains the ability to bind metal ions. In an alternate embodiment, a recombinant human serum transferrin mutant having a mutation in at least one amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Asp63, Gly65, Tyr95, Tyrl88, His249, Asp392, Tyr426, Tyr514, Tyr517 and His585 of SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein the mutant has a reduced ability to bind metal ions, hi another embodiment, a recombinant human serum transferrin mutant having a mutation in at least one amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Asp63, Gly65, Tyr95, Tyrl88, His249, Asp392, Tyr426, Tyr517 and His585 of SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein the mutant does riot retain the ability to bind metal ions.
[00101] In another embodiment, the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein includes a recombinant human serum transferrin mutant having a mutation at Lys206 or His207 of SEQ ID NO:3, wherein the mutant has a stronger binding avidity for metal ions than wild-type human serum transferrin (see U.S. Patent 5,986,067, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). In an alternate embodiment, the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein includes a recombinant human serum transferrin mutant having a mutation at Lys206 or His207 of SEQ ID NO:3, wherein the mutant has a weaker binding avidity for metal ions than wild-type human serum transferrin. In a further embodiment, the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein includes a recombinant human serum transferrin mutant having a mutation at Lys206 or His207 of SEQ ID NO:3, wherein the mutant does not bind metal ions.
[00102] Any available technique may be used to produce the transferrin fusion proteins of the invention, including but not limited to molecular techniques commonly available, for instance, those disclosed in Sambrook et al. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989. When carrying out nucleotide substitutions using techniques for accomplishing site-specific mutagenesis that are well known in the art, the encoded amino acid changes are preferably of a minor nature, that is, conservative amino acid substitutions, although other, non-conservative, substitutions are contemplated as well, particularly when producing a modified transferrin portion of a Tf fusion protein, e.g., a modified Tf protein exhibiting reduced glycosylation, reduced iron binding and the like. Specifically contemplated are amino acid substitutions, small deletions or insertions, typically of one to about 30 amino acids; insertions between transferrin domains; small amino- or carboxyl-terminal extensions, such as an amino-terminal methionine residue, or small linker peptides of less than 50, 40, 30, 20 or 10 residues between transferrin domains or linking a transferrin protein and therapeutic protein or peptide or a small extension that facilitates purification, such as a poly-histidine tract, an antigenic epitope or a binding domain.
[00103] Examples of conservative amino acid substitutions are substitutions made within the same group such as within the group of basic amino acids (such as arginine, lysine, histidine), acidic amino acids (such as glutamic acid and aspartic acid), polar amino acids (such as glutamine and asparagine), hydrophobic amino acids (such as leucine, isoleucine, valine), aromatic amino acids (such as phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine) and small amino acids (such as glycine, alanine, serine, threonine, methionine).
[00104] Non-conservative substitutions encompass substitutions of amino acids in one group by amino acids in another group. For example, a non-conservative substitution would include the substitution of a polar amino acid for a hydrophobic amino acid. For a general description of nucleotide substitution, see e.g. Ford et al. (1991), Prot. Exp. Pur. 2: 95-107. Non-conservative substitutions, deletions and insertions are particularly useful to produce Tf fusion proteins of the invention that exhibit no or reduced binding of iron, no or reduced binding of the fusion protein to the Tf receptor and/or no or reduced glycosylation.
[00105] Iron binding and/or receptor binding may be reduced or disrupted by mutation, including deletion, substitution or insertion into, amino acid residues corresponding to one or more of Tf N domain residues Asp63, Tyr95, Tyrl88, His249 and/or C domain residues Asp 392, Tyr 426, Tyr 514 and/or His 585 of SEQ ID NO: 3. Iron binding may also be affected by mutation to amino acids Lys206, His207 or Arg632 of SEQ ID NO: 3. Carbonate binding may be reduced or disrupted by mutation, including deletion, substitution or insertion into, amino acid residues corresponding to one or more of Tf N domain residues Thrl20, Argl24, Alal26, GIy 127 and/or C domain residues Thr 452, Arg 456, Ala 458 and/or GIy 459 of SEQ ID NO: 3. A reduction or disruption of carbonate binding may adversely affect iron and/or receptor binding. [00106] Binding to the Tf receptor may be reduced or disrupted by mutation, including deletion, substitution or insertion into, amino acid residues corresponding to one or more of TfN domain residues described above for iron binding.
[00107] As discussed above, glycosylation may be reduced or prevented by mutation, including deletion, substitution or insertion into, amino acid residues corresponding to one or more of Tf C domain residues around the N-X-S/T sites corresponding to C domain residues N413 and/or N611 (See U.S. Patent No. 5,986,067). For instance, the N413 and/or N611 may be mutated to GIu residues.
[00108] In instances where the Tf fusion proteins of the invention are not modified to prevent glycosylation, iron binding, carbonate binding and/or receptor binding, glycosylation, iron and/or carbonate ions may be stripped from or cleaved off of the fusion protein. For instance, available deglycosylases may be used to cleave glycosylation residues from the fusion protein, in particular the sugar residues attached to the Tf portion, yeast deficient in glycosylation enzymes may be used to prevent glycosylation and/or recombinant cells may be grown in the presence of an agent that prevents glycosylation, e.g. , tunicamycin.
[00109] The carbohydrates on the fusion protein may also be reduced or completely removed enzymatically by treating the fusion protein with deglycosylases. Deglycosylases are well known in the art. Examples of deglycosylases include but are not limited to galactosidase, PNGase A, PNGase F, glucosidase, mannosidase, fucosidase, and Endo H deglycosylase.
[00110] Nevertheless, in certain circumstances, it may be preferable for oral delivery that the Tf portion of the fusion protein be fully glycosylated.
[00111] Additional mutations may be made with Tf to alter the three dimensional structure of Tf, such as modifications to the hinge region to prevent the conformational change needed for iron biding and Tf receptor recognition. For instance, mutations may be made in or around N domain amino acid residues 94-96, 245-247 and/or 316-318 as well as C domain amino acid residues 425-427, 581-582 and/or 652-658. In addition, mutations may be made in or around the flanking regions of these sites to alter Tf structure and function.
[00112] In one aspect of the invention, the transferrin fusion protein can function as a carrier protein to extend the half life or bioavailability of the therapeutic protein as well as, in some instances, delivering the therapeutic protein inside a cell and/or across the blood brain barrier. In an alternate embodiment, the transferrin fusion protein includes a modified transferrin molecule wherein the transferrin does not retain the ability to cross the blood brain barrier.
[00113] In another embodiment, the transferrin fusion protein includes a modified transferrin molecule wherein the transferrin molecule retains the ability to bind to the transferrin receptor and transport the therapeutic peptide inside cells. In an alternate embodiment, the transferrin fusion protein includes a modified transferrin molecule wherein the transferrin molecule does not retain the ability to bind to the transferrin receptor and transport the therapeutic peptide inside cells.
[00114] In further embodiments, the transferrin fusion protein includes a modified transferrin molecule wherein the transferrin molecule retains the ability to bind to the transferrin receptor and transport the therapeutic peptide inside cells and retains the ability to cross the blood brain barrier. In an alternate embodiment, the transferrin fusion protein includes a modified transferrin molecule wherein the transferrin molecule retains the ability to cross the blood brain barrier, but does not retain the ability to bind to the transferrin receptor and transport the therapeutic peptide inside cells.
Modified Transferrin Fusion Proteins
[00115] The fusion of proteins of the invention may contain one or more copies of the therapeutic protein or polypeptide attached to the N-terminus and/or the C-terminus of the Tf protein. In some embodiments, the therapeutic protein or polypeptide is attached to both the N- and C-terminus of the Tf protein and the fusion protein may contain one or more equivalents of the therapeutic protein or polypeptide or one or more different therapeutic proteins or polypeptides on either or both ends of Tf. In other embodiments, the therapeutic protein or polypeptide is inserted into known domains of the Tf protein, for instance, into one or more of the surface loops of Tf (see AIi et al. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274(34):24066- 24073). Insertion may be made into multiple loops of transferrin to create a pentavalent molecule with increased avidity for the antigen, receptor, or targeting molecule, which the therapeutic protein binds. In other embodiments, the therapeutic protein or polypeptide is inserted between the N and C domains of Tf. Alternatively, the therapeutic protein or polypeptide is inserted anywhere in the transferrin molecule.
[00116] Generally, the transferrin fusion protein of the invention may have one modified transferrin-derived region and one therapeutic protein region. Multiple regions of each protein, however, may be used to make a transferrin fusion protein of the invention. Similarly, more than one therapeutic protein may be used to make a transferrin fusion protein of the invention, thereby producing a multi-functional modified Tf fusion protein.
[00117] In one embodiment, the transferrin fusion protein of the invention contains a therapeutic protein or polypeptide or portion thereof is fused to a transferrin molecule or portion thereof. In another embodiment, the transferrin fusion protein of the inventions contains a therapeutic protein or polypeptide fused to the N terminus of a transferrin molecule. In an alternate embodiment, the transferrin fusion protein of the invention contains a therapeutic protein or polypeptide fused to the C terminus of a transferrin molecule. In a further embodiment, the transferrin fusion-protein of the invention contains a transferrin molecule fused to the N terminus of a therapeutic protein or polypeptide. In an alternate embodiment, the transferrin fusion protein of the invention contains a transferrin molecule fused to the C terminus of a therapeutic protein or polypeptide.
[00118] In other embodiments, the transferrin fusion protein of the inventions contains a therapeutic protein fused to both the N-terminus and the C-terminus of modified transferrin. In another embodiment, the therapeutic proteins fused at the N- and C- termini bind the same therapeutic proteins. In an alternate embodiment, the therapeutic proteins fused at the N- and C- termini are different therapeutic proteins. In another alternate embodiment, the therapeutic proteins fused to the N- and C- termini bind different therapeutic proteins which may be used to treat or prevent the same disease, disorder, or condition. In another embodiment, the therapeutic proteins fused at the N- and C- termini are different therapeutic proteins which may be used to treat or prevent diseases or disorders which are known in the art to commonly occur in patients simultaneously.
[00119] In addition to modified transferrin fusion protein of the invention in which the modified transferrin portion is fused to the N terminal and/or C-terminal of the therapeutic protein portion, transferrin fusion protein of the invention may also be produced by inserting the therapeutic protein or peptide of interest (e.g., a therapeutic protein or peptide as disclosed herein, or a fragment or variant thereof) into an internal region of the modified transferrin. Internal regions of modified transferrin include, but are not limited to, the iron binding sites, the hinge regions, the bicarbonate binding sites, or the receptor binding domain.
[00120] Within the protein sequence of the modified transferrin molecule a number of loops or turns exist, which are stabilized by disulfide bonds. These loops are useful for the insertion, or internal fusion, of therapeutically active peptides particularly those requiring a secondary structure to be functional, or therapeutic proteins to generate a modified transferrin molecule with specific biological activity.
[00121] When therapeutic proteins are inserted into or replace at least one loop of a Tf molecule, insertions may be made within any of the surface exposed loop regions, in addition to other areas of Tf. For instance, insertions may be made within the loops comprising Tf amino acids 32-33, 74-75, 256-257, 279-280 and 288-289 (AIi et al, supra) (See Figure 3). As previously described, insertions may also be made within other regions of Tf such as the sites for iron and bicarbonate binding, hinge regions, and the receptor binding domain as described in more detail below. The loops in the Tf protein sequence that are amenable to modification/replacement for the insertion of proteins or peptides may also be used for the development of a screenable library of random peptide inserts. Any procedures may be used to produce nucleic acid inserts for the generation of peptide libraries, including available phage and bacterial display systems, prior to cloning into a Tf domain and/or fusion to the ends of Tf.
[00122] The N- terminus of Tf is free and points away from the body of the molecule. Fusions of proteins or peptides on the N-terminus may therefore be a preferred embodiment. Such fusions may include a linker region, such as but not limited to a poly-glycine stretch, to separate the therapeutic protein from Tf. Attention to the junction between the leader sequence, the choice of leader sequence, and the structure of the mRNA by codon manipulation/optimization (no major stem loops to inhibit ribosome progress) will increase secretion and can be readily accomplished using standard recombinant DNA techniques.
[00123] The C-terminus of Tf appears to be more buried and secured by a disulfide bond 6 amino acids from the C-terminus. In human Tf, the C-terminal amino acid is a proline which, depending on the way that it is orientated, will either point a fusion away or into the body of the molecule. A linker or spacer moiety at the C-terminus may be used in some embodiments of the invention. There is also a proline near the N-terniinus. In one aspect of the invention, the proline at the N- and/or the C- termini may be changed. In another aspect of the invention, the C-terminal disulfide bond may be eliminated to untether the C-terminus.
[00124] In yet other embodiments, small molecule therapeutics may be complexed with iron and loaded on a modified Tf protein fusion for delivery to the inside of cells and across the BBB. The addition of a targeting peptide or, for example, a single chain antibody (SCA) can be used to target the payload to a particular cell type, e.g., a cancer cell.
[00125] A modified transferrin protein may be used with any of the fusion proteins, methods and various other aspects of the invention. In one embodiment, the modified transferrin protein contains modifications within or adjacent to one or two N-linked glycosylation sites (e.g., N-X-S/T). For instance, the invention includes fusion proteins wherein the Tf moiety contains mutations at serine and/or threonine amino acids within the N-linked glycosylation site. In one embodiment, the modified transferrin protein contains mutations at S415 and T613 (SEQ ID NO.: 3). For instance, the invention includes fusion proteins comprising a modified Tf protein with the mutations S415A and T613A.
Therapeutic Proteins and Peptides
[00126] Any therapeutic molecule may be used as the fusion partner to Tf according to the methods and compositions of the present invention. As used herein, a therapeutic molecule is typically a protein or peptide capable of exerting a beneficial biological effect in vitro or in vivo and includes proteins or peptides that exert a beneficial effect in relation to normal homeostasis, physiology or a disease state. Therapeutic molecules do not include fusion partners commonly used as markers or protein purification aids, such as bacterial galactosidases (see for example, U.S. Patent 5, 986, 067 and Aldred et αl. (1984) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 122: 960-965). For instance, a beneficial effect as related to a disease state includes any effect that is advantageous to the treated subject, including disease prevention, disease stabilization, the lessening or alleviation of disease symptoms or a modulation, alleviation or cure of the underlying defect to produce an effect beneficial to the treated subject.
[00127] A transferrin fusion protein of the invention includes at least a fragment or variant of a therapeutic protein and at least a fragment or variant of serum transferrin, for instance, modified serum transferrin, which are associated with one another, preferably by genetic fusion.
[00128] In one embodiment, the transferrin fusion protein includes a modified transferrin molecule linked to a natriuretic peptide. In another embodiment, the modified transferrin fusion protein includes transferrin at the carboxyl terminus linked to a natriuretic peptide at the amino terminus. In an alternate embodiment, the modified transferrin fusion protein includes transferrin at the amino terminus linked to a natriuretic peptide at the carboxy terminus.
[00129] In further embodiments, a transferrin fusion protein of the invention may contain at least a fragment or variant of a therapeutic protein such as a fragment or variant of a natriuretic peptide. In a further embodiment, the transferrin fusion proteins can contain peptide fragments or peptide variants of a natriuretic peptide wherein the variant or fragment retains at least one biological or therapeutic activity. The transferrin fusion proteins can contain therapeutic proteins that can be peptide fragments or peptide variants at least about 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, or at least about 40, at least about 50, at least about 55, at least about 60 or at least about 70 or more amino acids in length fused to the N and/or C termini, inserted within, or inserted into a loop of a transferrin or modified transferrin.
[00130] The transferrin fusion proteins of the present invention may contain one or more peptides. Increasing the number of peptides enhances the function of the peptides fused to transferrin and the function of the entire transferrin fusion protein. The peptides may be used to make a bi- or multi-functional fusion protein by including peptide or protein domains with multiple functions. For instance, a multi-functional fusion protein can be made with a therapeutic protein and a second protein to target the fusion protein to a specific target. Other peptides may be used to induce the immune response of a cellular system, or induce an antiviral, antibacterial, or anti-pathogenic response.
[00131] In another embodiment, the transferrin fusion molecules contain a therapeutic protein portion that can be fragments of a therapeutic protein that include the full length protein as well as polypeptides having one or more residues deleted from the amino terminus of the amino acid sequence.
[00132] In another embodiment, the transferrin fusion molecules contain a therapeutic protein portion that can be fragments of a therapeutic protein that include the full length protein as well as polypeptides having one or more residues deleted from the carboxy terminus of the amino acid sequence.
[00133] In another embodiment, the transferrin fusion molecules contain a therapeutic protein portion that can have one or more amino acids deleted from both the amino and the carboxy termini.
[00134] In another embodiment, the transferrin fusion molecules contain a therapeutic protein portion that is at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a reference therapeutic protein set forth herein, or fragments thereof. In further embodiments, the transferrin fusion molecules contain a therapeutic protein portion that is at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to reference polypeptides having the amino acid sequence of N- and C-terminal deletions as described above.
[00135] In another embodiment, the transferrin fusion molecules contain the therapeutic protein portion that is at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100%, identical to, for example, the native or wild-type amino acid sequence of a therapeutic protein. Fragments, of these polypeptides are also provided.
[00136] The therapeutic proteins corresponding to a therapeutic protein portion of a transferrin fusion protein of the invention, such as cell surface and secretory proteins, can be modified by the attachment of one or more oligosaccharide groups. The modification referred to as glycosylation can significantly affect the physical properties of proteins and can be important in protein stability, secretion, and localization. Glycosylation occurs at specific locations along the polypeptide backbone. There are usually two major types of glycosylation: glycosylation characterized by 0-linked oligosaccharides, which are attached to serine or threonine residues; and glycosylation characterized by N-linked oligosaccharides, which are attached to asparagine residues in an Asn-X-Ser/Thr sequence, where X can be an amino acid except proline.
[00137] Therapeutic proteins corresponding to a therapeutic protein portion of a transferrin fusion protein of the invention, as well as analogs and variants thereof, may be modified so that glycosylation at one or more sites is altered as a result of manipulation(s) of their nucleic acid sequence by the host cell in which they are expressed, or due to other conditions of their expression. For example, glycosylation isomers may be produced by abolishing or introducing glycosylation sites, e.g., by substitution or deletion of amino acid residues, such as substitution of glutamine for asparagine, or unglycosylated recombinant proteins maybe produced by expressing the proteins in host cells that will not glycosylate them, e.g. in glycosylation-deficient yeast. These approaches are known in the art.
[00138] Therapeutic proteins and their nucleic acid sequences are well known in the art and available in public databases such as Chemical Abstracts Services Databases (e.g., the CAS Registry), GenBank, and GenSeq. The Accession Numbers and sequences referred to herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
[00139] In other embodiments, the transferrin fusion proteins of the invention are capable of a therapeutic activity and/or biologic activity, corresponding to the therapeutic activity and/or biologic activity of the therapeutic protein described elsewhere in this application. In further embodiments, the therapeutically active protein portions of the transferrin fusion proteins of the invention are fragments or variants of the reference sequences cited herein.
[00140] The present invention is further directed to Tf fusion proteins comprising fragments of the therapeutic proteins herein described. Even if deletion of one or more amino acids from the N-terminus of a protein results in modification or loss of one or more biological functions of the therapeutic protein portion, other therapeutic activities and/or functional activities (e.g. , biological activities, ability to multimerize, ability to bind a ligand) may still be retained. For example, the ability of polypeptides with N-terminal deletions to induce and/or bind to antibodies which recognize the complete or mature forms of the polypeptides generally will be retained with less than the majority of the residues of the complete polypeptide removed from the N-terminus. Whether a particular polypeptide lacking N- terminal residues of a complete polypeptide retains such immunologic activities can be assayed by routine methods described herein and otherwise known in the art. It is not unlikely that a mutant with a large number of deleted N-terminal amino acid residues may retain some biological or immunogenic activities. In fact, peptides composed of as few as six amino acid residues may often evoke an immune response.
[00141] Also as mentioned above, even if deletion of one or more amino acids from the N- terminus or C-terminus of a therapeutic protein results in modification or loss of one or more biological functions of the protein, other functional activities (e.g., biological activities, ability to multimerize, ability to bind a ligand) and/or therapeutic activities may still be retained. For example the ability of polypeptides with C-terminal deletions to induce and/or bind to antibodies which recognize the complete or mature forms of the polypeptide generally will be retained when less than the majority of the residues of the complete or mature polypeptide are removed from the C-terminus. Whether a particular polypeptide lacking the N-terminal and/or, C-terminal residues of a reference polypeptide retains therapeutic activity can readily be determined by routine methods described herein and/or otherwise known in the art.
[00142] Peptide fragments of the therapeutic proteins can be fragments comprising, or alternatively, consisting of, an amino acid sequence that displays a therapeutic activity and/or functional activity (e.g. biological activity) of the polypeptide sequence of the therapeutic protein of which the amino acid sequence is a fragment.
[00143] The peptide fragments of the therapeutic protein may comprise only the N- and C- termini of the protein, i.e., the central portion of the therapeutic protein has been deleted. Alternatively, the peptide fragments may comprise non-adjacent and/or adjacent portions of the central part of the therapeutic protein.
[00144] Other polypeptide fragments are biologically active fragments. Biologically active fragments are those exhibiting activity similar, but not necessarily identical, to an activity of a therapeutic protein used in the present invention. The biological activity of the fragments may include an improved desired activity, or a decreased undesirable activity.
[00145] Generally, variants of proteins are overall very similar, and, in many regions, identical to the amino acid sequence of the therapeutic protein corresponding to a therapeutic protein portion of a transferrin fusion protein of the invention. Nucleic acids encoding these variants are also encompassed by the invention.
[00146] Further therapeutic polypeptides that may be used in the invention are polypeptides encoded by polynucleotides which hybridize to the complement of a nucleic acid molecule encoding an amino acid sequence of a therapeutic protein under stringent hybridization conditions which are known to those of skill in the art. (see, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al, eds., 1989 Current protocol in Molecular Biology, Green Publishing Associates, Inc., and John Wiley & Sons Inc., New. York). Polynucleotides encoding these polypeptides are also encompassed by the invention.
[00147] By a polypeptide-having an amino acid sequence at least, for example, 95% "identical" to a query amino acid sequence of the present invention, it is intended that the amino acid sequence of the subject polypeptide is identical to the query sequence except that the subject polypeptide sequence may include up to five amino acid alterations per each 100 "amino acids of the query amino acid sequence. In other words, to obtain a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to a query amino acid sequence, up to 5% of the amino acid residues in the subject sequence may be inserted, deleted, or substituted with another amino acid. These alterations of the reference sequence may occur at the amino- or carboxy-terminal positions of the reference amino acid sequence or anywhere between those terminal positions, interspersed either individually among residues in the reference sequence, or in one or more contiguous groups within the reference sequence.
[00148] As a practical matter, whether any particular polypeptide is at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to, for instance, the amino acid sequence of a transferrin fusion protein of the invention or a fragment thereof (such, as the therapeutic protein portion of the transferrin fusion protein or the transferrin portion of the transferrin fusion protein), can be determined conventionally using known computer programs. A preferred method for determining the best overall match between a query sequence (a sequence of the present invention) and a subject sequence, also referred to as a global sequence alignment, can be determined using the FASTDB computer program based on the algorithm of Brufiag et al. (Comp. App. Biosci 245 (1990)). [00149] The polynucleotide variants of the invention may contain alterations in the coding regions, non-coding regions, or both. Polynucleotide variants containing alterations which produce silent substitutions, additions, or deletions, but do not alter the properties or activities of the encoded polypeptide may be used to produce modified Tf fusion proteins. Nucleotide variants produced by silent substitutions due to the degeneracy of the genetic code can be utilized. Moreover, polypeptide variants in which less than about 50, less than 40, less than 30, less than 20, less than 10, or 5-50, 5-25, 5-10, 1-5, or 1-2 amino acids are substituted, deleted, or added in any combination can also be utilized. Polynucleotide variants can be produced for a variety of reasons, e.g., to optimize codon expression for a particular host (change codons in the human mRNA to those preferred by a host, such as, yeast or E. coli as described above).
[00150] In other embodiments, the therapeutic protein moiety has conservative substitutions compared to the wild-type sequence. By "conservative substitutions" is intended swaps within groups such as replacement of the aliphatic or hydrophobic amino acids Ala, VaI, Leu and He; replacement of the hydroxyl residues Ser and Thr; replacement of the acidic residues Asp and GIu; replacement of the amide residues Asn and GIn, replacement of the basic residues Lys, Arg, and His; replacement of the aromatic residues Phe, Tyr, and Trp, and replacement of the small-sized amino acids Ala, Ser, Thr, Met, and GIy. Guidance concerning how to make phenotypically silent amino acid substitutions is provided, for example, in Bowie et ah, "Deciphering the Message in Protein Sequences: Tolerance to Amino Acid Substitutions," Science 247:1306-1310 (1990). In specific embodiments, the polypeptides of the invention comprise, or alternatively, consist of, fragments or variants of the amino acid sequence of a therapeutic protein described herein and/or serum transferrin, and/ modified transferrin protein of the invention, wherein the fragments or variants have 1-5, 5-10, 5-25, 5-50, 10-50 or 50-150 amino acid residue additions, substitutions, and/or deletions when compared to the reference amino acid sequence. In further embodiments, the amino acid substitutions are conservative. Nucleic acids encoding these polypeptides are also encompassed by the invention.
[00151] The fusion proteins of the present invention can be composed of amino-acids joined to each other by peptide bonds or modified peptide bonds and may contain amino acids other than the 20 gene-encoded amino acids. The polypeptides may be modified by either natural processes, such as post-translational processing, or by chemical modification techniques which are well known in the art. Such modifications are well described in basic texts and in more detailed monographs, as well as in a voluminous research literature.
[00152] Modifications can occur anywhere in a polypeptide, including the peptide backbone, the amino acid side-chains and the amino or carboxy termini. It will be appreciated that the same type of modification may be present in the same or varying degrees at several sites in a given polypeptide. Also, a given polypeptide may contain many types of modifications. Polypeptides may be branched, for example, as a result of ubiquitination, and they may be cyclic, with or without branching. Cyclic, branched, and branched cyclic polypeptides may result from posttranslation natural processes or may be made by synthetic methods. Modifications include acetylation, acylation, ADP-ribosylation, amidation, covalent attachment of flavin, covalent attachment of a heme moiety, covalent attachment of a nucleotide or nucleotide derivative, covalent attachment of a lipid or lipid derivative, covalent attachment of phosphotidylinositol, cross-linking, cyclization, disulfide bond formation, demethylation, formation of covalent cross-links, formation of cysteine, glycosylation, GPI anchor formation, hydroxylation, iodination, methylation, myristylation, oxidation, pegylation, proteolytic processing, phosphorylation, prenylation, racemization, sulfation, transfer-RNA mediated addition of amino acids to proteins such as arginylation, and ubiquitination. (See, for instance, PROTEINS - STRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR PROPERTIES, 2nd Ed., T. E. Creighton, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York (1993); POST- TRANSLATIONAL COVALENT MODIFICATION OF PROTEINS, B. C. Johnson, Ed., Academic Press, New York, pgs. 1-12 (1983); Seifter et al. (1990) Meth. Enzymol. 182:626- 646; Rattan et al., Ann. KY. Acad. Sci. 663:48-62.
[00153] The therapeutic proteins of the present invention include, but are not limited to polypeptide, peptide, antibody, or fragments and variants thereof. Preferably, the therapeutic proteins of the present invention include natriuretic peptides and their analogs, derivatives, and chimeric molecules. Other therapeutic peptide fusions for treatment of cardiovascular disease include fusions to adrenomedullin Shimosawa, T. et al. (2002) Adrenomedullin, an Endogenous Peptide, Counteracts Cardiovascular Damage. Circulation 105,106-111) and fusions to urocortin (Donaldson, CJ. et al. (1996) Cloning and Characterization of Human Urocortin. Endocrinology 137, 2167-2170).
Natriuretic Peptides
[00154] The present invention provides fusion proteins comprising one or more copies of a natriuretic peptide fused to a transferrin molecule. Preferably, the transferrin molecule is a modified transferrin molecule exhibiting reduced glycosylation as compared to the native transferrin molecule. The natriuretic peptide may be an endogenous natriuretic peptide or an exogenous peptide, such as an analog or derivative of an endogenous natriuretic peptide, a chimeric natriuretic peptide, or a peptide able to act as an agonist or antagonist of a natriuretic peptide receptor. The fusion protein may contain only one type of natriuretic peptide or a combination of different types of natriuretic peptides.
[00155] Natriuretic peptides are hormones involved in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. There are three major types of mammalian natriuretic factors. The first type, atrial natriuretic peptide or factor (ANP or ANF), was discovered by DeBoId and coworkers in 1981 when they found that granule-enriched atrial extracts contained a substance which caused natriuresis and vasodilatation (DeBoId et al, Life Sci. (1981) 28:89-94). Two years later, Flynn et al. purified and sequenced ANP from mammalian atria (Flynn et al, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1983) 117:859-865). Shortly thereafter, the second type, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and the third type, C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) were found. BNP was initially found in porcine brain (Sudoh et al., Biochem Biophys Res Comm (1988) 155:726-732), but the main source of BNP is the cardiac ventricle. CNP was first identified in the nervous system (Sudoh et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun (1990) 168(2): 863- 870), but later found to be produced by the endothelial cells (Suga et al. J Clin Invest (1992) 90(3): 1145-1149). In addition to these mammalian natriuretic peptides, two other peptides have been isolated. Tervonen (1998) reported the isolation of a salmon natriuretic factor (Salmon cardiac peptide) with similar structure and properties (Tervonen et al, Endocrinology (1988) 139:4021-4025), and Schweitz et al. discovered Dendroaspis Natriuretic Peptide (DNP) in the venom of the green mamba (Schweitz et al, J. Biol. Chem., (1992) 267: 13928-13932). [00156] Natriuretic peptides are synthesized by three different genes and then stored as three different prohormones (i.e., 126 amino acid atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 108 a.a. brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and 126 amino acids C-natriuretic peptide (CNP) prohormones). Structurally, natriuretic peptides are homologous peptide hormones. Although they are peptides of varying lengths, they share the same 17 amino acid ring containing two cysteines which provide the disulfide bond.
[00157] There also exist many nonendogenous or exogenous natriuretic peptides, such as the chimeric natriuretic peptides that contain the amino acid sequence of one or more natriuretic peptides fused to another peptide, and mutant natriuretic peptides derived from the endogenous or wild-type natriuretic peptides. The mutant natriuretic peptides may be obtained by substituting and/or deleting one or more amino acids from the wild-type peptides. The mutant natriuretic peptides do not have the same amino acid sequence as the corresponding endogenous natriuretic peptides but they share similar binding specificity as the corresponding endogenous peptides. The chimeric natriuretic peptides may be obtained by adding a portion of another natriuretic peptide or replacing a portion of the natriuretic peptide with another natriuretic peptide or therapeutic peptide.
[00158] Natriuretic peptides share common receptors and stimulate the intracellular production of cGMP as a second messenger. The functional activities of the mammalian natriuretic peptides are mediated through the binding of the natriuretic peptides to three distinct mammalian receptors, natriuretic peptide receptors A, B, and C (NPRA, NPRB, and NPRC). NPRA and NPRB are linked to guanyl cyclases (GC). Thus, ligand binding to the extracellular doman activates the cytoplasmic GC domain. On the other hand, NPRC is not coupled to cGMP production and may function in the clearance of ANP.
[00159] The existence of these specific receptors on mammalian membranes has been demonstrated in a variety of kidney, adrenal cortex and vascular tissue (Schenk et al (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260:14887-14890; Vandlen et al, (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260:10889-10892; Misono et al, (1985) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 130:994-1001; Hirose et al, (1985) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 130:574-579; Yip et al, (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260:8229- 8232; Schenk et al. (II) (1985) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 127:433-442; Hirata et al, (1985) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 128:538-546; Winquist et al, (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:7661-7664; Napier et al, (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:5946- 5950; Hirata et al, (1984) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 125:562-568; De Lean et al, Endocrinology 115:1636-1638; De Lean et al, (1984) Life Sci. 35:2311-2318).
[00160] Similar to all peptides, the natriuretic peptides have very short half-lives after in vivo delivery. Thus, there is an interest in obtaining natriuretic peptides with extended serum stability or in vivo circulatory half-live and with enhanced functional activity.
Atrial Natriuretic Peptides (ANPs)
[00161] ANP has been given a variety of names including ANF, cardionatrin, atrionatriuretic factor, pronatriodilatin (PND), atriopeptin, but are now collectively known as ANPs. The main source of ANP is the atria of the heart, though its synthetic equivalent is commercially available in the form of α-H-ANP.
■[00162] ANP is synthesized in the atria of the heart as a prehormone and is cleaved to a prohormone. ANP is part of a hormonal system in which one gene synthesizes four peptide hormones. The ANP gene synthesizes a 151 amino acid preprohormone (SEQ ID NO: 4) which is processed within the endoplasmic reticulum to form a 126 amino acid prohormone {i.e., the storage form of the following peptide hormones) after removal of a 25 amino acid signal peptide from its N-terminal end.
MSSFSTTTVSFLLLLAFQLLGQTRANPMYNAVSNADLMDFKNLLDHLEEKMPLEDEVVPPQVLSEPNEEA GAALSPLPEVPPWTGEVSPAQRDGGALGRGPWDSSDRSALLKSKLRALLTAPRSLRRSSCFGGRMDRIGA QSGLGCNSFRY(SEQ ID NO: 4)
These four peptide hormones within the 126 amino acid ANP prohormone (SEQ ID NO: 5, after removal of the 25 amino acid signal peptide) consist of: (1) the first 30 amino acids from the N-terminal end of the prohormone {i.e., pro ANP 1-30 of SEQ ID NO: 5; long acting natriuretic peptide, LANP); (2) amino acid 31-67 of SEQ ID NO: 5 {i.e., proANP 31-67; Vessel Dilator); (3) amino acid 79-98 of SEQ ID NO: 5 (proANP 79-98; Kaliuretic Peptide); and (4) amino acid 99-126 of SEQ ID NO: 5 of this prohormone (ANP: SLRRSSCFGGRMDRIGAQSGLGCNSFRY).
[00163] Each of these four peptide hormones circulate within the blood stream with LANP and Vessel Dilator's concentrations in plasma being 15- to 20-fold higher than ANP. Each of these peptide hormones has biologic effects, e.g., blood pressure lowering, natriuretic and/or diuretic effects in both animals and humans. ANP (amino acids 99-126 of SEQ ID NO: 5) is the principal circulating form of the peptide.
[00164] As used herein, the term "atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)" means any ANP from various species, analogs, and derivatives thereof, and chimeric ANP peptides. The term also refers to synthetically produced ANP having the same amino acid sequence as an endogenous ANP peptide. For example, the term "ANP" may include, ANPs having a sequence derived from mammals, such as, but not limited to, human, rat, mouse, equine, or porcine sources.
[00165] ANP is a potent natriuretic and vasorelaxant polypeptide. One of its main biologic functions is to enhance sodium excretion (natriuresis). ANP has been shown to play a significant role in blood-pressure homeostasis, regulation of extracellular fluid volume, and as an antagonist to the hypertensive effects of the renin-angiotensin system and other hormonal and neurotransmitter systems. ANP has been detected in the blood by radioimmunoassay (Gufkowska et al., (1984) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Common. 125:315- 323; Tanaka et al, (1984) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 124:663-668).
[00166] Because of the potent biological activity of ANP, regulation of its levels in the blood would be a therapeutic approach to the treatment of such disorders as hypertension, shock, and the like. While current native and synthetic ANP, as well as analogs thereof, would allow for the modulation of fluid volume and vascular function by increasing ANP levels, effective therapies may also require ANP levels to be reduced in order to achieve the desired extracellular fluid volume and electrolytic homeostasis.
[00167] ANP has been infused intravenously in treating hypertension, heart disease, acute renal failure and edema. ANP, when infused intravenously, has been shown to increase the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and filtration fraction. ANP has also been shown to reduce proximal tubule sodium ion concentration and water reabsorption. Further, ANP has been shown to inhibit net sodium ion reabsorption and water reabsorption in the collecting duct, lower plasma renin concentration and inhibit aldosterone secretion. Use of ANP intravenously has also resulted in mean arterial pressure reduction and has led to natriuresis and diuresis. [00168] Vessel Dilator has been shown to have significant beneficial diuretic, natriuretic and hemodynamic properties in humans with congestive heart failure (Vesely, D. L. et al. (1998) Circulation. 98: 323-329).
[00169] Dialysis provides a method for supplementing or replacing renal function in certain patients. Principally, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are the two methods that are currently utilized.
[00170] In hemodialysis, the patient's blood is passed through an artificial kidney dialysis machine. A membrane in the machine acts as an artificial kidney for cleansing the blood. Because it is an extracorporeal treatment that requires special machinery, hemodialysis is fraught with certain inherent disadvantages such as the availability of dialysis machines and the possibility of infection and contamination.
[00171] To overcome the disadvantages associated with hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis was developed. Peritoneal dialysis utilizes the patient's own peritoneum as a semi-permeable membrane. The peritoneum is a membranous lining of the abdominopelvic walls of the body. The peritoneum is capable of acting as a natural semi-permeable membrane because of its large number of blood vessels and capillaries.
[00172] In operation, a peritoneal dialysis solution is introduced into the peritoneal cavity utilizing a catheter. After a sufficient period of time, an exchange of solutes between the dialysate and blood is achieved. Fluid removal is achieved by providing a suitable osmotic gradient from the dialysate to the blood to permit water outflow from the blood. This allows the proper acid-base, electrolyte and fluid balance to be achieved in the blood. After an appropriate dwell period, the dialysis solution or dialysate is drained from the body through a catheter.
[00173] While peritoneal dialysis provides some advantages over hemodialysis, primary disadvantages of peritoneal dialysis include an insufficient net ultrafiltration and insufficient clearances of urea nitrogen and sodium. As a result, overall peritoneal dialysis adequacy can be insufficient. Therefore, there is a need for an improved peritoneal dialysis solution which provides a greater net ultrafiltration and increased clearances of components such as urea nitrogen. [00174] U.S. Patent 5,965,533 provides a peritoneal dialysis solution that contains atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a derivative of ANP, an analogue of ANP, a substance that binds ANP to clearance receptors or a substance that promotes ANP synthesis, which results in an increased net ultrafiltration and increased sodium clearance experienced in peritoneal dialysis patients.
[00175] A means to obtain ANPs with extended serum stability or in vivo circulatory half- life is to fuse the ANP to a transferrin or modified transferrin. Fusing the ANP to modified transferrin improves the stability of the ANP during delivery and enhances its therapeutic effects at the target site. The present invention provides fusion proteins comprising ANPs fused to modified transferrins exhibiting reduced glycosylation as compared to a native transferrin. The ANPs in the fusion proteins may be endogenous peptides or exogenous peptides, i.e., analogs, derivatives, and chimeric molecules. The exogenous ANPs have, if not enhanced, at least the same functional activity and stability as the endogenous ANPs. The ANP sequence may be fused to the N-terminus of Tf, the C-terminus of Tf, to both the N- and C-termini, or inserted into one or more of the surface exposed loops of Tf.
Brain Natriuretic Peptides (BNPs)
[00176] Although brain natriuretic peptides were first discovered in porcine brain (Sudoh, P. (1988) Nature 332:78-81), BNPs have been localized to the cardiac ventricle. As used herein, the term "brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)" refers to any naturally occurring BNPs from various species, analogs and derivatives thereof, and chimeric BNPs. The term also refers to synthetically produced BNPs having the same amino acid sequence as an endogenous BNP. For example, the term "BNP" will include, BNPs having a sequence derived from mammals, such as, but not limited to, human, rat, mouse, equine, or porcine sources.
[00177] As mentioned above, Sudoh, P. (Nature (1988) 332:78-81) was the first to isolate and sequence BNP. BNP is a 26-amino acid peptide synthesized in porcine brain and atrial tissue at about 1/100 of the concentration of analyzed atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) activity. The spectrum of activity of this porcine brain natriuretic peptide, or pBNP, is similar to that of the porcine ANP. [00178] Like the ANPs, BNPs are derived from a larger precursor molecule. Subsequent papers from Sudoh et al. further characterized these proteins. Sudoh et al. (Biochem Biophys Res Comm (1988) 155:726-732) reported the isolation of a 32-amino acid natriuretic peptide ("BNP-32") from porcine brain which contains the 26 amino acids of the porcine BNP described above at its C-terminus and an additional N-terminal 6-amino acid extended portion of the sequence Ser-Pro-Lys-Thr-Met-Arg- (SEQ ID NO: 6). In papers following on subsequent pages, levels of various natriuretic peptides in tissues were reported. Ueda et al. (Biochem Biophys Res Comm (1988) 155: 733-739) utilized a radioimmunoassay to localize and messure the levels of porcine BNP and porcine BNP-32 in the brain and spinal cord. The results showed that both BNP and BNP-32 were major forms of immunoreactive BNP in the porcine brain, and that the highest concentrations were found in the medulla-pons, striatum, and spinal cord. The porcine form of atrial natriuretic peptide (pANP) was also found in the porcine brain but at a level approximately 13 times lower than that characteristic of BNP. Minamino et al. (Biochem Biophys Res Comm (1988) 155:740-746) reported the results of radioimmunoassay for porcine BNP and ANP in peripheral tissue. The concentration of BNP was highest in cardiac atrium of the tissues assayed. The immunoreactive form of this protein was characterized as mostly a 12 kDa high molecular weight form; less than 15% of the total immunoreactive BNP in atrial tissue is of the lower molecular weight forms pBNP or pBNP-32.
[00179] In a subsequent publication, Minamino et al. (Biochem Biophys Res Comm (1988) 157:402-409) reported the isolation and characterization of this higher molecular weight form of BNP from porcine heart. The complete amino acid sequence of this protein was obtained and shown to contain the 26-amino acid pBNP (and 32-amino acid pBNP-32) at its carboxy terminus. The full-length protein contains 106 amino acids. Finally, Maekawa et al. (Biochem Biophys Res Comm (1988) 155:410-416) report the cloning and sequence analysis of a cDNA encoding a precursor protein for porcine BNP. A cDNA library was obtained from porcine cardiac atrium and the relevant BNP-encoding gene was isolated and sequenced. The gene was found to include a 25-residue putative signal peptide at the N-terminus followed by the codons corresponding to the 106 amino acids of the reported protein. These results are consistent with the information available from studies of the atrial-derived natriuretic peptides which are generally also associated with longer precursors. [00180] Kambayashi et al. (FEBS Lett. (1990) 259(2):341-5) isolated human brain natriuretic peptide (human BNP) from the human atrium. SEQ ID NO: 7 discloses the human BNP sequences including its signal peptide. The first 26 amino acid in SEQ ID NO: 7 is the signal peptide.
MDPQTAPSRALLLLLFLHLAFLGGRSHPLGSPGSASDLETSGLQEQRNHLQGKLSELQVEQTSLEPLQES PRPTGVWKS REVATEGIRGHRKMVLYTLRAPRSPKWQGSGCFGRK^RISSSSGLGCKVLRRH (SEQ ID NO : 7)
[00181] Sequence analysis has revealed that it is a 32-amino-acid peptide with the sequence S-P-K-M- V-Q-G-S-G-C-F-G-R-K-M-D-R-I-S-S-S-S-G-L-G-C-K-V-L-R-R-H, which is identical to the C-terminal sequence (103-134 of SEQ ID NO: 8) of the human BNP precursor deduced from the cDNA sequence. The sequence of human BNP (103-134) is preceded by Prol01-Argl02 in the human BNP precursor, which is the same processing signal as Pro97-Arg98 of the precursor of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP, SEQ ID NO: 4). The processing of the BNP precursor occurs in the cardiocyte, although that of the ANP precursor in the cardiocyte is unclear at present.
[00182] U.S. Patent 5,948,761 discloses recombinant canine BNPs useful in treating conditions characterized by high levels of extracellular fluid. The patent discloses various peptides, such as, Rl-Cys-Phe-Gly-Arg-Arg-Leu-Asp-Arg-Ile-Gly-Ser-Leu-Ser-Gly-Leu- Gly-Cys-R2 wherein Rl is selected from the group consisting of: (H); GIy-; Ser-Gly-; Lys- Ser-Gly-; His-Lys-Ser-Gly-; Met-His-Lys-Ser-Gly-; Thr-Met-His-Lys-Ser-Gly-; Lys-Thr- Met-His-Lys-Ser-Gly-; Pro-Lys-Thr-Met-His-Lys-Ser-Gly-; and Ser-Pro-Lys-Thr-Met-His- Lys-Ser-Gly; and R2 is (OH), NH2, or NR2 wherein each R is independently H or lower alkyl (1-4C) or is Asn; Asn-Val; Asn-Val-Leu; Asn-Val-Leu-Arg; Asn-Val-Leu-Arg-Lys; Asn- Val-Leu-Arg-Lys-Tyr (SEQ ID NO: 130).
[00183] Similar to the ANPs, BNPs have short half-lives after in vivo delivery. One way to extend the serum stability or in vivo circulatory half-life of the BNPs after in vivo delivery is to fuse them to transferrin or modified transferrin. The present invention provides fusion proteins comprising BNPs fused to modified transferrins exhibiting reduced glycosylation as compared to a native transferrin. The BNPs in the fusion proteins may be endogenous peptides or exogenous peptides, i.e. analogs, derivatives, and chimeric molecules. The exogenous BNPs have, if not enhanced, at least the same functional activity and stability as the endogenous BNPs. The BNP sequence may be fused to the N-terminus of Tf, the C- terminus of Tf, to both the N- and C-termini, or inserted into one or more of the surface exposed loops of Tf.
C-Type Natriuretic Peptides (CNPs)
[00184] Like the BNP, C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) was isolated from porcine brain extracts on the basis of their potent relaxant effects on chick rectum (Sudoh et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun (1990) 168(2): 863-870); Sudoh et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun (1990) 168(2): 863-870). CNP is of endothelial cell origin and functions as a vasodilating and growth-inhibiting peptide (Suga et al. J Clin Invest (1992) 90(3): 1145— 1149).
[00185] As used herein, the term "C-type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP)" refers to any naturally occurring CNPs from various species, analogs and derivatives thereof, and chimeric CNPs. The term also refers to synthetically produced CNPs having the same amino acid sequence as an endogenous CNP. For example, the term "CNP" will include, CNPs having a sequence derived from mammals, such as, but not Jiniited to, human, camel, rat, mouse, equine, or porcine sources.
[00186] Similar to the ANP and BNP, CNP is synthesized from large precursor proteins, and the mature, active peptides have a 17 amino acid loop formed by an intramolecular disulfide linkage. In the human peptides, eleven of these amino acids are identical in ANP, BNP, and CNP, whereas the C-terminal tails vary in both length and composition (Kambayashi et al. FEBS Lett. (1990) 259(2):341-5). However, CNP has no C-terminal tail, and studies of the structure of the gene for CNP demonstrated that translation is terminated by a stop codon immediately after the final cysteine codon in the mRNA. The amino acid sequence of CNP precursor is
MHLSQLLACALLLTLLSLRPSEAKPGAPPKVPRTPPAEELAEPQAAGGGQKKGDKAPGGGGANLKGDRSRLLRDL RVDTKSRAAWARLLQEHPNARKYKGANKKGLSKGCFGLKLDRIGSMSGLGC (SEQ ID NO: 8)
[00187] Among species, the amino acid sequence of both ANP and CNP are highly conserved, whereas the structure of BNP varies greatly. For example, the mature 28 amino acid human and porcine ANPs are identical, and there is only one substitution in the rat peptide. The existence of this structural variation, coupled with the presence of at least three types of receptors specific for the natriuretic peptides, suggests that the physiological control of body fluid homeostasis is complex. ANP and CNP both decrease cardiac preload. However, unlike ANP, CNP is not natriuretic (Stingo et ai, Am. J. Physiol. (1992) 262(1 Pt 2):H308-12).
[00188] The present invention provides CNP with extended serum stability and in vivo circulatory half-life. The present invention provides fusion proteins comprising a CNP fused to transferrin or modified transferrin. Preferably, the transferrin molecule is modifed to exhibit reduced glycosylation as compared to the wild-type transferrin. The CNP may be an endogenous peptide or an exogenous peptide such as an analog, derivative, or chimeric peptide. The analogs, derivatives, or chimeric peptide have, if not enhanced, at least the same functional activity and stability as the endogenous CNP. Moreover, the fusion protein may contain a combination of endogenous and exogenous CNP peptides. The CNP sequence may be fused to the N-terminus of Tf, the C-terminus of Tf, to both the N- and C-termini, or inserted into one or more of the surface exposed loops of Tf.
Variants of Natriuretic Peptides
[00189] The present invention also provides variants of the endogenous natriuretic peptides that function as agonists, mimetics or antagonists. Variants of endogenous natriuretic peptides include analogs, derivatives and chimeric peptides, that can be generated by mutagenesis, e.g., discrete point mutation, amino acid additions, substitutions, or deletions. A variant of a parent natriuretic peptide can retain substantially the same, or a subset of, the biological activities of the naturally occurring form of the parent peptide. Thus, specific biological effects can be elicited by treatment with a variant with a limited function. In one embodiment, treatment of a subject with a variant having a subset of the biological activities of the naturally occurring form of the peptide has fewer side effects in a subject relative to treatment with the naturally occurring form of the parent peptide.
[00190] The variant natriuretic peptides are functionally active. As utilized herein, the term "functionally active" refers to species displaying one or more known functional attributes of a full-length peptide. "Variant" refers to a polynucleotide or polypeptide differing from the polynucleotide or polypeptide of the present invention, but retaining essential properties thereof. Generally, variants are overall closely similar, and in many regions, identical to the endogenous polynucleotide or polypeptide.
[00191] Variants of the natriuretic peptides that function as either agonists or mimetics can be identified by screening combinatorial libraries of mutants of the endogenous peptide for peptide agonist. In one embodiment, a library of variants is generated by combinatorial mutagenesis at the nucleic acid level and is encoded by a gene library. A library of variants can be produced by, for example, enzymatically ligating a mixture of synthetic oligonucleotides into gene sequences such that a degenerate set of potential sequences is expressible as individual peptides, or alternatively, as a set of larger fusion proteins (e.g., for phage or mTf display) containing the set of sequences therein. There are a variety of methods which can be used to produce libraries of potential variants from a degenerate oligonucleotide sequence.
[00192] The present invention also encompasses libraries comprising peptides of agonists and antagonists of natriuretic receptors. These peptides include those that are not related in by sequence to known natriuretic peptides.
[00193] Variants of endogenous natriuretic peptides include a sequence of at least 6 (contiguous) nucleic acids or at least 4 (contiguous) amino acids, a length sufficient to allow for specific hybridization in the case of nucleic acids or for specific recognition of an epitope in the case of amino acids, respectively. Variants may be full length or other than full length, if said variant contains a modified nucleic acid or amino acid. Variants include, but are not limited to, molecules comprising regions that are substantially homologous in various embodiments, of at least 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or preferably 95% amino acid identity when: (i) compared to an amino acid sequence of identical size; (ii) compared to an aligned sequence in that the alignment is done by a computer homology program known within the art (e.g. , Wisconsin GCG software) or (iii) the encoding nucleic acid is capable of hybridizing to a sequence encoding the aforementioned peptides under stringent, moderately stringent, or non-stringent conditions (Ausubel et al. , Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y., 1993). [00194] Variant may be produced by alteration of their sequences by substitutions, additions or deletions that result in functionally-equivalent molecules. Thus, the invention includes DNA sequences that encode substantially the same amino acid sequence. In another embodiment, one or more amino acid residues within the sequence of interest may be substituted by another amino acid of a similar polarity and net charge, thus resulting in a silent alteration. Substitutes for an amino acid within the sequence may be selected from other members of the class to which the amino acid belongs. For example, nonpolar (hydrophobic) amino acids include alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan and methionine. Polar neutral amino acids include glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, and glutamine. Positively charged (basic) amino acids include arginine, lysine and histidine. Negatively charged (acidic) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid.
[00195] In particular embodiments, variants, are related to animals (e.g., mouse, rat, pig, cow, dog, monkey, frog), or human natriuretics. Homologs (i.e., nucleic acids encoding peptides derived from species other than human) or other related sequences (e.g., paralogs) can also be obtained by low, moderate or high stringency hybridization with all or a portion of the particular human sequence as a probe using methods well known in the -art for nucleic acid hybridization and cloning (Ausubel et al, (eds.), 1993, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, NY; and Kriegler, 1990, Gene Transfer and Expression, A Laboratory Manual, Stockton Press, NY).
[00196] The variant NP (natriuretic peptide) sequence may be fused to the N-terminus of Tf, the C-terminus of Tf, to both the N- and C-termini, or inserted into one or more of the surface exposed loops of Tf.
Chimeric Natriuretic Peptides
[00197] The present invention also provides fusion proteins comprising one or more copies of a chimeric natriuretic peptide fused to a Tf or mTf molecule. The chimeric natriuretic peptides may contain sequences derived from two or more different natriuretic peptides or a natriuretic peptide and another peptide. [00198] U.S. Patent 6,818,619 (which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety) provides an isolated and purified peptide compound having natriuretic, renin-suppressing, diuretic and/or vasodilator activity in mammals. The peptide comprises a compound of formula (I):
X0-Pro-Xl-A5-Al-A3-Pro-Al-Pro-Al-A5-Pro-Xl-Xl-X1~A4 (SEQ ID NO:9)
wherein Al is Leu, Lys, Arg, His, Orn, Asn or GIn; A3 is Asp or GIu; A4 is Lys, Arg, Orn, Ala, Thr, Asn, or GIn; A5 is GIy, Ala, VaI, Met, Leu, Norleucine or He; XO is absent or is a peptide of from 1 to 35 amino acid residues, preferably from 1 to 25 amino acid residues, which peptide has a Cys residue at the C-terminus, and more preferably residues from the N- terminus of BNP or CNP; and Xl is Ser or Thr. Alternatively, the peptide comprises a compound of formula (II):
X0-Pro-Xl-A5 -Al-A3-Pro-Al-Pro-Al-A5 -Pro-Xl-Xl-Xl-A4 -X2 (SEQ ID NO: 10)
wherein Al is Leu, Lys, Arg, His, Orn, Asn or GIn; A3 is Asp or GIu; A4 is Lys, Arg, Orn, Ala, Thr, Asn, or Gin; A5 is GIy, Ala, VaI, Met, Leu, Norleucine or He; X2 is absent or is a peptide of from 1 to 35 amino acid residues, preferably of from 1 to 25 amino acid residues; XO is absent or is a peptide of from 1 to 35 amino acid residues, preferably of from 1 to 25 amino acid residues, which peptide has a Cys residue at the C-terminus, and more preferably residues residues from the N-terminus of BNP or CNP; and Xl is Ser or Thr.
[00199] A preferred peptide of U.S. Patent 6,818,619 includes a chimeric peptide which is a 41 amino acid peptide combining the core ring structure of BNP with the C-terminus of DNP (dendroaspis natriuretic peptide). Thus, a preferred compound of formula (I) is a chimeric peptide comprising Ser-Pro-Lys-Met- Val-Gln-Gly-Ser-Gly-Cys-Phe-Gly- Arg- Lys-Met-Asp- Arg-Ile-Se r-Ser-Ser-Ser-Gly-Leu-Gly-Cys-Pro-Ser-Leu-Arg-Asp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Asn-Ala-Pro- S er-Tlir-Ser-Ala (SEQ ID NO: 11), or a biologically active variant or fragment thereof. Preferably, the chimeric peptide has a disulfide bridge between Cys 10 and Cys 26. Other preferred peptides of the invention include a 37 amino acid peptide combining the core ring structure of CNP with the C-terminus of DNP. Thus, another preferred compound of formula (I) is a chimeric peptide comprising Gly-Leu-Ser-Lys-Gly-Cys-Phe-Gly-Leu-Lys-Leu-Asp- Arg-Ile-Gly-Ser-Met-Ser-Gl y-Leu-Gly-Cys-Pro-Ser-Leu-Arg-Asp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Asn-Ala- Pro-Ser-Thr-Ser-Ala (SEQ ID NO: 12), or a biologically active variant or fragment thereof. Preferably, the chimeric peptide has a disulfide bridge between Cys 6 and Cys 22. Thus, XO, if present, is preferably the N-terminus of human BNP, i.e., Ser-Pro-Lys-Met-Val-Gln-Glu- Ser-Gly-Cys-Phe-Gly-Arg-Lys-Met-Asp-Arg-Ile-Se r-Ser-Ser-Ser-Gly-Leu-Gly-Cys CSEQ ID NO: 13), or the N-terminus of human CNP, i.e., Gly-Leu-Ser-Lys-Gly-Cys-Phe-Gly-Leu- Lys-Leu-Asρ-Arg-Ile-Gly-Ser-Met-Ser-Gl y-Leu-Gly-Cys (SEQ ID NO: 14). Yet another preferred peptide includes a portion of the carboxy-terminus of DNP, preferably which includes the carboxy-terminal 15 amino acids or a biologically active variant or fragment thereof.
[00200] As used herein, the term "biologically active" means that a peptide has at least one of the activities of a native natriuretic peptide.
[00201] Preferably, the fusion proteins of the present invention comprise a chimeric natriuretic peptide fused to a modified transferrin exhibiting reduced glycosylation as compared to a wild-type transferrin fusion protein.
Methods of Using Natriuretic Peptide/mTf Fusion Proteins
[00202] Atrial natriuretic peptide is synthesized, stored, and released by atrial myocytes in response to atrial distension, angiotensin II stimulation, endothelin, and sympathetic stimulation (beta-adrenoceptor mediated). Once it is in the circulation, its effects are primarily on the kidney, vascular tissue, and adrenal gland, in which its actions lead to the excretion of sodium and water by the kidneys and a decrease in intravascular volume and blood pressure. Elevated levels of ANP are found during hypervolemic states (elevated blood volume) and congestive heart failure.
[00203] ANP is involved in the long-term regulation of sodium and water balance, blood volume and arterial pressure. This hormone decreases aldosterone release by the adrenal cortex, increases glomerular filtration rate (GFR), produces natriuresis and diuresis (potassium sparing), and decreases renin release thereby decreasing angiotensin II. These actions contribute to reductions in blood volume and therefore central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac output, and arterial blood pressure. Chronic elevations of ANP appear to decrease arterial blood pressure primarily by decreasing systemic vascular resistance. The mechanism of systemic vasodilation may involve ANP receptor-mediated elevations in vascular smooth muscle cGMP as well as by attenuating sympathetic vascular tone. This latter mechanism may involve ANP acting upon sites within the central nervous system as well as through inhibition of norepinephrine release by sympathetic nerve terminals.
[00204] Therefore, ANP is a counter-regulatory system for the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. A class of drugs that are neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors have been shown to be efficacious in animal models of heart failure. These drugs inhibit neutral endopeptidase, the enzyme responsible for the degradation of ANP, and thereby elevate plasma levels of ANP. NEP inhibition is particularly effective in heart failure when the drug is combined with an ACE inhibitor.
[00205] BNP is of myocardial cell origin, and like ANP circulates in human plasma (de Bold et al, Life ScL, 28, 89 (1981); Burnett et al, Am. J. Physiol. (1984) 247, F863). BNP is natriuretic, renin inhibiting, vasodilating, and lusitropic (Mukoyama et al, J. Clin. Invest.(1991) 87, 1402; Yamamoto et al, Am. J. Physiol. (1996) 271, R1529; Grantham et al, in Natriuretic Peptides in Health and Disease, Samson W. K., Levin E. R., eds, Humana Press, pp. 309-326 (1997)).
[00206] ANP and BNP are increased in the plasma and heart during congestive heart failure (CHF) in humans, and they exert important cardiorenal protective actions in addition to serving as serum markers for ventricular dysfunction.
[00207] The diverse actions of ANP, BNP and CNP on both the cardiovascular system and the kidney, as well as their roles in pathophysiological states such as heart failure, hypertension, and renal disease, have made the native peptides and their analog molecules of great interest to both clinical and basic scientists as therapeutic agents. See, for example, Lewicki et al (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,114,923, 4,804,650 and 4,757,048), Johnson et al (U.S. Pat. No. 5,047,397) and Johnson et al (U.S. Pat. No. 4,935,492), and Wei et al (U.S. Pat. No. 5,583,108). U.S. Pat. No. 5,583,108 relates to a chimera of ANP and CNP, termed vasonatrin peptide (VNP). VNP, which includes 22 amino acids of CNP and the 5 amino acids at the carboxy-terminus of ANP, has arterial and venous vasodilating and natriuretic effects. [00208] The present invention provides methods of using natriuretic peptide/Tf or niTf fusion proteins for the reduction of blood pressure; inhibition of cardiac hypertrophy; treatment of cardiovascular diseases, such as congestive heart failure and decompensated heart failure; enhancement in post surgical repair for CVD; inhibition of aldosterone production and release; diuresis; modulating salt excretion; treatment of various renal diseases which cause renal hypertrophy, such as chronic kidney disease; inhibition of pulmonary diseases, such as pulmonary hypertension and reduction of complications associated with pulmonary diseases; inhibit vascular cell growth and regulate vessel tone in the eye for various diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma; increasing the rate of lipolysis in fat cells; and reduction of inflammation and inflammatory mediators comprising administering said fusion protein at a therapeutically effective dosage to a patient in need thereof. The dosage may be a single administration or may comprise multiple administrations for a time frame that results in a desired outcome. The present invention further provides methods of using the disclosed the natriuretic peptide/mTf fusion proteins for treating various other diseases and conditions.
[00209] In a further embodiment of the invention, the natriuretic peptide/Tf or mTf fusion is administered with an inhibitor of proteases or peptidases that may inactivate the natriuretic peptide, e.g. an NEP inhibitor. The inhibitor may be administered at the same time as the fusion protein of the invention or at a dose and frequency appropriate to providing adequate inhibition, e.g. the fusion protein may be administered once per week and the inhibitor administered daily.
Nucleic Acids
[00210] The present invention also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding transferrin fusion proteins comprising a transferrin protein or a portion of a transferrin protein covalently linked or joined to a therapeutic protein, preferably a therapeutic protein. As discussed in more detail below, any therapeutic protein may be used. The fusion protein may further comprise a linker region, for instance a linker less than about 50, 40, 30, 20, or 10 amino acid residues. The linker can be covalently linked to and between the transferrin protein or portion thereof and the therapeutic protein, preferably the therapeutic protein. Nucleic acid molecules of the invention may be purified or not.
[00211] Host cells and vectors for replicating the nucleic acid molecules and for expressing the encoded fusion proteins are also provided. Any vectors or host cells may be used, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic, but eukaryotic expression systems, in particular yeast expression systems, may be preferred. Many vectors and host cells are known in the art for such purposes. It is well within the skill of the art to select an appropriate set for the desired application.
[00212] DNA sequences encoding transferrin, portions of transferrin and therapeutic proteins of interest maybe cloned from a variety of genomic or cDNA libraries known in the art. The techniques for isolating such DNA sequences using probe-based methods are conventional techniques and are well known to those skilled in the art. Probes for isolating such DNA sequences may be based on published DNA or protein sequences (see, for example, Baldwin, G.S. (1993) Comparison of Transferrin Sequences from Different Species. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 106B/l:203-218 and all references cited therein, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). Alternatively, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method disclosed by Mullis et al (U.~S. Pat. No. 4,683,195) and Mullis (U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202), incorporated herein by reference may be used. The choice of library and selection of probes for the isolation of such DNA sequences is within the level of ordinary skill in the art.
[00213] As known in the art "similarity" between two polynucleotides or polypeptides is determined by comparing the nucleotide or amino acid sequence and its conserved nucleotide or amino acid substitutes of one polynucleotide or polypeptide to the sequence of a second polynucleotide or polypeptide. Also known in the art is "identity" which means the degree of sequence relatedness between two polypeptide or two polynucleotide sequences as determined by the identity of the match between two strings of such sequences. Both identity and similarity can be readily calculated (Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A. M., ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1988; Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects, Smith, D. W., ed., Academic Press, New York, 1993; Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part I, Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., eds., Humana Press, New Jersey, 1994; Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heinje, G., Academic Press, 1987; and Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds., M Stockton Press, New York, 1991).
[00214] While there exist a number of methods to measure identity and similarity between two polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences, the terms "identity" and "similarity" are well known to skilled artisans (Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heinje, G., Academic Press, 1987; Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds., M Stockton Press, New York, 1991; and Carillo, H., and Lipman, D., SIAM J. Applied Math., 48: 1073 (1988). Methods commonly employed to determine identity or similarity between two sequences include, but are not limited to those disclosed in Guide to Huge Computers, Martin J. Bishop, ed., Academic Press, San Diego, 1994, and Carillo, H., and Lipman, D., SIAM J. Applied Math. 48:1073 (1988).
[00215] Preferred methods to determine identity are designed to give the largest match between the two sequences tested. Methods to determine identity and similarity are codified in computer programs. Preferred computer program methods to determine identity and similarity between two sequences include, but are not limited to, GCG program package (Devereux, et al, Nucl. Acid Res. 12(1):387 (1984)), BLASTP, BLASTN, FASTA (Atschul, et al, J. MoI. Biol. 215:403 (1990)). The degree of similarity or identity referred to above is determined as the degree of identity between the two sequences, often indicating a derivation of the first sequence from the second. The degree of identity between two nucleic acid sequences may be determined by means of computer programs known in the art such as GAP provided in the GCG program package (Needleman and Wunsch J. MoI. Biol. 48:443-453 (1970)). For purposes of determining the degree of identity between two nucleic acid sequences for the present invention, GAP is used with the following settings: GAP creation penalty of 5.0 and GAP extension penalty of 0.3.
Codon Optimization
[00216] The degeneracy of the genetic code permits variations of the nucleotide sequence of a transferrin protein and/or therapeutic protein of interest, while still producing a polypeptide having the identical amino acid sequence as the polypeptide encoded by the native DNA sequence. The procedure, known as "codon optimization" (described in U.S. Patent 5,547,871 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) provides one with a means of designing such an altered DNA sequence. The design of codon optimized genes should take into account a variety of factors, including the frequency of codon usage in an organism, nearest neighbor frequencies, RNA stability, the potential for secondary structure formation, the route of synthesis and the intended future DNA manipulations of that gene. In particular, available methods may be used to alter the codons encoding a given fusion protein with those most readily recognized by yeast when yeast expression systems are used.
[00217] The degeneracy of the genetic code permits the same amino acid sequence to be encoded and translated in many different ways. For example, leucine, serine and arginine are each encoded by six different codons, while valine, proline, threonine, alanine and glycine are each encoded by four different codons. However, the frequency of use of such synonymous codons varies from genome to genome among eukaryotes and prokaryotes. For example, synonymous codon-choice patterns among mammals are very similar, while evolutionarily distant organisms such as yeast (such as S. cerevisiae), bacteria (such as E. coli) and insects (such as D. melanogaster) reveal a clearly different pattern of genomic codon use frequencies (Grantham, R., et al, Nucl. Acid Res., 8, 49-62 (1980); Grantham, R., et al, Nucl. Acid Res., 9, 43-74 (1981); Maroyama, T., et al, Nucl. Acid Res., 14, 151-197 (1986); Aota, S., et al, Nucl. Acid Res., 16, 315-402 (1988); Wada, K., et al, Nucl. Acid Res., 19 Supp., 1981-1985 (1991); Kurland, C. G, FEBS Lett, 285, 165-169 (1991)). These differences in codon-choice patterns appear to contribute to the overall expression levels of individual genes by modulating peptide elongation rates. (Kurland, C. G., FEBS Lett., 285, 165-169 (1991); Pedersen, S., EMBO J., 3, 2895-2898 (1984); Sorensen, M. A., J. MoI. Biol., 207, 365-377 (1989); Randall, L. L., et al, Eur. J. Biochem., 107, 375-379 (1980); Curran, J. F., and Yarus, M., J. MoI. Biol, 209, 65-77 (1989); Varenne, S., et al, J. MoI. Biol, 180, 549-576 (1984), Varenne, S., et al, J. MoI, Biol, 180, 549-576 (1984); Garel, J.-P., J. Theor. Biol, 43, 211-225 (1974); Ikemura, T., J. MoI. Biol., 146, 1-21 (1981); Ikemura, T., J. MoI. Biol., 151, 389-409 (1981)).
The preferred codon usage frequencies for a synthetic gene should reflect the codon usages of nuclear genes derived from the exact (or as closely related as possible) genome of the cell/organism that is intended to be used for recombinant protein expression, particularly that of yeast species. As discussed above, in one preferred embodiment the human Tf sequence is codon optimized, before or after modification as herein described for yeast expression as may be the therapeutic protein nucleotide sequence(s).
Vectors
[00218] Expression units for use in the present invention will generally comprise the following elements, operably linked in a 5' to 3' orientation: a transcriptional promoter, a secretory signal sequence, a DNA sequence encoding a modified Tf fusion protein comprising transferrin protein or a portion of a transferrin protein joined to a DNA sequence encoding a therapeutic protein or peptide of interest and a transcriptional terminator. As discussed above, any arrangement of the therapeutic protein or peptide fused to or within the Tf portion may be used in the vectors of the invention. The selection of suitable promoters, signal sequences and terminators will be determined by the selected host cell and will be evident to one skilled in the art and are discussed more specifically below.
[00219] Suitable yeast vectors for use in the present invention are described in U.S. Patent 6,291,212 and include YRp7 (Struhl et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 1035-1039, 1978), YEpl3 (Broach et al, Gene 8: 121-133, 1979), pJDB249 and pJDB219 (Beggs, Nature 275:104-108, 1978), pPPC0005, pSeCHSA, pScNHSA, pC4 and derivatives thereof. Useful yeast plasmid vectors also include pRS403-406, pRS413-416 and the Pichia vectors available from Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Plasmids pRS403, pRS404, pRS405 and pRS406 are Yeast Integrating plasmids (Yips) and incorporate the yeast selectable markers HIS3, TRPl, LEU2 and URA3. Plasmids pRS413~41.6 are Yeast Centromere plasmids (YCps).
[00220] Such vectors will generally include a selectable marker, which may be one of any number of genes that exhibit a dominant phenotype for which a phenotypic assay exists to enable transformants to be selected. Preferred selectable markers are those that complement host cell auxotrophy, provide antibiotic resistance or enable a cell to utilize specific carbon sources, and include LEU2 (Broach et al ibid.), URA3 (Botstein et al, Gene 8: 17, 1979), HIS3 (Struhl et al, ibid.) ox POTl (Kawasaki and Bell, EP 171,142). Other suitable selectable markers include the CAT gene, which confers chloramphenicol resistance on yeast cells. Preferred promoters for use in yeast include promoters from yeast glycolytic genes (Hitzeman et al, J Biol. Chem. 225: 12073-12080, 1980; Alber and Kawasaki, J. MoI. Appl. Genet. 1 : 419-434, 1982; Kawasaki, U.S. Pat. No. 4,599,311) or alcohol dehydrogenase genes (Young et al, in Genetic Engineering of Microorganisms for Chemicals, Hollaender et al, (eds.), p. 355, Plenum, N.Y., 1982; Ammerer, Meth. Enzymol. 101: 192-201, 1983). In this regard, particularly preferred promoters are the TPIl promoter (Kawasaki, U.S. Pat. No. 4,599,311) and the ADH2-4C (see U.S. Patent 6,291,212 promoter (Russell et al, Nature 304: 652-654, 1983). The expression units may also include a transcriptional terminator. A preferred transcriptional terminator is the TPIl terminator (Alber and Kawasaki, ibid.). Other preferred vectors and preferred components such as promoters and terminators of a yeast expression system are disclosed in European Patents EP 0258067, EP 0286424, EP0317254, EP 0387319, EP 0386222, EP 0424117, EP 0431880, and EP 1002095; European Patent Publications EP 0828759, EP 0764209, EP 0749478, and EP 0889949; PCT Publication WO 00/44772 and WO 94/04687; and U.S. Patents 5,739,007; 5,637,504; 5,302,697; 5,260,202; 5,667,986; 5,728,553; 5,783,423; 5,965,386; 6150,133; 6,379,924; and 5,714,377; which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
[00221] In addition to yeast, modified fusion proteins of the present invention can be expressed in filamentous fungi, for example, strains of the fungi Aspergillus. Examples of useful promoters include those derived from Aspergillus nidulans glycolytic genes, such as the adh3 promoter (McKnight et al, EMBO J. 4: 2093-2099, 1985) and the tpiA promoter. An example of a suitable terminator is the adh3 terminator (McKnight et al, ibid.). The expression units utilizing such components may be cloned into vectors that are capable of insertion into the chromosomal DNA of Aspergillus, for example.
[00222] Mammalian expression vectors for use in carrying out the present invention will include a promoter capable of directing the transcription of the modified Tf fusion protein. Preferred promoters include viral promoters and cellular promoters. Preferred viral promoters include the major late promoter from adenovirus 2 (Kaufman and Sharp, MoI. Cell. Biol. 2: 1304-13199, 1982) and the SV40 promoter (Subramani et al, MoI. Cell. Biol. 1 : 854-864, 1981). Preferred cellular promoters include the mouse metallothionein 1 promoter (Palmiter et al, Science 222: 809-814, 1983) and a mouse V6 (see U.S. Patent 6,291,212) promoter (Grant et al, Nuc. Acids Res. 15: 5496, 1987). A particularly preferred promoter is a mouse VH (see U.S. Patent 6,291,212) promoter (Loh et al, ibid.). Such expression vectors may also contain a set of RNA splice sites located downstream from the promoter and upstream from the DNA sequence encoding the transferrin fusion protein. Preferred RNA splice sites may be obtained from adenovirus and/or immunoglobulin genes.
[00223] Also contained in the expression vectors is a polyadenylation signal located downstream of the coding sequence of interest. Polyadenylation signals include the early or late polyadenylation signals from SV40 (Kaufman and Sharp, ibid.), the polyadenylation signal from the adenovirus 5 ElB region and the human growth hormone gene terminator (DeNoto et al, Nucl. Acid Res. 9: 3719-3730, 1981). A particularly preferred polyadenylation signal is the VH (see U.S. Patent 6,291,212) gene terminator (Loh et al., ibid.). The expression vectors may include a noncoding viral leader sequence, such as the adenovirus 2 tripartite leader, located between the promoter and the RNA splice sites. Preferred vectors may also include enhancer sequences, such as the SV40 enhancer and the mouse : (see U.S. Patent 6,291,212) enhancer (Gillies, Cell 33: 717-728, 1983). Expression vectors may also include sequences encoding the adenovirus VA RNAs.
Transformation
[00224] Techniques for transforming fungi are well known in the literature, and have been described, for instance, by Beggs (ibid.), Hinnen et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75: 1929- 1933, 1978), Yelton et al., (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81 : 1740-1747, 1984), and Russell (Nature 301 : 167-169, 1983). Other techniques for introducing cloned DNA sequences into fungal cells, such as electroporation (Becker and Guarente, Methods in Enzymol. 194: 182- 187, 1991) may be used. The genotype of the host cell will generally contain a genetic defect that is complemented by the selectable marker present on the expression vector. Choice of a particular host and selectable marker is well within the level of ordinary skill in the art.
[00225] Cloned DNA sequences comprising modified Tf fusion proteins of the invention may be introduced into cultured mammalian cells by, for example, calcium phosphate- mediated transfection (Wigler et al., Cell 14: 725, 1978; Corsaro and Pearson, Somatic Cell Genetics 7: 603, 1981 ; Graham and Van der Eb, Virology 52: 456, 1973.) Other techniques for introducing cloned DNA sequences into mammalian cells, such as electroporation (Neumann et al, EMBO J. 1 : 841-845, 1982), or lipofection may also be used. In order to identify cells that have integrated the cloned DNA, a selectable marker is generally introduced into the cells along with the gene or cDNA of interest. Preferred selectable markers for use in cultured mammalian cells include genes that confer resistance to drugs, such as neomycin, hygromycin, and methotrexate. The selectable marker may be an amplifiable selectable marker. A preferred amplifiable selectable marker is the DHFR gene. A particularly preferred amplifiable marker is the DHFR1' (see U.S. Patent 6,291,212) cDNA (Simonsen and Levinson, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 2495-2499, 1983). Selectable markers are reviewed by Thilly (Mammalian Cell Technology, Butterworth Publishers, Stoneham, Mass.) and the choice of selectable markers is well within the level of ordinary skill in the art.
Host Cells
[00226] The present invention also includes a cell, preferably a yeast cell transformed to express a modified transferrin fusion protein of the invention. In addition to the transformed host cells themselves, the present invention also includes a culture of those cells, preferably a monoclonal (clonally homogeneous) culture, or a culture derived from a monoclonal culture, in a nutrient medium. If the polypeptide is secreted, the medium will contain the polypeptide, with the cells, or without the cells if they have been filtered or centrifuged away.
[00227] Host cells for use in practicing the present invention include eukaryotic cells, and in some cases prokaryotic cells, capable of being transformed or transfected with exogenous DNA and grown in culture, such as cultured mammalian, insect, fungal, plant and bacterial cells.
[00228] Fungal cells, including species of yeast {e.g., Saccharomyces spp., Schizosaccharomyces spp., Pichia spp.) may be used as host cells within the present invention. Examples of fungi including yeasts contemplated to be useful in the practice, of the present invention as hosts for expressing the, transferrin fusion protein of the inventions are Pichia (some species of which were formerly classified as Hansenuld), Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Aspergillus, Candida, Torulopsis, Torulaspora, Schizosaccharomyces, Citeromyces, Pachysolen, Zygosaccharomyces, Debaromyces, Trichoderma, Cephalosporium, Humicola, Mucor, Neurospora, Yarrowia, Metschunikowia, Rhodosporidium, Leucosporidium, Botryoascus, Sporidiobolus, Endomycopsis, and the like. Examples of Saccharomyces spp. are S. cerevisiae, S. italicus and S. rouxii. Examples of Kluyveromyces spp. are K. fragilis, K. lactis and K. marxianus. A suitable Torulaspora species is T. delbruecHi. Examples of Pichia spp. are P. angusta (formerly H. polymorpha), P. anomala (formerly H. anomald) and P. pastoris.
[00229] Particularly useful host cells to produce the Tf fusion proteins of the invention are the methylotrophic Pichia pastoris (Steinlein et al. (1995) Protein Express. Purif. 6:619- 624). Pichia pastoris has been developed to be an outstanding host for the production of foreign proteins since its alcohol oxidase promoter was isolated and cloned; its transformation was first reported in 1985. P. pastoris can utilize methanol as a carbon source in the absence of glucose. The P. pastoris expression system can use the methanol-induced alcohol oxidase (AOXl) promoter, which controls the gene that codes for the expression of alcohol oxidase, the enzyme which catalyzes the first step in the metabolism of methanol. This promoter has been characterized and incorporated into a series of P. pastoris expression vectors. Since the proteins produced in P. pastoris are typically folded correctly and secreted into the medium, the fermentation of genetically engineered P. pastoris provides an excellent alternative to E. coli expression systems. A number of proteins have been produced using this system, including tetanus toxin fragment, Bordatella pertussis pertactin, human serum albumin and lysozyme.
[00230] Strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are another preferred host. In a preferred embodiment, a yeast cell, or more specifically, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae host cell that contains a genetic deficiency in a gene required for asparagine-linked glycosylation of glycoproteins is used. S. cerevisiae host cells having such defects may be prepared using standard techniques of mutation and selection, although many available yeast strains have been modified to prevent or reduce glycosylation or hypermannosylation. Ballou et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 255: 5986-5991, 1980) have described the isolation of mannoprotein biosynthesis mutants that are defective in genes which affect asparagine-linked glycosylation. Gentzsch and Tanner (Glycobiology 7:481-486, 1997) have described a family of at least six genes (PMT1-6) encoding enzymes responsible for the first step in O-glycosylation of proteins in yeast. Mutants defective in one or more of these genes show reduced O-linked glycosylation and/or altered specificity of O-glycosylation.
[00231] To optimize production of the heterologous proteins, it is also preferred that the host strain carries a mutation, such as the S. cerevisiae pep4 mutation (Jones, Genetics 85: 23-33, 1977), which results in reduced proteolytic activity. Host strains containing mutations in other protease encoding regions are particularly useful to produce large quantities of the Tf fusion proteins of the invention.
[00232] Host cells containing DNA constructs of the present invention are grown in an appropriate growth medium. As used herein, the term "appropriate growth medium" means a medium containing nutrients required for the growth of cells. Nutrients required for cell growth may include a carbon source, a nitrogen source, essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals and growth factors. The growth medium will generally select for cells containing the DNA construct by, for example, drug selection or deficiency in an essential nutrient which is complemented by the selectable marker on the DNA construct or co-transfected with the DNA construct. Yeast cells, for example, are preferably grown in a chemically defined medium, comprising a carbon source, e.g. sucrose, a non-amino acid nitrogen source, inorganic salts, vitamins and essential amino acid supplements. The pH of the medium is preferably maintained at a pH greater than 2 and less than 8, preferably at pH 5.5-6.5. Methods for maintaining a stable pH include buffering and constant pH control. Preferred buffering agents include succinic acid and Bis-Tris (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.). Yeast cells having a defect in a gene required for asparagine-linked glycosylation are preferably grown in a medium containing an osmotic stabilizer. A preferred osmotic stabilizer is sorbitol supplemented into the medium at a concentration between 0.1 M and 1.5 M., preferably at 0.5 M or 1.0 M.
[00233] Cultured mammalian cells are generally grown in commercially available serum- containing or serum-free media. Selection of a medium appropriate for the particular cell line used is within the level of ordinary skill in the art. Transfected mammalian cells are allowed to grow for a period of time, typically 1-2 days, to begin expressing the DNA sequence(s) of interest. Drug selection is then applied to select for growth of cells that are expressing the selectable marker in a stable fashion. For cells that have been transfected with an amplifiable selectable marker the drug concentration may be increased in a stepwise manner to select for increased copy number of the cloned sequences, thereby increasing expression levels.
[00234] Baculovirus/insect cell expression systems may also be used to produce the modified Tf fusion proteins of the invention. The BacPAK™ Baculovirus Expression System (BD Biosciences (Clontech)) expresses recombinant proteins at high levels in insect host cells. The target gene is inserted into a transfer vector, which is cotransfected into insect host cells with the linearized BacPAKδ viral DNA. The BacPAKβ DNA is missing an essential portion of the baculovirus genome. When the DNA recombines with the vector, the essential element is restored and the target gene is transferred to the baculovirus genome. Following recombination, a few viral plaques are picked and purified, and the recombinant phenotype is verified. The newly isolated recombinant virus can then be amplified and used to infect insect cell cultures to produce large amounts of the desired protein.
[00235] Tf fusion proteins of the present invention may also be produced using transgenic plants and animals. For example, sheep and goats can make the therapeutic protein in their milk. Or tobacco plants can include the protein in their leaves. Both transgenic plant and animal production of proteins comprises adding a new gene coding the fusion protein into the genome of the organism. Not only can the transgenic organism produce a new protein, but it can also pass this ability onto its offspring.
Secretory Signal Sequences
[00236] The terms "secretory signal sequence" or "signal sequence" or "secretion leader sequence" are used interchangeably and are described, for example in U.S. Pat. 6,291,212 and U.S. Pat 5,547,871, both of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. Secretory signal sequences or signal sequences or secretion leader sequences encode secretory peptides. A secretory peptide is an amino acid sequence that acts to direct the secretion of a mature polypeptide or protein from a cell. Secretory peptides are generally characterized by a core of hydrophobic amino acids and are typically (but not exclusively) found at the amino termini of newly synthesized proteins. Very often the secretory peptide is cleaved from the mature protein during secretion. Secretory peptides may contain processing sites that allow cleavage of the signal peptide from the mature protein as it passes through the secretory pathway. Processing sites may be encoded within the signal peptide or may be added to the signal peptide by, for example, in vitro mutagenesis.
[00237] Secretory peptides may be used to direct the secretion of modified Tf fusion proteins of the invention. One such secretory peptide that may be used in combination with other secretory peptides is the alpha mating factor leader sequence. Secretory signal sequences or signal sequences or secretion leader sequences are required for a complex series of post-translational processing steps which result in secretion of a protein. If an intact signal sequence is present, the protein being expressed enters the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and is then transported through the Golgi apparatus to secretory vesicles and is finally transported out of the cell. Generally, the signal sequence immediately follows the initiation codon and encodes a signal peptide at the amino-terminal end of the protein to be secreted. In most cases, the signal sequence is cleaved off by a specific protease, called a signal peptidase. Preferred signal sequences improve the processing and export efficiency of recombinant protein expression using viral, mammalian or yeast expression vectors.
[00238] In one embodiment, the native Tf signal sequence may be used to express and secrete fusion proteins of the present invention. Since transferrin molecules exist in various types of secretions such as blood, tears, and milk, there are many different transferrin signal peptides. For example, the transferrin signal peptide could be from serum transferrin, lactotransferrin, or melanotransferrin. The native transferrin signal peptide also could be from various species such as insects, mammals, fish, frog, duck, chicken, or other species. Preferably, the signal peptide is from a mammalian transferrin molecule. More preferably, the signal peptide is from human serum transferrin. The table below summarizes the signal peptide sequences from various mammalian transferrin molecules (http://www.chatham.edu/undergi-aduate/bio/lambert/transfeiTin/signal.htm). Signal Peptide Sequences (from GenBank entries)
Figure imgf000066_0001
[00239] In another embodiment, the signal peptides are from variant or modified transferrin molecules that have functionally active signal peptides. Additionally, the signal peptides are variant or modified forms of transferrin signal peptides that retain the ability to transport a transferrin fusion protein of the present invention across the cell membrane and then to process the fusion protein.
[00240] In another embodiment, the transferrin derived signal sequence may be used to secrete a heterologous protein, for instance, any protein of interest that is heterologous to the Tf signal sequence may be expressed and secreted using a Tf signal. In particular, a Tf signal sequence may be used to secrete proteins from recombinant yeast. Preferably, the signal peptide is from human serum transferrin (nL, amino acids 1-19 of SEQ ID NO: X).
[00241] In order to ensure efficient removal of the signal sequence, in some cases it may be preferable to include a short pro-peptide sequence between the signal sequence and the mature protein in which the C-terminal portion of the pro-peptide comprises a recognition site for a protease, such as the yeast Kex2p protease. Preferably, the pro-peptide sequence is about 2-12 amino acids in length, more preferably about 4-8 amino acids in length. Examples of such pro-peptides are Arg-Ser-Leu-Asp-Lys-Arg (SEQ ID NO: 125, Arg-Ser- Leu-Asp-Arg-Arg (SEQ ID NO: 126), Arg-Ser-Leu-Glu-Lys-Arg (SEQ ID NO: 127), and Arg-Ser-Leu-Glu-Arg-Arg (SEQ ID NO: 128).
Linkers
[00242] The Tf moiety and the therapeutic protein of the modified transferrin fusion proteins of the invention can be fused directly or using a linker peptide of various lengths to provide greater physical separation and allow more spatial mobility between the fused proteins and thus maximize the accessibility of the therapeutic protein, for instance, for binding to its cognate receptor. The linker peptide may consist of amino acids that are flexible or more rigid. For example, a linker such as but not limited to a poly-glycine stretch may be used. The linker can be less than about 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, or 5 amino acid residues. The linker can be covalently linked to and between the transferrin protein or portion thereof and the therapeutic protein, such as the natriuretic peptide. [00243] The present invention provides long flexible linkers, short flexible linkers, and rigid linkers. Examples of long flexible linkers include glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2), (SGGG)2(SEQ ID NO: 131), (SGGG)3 (SEQ ID NO: 132), and (SGGG)n (SEQ ID NO: 133), (GGGS)2 (SEQ ID NO: 134), (GGGS)3 (SEQ ID NO: 135), and (GGGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 136), (SSSG)2 (SEQ ID NO: 137) (SSSG)3 (SEQ ID NO: 138) and (SSSG)n (SEQ ID NO: 139) wherein n is an integer greater than 3. Short flexible linkers include S, SS, and SSG. Examples of short linkers include one Ser residue, two Ser residues, or the peptide Ser- Ser-Gly, or alternatively one GIy residue, two GIy residues, three GIy residues or the peptide Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser (SEQ ID NO: 140). Examples of rigid linkers include PE, PEA, PEAPTD (SEQ ID NO: 141), (PEAPTD)2 (SEQ ID NO: 142), (PEAPTD)3 (SEQ ID NO: 143), or (PEAPTD)n (SEQ ID NO: 144), wherein n is an integer. The present invention also provides the IgG hinge linker (SEQ ID NO: 145-147), the CEx linker (SSGAPPPS (C-terminal extension to Exendin-4) (SEQ ID NO: 148)), the IgG hinge linker in conjunction with the PEAPTD linker (SEQ ID NOS: 149-158) and the IgG hinge linker in conjunction with the CEx linker (SEQ ID NOS: 159-164).
Detection of Tf Fusion Proteins
[00244] Assays for detection of biologically active modified transferrin-fusion protein may include Western transfer, protein blot or colony filter as well as activity based assays that detect the fusion protein comprising transferrin and therapeutic protein. A Western transfer filter may be prepared using the method described by Towbin et al. {Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA 76: 4350-4354, 1979). Briefly, samples are electrophoresed in a sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel. The proteins in the gel are electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose paper. Protein blot filters may be prepared by filtering supernatant samples or concentrates through nitrocellulose filters using, for example, a Minifold (Schleicher & Schuell, Keene, N.H.). Colony filters may be prepared by growing colonies on a nitrocellulose filter that has been laid across an appropriate growth medium. In this method, a solid medium is preferred. The cells are allowed to grow on the filters for at least 12 hours. The cells are removed from the filters by washing with an appropriate buffer that does not remove the proteins bound to the filters. A preferred buffer comprises 25 mM Tris-base, 19 mM glycine, pH 8.3, 20% methanol. [00245] Transferrin fusion proteins of the present invention may be labeled with a radioisotope or other imaging agent and used for in vivo diagnostic purposes. Preferred radioisotope imaging agents include iodine-125 and technetium-99, with technetium-99 being particularly preferred. Methods for producing protein-isotope conjugates are well known in the art, and are described by, for example, Eckelman et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,652,440), Parker et al. (WO 87/05030) and Wilber et al. (EP 203,764). Alternatively, the transferrin fusion proteins may be bound to spin label enhancers and used for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Suitable spin label enhancers include stable, sterically hindered, free radical compounds such as nitroxides. Methods for labeling ligands for MR imaging are disclosed by, for example, Coffman et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,656,026).
[00246] Detection of a transferrin fusion protein of the present invention can be facilitated by coupling (i.e., physically linking) the therapeutic protein to a detectable substance. Examples of detectable substances include various enzymes, prosthetic groups, fluorescent materials, luminescent materials, bioluminescent materials, and radioactive materials. Examples of suitable enzymes include horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, β- galactosidase, or acetylcholinesterase; examples of suitable prosthetic group complexes include streptavidin/biotin and avidin/biotin; examples of suitable fluorescent materials include umbelliferone, fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, dichlorotriazinylamine fluorescein, dansyl chloride or phycoerythrin; an example of a luminescent material includes luminol; examples of bioluminescent materials include luciferase, luciferin, and aequorin, and examples of suitable radioactive material include 125I, 131I3 35S Or 3H.
[00247] In one embodiment where one is assaying for the ability of a transferrin fusion protein of the invention to bind or compete with an antigen for binding to an antibody, various immunoassays known in the art can be used, including but not limited to, competitive and non-competitive assay systems using techniques such as radioimmunoassays, ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), sandwich immunoassays, immunoradiometric assays, gel diffusion precipitation reactions, immunodiffusion assays, in situ immunoassays (using colloidal gold, enzyme or radioisotope labels, for example), western blots, precipitation reactions, agglutination assays (e.g. , gel agglutination assays), complement fixation assays, immunofluorescence assays, protein A assays, and Immunoelectrophoresis assays, etc. In one embodiment, the binding of the transferrin fusion protein is detected by detecting a label on the transferrin fusion protein. In another embodiment, the transferrin fusion protein is detected by detecting binding of a secondary antibody or reagent that interacts with the transferrin fusion protein, hi a further embodiment, the secondary antibody or reagent is labeled. Many means are known in the art for detecting binding in an immunoassay and are within the scope of the present invention.
[00248] Fusion proteins of the invention may also be detected by assaying for the activity of the therapeutic protein moiety. Specifically, transferrin fusion proteins of the invention may be assayed for functional activity {e.g., biological activity or therapeutic activity) using assays known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Additionally, one of skill in the art may routinely assay fragments of a therapeutic protein corresponding to a therapeutic protein portion of a fusion protein of the invention, for activity using well-known assays. Further, one of skill in the art may routinely assay fragments of a modified transferrin protein for activity using assays known in the art.
[00249] For example, in one embodiment where one is assaying for the ability of a transferrin fusion protein of the invention to bind or compete with a therapeutic protein for binding to an anti-therapeutic polypeptide antibody and/or anti-transferrin antibody, various immunoassays known in the art can be used, including but not limited to, competitive and non-competitive assay systems using techniques such as radioimmunoassays, ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), sandwich immunoassays, immunoradiometric assays, gel diffusion precipitation reactions, immunodiffusion assays, in situ immunoassays (using colloidal gold, enzyme or radioisotope labels, for example), western blots, precipitation reactions, agglutination assays {e.g., gel agglutination assays), complement fixation assays, immunofluorescence assays, protein A assays, and immunoelectrophoresis assays, etc. In one embodiment, antibody binding is detected by detecting a label on the primary antibody. In another embodiment, the primary antibody is detected by detecting binding of a secondary antibody or reagent to the primary antibody. In a further embodiment, the secondary antibody is labeled. Many means are known in the art for detecting binding in an immunoassay and are within the scope of the present invention. [00250] In a further embodiment, where a binding partner {e.g. , a receptor or a ligand) of a therapeutic protein is identified, binding to that binding partner by a transferrin fusion protein containing that therapeutic protein as the therapeutic protein portion of the fusion can be assayed, e.g., by means well-known in the art, such as, for example, reducing and non- reducing gel chromatography, protein affinity chromatography, and affinity blotting. Other methods will be known to the skilled artisan and are within the scope of the invention.
Production of Fusion Proteins
[00251] The present invention further provides methods for producing a modified fusion protein of the invention using nucleic acid molecules herein described. In general terms, the production of a recombinant form of a protein typically involves the following steps.
[00252] A nucleic acid molecule is first obtained that encodes a transferrin fusion protein of the invention. The nucleic acid molecule is then preferably placed in operable linkage with suitable control sequences, as described above, to form an expression unit containing the protein open reading frame. The expression unit is used to transform a suitable host and the transformed host is cultured under conditions that allow the production of the recombinant protein. Optionally the recombinant protein is isolated from the medium or from the cells; recovery and purification of the protein may not be -necessary in some instances where some impurities may be tolerated.
[00253] Each of the foregoing steps can be accomplished in a variety of ways. For example, the construction of expression vectors that are operable in a variety of hosts is accomplished using appropriate replicons and control sequences, as set forth above. The control sequences, expression vectors, and transformation methods are dependent on the type of host cell used to express the gene and were discussed in detail earlier and are otherwise known to persons skilled in the art. Suitable restriction sites can, if not normally available, be added to the ends of the coding sequence so as to provide an excisable gene to insert into these vectors. A skilled artisan can readily adapt any host/expression system known in the art for use with the nucleic acid molecules of the invention to produce a desired recombinant protein.
[00254] As discussed above, any expression system may be used, including yeast, bacterial, animal, plant, eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems. In some embodiments, yeast, mammalian cell culture and transgenic animal or plant production systems are preferred. In other embodiments, yeast systems that have been modified to reduce native yeast glycosylation, hyper-glycosylation or proteolytic activity may be used.
Isolation/Purification of Transferrin Fusion Proteins
[00255] Secreted, biologically active transferrin fusion proteins may be isolated from the medium of host cells grown under conditions that allow the secretion of the biologically active fusion proteins. The cell material is removed from the culture medium, and the biologically active fusion proteins are isolated using isolation techniques known in the art. Suitable isolation techniques include precipitation and fractionation by a variety of chromatographic methods, including gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography.
[00256] A particularly preferred purification method is affinity chromatography on an iron binding or metal chelating column or an immunoaffmity chromatography using an antibody directed against the transferrin or therapeutic protein of the polypeptide fusion. The antibody is preferably immobilized or attached to a solid support or substrate. A particularly preferred substrate is CNBr-activated Sepharose (Pharmacia LKB Technologies, Inc., Piscataway, NJ.). By this method, the medium is combined with the antibody/substrate under conditions that will allow binding to occur. The complex may be washed to remove unbound material, and the transferrin fusion protein is released or eluted through the use of conditions unfavorable to complex formation. Particularly useful methods of elution include changes in pH, wherein the immobilized antibody has a high affinity for the transferrin fusion protein at a first pH and a reduced affinity at a second (higher or lower) pH; changes in concentration of certain chaotropic agents; or through the use of imidazole.
Delivery of a Drug or Therapeutic Protein to the inside of a Cell and/or across the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)
[00257] Within the scope of the invention, the transferrin fusion proteins may be used as a carrier to deliver a molecule or small molecule therapeutic complexed to the ferric ion of transferrin to the inside of a cell or across the blood brain barrier or other barriers including across the cell membrane of any cell type that naturally or engineered to express a Tf receptor. In these embodiments, the Tf fusion protein will typically be engineered or modified to inhibit, prevent or remove glycosylation to extend the serum half-life of the fusion protein and/or therapeutic protein portion. The addition of a targeting peptide is specifically contemplated to further target the Tf fusion protein to a particular cell type, e.g., a cancer cell.
[00258] In one embodiment, the iron-containing, anti-anemic drug, ferric-sorbitol-citrate complex is loaded onto a modified Tf fusion protein of the invention. Ferric-sorbitol-citrate (FSC) has been shown to inhibit proliferation of various murine cancer cells in vitro and cause tumor regression in vivo, while not having any effect on proliferation of non-malignant cells (Poljak-Blazi et αl. (June 2000) Cancer Biotherαpy and Radiopharmaceuticals (United States), 15/3:285-293).
[00259] In another embodiment, the antineoplastic drug Adriamycin® (doxorubicin) and/or the chemotherapeutic drug bleomycin, both of which are known to form complexes with ferric ion, is loaded onto a Tf fusion protein of the invention. In other embodiments, a salt of a drug, for instance, a citrate or carbonate salt, may be prepared and complexed with the ferric iron that is then bound to Tf. As tumor cells often display a higher turnover rate for iron; transferrin modified to carry at least one anti-tumor agent, may provide a means of increasing agent exposure or load to the tumor cells. (Demant, EJ., (1983) Eur. J. Biochem. 137(1-2):113-118; Padbury et al. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260:7820-7823).
Pharmaceutical Formulations and Treatment Methods
[00260] The fusion proteins of the invention comprising transferrin, for instance, modified transferrin, may be administered to a patient in need thereof using standard administration protocols. For instance, the Tf fusion proteins of the present invention can be provided alone, or in combination, or in sequential combination with other agents that modulate a particular pathological process. As used herein, two agents are said to be administered in combination when the two agents are administered simultaneously or are administered independently in a fashion such that the agents will act at the same or near the same time. [00261] The fusion proteins of the present invention can be administered via parenteral, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, transdermal and buccal routes. For example, an agent may be administered locally to a site of injury via microinfusion. Alternatively, or concurrently, administration may be noninvasive by either the oral, inhalation, nasal, or pulmonary route. The dosage administered will be dependent upon the age, health, and weight of the recipient, kind of concurrent treatment, if any, frequency of treatment, and the nature of the effect desired.
[00262] While any method of administration may be used to deliver the Tf fusion proteins of the invention, administration or delivery orally may be a preferred embodiment for certain classes of fusion proteins or to treat certain conditions.
[00263] The present invention further provides compositions containing one or more fusion proteins of the invention. While individual needs vary, determination of optimal ranges of effective amounts of each component is within the skill of the art. Typical dosages comprise about 1 pg/kg to about 100 mg/kg body weight. The preferred dosages for systemic administration comprise about 100 ng/kg to about 100 mg/kg body weight. The preferred dosages for direct administration to a site via microinfusion comprise about 1 ng/kg to about 1 mg/kg body weight. When administered via direct injection or microinfusion, modified fusion proteins of the invention may be engineered to exhibit reduced or no binding of iron to prevent, in part, localized iron toxicity.
[00264] In addition to the pharmacologically active fusion protein, the compositions of the present invention may contain suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries that facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically for delivery to the site of action. Suitable formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous solutions of the active compounds in water- soluble form, for example, water-soluble salts. In addition, suspensions of the active compounds as appropriate oily injection suspensions may be administered. Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils, for example, sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, for example, ethyl oleate or triglycerides. Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension and include, for example, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol and dextran. Optionally, the suspension may also contain stabilizers. Liposomes can also be used to encapsulate the agent for delivery into the cell.
[00265] The pharmaceutical formulation for systemic administration according to the invention may be formulated for enteral, parenteral or topical administration. Indeed, all three types of formulations may be used simultaneously to achieve systemic administration of the active ingredient. Suitable formulations for oral administration include hard or soft gelatin capsules, pills, tablets, including coated tablets, elixirs, suspensions, syrups or inhalations and controlled release forms thereof.
[00266] The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be in unit dosage form, e.g. as tablets or capsules, hi such form, the composition is sub-divided in unit dose containing appropriate quantities of the active ingredient; the unit dosage forms can be packaged compositions, for example, packeted powders, vials, ampoules, prefilled syringes or sachets containing liquids. The unit dosage form can be, for example, a capsule or tablet itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any such compositions in package form. The dosage to be used in the treatment must be subjectively determined by the physician.
[00267] In practicing the methods of this invention, the fusion proteins of this invention may be used alone or in combination, or in combination with other therapeutic or diagnostic agents. In certain preferred embodiments, the compounds of this invention may be coadministered along with other compounds typically prescribed for these conditions according to generally accepted medical practice. The compounds of this invention can be utilized in vivo, ordinarily in mammals, such as humans, sheep, horses, cattle, pigs, dogs, cats, rats and mice, or in vitro.
Oral Pharmaceutical Compositions and Delivery Methods
[00268] In the present invention, Tf fusion proteins, including but not limited to modified Tf fusion proteins, may be formulated for oral delivery. In particular, certain fusion proteins of the invention that are used to treat certain classes of diseases or medical conditions may be particularly amenable for oral formulation and delivery. Such classes of diseases or conditions include, but are not limited to, acute, chronic and recurrent diseases. Chronic or recurrent diseases include, but are not limited to, viral disease or infections, cancer, a metabolic diseases, obesity, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, allergy, graft-vs.- host disease, systemic microbial infection, anemia, cardiovascular disease, psychosis, genetic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, disorders of hematopoietic cells, diseases of the endocrine system or reproductive systems, gastrointestinal diseases. Examples of these classes of disease include diabetes, multiple sclerosis, asthma, HCV or HIV infections, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, arterial scherosis, arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease. In many chronic diseases, oral formulations of Tf fusion proteins of the invention and methods of administration are particularly useful because they allow long-term patient care and therapy via home oral administration without reliance on injectable treatment or drug protocols.
[00269] Oral formulations and delivery methods comprising Tf fusion proteins of the invention take advantage of, in part, transferrin receptor mediated transcytosis across the gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium. The Tf receptor is found at a very high density in the human GI epithelium, transferrin is highly resistant to tryptic and chymotryptic digestion and Tf chemical conjugates have been used to successfully deliver proteins and peptides across the GI epithelium (Xia et al, (2000) J. Pharmacol. Experiment. Therap., 295:594-600; Xia et al. (2001) Pharmaceutical Res., 18(2):191-195; and Shah et al. (1996) J. Pharmaceutical Sci., 85(12):1306-1311, all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety). Once transported across the GI epithelium, Tf fusion proteins of the invention exhibit extended half-life in serum, that is, the therapeutic protein or peptide(s) attached or inserted into Tf exhibit an extended serum half-life compared to the protein or peptide in its non-fused state.
[00270] Oral formulations of Tf fusion proteins of the invention may be prepared so that they are suitable for transport to the GI epithelium and protection of the Tf fusion protein component and other active components in the stomach. Such formulations may include carrier and dispersant components and may be in any suitable form, including aerosols (for oral or pulmonary delivery), syrups, elixirs, tablets, including chewable tablets, hard or soft capsules, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, emulsions, cachets or pellets granulates, and dispersible powders. Preferably, Tf fusion protein formulations are employed in solid dosage forms suitable for simple, and preferably oral, administration of precise dosages. Solid dosage forms for oral administration are preferably tablets, capsules, or the like.
[00271] For oral administration in the form of a tablet or capsule, care should be taken to ensure that the composition enables sufficient active ingredient to be absorbed by the host to produce an effective response. Thus, for example, the amount of Tf fusion protein may be increased over that theoretically required or other known measures such as coating or encapsulation may be taken to protect the polypeptides from enzymatic action in the stomach.
[00272] Traditionally, peptide and protein drugs have been administered by injection because of the poor bioavailability when administered by other means, and in particular orally. These drugs are prone to chemical and conformational instability and are often degraded by the acidic conditions in the stomach, as well as by enzymes in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract. In response to these delivery problems, certain technologies for oral delivery have been developed, such as encapsulation in nanoparticles composed of polymers with a hydrophobic backbone and hydrophilic branches as drug carriers, encapsulation in mi croparticles, insertion into liposomes in emulsions, and conjugation to other molecules. AU of which may be used with the Tf fusion molecules of the present invention.
[00273] Examples of nanoparticles include mucoadhesive nanoparticles coated with chitosan and Carbopol (Takeuchi et al, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 47(l):39-54, 2001) and nanoparticles containing charged combination polyesters, poly(2-sulfobutyl- vinyl alcohol) and poly(D,L- lactic-co-glycolic acid) (Jung et al, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 50(l):147-160, 2000). Nanoparticles containing surface polymers with poly-N-isopropylacrylamide regions and cationic poly-vinylamine groups showed improved absorption of salmon calcitonin when administered orally to rats.
[00274] Drug delivery particles composed of alginate and pectin, strengthened with polylysine, are relatively acid and base resistant and can be used as a carrier for drugs. These particles combine the advantages of bioadhesion, enhanced absorption and sustained release (Liu et al, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 51(2): 141 -149, 1999).
[00275] Additionally, lipoamino acid groups and liposaccharide groups conjugated to the N- and C-termini of peptides such as synthetic somatostatin, creating an amphipathic surfactant, were shown to produce a composition that retained biological activity (Toth et al, J. Med. Chem. 42(19):4010-4013, 1999).
[00276] Examples of other peptide delivery technologies include carbopol-coated mucoadhesive emulsions containing the peptide of interest and either nitroso-N-acetyl-D,L- penicillamine and carbolpol or taurocholate and carbopol. These were shown to be effective when orally administered to rats to reduce serum calcium concentrations (Ogiso et al, Biol. Pharm. Bull. 24(6):656-661, 2001). Phosphatidylethanol, derived from phosphatidylcholine, was used to prepare liposomes containing phosphatidylethanol as a carrier of insulin. These liposomes, when administered orally to rats, were shown to be active (Kisel et al, hit. J. Pharm. 216(l-2):105-114, 2001).
[00277] Insulin has also been formulated in poly( vinyl alcohol)-gel spheres containing insulin and a protease inhibitor, such as aprotinin or bacitracin. The glucose-lowering properties of these gel spheres have been demonstrated in rats, where insulin is released largely in the lower intestine (Kimura et al, Biol. Pharm. Bull. 19(6):897-900, 1996.
[00278] Oral delivery of insulin has also been studied using nanoparticles made of ρoly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) that were dispersed with a surfactant in an oily phase (Damge et al, J. Pharm. Sci. 86(12):1403-1409, 1997) and using calcium alginate beads coated with chitosan (Onal et al, Artif. Cells Blood Substit. Immobil. Biotechnol. 30(3):229-237, 2002).
[00279] In other methods, the N- and C-termini of a peptide are linked to polyethylene glycol and then to allyl chains to form conjugates with improved resistance to enzymatic degradation and improved diffusion through the GI wall (www.nobexcorp.com).
[00280] BioPORTER® is a cationic lipid mixture, which interacts non-covalently with peptides to create a protective coating or layer. The peptide-lipid complex can fuse to the plasma membrane of cells, and the peptides are internalized into the cells (www. genetherapysystems . com) .
[00281] In a process using liposomes as a starting material, cochleate-shaped particles have been developed as a pharmaceutical vehicle. A peptide is added to a suspension of liposomes containing mainly negatively charged lipids. The addition of calcium causes the collapse and fusion of the liposomes into large sheets composed of lipid bilayers, which then spontaneously roll up or stack into cochleates (U.S. Patent 5,840,707; http://www.biodeliverysciences.com).
[00282] Compositions comprising Tf fusion protein intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of sweetening agents in order to provide a pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparation. For example, to prepare orally deliverable tablets, Tf fusion protein is mixed with at least one pharmaceutical excipient, and the solid formulation is compressed to form a tablet according to known methods, for delivery to the gastrointestinal tract. The tablet composition is typically formulated with additives, e.g. a saccharide or cellulose carrier, a binder such as starch paste or methyl cellulose, a filler, a disintegrator, or other additives typically usually used in the manufacture of medical preparations. To prepare orally deliverable capsules, DHEA is mixed with at least one pharmaceutical excipient, and the solid formulation is placed in a capsular container suitable for delivery to the gastrointestinal tract. Compositions comprising Tf fusion protein may be prepared as described generally in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed. 1990 (Mack Publishing Co. Easton Pa. 18042) at Chapter 89, which is herein incorporated by reference.
[00283] As described above, many of the oral formulations of the invention may contain inert ingredients which allow for protection against the stomach environment, and release of the biologically active material in the intestine. Such formulations, or enteric coatings, are well known in the art. For example, tablets containing Tf fusion protein in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which are suitable for manufacture of tablets may be used. These excipients may be inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, maize starch, gelatin or acacia, and lubricating agents, for example, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, or talc.
[00284] The tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated with known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal track and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period of time. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax may be employed. [00285] Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, or kaolin or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an aqueous or an oil medium, for example, arachis oil, peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.
[00286] Aqueous suspensions may contain Tf fusion protein in the admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions. Such excipients are suspending agents, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylrnethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents may be a naturally occurring phosphatide, for example, lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids, for example, polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example, heptadecylethyloxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives for example, ethyl or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents and one or more sweetening agents such as sucrose or saccharin.
[00287] Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredient in a vegetable oil, for example, arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin. The oil suspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example, beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents, such as those set forth above, and flavoring agents may be added to provide a palatable oral preparation. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an antioxidant such as ascorbic acid.
[00288] Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient and admixture with dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above. Additional excipients, for example, sweetening, flavoring and coloring agents, may also be present.
[00289] The pharmaceutical compositions containing Tf fusion protein may also be in the form of oil-in- water emulsions. The oil phase may be a vegetable oil, for example, olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil for example, gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally- occurring phosphotides, for example soybean lecithin, and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example, sorbitan monooleate, and condensation products of the same partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsions may also contain sweetening and flavoring agents.
[00290] Syrups and elixirs containing Tf fusion protein may be formulated with sweetening agents, for example, glycerol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative and flavoring and coloring agents. The pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, for example, as a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension may be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents which have been mentioned above. The sterile injectable preparations may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvate, for example as a solution in 1, 3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this period any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.
[00291] Pharmaceutical compositions may also be formulated for oral delivery using polyester microspheres, zein microspheres, proteinoid microspheres, polycyanoacrylate microspheres, and lipid-based systems (see, for example, DiBase and Morrel, Oral Delivery of Microencapsulated Proteins, in Protein Delivery: Physical Systems, Sanders and Hendren (eds.), pages 255-288 (Plenum Press 1997)).
[00292] The proportion of pharmaceutically active Tf fusion protein to earlier and/or other substances may vary from about 0.5 to about 100 wt. % (weight percent). For oral use, the pharmaceutical formulation will generally contain from about 5 to about 100% by weight of the active material. For other uses, the formulation will generally have from about 0.5 to about 50 wt. % of the active material.
[00293] Tf fusion protein formulations employed in the invention provide an effective amount of Tf fusion protein upon administration to an individual. As used in this context, an "effective amount" of Tf fusion is an amount that is effective to ameliorate a symptom of a disease.
[00294] The Tf fusion protein composition of the present invention may be, though not necessarily, administered daily, in an effective amount to ameliorate a symptom. Generally, the total daily dosage will be at least about 50 mg, preferably at least about 100 mg, and more preferably at least about 200 mg, and preferably not more than 500 mg per day, administered orally, e.g., in 4 capsules or tablets, each containing 50 mg Tf fusion protein. Capsules or tablets for oral delivery can conveniently contain up to a full daily oral dose, e.g., 200 mg or more.
[00295] In a particularly preferred embodiment, oral pharmaceutical compositions comprising Tf fusion protein are formulated in buffered liquid form which is then encapsulated into soft or hard-coated gelatin capsules which are then coated with an appropriate enteric coating. For the oral pharmaceutical compositions of the invention, the location of release may be anywhere in the GI system, including the small intestine (the duodenum, the jejunum, or the ileum), or the large intestine.
[00296] In other embodiments, oral compositions of the invention are formulated to slowly release the active ingredients, including the Tf fusion proteins of the invention, in the GI system using known delayed release formulations.
[00297] Tf fusion proteins of the invention for oral delivery are capable of binding the Tf receptor found in the GI epithelium. To facilitate this binding and receptor mediated transport, Tf fusion proteins of the invention are typically produced with iron and in some instances carbonate, bound to the Tf moiety. Processes and methods to load the Tf moiety of the fusion protein compositions of the invention with iron and carbonate are known in the art
[00298] In some pharmaceutical formulations of the invention, the Tf moiety of the Tf fusion protein may be modified to increase the affinity or avidity of the Tf moiety to iron. Such methods are known in the art. For instance, mutagenesis can be used to produce mutant transferrin moieties that bind iron more avidly than natural transferrin. In human serum transferrin, the amino acids which are ligands for metal ion chelation include, but are not limited to N lobe amino acids Asp63, Tyr 95, Tyrl88, Lys206, His207 and His249; and C lobe amino acids Asp392, Tyr426, Tyr517 and His585 of SEQ ID NO: 3 (the number beside the amino acid indicates the position of the amino acid residue in the primary amino acid sequence where the valine of the mature protein is designated position 1). See U.S. Patent 5,986,067, which is herein incorporated be reference. In one embodiment, the Lys206 and His207 residues within the N lobe are replaced with GIn and GIu, respectively.
[00299] In some pharmaceutical formulations of the invention, the Tf fusion protein is engineered to contain a cleavage site between the therapeutic protein or peptide and the Tf moiety. Such cleavable sites or linkers are known in the art.
[00300] Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention and methods of the invention may include the addition of a transcytosis enhancer to facilitate transfer of the fusion protein across the GI epithelium. Such enhancers are known in the art. See Xia et ah, (2000) J. Pharmacol. Experiment. Therap., 295:594-600; and Xia et al. (2001) Pharmaceutical Res., 18(2): 191 -195.
[00301] In preferred embodiments of the invention, oral pharmaceutical formulations include Tf fusion proteins comprising a modified Tf moiety exhibiting reduced or no glycosylation fused at the N terminal end to a natriuretic peptide as described above. Such pharmaceutical compositions may be used to treat glucose imbalance disorders such as diabetes by oral administration of the pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective dose of fusion protein.
[00302] The effective dose of fusion protein may be measured in a numbers of ways, including dosages calculated to alleviate symptoms associated with a specific disease state in a patient, such as the symptoms of diabetes. In other formulations, dosages are calculated to comprise an effective amount of fusion protein to induce a detectable change in blood glucose levels in the patient. Such detectable changes in blood glucose may include a decrease in blood glucose levels of between about 1% and 90%, or between about 5% and about 80%. These decreases in blood glucose levels will be dependent on the disease condition being treated and pharmaceutical compositions or methods of administration may be modified to achieve the desired result for each patient. In other instances, the pharmaceutical compositions are formulated and methods of administration modified to detect an increase in the activity level of the therapeutic protein or peptide in the patient, for instance, detectable increases in the activities of a natriuretic peptide. Such formulations and methods may deliver between about 1 pg to about 100 mg /kg body weight of fusion protein, about 100 ng to about 100 :g/kg body weight of fusion protein, about 100 :g/ to about 100 mg/kg body weight of fusion protein, about 1 :g to about 1 g of fusion protein, about 10 :g to about 100 mg of fusion protein or about 10 mg to about 50 mg of fusion protein. Formulations may also be calculated using a unit measurement of therapeutic protein activity, such as about 5 to about 500 units of human insulin or about 10 to about 100 units of human insulin. The measurements by weight or activity can be calculated using known standards for each therapeutic protein or peptide fused to Tf.
[00303] The invention also includes methods of orally administering the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention. Such methods may include, but are not limited to, steps of orally administering the compositions by the patient or a caregiver. Such administration steps may include administration on intervals such as once or twice per day depending on the Tf fusion protein, disease or patient condition or individual patient. Such methods also include the administration of various dosages of the individual Tf fusion protein. For instance, the initial dosage of a pharmaceutical composition may be at a higher level to induce a desired effect, such as reduction in blood pressure. Subsequent dosages may then be decreased once a desired effect is achieved. These changes or modifications to administration protocols may be done by the attending physician or health care worker. In some instances, the changes in the administration protocol may be done by the individual patient, such as when a patient is monitoring blood pressure and administering a rnTf-natriuretic peptide oral composition of the invention.
[00304] The invention also includes methods of producing oral compositions or medicant compositions of the invention comprising formulating a Tf fusion protein of the invention into an orally administerable form. In other instances, the invention includes methods of producing compositions or medicant compositions of the invention comprising formulating a Tf fusion protein of the invention into a form suitable for oral administration. [00305] Moreover, the present invention includes pulmonary delivery of the Tf fusion protein formulations. Pulmonary delivery is particularly promising for the delivery of macromolecules which are difficult to deliver by other routes of administration. Such pulmonary delivery can be effective both for systemic delivery and for localized delivery to treat diseases of the lungs, since drugs delivered to the lung are readily absorbed through the alveolar region directly into the blood circulation.
[00306] The present invention provides compositions suitable for forming a drug dispersion for oral inhalation (pulmonary delivery) to treat various conditions or diseases. The Tf fusion protein formulation could be delivered by different approaches such as liquid nebulizers, aerosol-based metered dose inhalers (MDFs), and dry powder dispersion devices. In formulating compositions for pulmonary delivery, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers including surface active agents or surfactants and bulk carriers are commonly added to provide stability, dispersibility, consistency, and/or bulking characteristics to enhance uniform pulmonary delivery of the composition to the subject.
[00307] Surface active agents or surfactants promote absorption of polypeptide through mucosal membrane or lining. Useful surface active agents or surfactants include fatty acids and salts thereof, bile salts, phospholipid, or an alkyl saccharide. Examples of fatty acids and salts thereof include sodium, potassium and lysine salts of caprylate (C8), caprate (C10), laurate (C12) and myristate (C14). Examples of bile salts include cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, glycocholic acid, taurocholic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, and ursodeoxycholic acid. Examples of phospholipids include single-chain phospholipids, such as lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylglycerol, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylinositol and lysophosphatidylserine; or double-chain phospholipids, such as diacylphosphatidylcholines, diacylphosphatidylglycerols, diacylphosphatidylethanolamines, diacylphosphatidylinositols and diacylphosphatidylserines. Examples of alkyl saccharides include alkyl glucosides or alkyl maltosides, such as decyl glucoside and dodecyl maltoside.
[00308] Pharmaceutical excipients that are useful as earners include stabilizers such as human serum albumin (HSA); bulking agents such as carbohydrates, amino acids and polypeptides; pH adjusters or buffers; salts such as sodium chloride; and the like. These carriers may be in a crystalline or amorphous form or may be a mixture of the two.
[00309] Examples of carbohydrates for use as bulking agents include monosaccharides such as galactose, D-mannose, sorbose, and the like; disaccharides, such as lactose, trehalose, and the like; cyclodextrins, such as 2-hydroxypropyl-.beta.-cyclodextrin; and polysaccharides, such as raffmose, maltodextrins, dextrans, and the like; alditols, such as mannitol, xylitol, and the like. Examples of polypeptides for use as bulking agents include aspartame. Amino acids include alanine and glycine, with glycine being preferred.
[00310] Additives, which are minor components of the composition, may be included for conformational stability during spray drying and for improving dispersibility of the powder. These additives include hydrophobic amino acids such as tryptophan, tyrosine, leucine, phenylalanine, and the like.
[00311] Suitable pH adjusters or buffers include organic salts prepared from organic acids and bases, such as sodium citrate, sodium ascorbate, and the like; sodium citrate is preferred.
[00312] The Tf fusion compositions for pulmonary delivery may be packaged as unit doses where a therapeutically effective amount of the composition is present in a unit dose receptacle, such as a blister pack, gelatin capsule, or the like. The manufacture of blister packs or gelatin capsules is typically carried out by methods that are generally well known in the packaging art.
[00313] U.S. Patent 6,524,557 discloses a pharmaceutical aerosol formulation comprising (a) a HFA propellant; (b) a pharmaceutically active polypeptide dispersible in the propellant; and (c) a surfactant which is a C8 -Ci6 fatty acid or salt thereof, a bile salt, a phospholipid, or an alkyl saccharide, which surfactant enhances the systemic absorption of the polypeptide in the lower respiratory tract. The invention also provides methods of manufacturing such formulations and the use of such formulations in treating patients.
[00314] One approach for the pulmonary delivery of dry powder drugs utilizes a hand-held device with a hand pump for providing a source of pressurized gas. The pressurized gas is abruptly released through a powder dispersion device, such as a venturi nozzle, and the dispersed powder made available for patient inhalation. [00315] Dry powder dispersion devices are described in several patents. U.S. Pat. No. 3,921,637 describes a manual pump with needles for piercing through a single capsule of powdered medicine. The use of multiple receptacle disks or strips of medication is described in European Patent Application No. EP 0 467 172; International Patent Publication Nos. WO 91/02558; and WO 93/09832; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,627,432; 4,811,731; 5,035,237; 5,048,514; 4,446,862; 5,048,514, and 4,446,862.
[00316] The aerosolization of protein therapeutic agents is disclosed in European Patent Application No. EP 0 289 336. Therapeutic aerosol formulations are disclosed in International Patent Publication No. WO 90/09781.
[00317] The present invention provides formulating Tf fusion protein for oral inhalation. The formulation comprises Tf fusion protein and suitable pharmaceutical excipients for pulmonary delivery. The present invention also provides administering the Tf fusion protein composition via oral inhalation to subjects in need thereof.
Transgenic Animals
[00318] The production of transgenic non-human animals that contain a transferrin fusion construct with increased serum half-life increased serum stability or increased bioavailability of the instant invention is contemplated in one embodiment of the present invention, hi some embodiments, lactoferrin may be used as the Tf portion of the fusion protein so that the fusion protein is produced and secreted in milk.
[00319] The successful production of transgenic, non-human animals has been described in a number of patents and publications, such as, for example U.S. Patent 6,291,740 (issued September 18, 2001); U.S. Patent 6,281,408 (issued August 28, 2001); and U.S. Patent 6,271,436 (issued August 7, 2001) the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
[00320] The ability to alter the genetic make-up of animals, such as domesticated mammals including cows, pigs, goats, horses, cattle, and sheep, allows a number of commercial applications. These applications include the production of animals which express large quantities of exogenous proteins in an easily harvested form (e.g., expression into the milk or blood), the production of animals with increased weight gain, feed efficiency, carcass composition, milk production or content, disease resistance and resistance to infection by specific microorganisms and the production of animals having enhanced growth rates or reproductive performance. Animals which contain exogenous DNA sequences in their genome are referred to as transgenic animals.
[00321] The most widely used method for the production of transgenic animals is the microinjection of DNA into the pronuclei of fertilized embryos (Wall et al, J. Cell. Biochem. 49:113 [1992]). Other methods for the production of transgenic animals include the infection of embryos with retroviruses or with retroviral vectors. Infection of both pre- and post- implantation mouse embryos with either wild-type or recombinant retroviruses has been reported (Janenich, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73:1260 (1976); Janenich et al, Cell 24:519 (1981); Stuhlmann et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:7151 (1984); Jahner et al, Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 82:6927 (1985); Van der Putten et al, Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 82:6148-6152 (1985); Stewart et al, EMBO J. 6:383-388 (1987)).
[00322] An alternative means for infecting embryos with retroviruses is the injection of vims or virus-producing cells into the blastocoele of mouse embryos (Jahner, D. et al, Nature 298:623 [1982]). The introduction of transgenes into the germline of mice has been reported using intrauterine retroviral infection of the midgestation mouse embryo (Jahner et al, supra [1982]). Infection of bovine and ovine embryos with retroviruses or retroviral vectors to create transgenic animals has been reported. These protocols involve the micro-injection of retroviral particles or growth arrested {i.e., mitomycin C-treated) cells which shed retroviral particles into the perivitelline space of fertilized eggs or early embryos (PCT International Application WO 90/08832 [1990]; and Haskell and Bowen, MoI. Reprod. Dev., 40:386 [1995]. PCT International Application WO 90/08832 describes the injection of wild-type feline leukemia virus B into the perivitelline space of sheep embryos at the 2 to 8 cell stage. Fetuses derived from injected embryos were shown to contain multiple sites of integration.
[00323] U.S. Patent 6,291,740 (issued September 18, 2001) describes the production of transgenic animals by the introduction of exogenous DNA into pre-maturation oocytes and mature, unfertilized oocytes (i.e., pre-fertilization oocytes) using retroviral vectors which transduce dividing cells (e.g., vectors derived from murine leukemia virus (MLV)). This patent also describes methods and compositions for cytomegalovirus promoter-driven, as well as mouse mammary tumor LTR expression of various recombinant proteins.
[00324] U.S. Patent 6,281,408 (issued August 28, 2001) describes methods for producing transgenic animals using embryonic stem cells. Briefly, the embryonic stem cells are used in a mixed cell co-culture with a morula to generate transgenic animals. Foreign genetic material is introduced into the embryonic stem cells prior to co-culturing by, for example, electroporation, microinjection or retroviral delivery. ES cells transfected in this manner are selected for integrations of the gene via a selection marker such as neomycin.
[00325] U.S. Patent 6,271,436 (issued August 7, 2001) describes the production of transgenic animals using methods including isolation of primordial germ cells, culturing these cells to produce primordial germ cell-derived cell lines, transforming both the primordial germ cells and the cultured cell lines, and using these transformed cells and cell lines to generate transgenic animals. The efficiency at which transgenic animals are generated is ■ greatly increased, thereby allowing the use of homologous recombination in producing transgenic non-rodent animal species.
Gene Therapy
[00326] The use of transferrin fusion constructs for gene therapy wherein a transferrin or modified transferrin protein or domain is joined to a therapeutic protein or peptide is contemplated in one embodiment of this invention. The modified transferrin fusion constructs with increased serum half-life or serum stability of the instant invention are ideally suited to gene therapy treatments.
[00327] The successful use of gene therapy to express a soluble fusion protein has been described. Briefly, gene therapy via injection of an adenovirus vector containing a gene encoding a soluble fusion protein consisting of cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) and the Fc portion of human immunoglubulin Gl was recently shown in Ijima et al. (June 10, 2001) Human Gene Therapy (United States) 12/9:1063-77. In this application of gene therapy, a murine model of type II collagen-induced arthritis was successfully treated via intraarticular injection of the vector. [00328] Gene therapy is also described in a number of U.S. patents including U.S. Pat. 6,225,290 (issued May 1, 2001); U.S. Pat. 6,187,305 ( issued February 13, 2001); and U.S. Pat. 6,140,111 (issued October 31, 2000).
[00329] U.S. Patent 6,225,290 provides methods and constructs whereby intestinal epithelial cells of a mammalian subject are genetically altered to operatively incorporate a gene which expresses a protein which has a desired therapeutic effect. Intestinal cell transformation is accomplished by administration of a formulation composed primarily of naked DNA, and the DNA may be administered orally. Oral or other intragastrointestinal routes of administration provide a simple method of administration, while the use of naked nucleic acid avoids the complications associated with use of viral vectors to accomplish gene therapy. The expressed protein is secreted directly into the gastrointestinal tract and/or blood stream to obtain therapeutic blood levels of the protein thereby treating the patient in need of the protein. The transformed intestinal epithelial cells provide short or long term therapeutic cures for diseases associated with a deficiency in a particular protein or which are amenable to treatment by overexpression of a protein.
[00330] U.S. Pat. 6,187,305 provides methods of gene or DNA targeting in cells of vertebrate, particularly mammalian, origin. Briefly, DNA is introduced into primary or secondary cells of vertebrate origin through homologous recombination or targeting of the DNA, which is introduced into genomic DNA of the primary or secondary cells at a preselected site.
[00331] U.S. Pat. 6,140,111 (issued October 31, 2000) describes retroviral gene therapy vectors. The disclosed retroviral vectors include an insertion site for genes of interest and are capable of expressing high levels of the protein derived from the genes of interest in a wide variety of transfected cell types. Also disclosed are retroviral vectors lacking a selectable marker, thus rendering them suitable for human gene therapy in the treatment of a variety of disease states without the co-expression of a marker product, such as an antibiotic. These retroviral vectors are especially suited for use in certain packaging cell lines. The ability of retroviral vectors to insert into the genome of mammalian cells has made them particularly promising candidates for use in the genetic therapy of genetic diseases in humans and animals. Genetic therapy typically involves (1) adding new genetic material to patient cells in vivo, or (2) removing patient cells from the body, adding new genetic material to the cells and reintroducing them into the body, i.e., in vitro gene therapy. Discussions of how to perform gene therapy in a variety of cells using retroviral vectors can be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,868,116, issued Sep. 19, 1989, and 4,980,286, issued Dec. 25, 1990 (epithelial cells), WO 89/07136 published Aug. 10, 1989 (hepatocyte cells) , EP 378,576 published JuI. 25, 1990 (fibroblast cells), and WO 89/05345 published Jun. 15, 1989 and WO/90/06997, published Jun. 28, 1990 (endothelial cells), the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Kits Containing Transferrin Fusion Proteins
[00332] In a further embodiment, the present invention provides kits containing transferrin fusion proteins, which can be used, for instance, for the therapeutic or non-therapeutic applications. The kit comprises a container with a label. Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials, and test tubes. The containers may be formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic. The container holds a composition which includes a transferrin fusion protein that is effective for therapeutic or non-therapeutic applications, such as described above. The active agent in the composition is the therapeutic protein. The label on the container indicates that the composition is used for a specific therapy or non- therapeutic application, and may also indicate directions for either in vivo or in vitro use, such as those described above.
[00333] The kit of the invention will typically comprise the container described above and one or more other containers comprising materials desirable from a commercial and user standpoint, including buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes, and package inserts with instructions for use.
[00334] Without further description, it is believed that a person of ordinary skill in the art can, using the preceding description and the following illustrative examples, make and utilize the present invention and practice the claimed methods. For example, a skilled artisan would readily be able to determine the biological activity, both in vitro and in vivo, for the fusion protein constructs of the present invention as compared with the comparable activity of the therapeutic moiety in its unfused state. Similarly, a person skilled in the art could readily determine the serum half life and serum stability of constructs according to the present invention. The following working examples therefore, specifically point out the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and are not to be construed as limiting in any way the remainder of the disclosure.
EXAMPLES Example 1: BNP/mTf Fusion Proteins
[00335] Natriuretic peptides are hormones involved in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) was initially found in porcine brain (Sudoh et ah (1988) Biochem Biophys Res Comm 155:726-732), but the main source of BNP is the cardiac ventricle. Like other peptides, BNP has a short plasma half-life in humans. The present invention provides fusion proteins with BNP fused to mTf (S415A, T613A) with extended serum stability and in vivo circulatory half-life and pharmaceutical compositions of such fusion proteins for treating patients in need thereof. The patient may be suffering from, for example, from congestive heart failure or renal disease.
[00336] In this example, the steps for producing a BNP/mTf fusion protein are described. The same steps may be used to generate transferrin fusion proteins with other natriuretic peptides, BNP analogs or derivatives, etc.
[00337] The human BNP protein sequence was obtained from PubMed (Accession no. NM002521), back translated into DNA codon optimized for yeast.
TCTCCAAAAATGGTTCAAGGTTCTGGTTGTTTTGGTAGAAAAATGGATAGAATTT CTTCTTCTTCTGGTTTGGGTTGTAAAGTTTTGAGAAGACAT (SEQ ID NO: 165)
N-terminal fusion: nL BNP (1-32) (PEAPTD)2 mTf (pREX0730/731)
[00338] The human BNP sequence (SPK-MVQGSGCFGRKMDRISSSSGLGCKVLRRH ) (SEQ ID NO: 166) was inserted at the N-terminus of mTf (S415A, T613A) using overlapping primer sequences encoding the adjoining mTf sequence. Primers P 1228 (reverse primer) and P 1229 (forward primer) were designed to introduce the BNP sequence and (PEAPTD)2 linker (SEQ ID NO: 142) at the 5' of the mTf sequence and 3' of the nL leader sequence. P 1228 reverse primer:
AAACTTTACAACCCAAACCAGAAGAAGAAGAAATTCTATCCATTTTTCTACCAAA ACAACCAGAACCTTGAACCATTTTTGGAGACGCCAGACACAGCCC (SEQ ID NO: 167)
P 1229 forward primer:
CTTCTTCTTCTGGTTTGGGTTGTAAAGTTTTGAGAAGACATCCAGAAGCTCCAACT GATCCAGAAGCTCCAACTGATGTACCTGATAAAACTGTGAGATG (SEQ IDNO: 168
[00339] In the first round of PCR, two products were generated using P1228+P0025 or P1229+P0012 with pREX0197. The products from these reactions were then joined in a second round of PCR using the outer primers POO 12 and P0025.
Outer primers
P0012: CATGATCTTGGCGATGCAGTC (SEQ ID NO: 169)
P0025: AGCGGATAACAATTTCACACAGGA (SEQ ID NO: 170)
The product of this reaction was cut with Aflll and EcoRl and subcloned into pREX0052 cut withAflll and EcoRl to create ρREX0730 (Figure 4).
[00340] The plasmid was cut with the restriction enzymes Not! and Pvuϊ and ligated into pSAC35 (Sleep et al. (1991) Biotechnology 9:183-187) cut with Notl to create the yeast expression vector pREX0731 (Figure 5).
C terminal fusion of BNP: nL mTf (PEAPTD)2 BNP(l-32) (pREX0722/723)
[00341] The BNP protein was inserted at the C-terminus of mTf using overlapping primer sequences encoding the adjoining mTf sequence. Primers P1230 (reverse primer) and P1231 (forward primer) were designed to introduce the BNP sequence and (PEAPTD)2 (SEQ ID NO: 142) linker at the 3' of the niTf sequence.
P 1230 reverse primer:
TTTTCTACCAAAACAACCAGAACCTTGAACCATTTTTGGAGAATCAGTTGGAGCT TCTGGATCAGTTGGAGCTTCTGGAGGTCGACGGAAAGTGCAGGC (SEQ ID NO: 171)
P 1231 forward primer:
CAAGGTTCTGGTTGTTTTGGTAGAAAAATGGATAGAATTTCTTCTTCTTCTGGTTT GGGTTGTAAAGTTTTGAGAAGACATTAATAAGCTTAATTCTTA (SEQ ID NO: 172)
[00342] In the first round of PCR, two products were generated using Pl 230+P 0007 or P1231+P0026 with ρREX0197 as the template.
Outer primers:
P0007: TGCGTCCACAAGATATTACG (SEQ ID NO: 173)
P0026: GTTTTCCCAGTCACGAC (SEQ ID NO: 174)
The products from these reactions were then joined in a second round of PCR using outer primers P0007 and P0026. The product of this reaction was cut with Hindlll and Sail and subcloned into pREX0197 cut with the Hin dill and Sail to create pREX0722 (Figure 6).
[00343] This plasmid was cut with the restriction enzymes Notl and Pvul and ligated into pSAC35 cut with Notl to create the yeast expression vector pREX0723 (Figure 7). BNP N-terminal fusion
(SEQ ID NO: 167) < P1228
CCCGACACAG ACCGCAGAGG TTTTTACCAA
801 aagctaaacc taattctaac aagcaaagat gaggctcgcc gtgggagccc tgctggtctg cgccgtcctg gggctgtgtc tggcgtctcc aaaaatggtt
» nL »»..BNP(32) > m r l a v g a l l v c a v l g l c l a s p k m v
< P1228 GTTCCAAGAC CAACAAAACC ATCTTTTTAC CTATCTTAAA GAAGAAGAAG ACCAAACCCA ACATTTCAAA
(SEQ ID NO: 168) P1229 >
CTTCTTCTTC TGGTTTGGGT TGTAAAGTTT TGAGAAGACA TCCAGAAGCT CCAACTGATC 901 caaggttctg gttgttttgg tagaaaaatg gatagaattt cttcttcttc tggtttgggt tgtaaagttt tgagaagaca tccagaagct ccaactgatc
> BNP (32) »»... (PEAPTD) 2 > q g s g c f g r k iti d r i s s s ' s g l g c k v l r r h p e a p t d P1229 >
CAGAAGCTCC AACTGATGTA CCTGATAAAA CTGTGAGATG
1001 cagaagctcc aactgatgta cctgataaaa ctgtgagatg gtgtgcagtg tcggagcatg aggccactaa gtgccagagt ttccgcgacc atatgaaaag >... (PEAPTD) 2...»» inTf > p e a p t d v p d k t v r w c a v s e h e a t k c q s f r d h m k [0820] Amino Acid Sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 175)
[0821] DNA Sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 176)
BNP C-terminal fusion
2801 ccaaacttca tgacagaaac acatatgaaa aatacttagg agaagaatat gtcaaggctg ttggtaacct gagaaaatgc tccacctcat cactcctgga > iriTf > a k l h d r n t y e k y l g e e y v k a v g n l r k c s t s s l l
Sail
-+ < P1230 (SEQ ID NO: 171)
CGGACGTGA AAGGCAGCTG GAGGTCTTCG AGGTTGACTA GGTCTTCGAG GTTGACTAAG AGGTTTTTAC CAAGTTCCAA GACCAACAAA ACCATCTTTT
(SEQ ID NO: 172) P1231 >
CAAGGTT CTGGTTGTTT TGGTAGAAAA 2901 agcctgcact ttccgtcgac ctccagaagc tccaactgat ccagaagctc caactgattc tccaaaaatg gttcaaggtt ctggttgttt tggtagaaaa
> mTf »» linker »» BNB (32) > e a c t f r r p p e a p t d p e a p t d s p k m v q g s g c f g r k
Hxndlll
P1231 > -+ ATGGATAGAA TTTCTTCTTC TTCTGGTTTG GGTTGTAAAG TTTTGAGAAG ACATTAATAA GCTTAATTCT TA
3001 atggatagaa tttcttcttc ttctggtttg ggttgtaaag ttttgagaag acattaataa gcttaattct tatgatttat gatttttatt attaaataag
> BNP (32) » m d r i s s s s g l g c k v l r r h * * [0843] Amino Acid Sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 177) [0844] DNA Sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 178)
Example 2: ANP/mTf Fusion Proteins.
[00344] ANP is part of a hormonal system in which one gene synthesizes four peptide hormones. Regulation of ANP levels in the blood would be a therapeutic approach to the treatment of such disorders as hypertension, shock, and the like. While current native and synthetic ANP, as well as analogs thereof, would allow for the modulation of fluid volume and vascular function by increasing ANP levels, effective therapies may also require ANP levels to be reduced in order to achieve the desired extracellular fluid volume and electrolytic homeostasis.
[00345] The present invention provides fusion proteins with ANP fused to mTf (S415A, T613A) in order to extend stability in vivo and also provides pharmaceutical compositions for treating a patient in need thereof. In this example, the steps for producing an ANP/mTf fusion protein are described. The same steps may be used to generate transferrin fusion proteins with other natriuretic peptides such as ANP analogs or derivatives, etc.
[00346] The human ANP protein sequence (SLRRSSCFGGRMDRIGAQSGLGCNSFRY) (SEQ ID NO: 179) was obtained from PubMed (Accession no. NM_006172), back translated into DNA codon optimized for yeast:
TCTTTGAGAAGATCTTCTTGTTTTGGTGGTAGAATGGATAGAATTGGTGCTCAAT CTGGTTTGGGTTGTAATTCTTTTAGATAT (SEQ ID NO: 180)
N-terminal fusion of ANP: nL ANP(l-28) (PEAPTD)2 mTf (pREX0826/827)
[00347] The ANP protein was inserted at the N-terminus of mTf using overlapping primer sequences encoding the adjoining mTf sequence. Primers P 1552 (reverse primer) and P 1553 (forward primer) were designed to introduce the ANP sequence and (PEAPTD)2 linker at the 5' of the mTf sequence, 3' of the nL leader sequence.
P 1552 reverse primer:
CAACCCAAACCAGATTGAGCACCAATTCTATCCATTCTACCACCAAAACAAGATG ATCTCCTCAAAGACGCCAGACACAGC (SEQ ID NO: 181) Pl 553 forward primer:
TGCTCAATCTGGTTTGGGTTGTAATTCTTTTCGTTATCCAGAAGCTCCAACTGATC CAGAAGCTCCAACTGATGTACCTGATAAAACT (SEQ ID NO: 182)
[00348] In the first round of PCR, two products were generated using Pl 552+P0025 or P1553+P0012 with pREX0197 as the template.
Outer primers
POOl 2 : CATGATCTTGGCGATGCAGTC (SEQ ID NO: 169)
P0025 : AGCGGATAACAATTTCACACAGGA (SEQ ID NO: 170)
The products from these reactions were then joined in a second round of PCR using outer primers P0025 and P0012. The product of this reaction was cut with the restriction enzymes Aflll and EcoRl and subcloned into pREX0052 cut with Aflϊl and EcoRl to create ρREX0826 (Figure 12).
[00349] This plasmid was cut with the restriction enzymes Notl and Pvuϊ and ligated into pSAC35 cut with the restriction enzymes Notl to create the yeast expression vector ρREX0827 (Figure 13).
C-terminal fusion of ANP: nL HiTf(PEAPTD)2 ANP(l-28) (pREX0828/829)
[00350] The ANP protein was inserted at the C-terminus of mTf using overlapping primer sequences encoding the adjoining mTf sequence. Primers P1554 (reverse primer) and P1555 (forward primer) were designed to introduce the ANP sequence and (PEAPTD)2 (SEQ ID NO: 142) linker at the 3' of the mTf sequence. P1554 reverse primer:
ATTCTACCACCAAAACAAGATGATCTCCTCAAAGAATCAGTTGGAGCTTCTGGAT CAGTTGGAGCTTCTGGAGGTCGACGGAAAGTGCAGGC (SEQ ID NO: 183)
P 1555 forward primer:
CATCTTGTTTTGGTGGTAGAATGGATAGAATTGGTGCTCAATCTGGTTTGGGTTGT AATTCTTTTCGTTATTAATAAGCTTAATTCTTATG (SEQ ID NO: 184)
[00351] In a first round of PCR, two products were generated using P1554+P0007 or P 1231 +Pl 668 with ρREX0197 as the template. The products of these reactions were then joined in a second round of PCR using the outer primers P0007 and P 1668.
Outer primers
P0007: TGCGTCCACAAGATATTACG (SEQ IDISfO: 173)
P 1668: GAGCGACCTCATGCTATACC (SEQ ID NO: 185)
[00352] The product of this reaction was cut with was cut with the restriction enzymes Hindlll and Sail and cloned into ρREX0197 cut with Hindlll and Sail to create ρREX0828 (Figure 14).
[00353] This plasmid was cut with the restriction enzymes Notl and Pvul and ligated into pSAC35 cut with the restriction enzymes Notl to create the yeast expression vector pREX0829 (Figure 15). ANP N-terminal fusion
' ' (SEQ ID NO: 181) < P1552
CGACACAG ACCGCAGAAA CTCCTCTAGT 801 aagctaaacc taattctaac aagcaaagat gaggctcgcc gtgggagccc tgctggtctg cgccgtcctg gggctgtgtc tggcgtcttt gaggagatca
» nL »».ANP (1-28) ..> m r l a v g a l l v c a v l g l c l a s l r r s
< P1552 AGAACAAAAC CACCATCTTA CCTATCTTAA CCACGAGTTA GACCAAACCC AAC ^
(SEQ ID NO: 182) P1553 >
TGCTCAAT CTGGTTTGGG TTGTAATTCT TTTCGTTATC CAGAAGCTCC AACTGATCCA GAAGCTCCAA
901 tcttgttttg gtggtagaat ggatagaatt ggtgctcaat ctggtttggg ttgtaattct tttcgttatc cagaagctcc aactgatcca gaagctccaa > ANP (1-28) »» (PEAPTD) 2 > s c f g g r m d r i g a q s g l g e n s f r y p e a p t d p e a p
P1553 > '
CTGATGTACC TGATAAAACT 1001 ctgatgtacc tgataaaact gtgagatggt gtgcagtgtc ggagcatgag gccactaagt gccagagttt ccgcgaccat atgaaaagcg tcattccatc
>..»» mTf >
p d k t d h
Amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 194
DNA sequence: SEQ ID NO: 195
ANP C-terminal fusion
2801 ccaaacttca tgacagaaac acatatgaaa aatacttagg agaagaatat gtcaaggctg ttggtaacct gagaaaatgc tccacctcat cactcctgg; > πiTf a k l h d r n t y e k y l g e e y v k a v g n l r k c s t s s l l
O O
Sail
-+ (SEQ ID NO: 183) < P1554
CGGACGTGA AAGGCAGCTG GAGGTCTTCG AGGTTGACTA GGTCTTCGAG GTTGACTAAG AAACTCCTCT AGTAGAACAA AACCACCATC TTA
(SEQ ID NO: 184) P1555 >
CATCTTGTT TTGGTGGTAG AATGGATAf
2901 agcctgcact ttccgtcgac ctccagaagc tccaactgat ccagaagctc caactgattc tttgaggaga tcatcttgtt ttggtggtag aatggata<
> mTf »» (PEAPTD) 2 »» ANP (28) e a c t f r r p p e a p t d p e a p t d s l r r s s c f g g r m d
HindIII
P1555 > -+
ATTGGTGCTC AATCTGGTTT GGGTTGTAAT TCTTTTCGTT ATTAATAAGC TTAΆTTCTTA TG
3001 attggtgctc aatctggttt gggttgtaat tcttttcgtt attaataagc ttaattctta tgatttatga tttttattat taaataagtt ataaaaaaaa > ANP(28) » i g a q s g l g c n s f r y * Amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 196 DNA sequence: SEQ ID NO: 197
Example 3: Vessel Dilator (1-48) (PEAPTD)2 mTf
[00354] Fusion of the vessel dilator sequence to the N-terminus of mTf (S415A, T613A) was achieved in a three step process. Two PCR reactions were performed initially to add the 5' and 3' ends of the vessel dilator DNA sequence to the ends of the leader sequence and linker peptide respectively. Using the plasmid pREX0549 (Figure 8) as a template with primers 70669 and P2280 added the 5' sequence of vessel dilator to the leader sequence (PCRl). Using the template pREX0584 (Figure 9) and the primers P2278 and P0478 added the 3' sequence of vessel dilator to the linker peptide (PCR2).
[00355] The products of these two reactions were then extended to add sufficient sequence of vessel dilator, PCRl with P0669 and P2281 (PCR3) or PCR2 with P2279 and P0478 (PCR4), that the 3' of PCR3 overlapped with the 5' of PCR4. The final reaction was to use the outer primers P0669 and P0478 to join PCR3 and PCR 4 together.
[00356] The product of this final reaction was digested with the restriction enzymes Aflll and EcoRl and ligated into pREX0549 cut with the same enzymes to give pREXl 140 (Figure 10). Clones were checked by restriction digest and DNA sequenced to confirm correct insertion free of any PCR induced errors.
[00357] The expression cassette was recovered from pREXl 140 by digestion with the restriction enzyme Notl, with the addition of Pvul to cut the vector backbone. This was then ligated into the yeast expression vector pSAC35 cut with Notl and dephosphatased with Antarctic phosphatase to give pREXl 146 (Figure 11).
P2278
GAAGTCAGCCCAGCCCAGAGAGATGGAGGTGCCCTCGGTAGAGGTCCATGGGAC CCAGAAGCTCCAACTGATCCAG (SEQ ID NO: 186) P2279
CCCTGAGGTGCCTCCCTGGACCGGTGAAGTCAGCCCAGCCCAGAGAGATGGAGG TGCCCTCGGTAG (SEQ ID NO: 187)
P2280
GAGCAGCACCCGCTTCTTCATTCGGCTCACTGAGCACTTGTGGTGGCACGACCTC CGCCAGACACAGCCCCAGGACG (SEQ ID NO: 188)
P2281
GTCCAGGGAGGCACCTCAGGGAGTGGGCTGAGAGCAGCACCCGCTTCTTCATTC GG (SEQ ID NO: 189)
P0669 CCGCGATAAAGAGCGCGATG (SEQ ID NO: 190) P0478 GTACATCTTGGCATCCATCC (SEQ ID NO: 191)
Pstl
601 tgttgaaaaa gcaaaatttg ggctcagtaa tgccactgca gtggcttatc acgccaggac
(SEQ ID NO: 190) P0669 >
CCGC GATAAAGAGC GCGATG 661 tgcgggagtg gcgggggcaa acacacccgc gataaagagc gcgatgaata taaaaggggg
AfIII
721 ccaatgttac gtcccgttat attggagttc ttcccataca aacttaagag tccaattagc 781 ttcatcgcca ataaaaaaac aagctaaacc taattctaac aagcaaagat gaggctcgcc
»...nL > m r 1 a
841 gtgggagccc tgctggtctg cgccgtcctg gggctgtgtc tggcggaggt cgtgccacca
GCAGGAC CCCGACACAG ACCGCCTCCA GCACGGTGGT (SEQ ID NO: 188) < P2280
> nL » v g a 1 1 v c a v l g l c l a e v v p p vessel dilator >> >
(SEQ ID NO: 187) P2279
CCCTGAGGTG
901 caagtgctca gtgagccgaa tgaagaagcg ggtgctgctc tcagcccact ccctgaggtg GTTCACGAGT CACTCGGCTT ACTTCTTCGC CCACGACGAG
P2280
GGCTT ACTTCTTCGC CCACGACGAG AGTCGGGTGA GGGACTCCAC (SEQ ID NO: 189) < P2281
> vessel dilator > q v l s e p n e e a g a a l s p l p e v
P2279 > CCTCCCTGGA CCGGTGAAGT CAGCCCAGCC CAGAGAGATG GAGGTGCCCT CGGTAG
P2278
GAAGT CAGCCCAGCC CAGAGAGATG GAGGTGCCCT CGGTAGAGGT
961 cctccctgga ccggtgaagt cagcccagcc cagagagatg gaggtgccct cggtagaggt GGAGGGACCT G P2281 > vessel dilator > p p w t g e v s p a q r d g g a l g r g
P2278 > (SEQ ID NO: 186) CCATGGGACC CAGAAGCTCC AACTGATCCA G 1021 ccatgggacc cagaagctcc aactgatcca gaagctccaa ctgatgtacc tgataaaact
> » vessel dilator p w d p e a p t d p e a p t d v p d k t >> (PEAPTD) 2 »»....mTf......>
1081 gtgagatggt gtgcagtgtc ggagcatgag gccactaagt gccagagttt ccgcgaccat > mTf > v r w c a v s e h e a t k c q s f r d h
1141 atgaaaagcg tcattccatc cgatggtccc agtgttgctt gtgtgaagaa agcctcctac > mTf > m k s v i p s d g p s v a c v k k a s y
1201 cttgattgca tcagggccat tgcggcaaac gaagcggatg ctgtgacact ggatgcaggt > mTf > l d c i r a i a a n e a d a v t l d a g
1261 ttggtgtatg atgcttacct ggctcccaat aacctgaagc ctgtggtggc agagttctat > mTf >
I v y d a y l a p n n l k p v v a e f y BamHI
1321 gggtcaaaag aggatccaca gactttctat tatgctgttg ctgtggtgaa gaaggatagt > mTf > g s k e d p q t f y y a v a v v k k d s
1381 ggcttccaga tgaaccagct tcgaggcaag aagtcctgcc acacgggtct aggcaggtcc > mTf > g f q m n q l r g k k s c h t g l g r s
1441 gctgggtgga acatccccat aggcttactt tactgtgact tacctgagcc acgtaaacct > mTf > a g w n i p i g l l y c d l p e p r k p
1501 cttgagaaag cagtggccaa tttcttctcg ggcagctgtg ccccttgtgc ggatgggacg > mTf > l e k a v a n f f s g s c a p e a d g t
1561 gacttccccc agctgtgtca actgtgtcca gggtgtggct gctccaccct taaccaatac > mTf > d f p q l c q l c p g c g c s t l n q y
1621 ttcggctact cgggagcctt caagtgtctg aaggatggtg ctggggatgt ggcctttgtc > mTf > f g y s g a f k c l k d g a g d v a f v
1681 aagcactcga ctatatttga gaacttggca aacaaggctg acagggacca gtatgagctg > mTf > k h s t i f e n l a n k a d r d q y e l 1741 ctttgcctgg acaacacccg gaagccggta gatgaataca aggactgcca cttggcccag > mTf >
I c I d n t r k p v d e y k d c h l a q
1801 gtcccttctc ataccgtcgt ggcccgaagt atgggcggca aggaggactt gatctgggag > mTf > v p s h t v v a r s m g g k e d l i w e
EcoRI
1861 cttctcaacc aggcccagga acattttggc aaagacaaat caaaagaatt ccaactattc > mTf > l l n q a q e h f g k d k s k e f q l f
1921 agctctcctc atgggaagga cctgctgttt aaggactctg cccacgggtt tttaaaagtc > mTf > s s p --h g k d l l f k d s a h g f l k v
1981 ccccccagga tggatgccaa gatgtacctg ggctatgagt atgtcactgc catccggaat CCT ACCTACGGTT CTACATG
< P0478 (SEQ ID NO: 191) > mTf > p p r m d a k m y l g y e y v t a i r n
[00358] Amino Acid Sequence: SEQ ID NO: 192
[00359] DNA Sequence: SEQ ID NO: 193 [00360] Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to examples above, it is understood that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is limited only by the following claims. All cited patents, patent applications and publications referred to in this application are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Claims

We Claim:
1. A fusion protein comprising a natriuretic peptide and a modified transferrin (mTf) molecule exhibiting reduced glycosylation as compared to the native transferrin molecule.
2. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein a linker peptide separates the peptide from the mTf.
3. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the mTf molecule exhibits reduced metal binding or reduced transferrin receptor binding as compared to a native transferrin molecule.
4. The fusion protein of claim 2, wherein the natriuretic peptide is at the N- terminus of the fusion protein.
5. The fusion protein of claim 2, wherein the natriuretic peptide is at the C- terminus of the fusion protein.
6. The fusion protein of claim 2, wherein the natriuretic peptide is inserted within the fusion protein.
7. The fusion protein of claim 4, comprising at least two natriuretic peptides.
8. The fusion protein of claim 4, wherein the N-terminus of the fusion protein comprises a secretion signal sequence.
9. The fusion protein of claim 8, wherein the signal sequence is a signal sequence from serum transferrin, lactoferrin, melanotransferrin, or a variant thereof.
10. The fusion protein of claim 8, wherein the signal sequence is an HSA signal sequence, an HSA/MFα-1 hybrid signal sequence or a Tf signal sequence.
11. The fusion protein of claim 10, wherein the signal sequence is the Tf signal sequence comprising amino acids 1-19 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
12. The fusion protein of claim 4, wherein the natriuretic peptide has been modified.
13. The fusion protein of claim 12, wherein natriuretic peptide has been modified by amino acid substitution, addition, or deletion.
14. The fusion protein of claim 3, wherein the mTf molecule has reduced affinity for a transferrin receptor (TfR).
15. The fusion protein of claim 3, wherein the mTf molecule does not bind a TfR.
16. The fusion protein of claim 3 , wherein the mTf molecule is modified lactoferrin or modified melanotransferrin.
17. The fusion protein of claim 3, wherein the mTf protein has reduced affinity for iron.
18. The fusion protein of claim 15, wherein the mTf protein does not bind iron.
19. The fusion protein of claim 1 , wherein the mTf protein exhibits no N-linked glycosylation.
20. The fusion protein of claim 1 , wherein the mTf protein exhibits no glycosylation.
21. The fusion protein of claim 1 , wherein said mTf protein comprises at least one mutation that prevents glycosylation.
22. The fusion protein of any one of claims 1-21, wherein the natriuretic peptide is atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), long acting natriuretic peptide (LANP), Vessel Dilator, Kaliuretic Peptide, or a chimeric natriuretic peptide.
23. A nucleic acid molecule encoding a fusion protein of any one of claims 1 -22.
24. A vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule of claim 23.
25. A host cell comprising a vector of claim 24.
26. A host cell comprising a nucleic acid molecule of claim 23.
27. A method of expressing a fusion protein comprising culturing a host cell of claim 25 under conditions which express the encoded fusion protein.
28. A method of expressing a fusion protein comprising culturing a host cell of claim 26 under conditions which express the encoded fusion protein.
29. The host cell of claim 25, wherein the cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
30. The host cell of claim 26, wherein the cell is prokaryotic or eukcaryotic.
31. The host cell of claim 29, wherein the cell is a yeast cell.
32. The host cell of claim 30, wherein the cell is a yeast cell.
33. A nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid encoding a Tf signal peptide operatively linked to the nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein of claim 1.
34. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 33, wherein the Tf signal peptide is a mammalian Tf signal peptide.
35. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 34, wherein the mammalian Tf signal peptide is a human Tf signal peptide.
36. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 35, wherein the human Tf signal peptide has the sequence as set forth in amino acids 1-19 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
37. The vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of any one of claims 33-36.
38. The host cell comprising a nucleic acid molecule of any one of claims 33-36.
39. The host cell comprising a vector of claim 37.
40. A method of expressing a secreted fusion protein comprising culturing a host cell of claim 38 under conditions that would express and secrete the fusion protein.
41. A method of expressing a secreted fusion protein comprising culturing a host cell of claim 38 under conditions that would express and secrete the fusion protein.
42. The method of claim 40 or 41 , wherein the host cell is a yeast.
43. A method of expressing a secreted fusion protein comprising, operatively linking the nucleic acid encoding a signal peptide of a Tf molecule to a nucleic acid encoding the fusion protein of claim 1 ; introducing the operatively linked nucleic acid into a host cell; and culturing the host cell under conditions that express and secrete the fusion protein.
44. The method of claim 43 , wherein the Tf signal peptide is a mammalian Tf signal peptide.
45. The method of claim 44, wherein the mammalian Tf signal peptide is a human Tf signal peptide.
46. The method of claim 45, wherein the human Tf signal peptide has the sequence as set forth in amino acids 1-19 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
47. The method of any one of claims 43-46, wherein the host cell is a yeast.
48. A transgenic animal comprising a nucleic acid molecule of 23.
49. A method of producing a fusion protein comprising isolating a fusion protein from a transgenic animal of claim 48.
50. The method of claim 49, wherein the mTf fusion protein comprises lactoferrin.
51. The method of claim 50, wherein the fusion protein is isolated from a biological fluid from the transgenic animal.
52. The method of claim 51 , wherein the fluid is serum or milk.
53. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the fusion protein of claim 1 and a carrier.
54. A method of reducing blood pressue in a subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a fusion protein of any one of claims 1-22.
55. A method of regulating sodium and water balance in a subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of fusion protein of any one of claims 1-22.
56. A method of treating cardiovascular disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a fusion protein of any one of claims 1-22.
57. A method of treating congestive heart failure in a subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a fusion protein of any one of claims 1-22.
58. The fusion protein pf claim 1 , wherein the linker is selected from the group consisting of PEAPTD (SEQ ID NO: 141), (PEAPTD)2 (SEQ ID NO: 142), PEAPTD in combination with an IgG hinge linker (SEQ ID NOS: 149 and 152), and (PEAPTD)2 in combination with an IgG hinge linker (SEQ ID NO: 198 and 199).
59. The fusion protein of any one of claims 1-22 or 58, wherein the protein is purified.
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