WO2007019149A2 - Techniques heteroscopiques ameliorees - Google Patents

Techniques heteroscopiques ameliorees Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007019149A2
WO2007019149A2 PCT/US2006/029993 US2006029993W WO2007019149A2 WO 2007019149 A2 WO2007019149 A2 WO 2007019149A2 US 2006029993 W US2006029993 W US 2006029993W WO 2007019149 A2 WO2007019149 A2 WO 2007019149A2
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
interaction
enhanced
blades
sorting
heteroscopic turbine
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PCT/US2006/029993
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English (en)
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WO2007019149A3 (fr
Inventor
Scott Davis
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Forced Physics Llc
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Publication date
Priority claimed from US11/198,917 external-priority patent/US20070029952A1/en
Priority claimed from US11/198,926 external-priority patent/US20070029498A1/en
Application filed by Forced Physics Llc filed Critical Forced Physics Llc
Publication of WO2007019149A2 publication Critical patent/WO2007019149A2/fr
Publication of WO2007019149A3 publication Critical patent/WO2007019149A3/fr

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D19/00—Axial-flow pumps
    • F04D19/02—Multi-stage pumps
    • F04D19/04—Multi-stage pumps specially adapted to the production of a high vacuum, e.g. molecular pumps
    • F04D19/042—Turbomolecular vacuum pumps

Definitions

  • the invention relates to heteroscopic sorting and processing of particles in fluids.
  • Particles i.e., atoms, molecules, or even larger particles
  • Particles usually are in constant motion and often have physical properties that can differ from the aggregate properties of the fluids.
  • a fluid can be considered to be at rest when a net or average motion of particles in the fluid is zero.
  • particles in the fluid are still moving in many different directions and often at high speeds, namely the thermal speed for the fluid.
  • particles in a fluid with a net electrical charge of zero often have positive and negative charges, sometimes even of different magnitudes.
  • the same situation is true for magnetic charges and many other physical properties of particles in fluids.
  • the invention includes methods and systems including techniques relating to heteroscopic filtering of particles, such as for example atoms or molecules of a gas. Heteroscopic filtering allows these techniques to treat each particle individually, rather than relying on aggregate properties of the gas.
  • heteroscopic filtering is an enabling technology, capable of providing both new methods and new systems not heretofore feasible.
  • Heteroscopic filtering is not restricted to kinetic aspects of sorting, nor to sorting of gas molecules in heated or cooled air.
  • This application describes use of heteroscopic concepts in nonobvious ways and to achieve nonobvious goals.
  • Heteroscopic filtering sorts particles in response to their individual properties, such as for example velocity or other kinetic or physical properties. This filtering can be achieved using an annulus of sorting elements rotated at relatively high speed.
  • the annulus might include sorting elements in the form of microscopic or nanoscopic slanted blades. This arrangement can have the effect that individual molecules of a fluid are sorted in response to the velocity at which they approach the heteroscopic filter.
  • the sorting elements are not required to be physical blades.
  • a sorting element used with the invention might be one or more slanted holes in a rotating disk, a crystalline structure with a designated angular offset from a line parallel to the incoming particles, or one or more thermodynamic, electromagnetic, electric, magnetic, sonic, nuclear, or chemically active fields or regions operating to target individual particles.
  • the sorting element might also be any other elements, substantially larger than the individual particles, but applying forces individually to each particle and not relying on aggregate properties of the gas.
  • Particles can have other properties to which heteroscopic filtering might be applied besides translational kinetic energy (e.g., thermal or molecular speed). These other properties can include, but are not limited to, non-translational kinetic energy (e.g., rotation, spin or spring energy), electromagnetic energy, electric or magnetic energy, sonic energy, chemical properties including biochemical properties and radiochemical properties (e.g., beta and gamma decay properties), binding sites and potential (e.g., oxidation properties, neurotoxin binding sites, isomer properties, and other properties related to chemical interaction in general or with specific substances such as hydrogen, chlorine, toxins, DNA, etc.), radioactive properties, enantiomer properties (e.g., if enantiomers exist and if they are present), ionic excitation properties, weight and properties affecting weight (e.g., fluoridation, water content, Dalton weight of molecule fragments, etc.), atomic mass and properties affecting atomic mass (i.e., presence of isotop
  • Figure 1 shows interaction of a portion of a generalized heteroscopic turbine with a working fluid.
  • Figure 2 shows a rotor for a generalized heteroscopic turbine.
  • Figure 3 illustrates special regions of material or devices placed on or in a rotor for a heteroscopic turbine.
  • Figure 4 illustrates special regions of materials or devices placed on or in a blade for a heteroscopic turbine.
  • Figure 5 shows pre-processing, enhanced interaction and/or sorting, and postprocessing for a heteroscopic turbine.
  • nanomoscopic and the like generally refer to particles and structures having lengths or dimensions less than or equal to a billionth of a meter.
  • microscopic and the like generally refer to particles and structures larger than nanoscopic particles and structures that are still very small, for example having lengths or dimensions less than or equal to one millimeter.
  • macroscopic and the like generally refer to particles and structures significantly larger than nanoscopic particles and structures, for example having lengths or dimensions greater than or equal to one millimeter and numbers greater than about one hundred.
  • heteroscope and the like generally refer to devices characterized by use of microscopic or nanoscopic principles to select, sort, process or otherwise affect individual particles within a working fluid to achieve a macroscopic effect.
  • heteroscopic devices are those that have structures much smaller in size than combined effects of those structures on a fluid. Heteroscopic devices might require operation on a population of objects whose size is much smaller than the desired effects.
  • heteroscope turbine and the like generally refer to a plurality of single-particle systems that are incorporated as a portion of a surface of a macroscopic rotor.
  • the single-particle system can be, for example, systems that select, sort, process or otherwise affect individual molecules or atoms within a fluid such as a gas.
  • particle and the like generally refer to any small component of (or suspended in) a fluid, including but not limited to molecules, atoms, sub-atomic particles, photons, charged particles, clumps of molecules, and the like.
  • fluid refers to any substance whose particles move past one another and that has the tendency to assume the shape of its container. Examples include, but are not limited to, a gas, liquid, plasma, electron gas, etc.
  • forced conduction and the like generally refer to conduction, for example of heat, that occurs with a moving surface in the absence of a physical or statistical boundary layer. Forced conduction can be achieved using a heteroscopic turbine that rotates sufficiently fast to disrupt the physical or statistical boundary layer. Individual molecules that undergo forced conduction can be aggregated at a macroscopic level to achieve highly efficient heat transfer (i.e., heating or cooling).
  • blade generally refer to any edge that moves through a fluid.
  • the blade can be a physical, thermodynamic, electromagnetic, sonic, chemical, nuclear, or even mathematical or statistical. Other types of blades using different forms of energy also can be used.
  • the blade can be passive, affecting particles by their motion through the fluid, or active, directly affecting some property of the particles in some other way.
  • the terms "properties,” "particle properties,” “molecular properties” and the like refer to physical, statistical or mathematical properties. These properties can include, but are not limited to, translational kinetic energy (e.g., thermal or molecular speed), non- translational kinetic energy (e.g., rotation, spin or spring energy), electromagnetic energy (e.g., static, unipolar or dipole charge, dipole moment, magnetic moment, etc.), chemical properties including biochemical properties and radiochemical properties (e.g., beta and gamma decay properties), binding sites and potential (e.g., oxidation properties, neurotoxin binding sites, isomer properties, and other properties related to chemical interaction in general or with specific substances such as hydrogen, chlorine, toxins, DNA, etc.), radioactive properties, enantiomer properties (e.g., if enantiomers exist and if they are present), ionic excitation properties, weight and properties affecting weight (e.g., fluoridation, water content, Dalton weight of molecule fragments, etc
  • Properties can be deliberately induced or as found without being deliberately induced.
  • the term "enclosure” and the like generally represent any area defined by one or more physical, mathematical, and/or statistical boundaries. Enclosures can be formed of boundaries of different types.
  • the enclosures used by the invention are typically physically open at least on a side exposed to a working fluid. The enclosures also can be open on one or more other sides.
  • Figure 1 shows an overall schematic of a heteroscopic turbine.
  • This heteroscopic turbine is a generalization of the heteroscopic turbine discussed in United States patent application number 10/693,635 (Davis), titled “Heteroscopic Turbine” (publication no. US 2005/0002776 Al dated 6 January 2005 and patent no. US 6,932,564 B2 dated 23 August 2005).
  • a heteroscopic turbine includes a plurality of single particle systems incorporated as a portion of or attached to a macroscopic rotor.
  • Conventional means are used to achieve a rotor velocity comparable to the particles' velocity in a working fluid upon which the turbine operates.
  • the enclosures can be formed by physical blades placed on or in the rotor, and the rotor can be spun so that the blades move through the air at a speed comparable to the mean thermal velocity of the molecules.
  • the edges of the blades moving through the air at this velocity result in a physical boundary defining the single particle (in this case single-molecule) enclosures.
  • This boundary also can be viewed as a mathematical or statistical boundary defined by the different properties of the particles on both sides of the boundary.
  • Figure 1 shows interaction of a portion of a heteroscopic turbine 1 with a working fluid 2 composed of or including particles 3.
  • the turbine includes a plurality of single-particle systems 4.
  • These single-particle systems are enclosures defined by one or more physical, mathematical, and/or statistical boundaries. As shown in Figure 1, the enclosures can each contain a particle (or possibly more than one particle in some circumstances), be empty, or be in transition.
  • the enclosures need not be rectangular shaped as shown in Figure 1 , but rather can have any shape.
  • any physical boundary can be defined in mathematical and/or statistical terms, and vice versa. It should be noted, however, that some mathematical and/or statistical boundaries may not appear to have a physical counterpart. Alternatively, the physical counterpart might be based on a collection of physical structures and/or motion such as a plane of blade edges moving in a particular manner. The mathematical and statistical boundaries likewise might be defined, in whole or in part, in terms of space and/or time with respect to such physical structures and motion.
  • side boundaries 5 of the enclosures can be defined by physical blades
  • top boundaries 6 of the enclosures can be defined by physical motion of those blades through working fluid 2.
  • the top boundaries can be viewed in physical terms (a plane of motion of blade tops), in mathematical terms (based on the motion of the blades or the nature of particles captured by the enclosures), or in statistical terms (based on the statistical properties of particles on both sides of the boundary).
  • the bottoms of the enclosures can be open or can be defined by another boundary.
  • the blades need not be physical edges.
  • the blades can be electromagnetic blades formed, for example, by a flat surface on a rotor with regions of electromagnetically active materials or devices (i.e., magnets, electromagnets, photoactive regions such as solid-state LEDs or lasers, etc.).
  • the regions of varying electromagnetic force can form the edges.
  • Other types of electromagnetic blades can be used.
  • electric, magnetic, sonic, nuclear or chemical blades are possible, as well as other variations.
  • the single-particle systems are attached to a macroscopic rotor (see Figure 2) that spins as represented by curved arrow 7. This spinning moves the systems through the working fluid as represented by arrow 8.
  • the spinning of the rotor can affect the existence and/or characteristics of the boundaries of the enclosures.
  • the velocity that the rotor moves the single-particle systems through the working fluid preferably is comparable to the velocities of the particles in that working fluid.
  • the rotor preferably spins fast enough so that the single-particle systems move through the air at a speed comparable to the mean thermal velocity of the particles in the air.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates macroscopic rotor 10 of a heteroscopic turbine.
  • Rotor 10 includes single-particle systems shown as dashes around a periphery of the rotor.
  • single-particle systems at the periphery of the rotor move faster through a working fluid than systems closer to an axis of rotation for the rotor.
  • arrangement of the single-particle systems in the illustrated annulus shape is preferred.
  • the single-particle systems can be placed all over the rotor or in any other arrangement.
  • a particle might pass through an enclosure without contacting any physical surface or might collide with a physical surface in one of the systems, hi any case, physical and/or logical properties can be transferred, converted, maintained and/or eliminated as permitted by the relevant thermodynamic, electrodynamic, or other physical laws.
  • the heteroscopic turbine can operate in several different modes. These modes include at least a non-interaction mode, an interaction mode, and a sort-and-filter mode. A heteroscopic turbine also can operate in some combination of these modes.
  • particles proceed through the single-particle system enclosures via translational motion without need for, or hindrance that can result from, interaction with a physical boundary of the enclosure.
  • particles interact in some manner with one or more physical boundaries of the single-particle system enclosures. These interactions result in a transfer, conversion, maintenance and/or elimination of one or more physical and/or logical properties of the particles.
  • the heteroscopic turbine can be viewed as a system having three parts: an input flow, an interaction and/or sorting element, and an output flow. These are shown in Figure 1.
  • Input flow 12 is the flow of particles into or in the vicinity of the heteroscopic turbine.
  • the flow can be comprised of molecules, radicals (molecular entities with unpaired electrons (lacking a proton), and/or other types of particles such as neutral or ionic atoms, neutral or charged subatomic particles, and neutral or charged molecular clumps such as crystals or precipitates.
  • the flow (and composing particles) can be any temperature. Typically, the particles in the flow exhibit Brownian motion, although this need not be the case.
  • the interaction and/or sorting element 14 includes a plurality of blades that are moved through the input flow at high speeds, preferably on the order of the mean velocity of the particles in the input flow. If the input flow is comprised of a gas or liquid, this velocity is preferably the mean thermal velocity of the molecules (or other particles of interest) in the gas or liquid. Alternatively, the blades can be moved faster (or even slower, as long as heteroscopic effects occur) through the input flow.
  • the blades of the interaction and/or sorting element can be, for example, physical, thermodynamic, electromagnetic, electric, magnetic, sonic, chemical, nuclear, or even mathematical or statistical. As with the boundaries of the enclosures discussed above, the blades can often be viewed in both physical and mathematical or statistical terms.
  • the blade can be passive, affecting particles by their motion through the fluid of the input flow, or active, directly affecting some property of the particles in some other way. Motion of the blades defines the boundaries that form the single-particle systems discussed above. In statistical terms, the boundaries defined by the blades can have a one-sided or multi-sided statistical distribution.
  • the output flow 15 is comprised of particles that have been sorted or otherwise affected by the interaction/sorting element.
  • the output flow is comprised of particles moving sufficiently fast and in the right direction to pass through the single-particle systems defined by motion of the blades of the interaction/sorting element.
  • the output flow can be collimated. ha the case that the particles are molecules of a fluid, the output flow might then comprise a thin (fluid) film that is a planar collimated molecular beam. Other types of output flows can be generated.
  • the input flow and output flow should have different statistical distributions of some type of energy or other characteristic.
  • the characteristics of the output flow are defined by the input flow and the design of the interaction/sorting element. Some examples of different combinations and designs of these elements are given below.
  • the basic kinetic-based heteroscopic turbine can be enhanced in many ways to achieve a diversity of different and non-obvious results. These modifications include changes to the nature of the blades and other design modifications to affect properties other than kinetic properties of particles.
  • pre-processing and post-processing can be used to further enhance operation of the heteroscopic turbine. This is illustrated in Figure 5, which shows pre-processing 30, enhanced interaction and/or sorting 31, and post-processing 32.
  • inventions of enhanced heteroscopic turbines special regions of material or devices are placed on or in the rotor for the heteroscopic turbine, in place of physical blades.
  • These materials or devices can have, for example, electromagnetic, electric, magnetic, sonic, nuclear, energy emitting, or other properties.
  • Figure 3 shows materials or devices 20 placed on or in rotor 21 (shown in cross section at the diameter).
  • the materials or devices are represented by circles. However, there is no requirement that the materials or devices be round or have any other particular shape.
  • such materials or devices can be placed on or in physical blades that are placed on or in the rotor. This is illustrated in Figure 4, which shows materials or devices 23 placed on or in physical blades 24, which in turn are placed on or in rotor 25
  • the physical blades themselves can be made of the special materials or devices. Other variations exist and are within the scope of the invention.
  • the blades of the interaction/sorting element can be "passive" or “active.” Passive blades affect particles by their motion through the fluid, for example by only allowing certain types of particles to pass through while rejecting other types of particles. Active blades directly affect some property of the particles in some other way. For example, if the blades are heated, they can impart additional kinetic energy to the particles. If the blades are charged, they can impart a charge to the particles. Other variations exist.
  • the blades can have both passive and active characteristics. For example, charged blades can attract and then allow oppositely-charged particles through, possibly neutralizing some or all of the charge on the particles, while repelling like-charged particles. Other variations exist.
  • a sub-set of active blades are those that emit some form of energy.
  • Examples of the type of energy that can be emitted include thermodynamic energy (i.e., heat), electromagnetic energy, electric energy, magnetic energy, sonic energy, nuclear energy, chemical energy, and other types of energy.
  • a heteroscopic turbine's physical blades can be viewed in thermodynamic terms, more specifically in terms of their interaction with particles based on the particles translational kinetic energy.
  • heteroscopic turbines can interact with particles based on non-translational kinetic energy.
  • blades can be angled or roughened to select for particular particle rotation.
  • electromagiietically active blades can be formed from, for example, electromagnetically active regions of material or devices (i.e., magnets, electromagnets, photoactive regions such as solid-state LEDs or lasers, etc.) placed on or in the rotor for the heteroscopic turbine.
  • material or devices i.e., magnets, electromagnets, photoactive regions such as solid-state LEDs or lasers, etc.
  • such material or devices can be placed on or in physical blades that are placed on or in the rotor.
  • the regions of varying electromagnetic force can form or augment the edges that define the boundaries for the single particle systems of the turbine.
  • the electromagnetically active material or devices can carry or generate, for example, a static charge, non-static charge, dipole moment, or magnetic moment.
  • the blades can affect the electromagnetic properties of particles that strike it, for example by absorbing, diffracting, or polarizing photons.
  • the electromagnetically active regions can emit photons.
  • the blades can include elements such as solid-state laser diodes or other devices that generate electromagnetic fields. These photons can then excite nearby particles or a subset of nearby particles.
  • absorbed photons result in an increase in lattice vibrations, which in turn can result in more energetic collisions with physical blades (if present) or more energetic passage or rejection by the interaction/sorting elements.
  • a specific frequency or range of frequencies of photons can be used to selectively affect certain particles. This again can have the affect of increasing the lattice vibrations of those particles, thereby providing another means for selectively affecting a subset of particles.
  • Faster or slower moving particles can be speed selected or otherwise processed by the heteroscopic turbine.
  • faster particles can be selected from one region by the heteroscopic turbine for introduction as in the output flow into a space where a desired chemical process is to take place. By only introducing the more energetic particles into that space, more controlled and/or faster chemical reactions can be encouraged.
  • the electromagnetic activity can be generated by the output flow from the heteroscopic turbine.
  • light passing through a particle beam comprising the output flow can exhibit optical activity such as rotating a plane of polarization of light passing through the flow.
  • a heteroscopic turbine designed to generate a planar collimated molecular beam is particularly suited to this application.
  • Electrically active blades can be formed from, for example, regions of charge generating, absorbing or otherwise affecting material or devices placed on or in the physical blades or rotor.
  • the regions of varying electric activity i.e., charge state
  • magnetically active blades can be implemented in a similar fashion.
  • Sonically active blades can be formed from, for example, regions of sound generating, absorbing or otherwise affecting material or devices placed on or in the physical blades or rotor.
  • the regions of varying sonic activity i.e., sound waves
  • the edges of varying sonic activity can form or augment the edges that define the boundaries for the single particle systems of the turbine.
  • Nuclear active blades can be formed from, for example, material or devices that generate, absorb, or otherwise affect nuclear charges and forces.
  • the regions can be radioactive, thereby stimulating, attracting, or repelling particles based on their nuclear properties.
  • the regions of varying nuclear activity can form or augment the edges that define the boundaries for the single particle systems of the turbine.
  • Chemically active blades can be formed from, for example, regions of chemically active materials or devices placed on or in the physical blades or rotor.
  • the regions of varying chemical activity can form or augment the edges that define the boundaries for the single particle systems of the turbine.
  • chemically active material or devices can be used in these embodiments.
  • the material or devices can exhibit biochemical or radiochemical activity.
  • Biochemical blades can be used to select for, and therefore detect (by monitoring the output flow), specific types of biochemicals.
  • the chemically active material or devices can be designed to interact with particular binding sites and potentials.
  • the material or devices can be designed to interact with particular oxidation properties, neurotoxin binding sites, isomer properties, and other properties related to chemical interaction in general or with specific substances such as hydrogen, chlorine, radon, toxins, DNA, etc.
  • the material or devices can be designed to interact with only a particular chemical or class of chemicals.
  • Particles exhibiting the properties corresponding to the chemical activity of the blades can be selected or otherwise specifically affected by heteroscopic turbines that use chemically active blades.
  • the particles are selected based on their chemical activity so that only (or possibly just more of) those types of chemicals appear in the output flow, thereby aiding detection of those particles in the output flow.
  • the blades can be designed to absorb those chemicals, allowing for removal of the chemicals from the input flow. Other variations are possible.
  • radiochemical blades can be used to select for, and therefore select or otherwise affect, specific types of radiochemical decay such as beta and gamma decay.
  • a subset of chemical activity is ionic activity (e.g, ionic excitation levels).
  • material or devices on the blades can be designed to interact preferentially with certain ions of chemicals.
  • Piezoelectric materials or devices can be used with the blades, for example on a surface of the blades. Particle-surface collisions result in a transfer of momentum from the particles to the piezoelectric element. The piezoelectric element can generate a charge from this transfer of momentum. The charge is proportional to the particle's momentum, thereby providing a measure of the charge's (angular) momentum.
  • the particle's velocity e.g., temperature
  • the particle's mass can be determined.
  • the measure of momentum can provide a way to determine the particle's species in real time.
  • Masses and weights of particles also can vary depending on molecular variants (e.g., fluoridated or not), absorbed water content, Dalton weight of molecular fragments (related to petroleum cracking), atomic mass differences (e.g., radioisotopes), and the like.
  • Embodiments of the heteroscopic turbine that can sort based on mass and/or weight can be used to sort and filter based on these considerations. Fluid State Considerations
  • Heteroscopic turbines can be used to filter and sort these particles based on their fluid velocity distribution.
  • the physical blades can be coated with various materials, hi some embodiments, the coating alters the flow or nature of particles than interact with the coating.
  • the coating can be a catalyst that promotes reactions in the input flow.
  • the coating can be an active component that directly reacts with particles in the input flow.
  • This reaction can be a chemical reaction, kinetic reaction (e.g., altering a speed of particles, for example by being “sticky” or “springy”), or any other type of reaction.
  • the coating can be a substance that detects certain types of particles.
  • the coating could be sensitive to radioactive molecules or specific inimical chemicals such as chlorine, neurotoxins, and the like.
  • the heteroscopic nature of the heteroscopic turbine can ensure that many particles are exposed to this coating, thereby providing for improved exposure and detection.
  • the coating can be a photosensitive or photoreactive to achieve light-dependent results.
  • Circuitry can be placed on or in the physical blade or rotor. This circuitry can be used, for example, for statistical triggering (e.g., photomultipliers) or statistical electrical effects (e.g., FET switches). Li addition, circuitry can be used to link different material or devices used in combination to enhance a heteroscopic turbine. Such circuitry can even be used to link such material or devices to devices that are external to the actual heteroscopic turbine. Multiple Sets of Blades
  • An enhanced heteroscopic turbine according to the invention can have multiple sets of blades. These blades can be of different sizes or even of different types, possibly both physical and non-physical. The blades can even have sub-blades, for example controlled by circuitry on the blades to provide for vernier adjustments to fine-tune characteristics of the blades. Different sets of blades also can be used to select for different beat frequencies.
  • the blades of the interaction/sorting element that define the single-particle systems can move faster than the mean velocity of the particles in the input flow. This is referred to as "high velocity operation" herein. High velocity operation can be used with any types of blades.
  • high velocity operation can be used to implement heteroscopic turbines that select, filter, or otherwise operate upon high speed particles.
  • the velocity of the blades displace "gaps" between particles, for example fast-moving molecules, elementary particles such as hot neutrons (for nuclear applications), and the like. This operation can be used to select, reject, or otherwise affect a particular subset of particles in the input flow.
  • Sufficiently fast blades also can be used for photon filtering, possibly with optically active blades that emit or absorb photons.
  • Such embodiments can be used, for example, as optical filters, absorption filters, and wavelength or frequency filters.
  • the extreme end of high velocity operation encompasses blades that "move” at faster-than-light (FTL) speed.
  • FTL faster-than-light
  • FTL blades can provide a very narrow selection criteria, resulting in a very narrow statistical distribution in the output flow.
  • FTL blades also are suited for embodiments that operate on input flows with very fast particles such as hot neutrons or on very dense input flows (e.g., near-liquid conditions).
  • the blades of some embodiments of the heteroscopic turbine can be designed to include sensors that detect any of various forms of energy. These sensors can then be connected to devices that introduce or utilize any of the forms of activity discussed above, possibly through circuitry included on or in the physical blades or rotor.
  • sensors can be used to help select or affect enantiomers (e.g., chiral molecules) differently depending on their "handedness.”
  • enantiomers e.g., chiral molecules
  • Differently handed enantiomers exhibit different optical activity.
  • the blades can emit photons (i.e., electromagnetic energy) that affect the differently handed molecules differently.
  • Sensors on the blades can detect this optical activity.
  • These sensors can be connected to electromagnetically active material or devices on the blades or possibly to macroscopic devices directed toward the blades. Then, when optical activity corresponding to a particular handedness of molecules is detect, the electromagnetically active material or devices can excite the molecules exhibiting that optical energy, increasing their thermal speed.
  • Physical (or other types) of blades on the heteroscopic turbine can be designed to speed sort the input flow containing the molecules, resulting in selection of these excited molecules.
  • embodiments of the heteroscopic turbine can be enhanced by pre-processing the input flow.
  • pre-processing is to pass the input flow through a centrifuge to increase a variance of distribution of motion within the input flow.
  • a cooling laser can be used to remove portions of the distribution.
  • Electromagnetic fields can be used to twist a path of particles in the input flow. Electrostatic fields can be used to introduce a transverse velocity component. Likewise, the energy state of particles in the input flow could be raised by subjecting the input flow to some form of energy, for example from an x-ray source or pumping laser. These and other types of fields can be used to affect the characteristics of the input flow.
  • pre-processing Any other type of pre-processing can be used to impart desired characteristics to the input flow and/or to particles within the input flow.
  • embodiments of the heteroscopic turbine can be enhanced by post-processing the output flow.
  • a heteroscopic turbine can be used to select particles having a narrow range of kinetic or other properties. Because such particles would not exhibit significant Brownian motion, they can be used to generate narrow frequency effects.
  • blades can be both electromagnetically and chemically active.
  • the blades can emit photons (i.e., electromagnetic energy) to excite certain particles in the input flow.
  • the blades can also be chemically active so as to selectively interact with ions.
  • only (or primarily) ionized versions of a particular chemical can appear in the output flow.
  • Other types of energy also can be used to excite or otherwise affect the particles for selection or processing based upon an altered state.
  • blades can be both piezoelectrically active and energy emitting. Particles with different angular momentums, masses or weights can generate different currents based on these properties when they strike the piezoelectric elements. Simple circuitry can be used to activate energy emitting elements when the generated currents are within a particular range. This energy, which can take any of the forms discussed herein, can excite those particles. The excited particles can be speed sorted, thereby providing a way to sort and filter particles based on their momentums, masses or weights.

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Abstract

L'invention porte sur une turbine hétéroscopique améliorée comportant un rotor (10) macroscopique et un élément de tri et/ou d'interaction et de tri (14) incorporé au rotor et agissant sur les particules individuelles (3) du fluide (2). L'amélioration de la turbine hétéroscopique est due à l'adjonction d'un ou de plusieurs prétraitements (30), par une interaction et un tri améliorés (31) et par un posttraitement (32). L'amélioration peut porter sur différentes propriétés des particules dont non exclusivement: l'énergie cinétique translationnelle; l'énergie cinétique non translationnelle; l'énergie électromagnétique; l'énergie électrique ou magnétique; l'énergie sonique; les propriétés chimiques y compris biochimiques et radiochimiques; les sites et potentiels de liaison; les propriétés radioactives les propriétés des énantiomères; les propriétés d'excitation ionique; e poids et les propriétés influant sur le poids; la masse atomique et propriétés influant sur la masse atomique; la composition; les propriétés de photoréactivité et le niveau d'excitation.
PCT/US2006/029993 2005-08-04 2006-07-31 Techniques heteroscopiques ameliorees WO2007019149A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11/198,917 2005-08-04
US11/198,917 US20070029952A1 (en) 2005-08-04 2005-08-04 Coherent emission of spontaneous asynchronous radiation
US11/198,926 US20070029498A1 (en) 2005-08-04 2005-08-04 Enhanced heteroscopic techniques
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