WO2007012586A1 - Compositions combustibles - Google Patents

Compositions combustibles Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007012586A1
WO2007012586A1 PCT/EP2006/064397 EP2006064397W WO2007012586A1 WO 2007012586 A1 WO2007012586 A1 WO 2007012586A1 EP 2006064397 W EP2006064397 W EP 2006064397W WO 2007012586 A1 WO2007012586 A1 WO 2007012586A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
levulinate
mpa
fuel
solvent
fuel composition
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2006/064397
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Johannes Pieter Haan
Paul Anthony Stevenson
Original Assignee
Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. filed Critical Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V.
Priority to EP06777845A priority Critical patent/EP1907514A1/fr
Priority to CA002616082A priority patent/CA2616082A1/fr
Publication of WO2007012586A1 publication Critical patent/WO2007012586A1/fr

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
    • C10L1/026—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for compression ignition
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
    • C10L1/1608—Well defined compounds, e.g. hexane, benzene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
    • C10L1/1822—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C10L1/1824—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms mono-hydroxy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/185—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Aldehydes; Ketones
    • C10L1/1852—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Orthoesters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to fuel compositions comprising a gas oil base fuel, particularly to such compositions containing a levulinate ester, preferably a C2-8 alkyl levulinate, and to their preparation and use.
  • diesel fuel components include the so-called “biofuels” which derive from biological materials. Examples include levulinate esters.
  • Levulinate esters esters of levulinic acid
  • furfuryl acetate is described in Zh. Prikl. Khim. (Leningrad) (1969) 42(4), 958-9, and in particular the methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl and hexyl esters.
  • WO-A-94/21753 discloses fuels for internal combustion engines, including both gasoline and diesel fuel, containing proportions (e.g. 1 to 90%v, 1 to 50%v, preferably 1 to 20%v) of esters of C ⁇ -g keto-carbonic acids, preferably levulinic acid, with C]__22 alcohols.
  • Esters with C]__g alcohols are described as being particularly suitable for inclusion in cjasolines, and esters with C9.-22 alcohols are described as being particularly suitable for inclusion in diesel fuels.
  • WO-A-03/002696 discloses a fuel composition incorporating levulinic acid, or a functional derivative thereof, with the object of providing mors oxygen by volume than ethanol or traditional oxygenates such as MTBE or ETBE, giving little or no increase in fuel Reid vapour pressure and little or no effect on the flash point of the base fuel.
  • the functional derivative is preferably an alkyl derivative, more preferably a C]__ ] _o alkyl derivative.
  • Ethyl levulinate is said to be preferred, with methyl levulinate a preferred alternative.
  • the levulinic acid or functional derivative is preferably used to form 0.1 to 5%v of the fuel.
  • Diesel fuel specifications such as ASTM D975-02 (USA) and EN590 (Europe) include limits on Cloud Point temperature in order to ensure that diesel fuel remains fluid at the lowest anticipated service temperature and that blocking of fuel filters by wax is prevented.
  • the blending of a standard commercial diesel base fuel with other fuel components, to modify the overall fuel properties and/or performance, can therefore have an adverse impact on the performance of the blend in the engines for which it is intended.
  • any diesel fuel blend it is desirable for any diesel fuel blend to have an overall specification as close as possible to that of the standard commercially available diesel base fuels for which engines tend to be optimised.
  • HSP Hildebrand Solubility Parameter
  • the Hildebrand parameter is an overall parameter, but Hansen was able to split it into three different molecular interactions, a dispersive interaction ⁇ d (non- permanent dipole-dipole interaction) , a polar interaction ⁇ p (permanent dipole) and a hydrogen bonding interaction ⁇ h, their units being (cal/ml) 1/2 or MPa :/2 , i.e.
  • ⁇ HSP 2 ( ⁇ d) 2 + ( ⁇ p) 2 + ( ⁇ h) 2 (cal/ml or MPa)
  • a co-solvent preferably an alcohol
  • ⁇ p polar interaction parameter
  • ⁇ h hydrogen bonding parameter
  • a fuel composition comprising a gas oil base fuel, an alkyl levulinate and a co-solvent, preferably an alcohol, which co-solvent has a polar interaction parameter ( ⁇ p) in the range of from 1 to 7 MPa 1 / 2 , preferably from 1.5 to 6.5 MPa 1 / 2 , more preferably from 2.5 to 6 MPa 1 / 2 , and a hydrogen bonding parameter ( ⁇ h) in the range of from 2 to 18 MPa 1 / 2 , preferably from 4 to 17 MPa 1/2 , more preferably from 6 to 16 MPa 1//2 .
  • ⁇ p polar interaction parameter
  • ⁇ h hydrogen bonding parameter
  • a method of reducing the phase separation temperature of a fuel composition comprising a gas oil base fuel and an alkyl levulinate, which method comprises incorporating in the fuel composition a co-solvent, preferably an alcohol, which co-solvent has a polar interaction parameter ( ⁇ p) in the range of from 1 to 7 MPa 1//2 , preferably from 1.5 to 6.5 MPa 1 / 2 , more preferably from 2.5 to 6 MPa 1 / 2 , and a hydrogen bonding parameter ( ⁇ h) in the range of from 2 to 18 MPa 1/2 , preferably from 4 to 17 MPa 1 / 2 , more preferably from 6 to 16 MPa 1/2 .
  • ⁇ p polar interaction parameter
  • ⁇ h hydrogen bonding parameter
  • a method of reducing the phase separation temperature of a fuel composition comprising a gas oil base fuel and an alkyl levulinate, which method comprises selecting by reference to its polar interaction parameter ( ⁇ p) and hydrogen bonding parameter ( ⁇ h) a co-solvent for which said polar interaction parameter is in the range of from 1 to 7 MPa 1 / 2 , preferably from 1.5 to 6.5 MPa 1/2 , more preferably from 2.5 to 6 MPa 1/2 , and said hydrogen bonding parameter is in the range of from 2 to 18 MPa 1/2 , preferably from 4 to 17 MPa 1/2 , more preferably from 6 to 16 MPa 1//2 , preferably an alcohol, and incorporating said selected co-solvenz in the fuel composition.
  • ⁇ p polar interaction parameter
  • ⁇ h hydrogen bonding parameter
  • a fuel composition comprising a gas oil base fuel and an alkyl levulinate of a co-solvent, preferably an alcohol, which co-solvent has a polar interaction parameter ( ⁇ p) in the range of from 1 to 7 MPa 1/2 , preferably from 1.5 to 6.5 MI?a 1/2 , more preferably from 2.5 to 6 MPa 1 ⁇ 2 , and a hydrogen bonding parameter ( ⁇ h) in the range of from 2 to 18 MPa 1/2 , preferably from 4 to 17 MPa 1/2 , more preferably from 6 to 16 MPa 1 ⁇ 2 , for the purpose of reducing the phase separation temperature of the fuel composition.
  • ⁇ p polar interaction parameter
  • ⁇ h hydrogen bonding parameter
  • a method of operating a heating appliance provided with a burner which method comprises supplying to said burner a fuel composition according to the present invention.
  • a process for the preparation of a fuel composition which process involves blending a gas oil base fuel, an alkyl levulinate and a co-solvent, preferably an alcohol, which co-solvent has a polar interaction parameter ( ⁇ p) in the range of from 1 to 7 MPa 1 / 2 , preferably from 1.5 to 6.5 MPa 1 / 2 , more preferably from 2.5 to 6 MPa 1 / 2 , and a hydrogen bonding parameter ( ⁇ h) in the range of from 2 to 18 MPa 1/2 , preferably from 4 to 17 MPa 1 / 2 , more preferably from 6 to 16 MPa 1 / 2 .
  • ⁇ p polar interaction parameter
  • ⁇ h hydrogen bonding parameter
  • said alkyl levulinate is selected from C2-8 alkyl levulinates, preferably ethyl Levulinate, n-propyl levulinate, n-butyl levulinate, n-pentyl levulinate, 2-hexyl levulinate and 2-ethyl hexyl levulinate, more preferably ethyl levulinate, n-butyl levulinate or n-pentyl levulinate, most preferably ethyl levulinate .
  • C2-8 alkyl levulinates preferably ethyl Levulinate, n-propyl levulinate, n-butyl levulinate, n-pentyl levulinate, 2-hexyl levulinate and 2-ethyl hexyl levulinate, more preferably ethyl levulinate, n-butyl levulinate or n-pentyl levulinate, most preferably ethyl levulinate
  • said co-solvent is selected from C3_g alcohols, for example isopropanol, 1-butanol, isobutanol, 3-methyl-l-butanol, 1-pentanol, 2-butoxy-ethanol (i.e. butyl oxitol) , 4-methyl-2-pentanol (i.e. methyl isobutyl carbinol), 2-ethyl hexanol and
  • 2- [2- (1-butoxy) ethoxy] ethanol i.e. butyl dioxitol
  • hydrocarbons such as toluene
  • oxygenates such as fatty acid alkyl esters, particularly rapeseed methyl ester (RME) .
  • the concentration of said co-solvents accords with one or more of the following parameters :-
  • phase separation temperature is reduced by at least 3°C, more preferably by at least 5 0 C, still more preferably by at least 10 0 C, and most preferably by at least 2O 0 C.
  • said phase separation temperature of said fuel composition is below -5 0 C, more preferably below -10 0 C, still more preferably below -2O 0 C, and most preferably below -3O 0 C.
  • blends of two or more of the alkyl levulinates may be included in the fuel composition.
  • selection of the particular components of said blends and their proportions is dependent upon one or more desired characteristics of the fuel composition.
  • the present invention may be used to formulate fuel blends which are expected to be of particular use in modern commercially available diesel engines as alternatives to the standard diesel base fuels, for instance as commercial and legislative pressures favour the use of increasing quantities of organically derived "biofuels".
  • a fuel component in a fuel composition means incorporating the component into the composition, typically as a blend (i.e. a physical mixture) with one or more other fuel components, conveniently before the composition is introduced into an engine.
  • the fuel composition will typically contain a major proportion of the base fuel, such as from 50 to 99%v, preferably from 50 to 98%v, more preferably from 80 to 98%v, most preferably from 90 to 98%v.
  • the proportions of the alkyl levulinates and co-solvents will be chosen to achieve the desired degree of irascibility, i.e. phase separation temperature, and may also be influenced by other properties required of the overall composition.
  • the fuel compositions to which the present invention relates include diesel fuels for use in automotive compression ignition engines, as well as in other types of engine such as for example marine, railroad and stationary engines, and industrial gas oils for use in heating applications (e.g. boilers).
  • the base fuel may itself comprise a mixture of two or more different diesel fuel components, and/or be additivated as described below.
  • Such diesel fuels will contain a base fuel which may typically comprise liquid hydrocarbon middle distillate gas oil(s), for instance petroleum derived gas oils.
  • a base fuel which may typically comprise liquid hydrocarbon middle distillate gas oil(s), for instance petroleum derived gas oils.
  • Such fuels will typically have boiling points within the usual diesel range of 150 to 400 0 C, depending on grade and use. They will typically have a density from 750 to
  • 900 kg/m 3 preferably from 800 to 860 kg/m 3 , at 15 0 C (e.g. ASTM D4502 or IP 365) and a cetane number (ASTM D613) of from 35 to 80, more preferably from 40 to 75. They will typically have an initial boiling point in the range 150 to 230 0 C and a final boiling point in the range 290 to 400 0 C. Their kinematic viscosity at 40 0 C (ASTM
  • D445) might suitably be from 1.5 to 4.5 rnm ⁇ /s.
  • Such industrial gas oils will contain a base fuel which may comprise fuel fractions such as the kerosene or gas oil fractions obtained in traditional refinery processes, which upgrade crude petroleum feedstock to useful products.
  • a base fuel which may comprise fuel fractions such as the kerosene or gas oil fractions obtained in traditional refinery processes, which upgrade crude petroleum feedstock to useful products.
  • fuel fractions such as the kerosene or gas oil fractions obtained in traditional refinery processes, which upgrade crude petroleum feedstock to useful products.
  • such fractions contain components having carbon numbers in the range 5 to 40, more preferably 5 to 31, yet more preferably 6 to 25, most preferably 9 to 25, and such fractions have a density at 15°C of 650 to 1000 kg/m 3 , a kinematic viscosity at 20 0 C of 1 to 80 mm 2 /s, and a boiling range of 150 to 400 0 C.
  • non-mineral oil based fuels such as vegetable oil-based or animal fat-based biofuels or Fischer-Tropsch derived fuels, may also form or be present in the fuel composition.
  • Fischer-Tropsch fuels may for example be derived from natural gas, natural gas liquids, petroleum or shale oil, petroleum or shale oil processing residues, coal or biomass.
  • the amount of Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel used in a diesel fuel composition may be from 0.5 to 100%v of the overall diesel fuel composition, preferably from 5 to 75%v. It may be desirable for the composition to contain 10%v or greater, more preferably 20%v or greater, still more preferably 30%v or greater, of the Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel. It is particularly preferred for the composition to contain 30 to 75%v, and particularly 30 or 70%v, of the Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel. The balance of the fuel composition is made up of one or more other fuels .
  • An industrial gas oil composition will preferably comprise more than 50 wt%, more preferably more than 70 wt%, of a Fischer-Tropsch derived fue] component.
  • Such a Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel component is any fraction of the middle distillate fuel range, which can be isolated from the (hydrocracked) Fischer-Tropsch synthesis product. Typical fractions will boil in the naphtha, kerosene or gas oil range. Preferably, a Fischer-Tropsch product boiling in the kerosene or gas oil range is used because these products are easier to handle in for example domestic environments . Such products will suitably comprise a fraction larger than 90 wt% which boils between 160 and 400 0 C, preferably to about 370 0 C.
  • Fischer-Tropsch derived kerosene and gas oils are described in EP-A-0583836, WO-A-97/14768, WO-A-97/14769, WO-A-00/llll ⁇ , WO-A-00/11117, WO-A-01/83406, WO-A-01/83648, WO-A-01/83647, WO-A-01/83641, WO-A-00/20535, WO-A-00/20534, EP-A-1101813, US-A-5766274, US-A-5378348, US-A-5888376 and US-A-6204426.
  • the Fischer-Tropsch product will suitably contain more than 80 wt% and more suitably more than 95 wt% iso and normal paraffins and less than 1 wt% aromatics, the balance being naphthenics compounds.
  • the content of sulphur and nitrogen will be very low and normally below the detection limits for such compounds. For this reason the sulphur content of a fuel composition containing a Fischer-Tropsch product may be very low.
  • the fuel composition preferably contains no more than 5000ppmw sulphur, more preferably no more than 500ppmw, or no more than 350ppmw, or no more than 150ppmw, or no more than lOOppmw, or no more than 50ppmw, or most preferably no more than lOppmw sulphur.
  • the fuel co ⁇ riposition of the present invention may, if required, contain one or more additives as described below.
  • the base fuel may itself be additivated (additive- containing) or unadditivated (additive-free) . If additivated, e.g. at the refinery, it will contain minor amounts of one or more additives selected for example from anti-static agents, pipeline drag reducers, flow improvers (e.g. ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers or acrylate/maleic anhydride copolymers), lubricity additives, antioxidants and wax anti-settling agents.
  • additives selected for example from anti-static agents, pipeline drag reducers, flow improvers (e.g. ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers or acrylate/maleic anhydride copolymers), lubricity additives, antioxidants and wax anti-settling agents.
  • Detergent-containing diesel fuel additives are known and commercially available. Such additives may be added to diesel fuels at levels intended to reduce, remove, or slow the build up of engine deposits.
  • detergents suitable for use in fuel additives for the present purpose include polyolefin substituted succinimides or succinamides of polyamines, for instance polyisobutylene succinimides or polyisobutylene amine succinamides, aliphatic amines, Mannich bases or amines and polyolefin (e.g. polyisobutylene) maleic anhydrides.
  • Succinimide dispersant additives are described for example in GB-A-960493, EP-A-0147240, EP-A-0482253, EP-A-0613938 , EP-A-0557516 and WO-A-98/42808.
  • Particularly preferred are polyolefin substituted succinimides such as polyisobutylene succinimides.
  • the additive may contain other components in addition to the detergent.
  • lubricity enhancers e.g. alkoxylated phenol formaldehyde polymers
  • anti-foaming agents e.g. polyether-modified polysiloxanes
  • ignition improvers cetane improvers
  • anti-rust agents e.g. 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN), cyclohexyl nitrate, di-tert-butyl peroxide and those disclosed in US-A-4208190 at column 2, line 27 to column 3, line 21
  • anti-rust agents e.g.
  • succinic acid derivative having on at least one of its alpha-carbon atoms an unsubstituted or substituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing from 20 to 500 carbon atoms, e.g. the pentaerythritol diester of polyisobutylene-substituted succinic acid) ; corrosion inhibitors; reodorants; anti-wear additives; anti-oxidants (e.g. phenolics such as
  • ⁇ -di-tert-butylphenol 2, ⁇ -di-tert-butylphenol, or phenylenediamines such as N, N ' -di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine) ; metal deactivators; and combustion improvers.
  • the additive include a lubricity enhancer, especially when the fuel composition has a low (e.g. 500 ppmw or less) sulphur content.
  • the lubricity enhancer is conveniently present at a concentration of less than 1000 ppmw, preferably between 50 and 1000 ppmw, more preferably between 100 and 1000 ppmw.
  • Suitable commercially available lubricity enhancers include ester- and acid-based additives.
  • Other lubricity enhancers are described in the patent literature, in particular in connection with their use in low sulphur content diesel fuels, for example in:
  • the additive contain an anti-foaming agent, more preferably in combination with an anti-rust agent and/or a corrosion inhibitor and/or a lubricity additive.
  • the (active matter) concentration of each such additional component in the additivated fuel composition is preferably up to 10000 ppmw, more preferably in the range from 0.1 to 1000 ppmw, advantageously from 0.1 to 300 ppmw, such as from 0.1 to 150 ppmw.
  • the (active matter) concentration of any dehazer in the fuel composition will preferably be in the range from 0.1 to 20 ppmw, more preferably from 1 to 15 ppmw, still more preferably from 1 to 10 ppmw, advantageously from 1 to 5 ppmw.
  • the (active matter) concentration of any ignition improver present will preferably be 2600 ppmw or less, more preferably 2000 ppmw or less, conveniently from 300 to 1500 ppmw.
  • the additive components may be co-mixed, preferably together with suitable diluent (s), in an additive concentrate, and the additive concentrate may be dispersed into the fuel, in suitable quantity to result in a composition of the present invention.
  • the additive will typically contain a detergent, optionally together with other components as described above, and a diesel fuel-compatible diluent, which may be a carrier oil (e.g. a mineral oil), a polyether, which may be capped or uncapped, a non-polar solvent such as toluene, xylene, white spirits and those sold by Shell companies under the trade mark "SHELLSOL' ' ', and/or a polar solvent such as an ester and, in particular, an alcohol, e.g.
  • a carrier oil e.g. a mineral oil
  • a polyether which may be capped or uncapped
  • a non-polar solvent such as toluene, xylene, white spirits and those sold by Shell companies under the trade mark "SHELLSOL' ' '
  • a polar solvent such as an ester and, in particular, an alcohol, e.g.
  • hexanol 2-ethylhexanol, decanol, isotridecanol and alcohol mixtures such as those sold by Shell companies under the trade mark "LINEVOL", especially LINEVOL 79 alcohol which is a mixture of C7.-9 primary alcohols, or a C ] _2-14 alcohol mixture which is commercially available.
  • LINEVOL especially LINEVOL 79 alcohol which is a mixture of C7.-9 primary alcohols, or a C ] _2-14 alcohol mixture which is commercially available.
  • the total content of the additives may be suitably between 0 and 10000 ppmw and preferably below 5000 ppmw.
  • the alkyl levulinate concentration in the fuel composition accords with one or more of the following parameters :-
  • amounts (concentrations, %v, ppmw, wt%) of components are of active matter, i.e. exclusive of volatile solvents/diluent materials.
  • the present invention is particularly applicable where the fuel composition is used or intended to be used in a direct injection diesel engine, for example of the rotary pump, in-line pump, unit pump, electronic unit injector or common rail type, or in an indirect injection diesel engine.
  • the fuel composition may be suitable for use in heavy and/or light duty diesel engines.
  • boilers include standard boilers, low temperature boilers and condensing boilers, and are typically used for heating water for commercial or domestic applications such as space heating and water heating .
  • the present invention may lead to an/ of a number of advantageous effects, including good engne low temperature performance.
  • Fuel A was a Dreyfuss ULSD, a hydrotreated AGO having a cloud point of -27 0 C and an aromatics content of 22%m; and (2) Fuel B was a Swedish Class 1 AGO, which is a low density, low aromatics (4%m) diesel fuel with a cloud point of -38 0 C. Both base fuels met the EN590 specification.
  • the miscibility of the ethyl levulinate was measured using a method based on the ASTM D2500 "Cloud Point" procedure.
  • a sample of fuel 40 ml
  • ambient temperature (20 0 C)
  • thermostat baths maintained at progressively lower temperatures.
  • the sample is examined at 1°C intervals as it cools to its wax cloud point.
  • a further two temperatures were recorded coinciding with the following observations, if they occurred:

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une composition combustible comprenant un combustible de base au gasoil, un lévulinate d'alkyle et un cosolvant, de préférence un alcool, possédant un paramètre d'interaction polaire (dp) compris entre 1 et 7 MPa1/2 et un paramètre de liaison hydrogène (dh) compris entre 2 et 18 MPa1/2.
PCT/EP2006/064397 2005-07-25 2006-07-19 Compositions combustibles WO2007012586A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP06777845A EP1907514A1 (fr) 2005-07-25 2006-07-19 Compositions combustibles
CA002616082A CA2616082A1 (fr) 2005-07-25 2006-07-19 Compositions combustibles

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP05254627.2 2005-07-25
EP05254627 2005-07-25

Publications (1)

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WO2007012586A1 true WO2007012586A1 (fr) 2007-02-01

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PCT/EP2006/064397 WO2007012586A1 (fr) 2005-07-25 2006-07-19 Compositions combustibles

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US (1) US20070094919A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1907514A1 (fr)
AR (1) AR055995A1 (fr)
CA (1) CA2616082A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2007012586A1 (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2583696A3 (fr) * 2011-10-20 2013-06-12 International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. Agents contre les mauvaises odeurs de réactifs faiblement volatils et leurs procédés d'utilisation
KR101561894B1 (ko) 2012-08-10 2015-10-20 센주긴조쿠고교 가부시키가이샤 고온 납 프리 땜납 합금
US10226544B2 (en) 2015-06-05 2019-03-12 International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. Malodor counteracting compositions

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KR101561894B1 (ko) 2012-08-10 2015-10-20 센주긴조쿠고교 가부시키가이샤 고온 납 프리 땜납 합금
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AR055995A1 (es) 2007-09-12
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US20070094919A1 (en) 2007-05-03

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