WO2007003964A1 - G-protein coupled receptor agonists - Google Patents

G-protein coupled receptor agonists Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007003964A1
WO2007003964A1 PCT/GB2006/050182 GB2006050182W WO2007003964A1 WO 2007003964 A1 WO2007003964 A1 WO 2007003964A1 GB 2006050182 W GB2006050182 W GB 2006050182W WO 2007003964 A1 WO2007003964 A1 WO 2007003964A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
pharmaceutically acceptable
alkyl
acceptable salt
substituted
compound according
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2006/050182
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Oscar Barba
Stuart Edward Bradley
Matthew Colin Thor Fyfe
Lisa Sarah Bertram
William Gattrell
Martin James Procter
Chrystelle Marie Rasamison
Simon Andrew Swain
Original Assignee
Prosidion Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GB0513276A external-priority patent/GB0513276D0/en
Priority claimed from GB0612897A external-priority patent/GB0612897D0/en
Priority to US11/922,826 priority Critical patent/US20090203676A1/en
Priority to MX2007016545A priority patent/MX2007016545A/en
Priority to EP06744362A priority patent/EP1909791A1/en
Priority to BRPI0612599-9A priority patent/BRPI0612599A2/en
Application filed by Prosidion Limited filed Critical Prosidion Limited
Priority to CA002613236A priority patent/CA2613236A1/en
Priority to NZ564758A priority patent/NZ564758A/en
Priority to JP2008520009A priority patent/JP2008545010A/en
Priority to AU2006264651A priority patent/AU2006264651A1/en
Publication of WO2007003964A1 publication Critical patent/WO2007003964A1/en
Priority to NO20080052A priority patent/NO20080052L/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
    • A61K31/4523—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/4545—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a six-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pipamperone, anabasine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/496—Non-condensed piperazines containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. rifampin, thiothixene
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
    • C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D211/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D211/18—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D211/20—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulphur atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
    • C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D211/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D211/18—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D211/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by nitrogen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D413/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
    • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D487/08—Bridged systems

Definitions

  • the present invention is directed to G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists.
  • GPCR G-protein coupled receptor
  • the present invention is directed to GPCR agonists that are useful for the treatment of obesity, e.g. as regulators of satiety, and for the treatment of diabetes.
  • Obesity is characterized by an excessive adipose tissue mass relative to body size.
  • body fat mass is estimated by the body mass index (BMI; weight(kg)/height(m) 2 ), or waist circumference.
  • BMI body mass index
  • Individuals are considered obese when the BMI is greater than 30 and there are established medical consequences of being overweight. It has been an accepted medical view for some time that an increased body weight, especially as a result of abdominal body fat, is associated with an increased risk for diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and numerous other health complications, such as arthritis, stroke, gallbladder disease, muscular and respiratory problems, back pain and even certain cancers.
  • Drugs aimed at the pathophysiology associated with insulin dependent Type I diabetes and non-insulin dependent Type II diabetes have many potential side effects and do not adequately address the dyslipidaemia and hyperglycaemia in a high proportion of patients. Treatment is often focused at individual patient needs using diet, exercise, hypoglycaemic agents and insulin, but there is a continuing need for novel antidiabetic agents, particularly ones that may be better tolerated with fewer adverse effects.
  • metabolic syndrome which is characterized by hypertension and its associated pathologies including atherosclerosis, lipidemia, hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia have been associated with decreased insulin sensitivity which can lead to abnormal blood sugar levels when challenged.
  • Myocardial ischemia and microvascular disease is an established morbidity associated with untreated or poorly controlled metabolic syndrome.
  • GPRl 19 (previously referred to as GPRl 16) is a GPCR identified as SNORF25 in WO00/50562 which discloses both the human and rat receptors, US 6,468,756 also discloses the mouse receptor (accession numbers: AAN95194 (human), AAN95195 (rat) and ANN95196 (mouse)).
  • GPRl 19 is expressed in the pancreas, small intestine, colon and adipose tissue.
  • the expression profile of the human GPRl 19 receptor indicates its potential utility as a target for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
  • (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are agonists of GPRl 19 and are useful for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of obesity and diabetes.
  • the present invention is directed to a compound of formula (I):
  • Z represents an aryl, heteroaryl, -Ci -4 alkylaryl or -Ci -4 alkylheteroaryl group, any of which may optionally be substituted by one or more groups selected from halogen, Ci -4 alkyl, OR 9 , NR 3 R 4 , S(O) n R 9 , S(O) 2 NR 9 R 99 , C(O)NR 9 R 99 , NR 10 C(O)R 9 , NR 10 C(O)NR 9 R 99 , NR 10 SO 2 R 9 , C(O)R 9 , C(O)OR 9 , -P(O)(CH 3 ) 2 , NO 2 , cyano or -(CH 2 )J-C 3-7 cycloalkyl, -(CH 2 ) r aryl, -(CH 2 ) r heterocyclyl, -(CH 2 ) r heteroaryl, any of which cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycl
  • Ci -4 alkylene chain represents a branched or unbranched Ci -4 alkylene chain or Ci -4 alkenylene chain, either of which may optionally be substituted by one or more groups selected from halogen, hydroxy or oxo, and wherein one CH 2 group may be replaced by O or NR 8 , provided that the group >A 2 -B- does not contain any direct N-O, N-C-O, N-N, N-C-N or N-C-halogen bonds;
  • G represents CHR 2 or NR 1 ;
  • R 1 is C(O)OR 5 , C(O)R 5 , S(O) 2 R 5 , C(O)NR 5 R 8 , Ci -4 alkylene-C(O)OR 5 , C(O)C(O)OR 5 , or P(O)(O-Ph) 2 ; or heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, either of which may optionally be substituted by one or two groups selected from Ci -4 alkyl, Ci -4 alkoxy or halogen; R 2 is C 3 _ 6 alkyl;
  • R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen, methoxy, Ci -4 alkyl, which may optionally be substituted by halo (e.g. fluoro), hydroxy, Ci -4 alkyloxy-, aryloxy-, arylCi -4 alkyloxy-, Ci -4 alkylS(O) n -, C 3-7 heterocyclyl, -C(O)OR 14 or N(R 10 ) 2 ; or may be C 3-7 cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, wherein the cyclic groups may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci -4 alkyl, Ci -4 fluoroalkyl, OR 13 , CN, SO 2 CH 3 , N(R 10 ) 2 and NO 2 ; or taken together R 3 and R 4 may form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted by hydroxy, Ci -4 alkyl or Ci -4 hydroxyalkyl and optionally
  • R 5 and R 55 are independently Ci -8 alkyl, C 2-8 alkenyl or C 2-8 alkynyl, any of which may be optionally substituted by one or more halo atoms, NR 6 R 66 , OR 6 , C(O)OR 6 , OC(O)R 6 or cyano, and may contain a CH 2 group that is replaced by O or S; or a C 3-7 cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, Ci -4 alkylenearyl, or Ci -4 alkyleneheteroaryl, any of which may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci -4 alkyl, Ci -4 fluoroalkyl, OR 7 , CN, NR 7 R 77 , SO 2 Me, NO 2 or C(O)OR 7 ;
  • R 6 , R 66 , R 7 , and R 77 each independently are hydrogen or or, taken together, R 6 and R 66 or R 7 and R 77 may independently form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring;
  • R 8 hydrogen or
  • R 9 and R 99 are independently hydrogen, methoxy, Ci -4 alkyl, which may optionally be substituted by halo (e.g. fluoro), hydroxy, Ci -4 alkoxy-, -aryloxy-, arylCi -4 alkyloxy-, C 3-7 heterocyclyl, -C(O)OR 14 or N(R 10 ) 2 ; or may be C 3-7 cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, wherein the cyclic groups may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci -4 alkyl, Ci -4 fluoroalkyl, OR 13 , CN, SO 2 CH 3 , N(R 10 ) 2 and NO 2 ; or taken together R 9 and R 99 may form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted by hydroxy, Ci -4 alkyl or Ci -4 hydroxyalkyl and optionally containing a further heteroatom selected from O and NR 10 ;
  • R 10 is hydrogen, Ci -4 alkyl; or a group N(R 10 ) 2 may form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclic ring optionally containing a further heteroatom selected from O and NR 10 ;
  • R 11 is hydrogen or hydroxy, or when B represents and there is a point of unsaturation adjacent to CR 11 then R 11 is absent;
  • R 12 is each independently hydroxy, oxo, methyl; or two R 12 groups may form a bridging methylene;
  • R 13 is hydrogen, Ci -2 alkyl or Ci -2 fluoroalkyl
  • R 14 is hydrogen or Ci -4 alkyl; x is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and y is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; with the proviso that x + y is 2, 3, 4 or 5.
  • the molecular weight of the compounds of formula (I) is preferably less than 800, more preferably less than 600, even more preferably less than 500.
  • Z represents an aryl or heteroaryl group, either of which may optionally be substituted by one or more groups selected from halogen, NR 3 R 4 , S(O) 1n R 9 , S(O) 2 NR 9 R 99 C(O)NR 9 R 99 , C(O)R 9 , C(O)OR 9 , aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl or cyano; or C ⁇ alkyl, C 2 - 4 alkenyl, or C 2 ⁇ alkynyl any of which three may optionally be substituted by one or more halogen, hydroxy, NR 3 R 4 , oxo or one of Ai and A 2 is N, and the other is CH or N; d is 0, 1, 2, or 3; e is 1 or 2; with the proviso that d + e is 2, 3, 4 or 5, and that if Ai and A 2 are both N, d is 2 or 3 and e is 2; m is 1, 2 or 3;
  • G represents CHR 2 or NR 1 ;
  • R 1 is C(O)OR 5 , C(O)R 5 , S(O) 2 R 5 , C(O)NR 5 R 8 , Ci -4 alkylene-C(O)OR 5 , C(O)C(O)OR 5 , S(O) 2 R 5 , C(O)R 5 or P(O)(O-Ph) 2 ; or heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, either of which may optionally be substituted by one or two groups selected from Ci -4 alkyl, Ci -4 alkoxy or halogen;
  • R 2 is C 3 _ 6 alkyl
  • R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen, C 3 _ 7 cycloalkyl, or aryl, which may optionally be substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from halo, cyano, and S(O) 2 Me; or, taken together, R 4 and R 44 may form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring;
  • R 5 and R 55 are independently Ci -8 alkyl, C 2-8 alkenyl or C 2-8 alkynyl, any of which may be optionally substituted by one or more halo atoms, NR 6 R 66 , OR 6 , C(O)OR 6 , OC(O)R 6 or cyano, and may contain a CH 2 group that is replaced by O or S; or a C 3-7 cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, Ci -4 alkylenearyl, or Ci -4 alkyleneheteroaryl, any of which may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci -4 alkyl, Ci -4 fluoroalkyl, OR 7 , CN, NR 7 R 77 , SO 2 Me, NO 2 or C(O)OR 7 ;
  • R 6 , R 66 , R 7 , and R 77 each independently are hydrogen or or, taken together, R 6 and R 66 or R 7 and R 77 may independently form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring;
  • R 8 hydrogen or
  • R 9 and R 99 are independently hydrogen, Ci -4 alkyl, which may optionally be substituted by halo (e.g. fluoro), hydroxy, Ci -4 alkyloxy-, Ci -4 alkylthio-, C 3-7 heterocyclyl or N(R 10 ) 2 ; or may be C 3-7 cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, wherein the cyclic groups may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci -4 alkyl, Ci -4 fluoroalkyl, OR 9 , CN, SO 2 CH 3 , N(R 10 ) 2 and NO 2 ; x is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and y is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; with the proviso that x + y is 2, 3, 4 or 5.
  • halo e.g. fluoro
  • Exemplary aryl groups which Z may represent include phenyl and naphthalenyl (either of which may be optionally substituted as described above), in particular phenyl.
  • Exemplary heteroaryl groups which Z may represent include 5 membered monocyclic rings, 6 membered monocyclic rings, 8 membered bicyclic rings, 9 membered bicyclic rings and 10 membered bicyclic rings (any of which may be optionally substituted as described above), in particular 6 membered monocyclic rings (such as those containing one or two nitrogen atoms).
  • Z is a heteroaryl or -Ci -4 alkylheteroaryl group it will typically contain up to four heteroatoms selected from O, N and S.
  • Z is preferably phenyl or 6-membered heteroaryl preferably containing one nitrogen atom.
  • Z is a substituted phenyl or a 6-membered heteroaryl group containing one nitrogen atom it is preferably substituted by up to 3 substituents preferably in the meta and para positions.
  • Preferred groups by which Z may be substituted include S(O) n R 9 e.g. SOMe or SO 2 Me, C(O)NR 9 R", NR 10 C(O)NR 9 R 99 , 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, halogen e.g. fluoro or chloro, Ci -4 alkyl e.g. methyl and cyano.
  • G is preferably NR 1 .
  • R 1 is preferably C(O)OR 5 , C(O)NR 5 R 8 , Ci -4 alkylene-C(O)OR 5 , C(O)C(O)OR 5 , heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, S(O) 2 R 5 , C(O)R 5 or P(O)(O-Ph) 2 ; especially C(O)OR 5 , C(O)NR 5 R 8 , Ci- 4 alkyl-C(O)OR 5 , heteroaryl, S(O) 2 R 5 or C(O)R 5 ; in particular C(O)OR 5 , C(O)NR 5 R 8 , heteroaryl, S(O) 2 R 5 or C(O)R 5 .
  • R 1 is C(O)OR 5 , C(O)NR 5 R 8 or heteroaryl.
  • R 1 is most preferably COOR 5 .
  • the heteroaryl ring is preferably a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl ring, for example pyrimidinyl, especially pyrimidin-2-yl.
  • R 5 represents Ci -8 alkyl, C 2-8 alkenyl or C 2-8 alkynyl optionally substituted by one or more halo atoms or cyano, and which may contain a CH 2 group that is replaced by O or S; or a C 3-7 cycloalkyl, aryl or cycloalkyl, any of which may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci -4 alkyl, Ci -4 fluoroalkyl, OR 7 , CN, NR 7 R 77 , NO 2 and C(O)OCi -4 alkyl.
  • R 5 represents Ci -8 alkyl, C 2-8 alkenyl or C 2-8 alkynyl optionally substituted by one or more halo atoms or cyano, and which may contain a CH 2 group that is replaced by O or S; or a C 3-7 cycloalkyl or aryl, either of which may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci -4 alkyl, Ci -4 fluoroalkyl, OR 7 , CN, NR 7 R 77 , NO 2 and C(O)OCi -4 alkyl.
  • R 5 groups are C 3-5 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more halo atoms or cyano, and may contain a CH 2 group that is replaced by O or S; or C 3-5 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by Ci -4 alkyl. In one embodiment of the invention the group represented by R 5 is unsubstituted.
  • x + y is 2, 3, or 4. In a preferred embodiment of the invention x and y each represent 1. In a more preferred embodiment of the invention x and y each represent 2.
  • B represents a branched or unbranched Ci -4 alkylene which may optionally be substituted by one or more groups selected from halogen, hydroxy or oxo.
  • B represents a branched or unbranched Ci -4 alkenylene which may optionally be substituted by one or more groups selected from halogen, hydroxy or oxo.
  • substituent groups e.g. 1 or 2.
  • Ai and A 2 represent N.
  • Ai represents N and and A 2 represents CH.
  • Ai represents CH and and A 2 represents N.
  • a subgroup of compounds of formula (I) of are those of formula (Ib):
  • a 2 is N or CH; when A 2 is N, Y is CH 2 ; when A 2 is CH, Y is O or NR 8 ;
  • W is a branched or unbranched Ci -3 alkylene chain or Ci -3 alkenylene chain, either of which may optionally be substituted by one or more groups selected from halogen, hydroxy or oxo; one of R a , R b and R c is selected from S(O) n R 9 , S(O) 2 NR 9 R 99 , C(O)NR 9 R 99 , NR 10 C(O)NR 9 R 99 and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, and the other two of R a , R b and R c are selected from hydrogen, halogen, Ci -4 alkyl and cyano; and
  • R 1 is C(O)OR 5 , C(O)NR 5 R 8 or 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl.
  • the H may be replaced by one of the substituents listed above for R a , R b and R c .
  • one of E 1 or E 2 is preferably N.
  • preferred compounds of this invention include those in which several or each variable in formulae (I), (Ia) and (Ib) is selected from the preferred, more preferred or particularly listed groups for each variable. Therefore, this invention is intended to include all combinations of preferred, more preferred and particularly listed groups.
  • provisos may optionally be used (individually or in any combination) to exclude certain compounds from the scope of the invention: i) when G represents N-C(O)O-tert-butyl; B represents an ethylene group; Ai and A 2 each represent N; d, e, x, and y each represent 2; R 11 represents H; k represents O; suitably Z does not represent:
  • G represents N-(naphthylen-l-ylsulphonyl-); B represents an ethylene group; Ai and A 2 each represent N, or Ai represents CH and A 2 represents N; d and e each represent 2; x represents 0; y represents 4; R 11 represents H; k represents 0; suitably Z does not represent phenyl, pyridine-2-yl-, 2-methylphenyl-, 4-trifluoromethylphenyl- or 3-trifluoromethylphenyl.
  • G when G represents N-(4-trifluoromethylphenylsulphonyl-); B represents a methylene group; Ai represents CH and A 2 represents N; d, e, x and y each represent 2; R 11 represents H; k represents 0; suitably Z does not represent pyridine-5-yl-.
  • Z when Z represents 2-methoxyphenyl-; B represents a methylene group; Ai and A 2 represent N; d and e each represent 2; x represents 1 and y represents 3, or x represents 2 and y represents 2 ; R 11 represents H; k represents 0; suitably G does not represent N-C(O)-phenyl or N-C(O)-cyclohexyl.
  • B represents a methylene group
  • Ai and A 2 represent N
  • d and e each represent 2
  • x represents 1 and y represents 3, or x represents 2 and y represents 2
  • R 11 represents H
  • k represents 0
  • Z represents 3-(dimethylamino)phenyl-, 3-(acetamido)phenyl-, 2- methoxyphenyl-, pyrid-2-yl, suitably G does not represent N-(4-methylphenylsulphonyl-), N-(4- fluorophenylsulphonyl-) or N-(cyclohexylmethanesulphonyl-).
  • alkyl as well as other groups having the prefix “alk” such as, for example, alkenyl, alkynyl, and the like, means carbon chains which may be linear or branched or combinations thereof. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec- and tert-b ⁇ tyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl and the like. "Alkenyl”, “alkynyl” and other like terms include carbon chains having at least one unsaturated carbon- carbon bond.
  • fluoroalkyl includes alkyl groups substituted by one or more fluorine atoms, e.g. CH 2 F, CHF 2 and CF 3 .
  • cycloalkyl means carbocycles containing no heteroatoms, and includes monocyclic and bicyclic saturated and partially saturated carbocycles.
  • examples of cycloalkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl.
  • Examples of partially saturated cycloalkyl groups include cyclohexene and indane. Cycloalkyl groups will typically contain 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms in total (e.g. 3 to 6, or 8 to 10).
  • halo includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine atoms (in particular fluorine or chlorine).
  • aryl includes phenyl and naphthyl, in particular phenyl.
  • heterocyclyl and “heterocyclic ring” includes 4- to 10-membered monocyclic and bicyclic saturated rings, e.g. 4- to 7-membered monocyclic saturated rings, containing up to three heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.
  • heterocyclic rings examples include oxetane, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, oxepane, oxocane, thietane, tetrahydrothiophene, tetrahydrothiopyran, thiepane, thiocane, azetidine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, azepane, azocane, [l,3]dioxane, oxazolidine, piperazine, and the like.
  • Other examples of heterocyclic rings include the oxidised forms of the sulfur-containing rings.
  • tetrahydrothiophene 1 -oxide tetrahydrothiophene 1,1 -dioxide
  • tetrahydrothiopyran 1 -oxide tetrahydrothiopyran 1,1 -dioxide
  • tetrahydrothiopyran 1,1 -dioxide tetrahydrothiophene 1,1 -dioxide
  • heteroaryl includes mono- and bicyclic 5- to 10- membered, e.g. monocyclic 5- or 6-membered, heteroaryl rings containing up to 4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.
  • heteroaryl rings are furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl and triazinyl.
  • Bicyclic heteroaryl groups include bicyclic heteroaromatic groups where a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl ring is fused to a phenyl or another heteroaromatic group.
  • bicyclic heteroaromatic rings are benzofuran, benzothiophene, indole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, indazole, benzimidazole, benzotriazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline and purine.
  • Preferred heteroaryl groups are monocyclic 5- or 6-membered, heteroaryl rings containing up to 4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.
  • Compounds described herein may contain one or more asymmetric centers and may thus give rise to diastereomers and optical isomers.
  • the present invention includes all such possible diastereomers as well as their racemic mixtures, their substantially pure resolved enantiomers, all possible geometric isomers, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • the above formula (I) is shown without a definitive stereochemistry at certain positions.
  • the present invention includes all stereoisomers of formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Further, mixtures of stereoisomers as well as isolated specific stereoisomers are also included. During the course of the synthetic procedures used to prepare such compounds, or in using racemization or epimerization procedures known to those skilled in the art, the products of such procedures can be a mixture of stereoisomers.
  • the present invention includes any possible tautomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and mixtures thereof, except where specifically drawn or stated otherwise.
  • the invention includes all keto and enol forms which may be encompassed by the definition of B.
  • the compound of formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof exist in the form of solvates or polymorphic forms
  • the present invention includes any possible solvates and polymorphic forms.
  • a type of a solvent that forms the solvate is not particularly limited so long as the solvent is pharmacologically acceptable. For example, water, ethanol, propanol, acetone or the like can be used.
  • salts refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases or acids.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases including inorganic bases and organic bases.
  • Salts derived from such inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium, calcium, copper (ic and ous), ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc and the like salts. Particularly preferred are the ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium salts.
  • Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, as well as cyclic amines and substituted amines such as naturally occurring and synthesized substituted amines.
  • organic non-toxic bases from which salts can be formed include arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N'JF- dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine, tromethamine and the like.
  • the compound of the present invention When the compound of the present invention is basic, its corresponding salt can be conveniently prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids, including inorganic and organic acids.
  • acids include, for example, acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, p-toluenesulfonic acid and the like
  • the compounds of formula (I) are intended for pharmaceutical use they are preferably provided in substantially pure form, for example at least 60% pure, more suitably at least 75% pure, especially at least 98% pure (% are on a weight for weight basis).
  • the compounds of formula (I) can be prepared as described below, wherein the groups Z, A 1 , A 2 , R 11 , R 12 , d, e, m, x, y, and G are as defined above.
  • Compounds of formula (I) may be prepared from amine 4 and compound 5 where L is a leaving group such as mesylate/tosylate/halide with triethylamine, DIPEA or potassium carbonate. Where R 12 is oxo and adjacent to A 2 , sodium hydride is used as the base.
  • compounds of formula 17 may be reacted with sulfonyl chlorides, carboxylic acid chlorides, and carbamyl chlorides Cl-R 1 , which are generally commercially available or can readily be synthesised, in a suitable solvent, such as CH 2 Cl 2 , in the presence of a suitable base, such as triethylamine, to afford compounds of formula (I) where R 1 is S(O) 2 R 5 , C(O)R 5 , and C(O)NR 5 R 8 , respectively.
  • compounds of formula (I) in which R 1 is heteroaryl may be prepared by reacting the amine 12 with the appropriate heteroaryl chloride or bromide under Pd(O) catalysis in the presence of a suitable ligand and base (Urgaonkar, S.; Hu, J.-H.; Verkade, J. G. J. Org. Chent. 2003, 68, 8416-8423).
  • compounds of the formula (I) where R 1 is heteroaryl may be prepared by condensation of amine 17 with a heteroaryl chloride in the presence of base (Barillari, C. et al. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 4737-4741; Birch, A. M. et al. J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 3342-3355).
  • Z is cyanoaryl further modification may be carried out by treatment with hydroxylamine to give the amidoxime which can be condensed with acids to give oxadiazole examples.
  • Z is the methylthioaryl further modification may be carried out by oxidation of the sulfide to the sulfoxide and sulfone, N-oxides can be isolated as a by-product of the sulfone oxidation.
  • the compounds of formula (I) may be prepared singly or as compound libraries comprising at least 2, for example 5 to 1,000, compounds and more preferably 10 to 100 compounds of formula (I).
  • Compound libraries may be prepared by a combinatorial "split and mix” approach or by multiple parallel synthesis using either solution or solid phase chemistry, using procedures known to those skilled in the art.
  • labile functional groups in the intermediate compounds e.g. hydroxy, carboxy and amino groups
  • the protecting groups may be removed at any stage in the synthesis of the compounds of formula (I) or may be present on the final compound of formula (I).
  • a comprehensive discussion of the ways in which various labile functional groups may be protected and methods for cleaving the resulting protected derivatives is given in, for example, Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, T.W. Greene and P.G.M. Wuts, (1991) Wiley-Interscience, New York, 2 nd edition. Any novel intermediates, such as those defined above, may be of use in the synthesis of formula (I) and are therefore also included within the scope of the invention, for example compounds of formula 12:
  • the compounds of formula (I) are useful as GPRl 19 agonists, e.g. for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of obesity and diabetes.
  • the compounds of formula (I) will generally be administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the invention also provides a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use as a pharmaceutical.
  • the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I), in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • composition is comprised of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a non-toxic therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of disease by modulating GPRl 19, resulting in the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of obesity, e.g. by regulating satiety, or for the treatment of diabetes, comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a non-toxic therapeutically effective amount of compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • compositions may optionally comprise other therapeutic ingredients or adjuvants.
  • the compositions include compositions suitable for oral, rectal, topical, and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous) administration, although the most suitable route in any given case will depend on the particular host, and nature and severity of the conditions for which the active ingredient is being administered.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be conveniently presented in unit dosage form and prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy.
  • the compounds of formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof can be combined as the active ingredient in intimate admixture with a pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques.
  • the carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration, e.g. oral or parenteral (including intravenous).
  • compositions can be presented as discrete units suitable for oral administration such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient. Further, the compositions can be presented as a powder, as granules, as a solution, as a suspension in an aqueous liquid, as a non-aqueous liquid, as an oil-in- water emulsion, or as a water-in-oil liquid emulsion.
  • the compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may also be administered by controlled release means and/or delivery devices.
  • the compositions may be prepared by any of the methods of pharmacy.
  • such methods include a step of bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier that constitutes one or more necessary ingredients.
  • the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately admixing the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both. The product can then be conveniently shaped into the desired presentation.
  • the compounds of formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, can also be included in pharmaceutical compositions in combination with one or more other therapeutically active compounds.
  • the pharmaceutical carrier employed can be, for example, a solid, liquid, or gas.
  • solid carriers include lactose, terra alba, sucrose, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia, magnesium stearate, and stearic acid.
  • liquid carriers are sugar syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, and water.
  • gaseous carriers include carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
  • oral liquid preparations such as suspensions, elixirs and solutions
  • carriers such as starches, sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents, and the like may be used to form oral solid preparations such as powders, capsules and tablets.
  • oral solid preparations such as powders, capsules and tablets.
  • tablets and capsules are the preferred oral dosage units whereby solid pharmaceutical carriers are employed.
  • tablets may be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueous techniques.
  • a tablet containing the composition of this invention may be prepared by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients or adjuvants.
  • Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing, in a suitable machine, the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, surface active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine, a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
  • Each tablet preferably contains from about 0.05mg to about 5g of the active ingredient and each cachet or capsule preferably containing from about 0.05mg to about 5g of the active ingredient.
  • a formulation intended for the oral administration to humans may contain from about 0.5mg to about 5g of active agent, compounded with an appropriate and convenient amount of carrier material which may vary from about 5 to about 95 percent of the total composition.
  • Unit dosage forms will generally contain between from about lmg to about 2g of the active ingredient, typically 25mg, 50mg, lOOmg, 200mg, 300mg, 400mg, 500mg, 600mg, 800mg, or lOOOmg.
  • compositions of the present invention suitable for parenteral administration may be prepared as solutions or suspensions of the active compounds in water.
  • a suitable surfactant can be included such as, for example, hydroxypropylcellulose.
  • Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereof in oils. Further, a preservative can be included to prevent the detrimental growth of microorganisms.
  • compositions of the present invention suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions.
  • the compositions can be in the form of sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of such sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.
  • the final injectable form must be sterile and must be effectively fluid for easy syringability.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage; thus, preferably should be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
  • the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (e.g. glycerol, propylene glycol and liquid polyethylene glycol), vegetable oils, and suitable mixtures thereof.
  • compositions of the present invention can be in a form suitable for topical use such as, for example, an aerosol, cream, ointment, lotion, dusting powder, or the like. Further, the compositions can be in a form suitable for use in transdermal devices. These formulations may be prepared, using a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, via conventional processing methods. As an example, a cream or ointment is prepared by admixing hydrophilic material and water, together with about 5wt% to about 10wt% of the compound, to produce a cream or ointment having a desired consistency. Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be in a form suitable for rectal administration wherein the carrier is a solid.
  • the mixture forms unit dose suppositories.
  • Suitable carriers include cocoa butter and other materials commonly used in the art.
  • the suppositories may be conveniently formed by first admixing the composition with the softened or melted carrier(s) followed by chilling and shaping in molds.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations described above may include, as appropriate, one or more additional carrier ingredients such as diluents, buffers, flavoring agents, binders, surface-active agents, thickeners, lubricants, preservatives (including anti-oxidants) and the like.
  • additional carrier ingredients such as diluents, buffers, flavoring agents, binders, surface-active agents, thickeners, lubricants, preservatives (including anti-oxidants) and the like.
  • additional carrier ingredients such as diluents, buffers, flavoring agents, binders, surface-active agents, thickeners, lubricants, preservatives (including anti-oxidants) and the like.
  • additional carrier ingredients such as diluents, buffers, flavoring agents, binders, surface-active agents, thickeners, lubricants, preservatives (including anti-oxidants) and the like.
  • other adjuvants can be included to render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient
  • dosage levels on the order of 0.01mg/kg to about 150mg/kg of body weight per day are useful in the treatment of the above-indicated conditions, or alternatively about 0.5mg to about 7g per patient per day.
  • obesity may be effectively treated by the administration of from about 0.01 to 50mg of the compound per kilogram of body weight per day, or alternatively about 0.5mg to about 3.5g per patient per day.
  • the compounds of formula (I) may be used in the treatment of diseases or conditions in which GPRl 19 plays a role.
  • the invention also provides a method for the treatment of a disease or condition in which GPRl 19 plays a role comprising a step of administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Diseases or conditions in which GPRl 19 plays a role include obesity and diabetes.
  • the treatment of obesity is intended to encompass the treatment of diseases or conditions such as obesity and other eating disorders associated with excessive food intake e.g. by reduction of appetite and body weight, maintenance of weight reduction and prevention of rebound and diabetes (including Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and diabetic complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, cataracts, cardiovascular complications and dyslipidaemia).
  • the compounds of the invention may also be used for treating metabolic diseases such as metabolic syndrome (syndrome X), impaired glucose tolerance, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL levels and hypertension.
  • the compounds of the invention may offer advantages over compounds acting via different mechanisms for the treatment of the above mentioned disorders in that they may offer beta-cell protection, increased cAMP and insulin secretion and also slow gastric emptying.
  • the invention also provides a method for the regulation of satiety comprising a step of administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the invention also provides a method for the treatment of obesity comprising a step of administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the invention also provides a method for the treatment of diabetes, including Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes, comprising a step of administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the invention also provides a method for the treatment of metabolic syndrome (syndrome X), impaired glucose tolerance, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL levels or hypertension comprising a step of administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • metabolic syndrome sekunder X
  • impaired glucose tolerance hyperlipidemia
  • hypertriglyceridemia hypercholesterolemia
  • low HDL levels or hypertension comprising a step of administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the invention also provides a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the treatment of a condition as defined above.
  • the invention also provides the use of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a condition as defined above.
  • treatment includes both therapeutic and prophylactic treatment.
  • the compounds of formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, may be administered alone or in combination with one or more other therapeutically active compounds.
  • the other therapeutically active compounds may be for the treatment of the same disease or condition as the compounds of formula (I) or a different disease or condition.
  • the therapeutically active compounds may be administered simultaneously, sequentially or separately.
  • the compounds of formula (I) may be administered with other active compounds for the treatment of obesity and/or diabetes, for example insulin and insulin analogs, gastric lipase inhibitors, pancreatic lipase inhibitors, sulfonyl ureas and analogs, biguanides, ⁇ 2 agonists, glitazones, PPAR- ⁇ agonists, mixed PPAR- ⁇ / ⁇ agonists, RXR agonists, fatty acid oxidation inhibitors, ⁇ -glucosidase inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors, GLP-I agonists e.g.
  • active compounds for the treatment of obesity and/or diabetes for example insulin and insulin analogs, gastric lipase inhibitors, pancreatic lipase inhibitors, sulfonyl ureas and analogs, biguanides, ⁇ 2 agonists, glitazones, PPAR- ⁇ agonists, mixed PPAR- ⁇ / ⁇ agonists,
  • GLP-I analogues and mimetics ⁇ -agonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, lipid lowering agents, glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors, antiobesity agents e.g. pancreatic lipase inhibitors, MCH-I antagonists and CB-I antagonists (or inverse agonists), amylin antagonists, lipoxygenase inhibitors, somostatin analogs, glucokinase activators, glucagon antagonists, insulin signalling agonists, PTPlB inhibitors, gluconeogenesis inhibitors, antilypolitic agents, GSK inhibitors, galanin receptor agonists, anorectic agents, CCK receptor agonists, leptin, serotonergic/dopaminergic antiobesity drugs, reuptake inhibitors e.g.
  • sibutramine CRF antagonists, CRF binding proteins, thyromimetic compounds, aldose reductase inhibitors, glucocorticoid receptor antagonists, NHE-I inhibitors or sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitors.
  • Combination therapy comprising the administration of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one other antiobesity agent represents a further aspect of the invention.
  • the present invention also provides a method for the treatment of obesity in a mammal, such as a human, which method comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and another antiobesity agent, to a mammal in need thereof.
  • the invention also provides the use of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and another antiobesity agent for the treatment of obesity.
  • the invention also provides the use of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for use in combination with another antiobesity agent, for the treatment of obesity.
  • the compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the other antiobesity agent(s) may be co-administered or administered sequentially or separately.
  • Co-administration includes administration of a formulation which includes both the compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the other antiobesity agent(s), or the simultaneous or separate administration of different formulations of each agent. Where the pharmacological profiles of the compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the other antiobesity agent(s) allow it, coadministration of the two agents may be preferred.
  • the invention also provides the use of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and another antiobesity agent in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of obesity.
  • the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and another antiobesity agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the invention also encompasses the use of such compositions in the methods described above.
  • GPRl 19 agonists are of particular use in combination with centrally acting antiobesity agents.
  • the other antiobesity agent for use in the combination therapies according to this aspect of the invention is preferably a CB-I modulator, e.g. a CB-I antagonist or inverse agonist.
  • CB-I modulators include SR141716 (rimonabant) and SLV-319 ((4S)-(-)-3-(4- chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-4-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-lH-pyrazole-l- carboxamide); as well as those compounds disclosed in EP576357, EP656354, WO 03/018060, WO 03/020217, WO 03/020314, WO 03/026647, WO 03/026648, WO 03/027076, WO 03/040105, WO 03/051850, WO 03/051851, WO 03/053431, WO 03/063781, WO 03
  • GPRl 19 diseases or conditions in which GPRl 19 has been suggested to play a role include those described in WO 00/50562 and US 6,468,756, for example cardiovascular disorders, hypertension, respiratory disorders, gestational abnormalities, gastrointestinal disorders, immune disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, depression, phobias, anxiety, mood disorders and Alzheimer's disease.
  • All publications, including, but not limited to, patents and patent application cited in this specification, are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference herein as fully set forth.
  • Example 1 4-[4-(4-Mcthancsulfonylphcnyl)pipcrazin-l -ylmcthyljpipcridinc-l -carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
  • Example 12 4- ⁇ 2-[4-(5-Fluoro-2-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl ⁇ piperidinc- 1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
  • Example 13 4- ⁇ 2-[4-(4-Carboxyphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl ⁇ piperidine-l-carboxylic acid terf-butyl ester
  • Example 14 4- ⁇ 2-[4-(4-Carbamoylphcnyl)pipcrazin-l-yl]cthyl ⁇ pipcridinc-l-carboxylic acid terf-butyl ester
  • the adsorbed sample was purified by flash chromatography eluting with EtOAc to give 4- ⁇ 2-[4-(4- nitrophenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl ⁇ cyclohexanecarboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.54 g, 1.30 mmol), which was taken up in EtOH (25 mL), 10% palladium on carbon was added and the mixture was stirred under an hydrogen atmosphere at rt for 2Oh.
  • Example 26 4- ⁇ 2-[4-(4-Propionylaminophcnyl)pipcrazin-l-yl]cthyl ⁇ cyclo hcxanccarboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
  • Example 32 4-[2-(4- ⁇ 4-[2-(2-Mcthoxycthoxy)acctylamino]phcnyl ⁇ pipcrazin-l- yl)ethyl]piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
  • Example 37 4-(2- ⁇ 4-[4-(5-Methyl[l,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]piperazin-l- yl ⁇ ethyl)piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
  • Example 40 4-(2- ⁇ 4-[4-(3- ⁇ sopropyl[l,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl)phcnyl]pipcrazin-l- yl ⁇ ethyl)piperidine-l-carboxylic acid terf-butyl ester
  • Example 41 4-(2- ⁇ 4-[4-(3-Isopropyl[l,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl)phenyl]piperazin-l- yl ⁇ ethyl)piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
  • the adsorbed sample was purified by flash chromatography eluting with 5:95 MeOH:DCM to give 4-(2- ⁇ 4-[4-(N'-acetylhydrazino carbonyl)phenyl]piperazin-l-yl ⁇ ethyl)piperidine-l -carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester.
  • Example 42 4-[l-(4-Methanesulfonylphenyl)piperidin-4-yloxymethyl] pipcridinc-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
  • Example 43 4- ⁇ [l-(4-Mcthancsulfonylphcnyl)pipcridin-4-ylamino]mcthyl ⁇ pipcridinc-l- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
  • Example 44 4- ⁇ 2-[4-(4-Sulfamoylphcnyl)pipcrazin-l-yl]cthyl ⁇ pipcridinc-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester hydrochloride
  • Example 45 4- ⁇ 2-[4-(3-Fluoro-4-sulfamoylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl ⁇ piperidine-l- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
  • Example 46 4- ⁇ 2-[4-(4-(Pyrrolidine-l-sulfonyl)phenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl ⁇ piperidine-l- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
  • Example 51 4- ⁇ 2-[4-(3-Fluoro-4-mcthancsulfonylphcnyl)pipcrazin-l-yl] cthyljpipcridinc- 1-carboxylic acid ferf-butyl ester
  • Example 52 4- ⁇ 2-[4-(3-Fluoro-4-mcthancsulfonylphcnyl)pipcrazin-l-yl]cthyl ⁇ pipcridinc- 1-carboxylic acid terf-butyl ester
  • Example 53 4- ⁇ 2-[4-(3-Fluoro-4-methanesulfonylphenyl)-l-oxypiperazin-l- yl]ethyl ⁇ piperidine-l-carboxylic acid ferf-butyl ester
  • Example 54 4- ⁇ 2-[4-(4-Ethancsulfonylphcnyl)pipcrazin-l-yl]cthyl ⁇ pipcridinc-l- carboxylic acid ferf-butyl ester
  • Example 55 4- ⁇ 2-[4-(4-Methanesulfonylphenyl)piperidin-l-yl]ethyl ⁇ piperidine-l- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
  • Example 56 4- ⁇ 2-[4-(4-Methylsulfanylphenyl)piperidin-l-yl]ethyl ⁇ piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
  • Example 57 4- ⁇ 2-[(S)-4-(4-Methanesulfonylphenyl)-2-methylpiperazin-l-yl] cthyl ⁇ pipcridinc-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
  • Example 62 4- ⁇ 2-[4-(4-Mcthancsulfonylphcnyl)-2,6-dimcthylpipcrazin-l- yl]ethyl ⁇ piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
  • Example 63 2-[4-(4-mcthancsulfonylphcnyl)-2-oxopipcrazin-l-yl]cthyl ⁇ pipcridinc-l- carboxylic acid terf-butyl ester
  • Example 64 4- ⁇ 2-[4-(4-Methylsulfanylphenyl)-3-oxopiperazin-l-yl]ethyl ⁇ piperidine-l- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
  • Example 65 4- ⁇ 2-[4-(4-Methanesulfonylphenyl)-3-oxopiperazin-l-yl]ethyl ⁇ pipcridinc-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
  • Example 66 4- ⁇ 2-[4-(4-Mcthancsulfinylphcnyl)-3-oxopipcrazin-l-yl]cthyl ⁇ piperidine-1-carboxylic acid ferf-butyl ester
  • Example 68 4- ⁇ 2-[4-(3-Fluoro-4-methylsulfanylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl] acctyl ⁇ pipcridinc-l - carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
  • Example 69 4- ⁇ 2-[4-(3-Fluoro-4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl] acctyl ⁇ pipcridinc-l -carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
  • Example 71 4- ⁇ l,l-Difluoro-2-[4-(4-mcthancsulfonylphcnyl)pipcrazin-l-yl] ethyljpiperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
  • Example 72 4- ⁇ l,l-Difluoro-2-[4-(3-fluoro-4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazin-l- yl]ethyl ⁇ piperidine-l-carboxylic acid terf-butyl ester
  • Example 73 4- ⁇ l-Hydroxy-2-[4-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperaziii-l-yl] ethyl ⁇ piperidine-l-carboxylic acid terf-butyl ester
  • Example 74 4- ⁇ l-Chloro-2-[4-(4-mcthancsulfonylphcnyl)pipcrazin-l-yl] ethyljpiperidine-l-carboxylic acid ferf-butyl ester
  • Example 75 4- ⁇ l-Fluoro-2-[4-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl ⁇ piperidine- 1-carboxylic acid ferf-butyl ester
  • Example 76 4- ⁇ 2-Fluoro-l-[4-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl ⁇ piperidine-l- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
  • Example 77 4- ⁇ 2-[4-(4-Methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethylidene ⁇ piperidine-l- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
  • This suspension was thus added to a preformed mixture of l-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazine (0.487g, 2.03mmol) and sodium hydride (0.1 Ig of a 60% dispersion in mineral oil, 2.77mmol) in DMF (5mL) at rt.
  • the mixture was allowed to stir for 2h then treated with water.
  • the aqueous was extracted with EtOAc and the combined organic layers washed with water, brine, dried (MgSO 4 ) and the solvent removed in vacuo.
  • Example 78 4- ⁇ 2-[4-Hydroxy-4-(4-methylsulfanylphenyl)piperidin-l-yl] cthyljpipcridinc- 1-carboxylic acid terf-butyl ester
  • Example 79 4- ⁇ 2-[4-Hydroxy-4-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperidin-l-yl] ethyl ⁇ piperidine-l-carboxylic acid terf-butyl ester
  • Example 80 4- ⁇ 2-[4-(4-Mcthancsulfonylphcnyl)pipcrazin-l-yl]-2-oxocthyl ⁇ pipcridinc-l- carboxylic acid ferf-butyl ester
  • Example 81 4- ⁇ 2-[4-(4-Mcthancsulfonylphcnyl)pipcrazin-l-yl]-2-oxocthyl ⁇ pipcridinc-l- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
  • Example 82 4- ⁇ 2-[4-(6-Chloropyridin-3-yl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl ⁇ piperidine -1-carboxylic acid terf-butyl ester
  • Example 83 4- ⁇ 2-[4-(6-Methanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl ⁇ piperidine-l- carboxylic acid terf-butyl ester
  • the solid was dissolved in DCM (8mL) and treated with N-boc-piperidinyl-4-acetaldehyde (0.088g, 0.39 mmol) and 4A molecular sieves (O.lg) at room temperature. The solution was allowed to stir for 3h then treated with NaHB(OAc) 3 (0.106g, 0.5 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at rt for 2Oh. DCM (2OmL) was added and the organic layer washed with saturated Na 2 CO 3 solution, brine, dried (MgSO 4 ) and the solvent removed in vacuo.
  • Example 84 4- ⁇ 2-[4-(5-Methanesulfonylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl ⁇ piperidine-l- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
  • Example 86 4- ⁇ 2-[4-(4-Methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl ⁇ piperidine-l- carboxylic acid isopropyl ester
  • Example 88 2-(4- ⁇ 2-[4-(4-Mcthancsulfonylphcnyl)pipcrazin-l-yl]cthyl ⁇ pipcridin-l-yl)-5- mcthylpyrimidinc
  • Example 85 To a degassed solution of Example 85 (0.2g, 0.57mmol), 2-chloro-5-fluoro pyrimidine (0.076g, 0.57mmol), sodium tert-butoxide (0.082g, 0.86mmol), 9,9-dimethyl-4,5- bis(diphenylphosphino)xanthene (0.02g, 0.032mmol) in toluene was added Pd 2 (dba) 3 (0.01 Ig, 0.01 mmol). The mixture was heated at reflux for 2h, cooled and the solvent removed in vacuo.
  • the biological activity of the compounds of the invention may be tested in the following assay systems: Yeast Reporter Assay
  • yeast cell-based reporter assays have previously been described in the literature (e.g. see Miret J. J. et al, 2002, J. Biol. Chem., 277:6881-6887; Campbell R.M. et al, 1999, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 9:2413-2418; King K. et al, 1990, Science, 250:121-123); WO 99/14344; WO 00/12704; and US 6,100,042).
  • yeast cells have been engineered such that the endogenous yeast G-alpha (GPAl) has been deleted and replaced with G-protein chimeras constructed using multiple techniques.
  • yeast GPCR Ste3 has been deleted to allow for heterologous expression of a mammalian GPCR of choice.
  • elements of the pheromone signaling transduction pathway which are conserved in eukaryotic cells (for example, the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway), drive the expression of Fusl.
  • ⁇ -galactosidase LacZ
  • Fuslp Fusl promoter
  • Yeast cells were transformed by an adaptation of the lithium acetate method described by Agatep et al, (Agatep, R. et al, 1998, Transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the lithium acetate/single-stranded carrier DNA/polyethylene glycol (LiAc/ss-DNA/PEG) protocol. Technical Tips Online, Trends Journals, Elsevier). Briefly, yeast cells were grown overnight on yeast tryptone plates (YT).
  • Carrier single-stranded DNA (lO ⁇ g), 2 ⁇ g of each of two Fuslp- LacZ reporter plasmids (one with URA selection marker and one with TRP), 2 ⁇ g of GPRl 16 (human or mouse receptor) in yeast expression vector (2 ⁇ g origin of replication) and a lithium acetate/ polyethylene glycol/ TE buffer was pipetted into an Eppendorf tube.
  • the yeast expression plasmid containing the receptor/ no receptor control has a LEU marker.
  • Yeast cells were inoculated into this mixture and the reaction proceeds at 3O 0 C for 60min.
  • the yeast cells were then heat-shocked at 42 0 C for 15min.
  • the cells were then washed and spread on selection plates.
  • the selection plates are synthetic defined yeast media minus LEU, URA and TRP (SD- LUT). After incubating at 3O 0 C for 2-3 days, colonies that grow on the selection plates were then tested in the LacZ assay.
  • yeast cells carrying the human or mouse GPRl 16 receptor were grown overnight in liquid SD-LUT medium to an unsaturated concentration (i.e. the cells were still dividing and had not yet reached stationary phase). They were diluted in fresh medium to an optimal assay concentration and 90 ⁇ l of yeast cells added to 96-well black polystyrene plates (Costar). Compounds, dissolved in DMSO and diluted in a 10% DMSO solution to 1OX concentration, were added to the plates and the plates placed at 3O 0 C for 4h. After 4h, the substrate for the ⁇ -galactosidase was added to each well.
  • Fluorescein di ⁇ -D-galactopyranoside
  • FDG Fluorescein di
  • a substrate for the enzyme that releases fluorescein allowing a fluorimetric read-out.
  • 20 ⁇ l per well of 500 ⁇ M FDG/2.5% Triton XlOO was added (the detergent was necessary to render the cells permeable).
  • 20 ⁇ l per well of IM sodium carbonate was added to terminate the reaction and enhance the fluorescent signal.
  • the plates were then read in a fluorimeter at 485/535nm.
  • the compounds of the invention give an increase in fluorescent signal of at least ⁇ 1.5- fold that of the background signal (i.e. the signal obtained in the presence of 1% DMSO without compound).
  • Compounds of the invention which give a increase of at least 5-fold that of the background signal may be preferred.
  • cyclic AMP cyclic AMP
  • the cell monolayers were washed with phosphate buffered saline and stimulated at 37°C for 30min with various concentrations of compound in stimulation buffer plus 1% DMSO. Cells were then lysed and cAMP content determined using the Perkin Elmer AlphaScreenTM (Amplified Luminescent Proximity Homogeneous Assay) cAMP kit. Buffers and assay conditions were as described in the manufacturer's protocol. Compounds of the invention showed a concentration-dependant increase in intracellular cAMP level.
  • Compounds of the invention produced a concentration-dependent increase in intracellular cAMP level and generally had an EC 50 of ⁇ 10 ⁇ M. Compounds showing an EC 50 of less than lum in the cAMP assay may be preferred.
  • Test compounds and reference compounds are dosed by appropriate routes of administration (e.g. intraperitoneally or orally) and measurements made over the following 24 h.
  • Rats are individually housed in polypropylene cages with metal grid floors at a temperature of 21 ⁇ 4°C and 55 ⁇ 20% humidity. Polypropylene trays with cage pads are placed beneath each cage to detect any food spillage. Animals are maintained on a reverse phase light-dark cycle (lights off for 8 h from 09.30-17.30 h) during which time the room was illuminated by red light.
  • Animals have free access to a standard powdered rat diet and tap water during a two week acclimatization period.
  • the diet is contained in glass feeding jars with aluminum lids. Each lid has a 3-4 cm hole in it to allow access to the food.
  • Animals, feeding jars and water bottles are weighed (to the nearest 0.1 g) at the onset of the dark period. The feeding jars and water bottles are subsequently measured 1, 2, 4, 6 and 24 h after animals are dosed with a compound of the invention and any significant differences between the treatment groups at baseline compared to vehicle-treated controls.
  • HIT-T15 cells (passage 60) were obtained from ATCC, and were cultured in RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and 3OnM sodium selenite. All experiments were done with cells at less than passage 70, in accordance with the literature, which describes altered properties of this cell line at passage numbers above 81 (Zhang HJ, Walseth TF, Robertson RP. Insulin secretion and cAMP metabolism in HIT cells. Reciprocal and serial passage-dependent relationships. Diabetes. 1989 Jan;38(l):44-8).
  • cAMP assay HIT-T 15 cells were plated in standard culture medium in 96-well plates at 100,000 cells/ 0.1ml/ well and cultured for 24 hr and the medium was then discarded. Cells were incubated for 15min at room temperature with lOO ⁇ l stimulation buffer (Hanks buffered salt solution, 5mM HEPES, 0.5mM IBMX, 0.1% BSA, pH 7.4). This was discarded and replaced with compound dilutions over the range 0.001, 0.003, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30 ⁇ M in stimulation buffer in the presence of 0.5% DMSO. Cells were incubated at room temperature for 30min.
  • lOO ⁇ l stimulation buffer Hors buffered salt solution, 5mM HEPES, 0.5mM IBMX, 0.1% BSA, pH 7.4
  • 75ul lysis buffer (5mM HEPES, 0.3% Tween-20, 0.1% BSA, pH 7.4) was added per well and the plate was shaken at 900 rpm for 20 min. Particulate matter was removed by centrifugation at 3000rpm for 5min, then the samples were transferred in duplicate to 384-well plates, and processed following the Perkin Elmer AlphaScreen cAMP assay kit instructions. Briefly 25 ⁇ l reactions were set up containing 8 ⁇ l sample, 5 ⁇ l acceptor bead mix and 12 ⁇ l detection mix, such that the concentration of the final reaction components is the same as stated in the kit instructions. Reactions were incubated at room temperature for 150min, and the plate was read using a Packard Fusion instrument.
  • Measurements for cAMP were compared to a standard curve of known cAMP amounts (0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300, 1000 nM) to convert the readings to absolute cAMP amounts. Data was analysed using XLfit 3 software.
  • Representative compounds of the invention were found to increase cAMP at an EC 50 of less than 10 ⁇ M. Compounds showing an EC 50 of less than 1 ⁇ M in the cAMP assay may be preferred.
  • HIT-T 15 cells were plated in standard culture medium in 12- well plates at 106 cells/ 1 ml/ well and cultured for 3 days and the medium was then discarded. Cells were washed x 2 with supplemented Krebs-Ringer buffer (KRB) containing 119 mM NaCl, 4.74 mM KCl, 2.54 mM CaCl 2 , 1.19 mM MgSO 4 , 1.19 mM KH2PO4, 25 mM NaHCO 3 , 1OmM HEPES at pH 7.4 and 0.1% bovine serum albumin. Cells were incubated with ImI KRB at 37°C for 30 min which was then discarded.
  • KRB Krebs-Ringer buffer
  • mice The effects of compounds of the invention on oral glucose (GIc) tolerance may be evaluated in male C57B1/6 or male oblob mice.
  • Food is withdrawn 5 h before administration of GIc and remains withdrawn throughout the study. Mice have free access to water during the study.
  • a cut is made to the animals' tails, then blood (20 ⁇ L) is removed for measurement of basal GIc levels 45 min before administration of the GIc load.
  • the mice are weighed and dosed orally with test compound or vehicle (20% aqueous hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin or 25% aqueous Gelucire 44/14) 30 min before the removal of an additional blood sample (20 ⁇ L) and treatment with the GIc load (2-5 g kg "1 p.o.).
  • Blood samples (20 ⁇ L) are taken 25, 50, 80, 120, and 180 min after GIc administration.
  • the 20 ⁇ L blood samples for measurement of GIc levels are taken from the cut tip of the tail into disposable micro-pipettes (Dade Diagnostics Inc., Puerto Rico) and the sample added to 480 ⁇ L of haemolysis reagent.
  • Duplicate 20 ⁇ L aliquots of the diluted haemolysed blood are added to 180 ⁇ L of Trinders glucose reagent (Sigma enzymatic (Trinder) colorimetric method) in a 96-well assay plate. After mixing, the samples are left at rt for 30 min before being read against GIc standards (Sigma glucose/urea nitrogen combined standard set).

Abstract

Compounds of formula (I): or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, are GPCR agonists and are useful as for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.

Description

G-PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR AGONISTS
The present invention is directed to G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists. In particular, the present invention is directed to GPCR agonists that are useful for the treatment of obesity, e.g. as regulators of satiety, and for the treatment of diabetes.
Obesity is characterized by an excessive adipose tissue mass relative to body size. Clinically, body fat mass is estimated by the body mass index (BMI; weight(kg)/height(m)2), or waist circumference. Individuals are considered obese when the BMI is greater than 30 and there are established medical consequences of being overweight. It has been an accepted medical view for some time that an increased body weight, especially as a result of abdominal body fat, is associated with an increased risk for diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and numerous other health complications, such as arthritis, stroke, gallbladder disease, muscular and respiratory problems, back pain and even certain cancers.
Pharmacological approaches to the treatment of obesity have been mainly concerned with reducing fat mass by altering the balance between energy intake and expenditure. Many studies have clearly established the link between adiposity and the brain circuitry involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Direct and indirect evidence suggest that serotonergic, dopaminergic, adrenergic, cholinergic, endocannabinoid, opioid, and histaminergic pathways in addition to many neuropeptide pathways (e.g. neuropeptide Y and melanocortins) are implicated in the central control of energy intake and expenditure. Hypothalamic centres are also able to sense peripheral hormones involved in the maintenance of body weight and degree of adiposity, such as insulin and leptin, and fat tissue derived peptides.
Drugs aimed at the pathophysiology associated with insulin dependent Type I diabetes and non-insulin dependent Type II diabetes have many potential side effects and do not adequately address the dyslipidaemia and hyperglycaemia in a high proportion of patients. Treatment is often focused at individual patient needs using diet, exercise, hypoglycaemic agents and insulin, but there is a continuing need for novel antidiabetic agents, particularly ones that may be better tolerated with fewer adverse effects.
Similarly, metabolic syndrome (syndrome X) which is characterized by hypertension and its associated pathologies including atherosclerosis, lipidemia, hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia have been associated with decreased insulin sensitivity which can lead to abnormal blood sugar levels when challenged. Myocardial ischemia and microvascular disease is an established morbidity associated with untreated or poorly controlled metabolic syndrome.
There is a continuing need for novel antiobesity and antidiabetic agents, particularly ones that are well tolerated with few adverse effects.
GPRl 19 (previously referred to as GPRl 16) is a GPCR identified as SNORF25 in WO00/50562 which discloses both the human and rat receptors, US 6,468,756 also discloses the mouse receptor (accession numbers: AAN95194 (human), AAN95195 (rat) and ANN95196 (mouse)).
In humans, GPRl 19 is expressed in the pancreas, small intestine, colon and adipose tissue. The expression profile of the human GPRl 19 receptor indicates its potential utility as a target for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
International patent application WO2005/061489 (published after the priority date of the present application) discloses heterocyclic derivatives as GPRl 19 receptor agonists. The present invention relates to agonists of GPRl 19 which are useful for the treatment of obesity e.g. as peripheral regulators of satiety, and for the treatment of diabetes.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Compounds of formula (I):
Figure imgf000003_0001
(I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, are agonists of GPRl 19 and are useful for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of obesity and diabetes.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to a compound of formula (I):
Figure imgf000003_0002
(I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
Z represents an aryl, heteroaryl, -Ci-4alkylaryl or -Ci-4alkylheteroaryl group, any of which may optionally be substituted by one or more groups selected from halogen, Ci-4alkyl,
Figure imgf000003_0003
OR9, NR3R4, S(O)nR9, S(O)2NR9R99, C(O)NR9R99, NR10C(O)R9, NR10C(O)NR9R99, NR10SO2R9, C(O)R9, C(O)OR9, -P(O)(CH3)2, NO2, cyano or -(CH2)J-C3-7 cycloalkyl, -(CH2)raryl, -(CH2)rheterocyclyl, -(CH2)r heteroaryl, any of which cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl groups may be substituted by Ci-4alkyl; one of Ai and A2 is N or N+-O", and the other is CH, C(OH) or N; d is 0, 1, 2, or 3; e is 1 or 2; with the proviso that d + e is 2, 3, 4 or 5, and that if Ai and A2 are both N, d is 2 or 3 and e is 2; j is O, 1 or 2; k is O, 1 or 2; n is O, 1, or 2;
B represents a branched or unbranched Ci-4alkylene chain or Ci-4alkenylene chain, either of which may optionally be substituted by one or more groups selected from halogen, hydroxy or oxo, and wherein one CH2 group may be replaced by O or NR8, provided that the group >A2-B- does not contain any direct N-O, N-C-O, N-N, N-C-N or N-C-halogen bonds;
G represents CHR2 or NR1;
R1 is C(O)OR5, C(O)R5, S(O)2R5, C(O)NR5R8, Ci-4alkylene-C(O)OR5, C(O)C(O)OR5, or P(O)(O-Ph)2; or heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, either of which may optionally be substituted by one or two groups selected from Ci-4alkyl, Ci-4alkoxy or halogen; R2 is C3_6alkyl;
R3 and R4 are independently hydrogen, methoxy, Ci-4 alkyl, which may optionally be substituted by halo (e.g. fluoro), hydroxy, Ci-4 alkyloxy-, aryloxy-, arylCi-4 alkyloxy-, Ci-4 alkylS(O)n-, C3-7 heterocyclyl, -C(O)OR14 or N(R10)2; or may be C3-7 cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, wherein the cyclic groups may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci-4alkyl, Ci-4 fluoroalkyl, OR13, CN, SO2CH3, N(R10)2 and NO2; or taken together R3 and R4 may form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted by hydroxy, Ci-4 alkyl or Ci-4 hydroxyalkyl and optionally containing a further heteroatom selected from O and NR10;
R5 and R55 are independently Ci-8 alkyl, C2-8 alkenyl or C2-8 alkynyl, any of which may be optionally substituted by one or more halo atoms, NR6R66, OR6, C(O)OR6, OC(O)R6 or cyano, and may contain a CH2 group that is replaced by O or S; or a C3-7cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl,
Figure imgf000004_0001
Ci-4alkylenearyl,
Figure imgf000004_0002
or Ci-4 alkyleneheteroaryl, any of which may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci-4 alkyl, Ci-4 fluoroalkyl, OR7, CN, NR7R77, SO2Me, NO2 or C(O)OR7;
R6, R66, R7, and R77 each independently are hydrogen or
Figure imgf000004_0003
or, taken together, R6 and R66 or R7 and R77 may independently form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring;
R8 hydrogen or
Figure imgf000004_0004
R9 and R99 are independently hydrogen, methoxy, Ci-4 alkyl, which may optionally be substituted by halo (e.g. fluoro), hydroxy, Ci-4alkoxy-,
Figure imgf000004_0005
-aryloxy-, arylCi-4 alkyloxy-,
Figure imgf000004_0006
C3-7 heterocyclyl, -C(O)OR14 or N(R10)2; or may be C3-7 cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, wherein the cyclic groups may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci-4 alkyl, Ci-4 fluoroalkyl, OR13, CN, SO2CH3, N(R10)2 and NO2; or taken together R9 and R99 may form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted by hydroxy, Ci-4 alkyl or Ci-4 hydroxyalkyl and optionally containing a further heteroatom selected from O and NR10;
R10 is hydrogen, Ci-4 alkyl; or a group N(R10)2 may form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclic ring optionally containing a further heteroatom selected from O and NR10;
R11 is hydrogen or hydroxy, or when B represents
Figure imgf000004_0007
and there is a point of unsaturation adjacent to CR11 then R11 is absent;
R12 is each independently hydroxy, oxo, methyl; or two R12 groups may form a bridging methylene;
R13 is hydrogen, Ci-2 alkyl or Ci-2 fluoroalkyl;
R14 is hydrogen or Ci-4 alkyl; x is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and y is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; with the proviso that x + y is 2, 3, 4 or 5.
The molecular weight of the compounds of formula (I) is preferably less than 800, more preferably less than 600, even more preferably less than 500.
One group of compounds of interest are those of formula (Ia):
Figure imgf000005_0001
(Ia) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
Z represents an aryl or heteroaryl group, either of which may optionally be substituted by one or more groups selected from halogen,
Figure imgf000005_0002
NR3R4, S(O)1nR9, S(O)2NR9R99 C(O)NR9R99, C(O)R9, C(O)OR9, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl or cyano; or C^alkyl, C2- 4alkenyl, or C2^alkynyl any of which three may optionally be substituted by one or more halogen, hydroxy, NR3R4, oxo or
Figure imgf000005_0003
one of Ai and A2 is N, and the other is CH or N; d is 0, 1, 2, or 3; e is 1 or 2; with the proviso that d + e is 2, 3, 4 or 5, and that if Ai and A2 are both N, d is 2 or 3 and e is 2; m is 1, 2 or 3;
G represents CHR2 or NR1;
R1 is C(O)OR5, C(O)R5, S(O)2R5, C(O)NR5R8, Ci-4alkylene-C(O)OR5, C(O)C(O)OR5, S(O)2R5, C(O)R5 or P(O)(O-Ph)2; or heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, either of which may optionally be substituted by one or two groups selected from Ci-4alkyl, Ci-4alkoxy or halogen;
R2 is C3_6alkyl;
R3 and R4 are independently hydrogen,
Figure imgf000005_0004
C3_7cycloalkyl, or aryl, which may optionally be substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from halo,
Figure imgf000005_0005
cyano, and S(O)2Me; or, taken together, R4 and R44 may form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring;
R5 and R55 are independently Ci-8 alkyl, C2-8 alkenyl or C2-8 alkynyl, any of which may be optionally substituted by one or more halo atoms, NR6R66, OR6, C(O)OR6, OC(O)R6 or cyano, and may contain a CH2 group that is replaced by O or S; or a C3-7cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl,
Figure imgf000005_0006
Ci-4alkylenearyl,
Figure imgf000005_0007
or Ci-4 alkyleneheteroaryl, any of which may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci-4 alkyl, Ci-4 fluoroalkyl, OR7, CN, NR7R77, SO2Me, NO2 or C(O)OR7;
R6, R66, R7, and R77 each independently are hydrogen or
Figure imgf000005_0008
or, taken together, R6 and R66 or R7 and R77 may independently form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring;
R8 hydrogen or
Figure imgf000005_0009
R9 and R99 are independently hydrogen, Ci-4 alkyl, which may optionally be substituted by halo (e.g. fluoro), hydroxy, Ci-4 alkyloxy-, Ci-4 alkylthio-, C3-7 heterocyclyl or N(R10)2; or may be C3-7 cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, wherein the cyclic groups may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci-4 alkyl, Ci-4 fluoroalkyl, OR9, CN, SO2CH3, N(R10)2 and NO2; x is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and y is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; with the proviso that x + y is 2, 3, 4 or 5.
Exemplary aryl groups which Z may represent include phenyl and naphthalenyl (either of which may be optionally substituted as described above), in particular phenyl. Exemplary heteroaryl groups which Z may represent include 5 membered monocyclic rings, 6 membered monocyclic rings, 8 membered bicyclic rings, 9 membered bicyclic rings and 10 membered bicyclic rings (any of which may be optionally substituted as described above), in particular 6 membered monocyclic rings (such as those containing one or two nitrogen atoms). When Z is a heteroaryl or -Ci-4alkylheteroaryl group it will typically contain up to four heteroatoms selected from O, N and S. When Z represents -Ci-4alkylaryl or
Figure imgf000006_0001
it is suitably -Ci- 2alkylaryl or -Ci-2alkylheteroaryl.
Z is preferably phenyl or 6-membered heteroaryl preferably containing one nitrogen atom.
When Z is a substituted phenyl or a 6-membered heteroaryl group containing one nitrogen atom it is preferably substituted by up to 3 substituents preferably in the meta and para positions.
Preferred groups by which Z may be substituted include S(O)nR9 e.g. SOMe or SO2Me, C(O)NR9R", NR10C(O)NR9R99, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, halogen e.g. fluoro or chloro, Ci-4 alkyl e.g. methyl and cyano.
G is preferably NR1.
R1 is preferably C(O)OR5, C(O)NR5R8, Ci-4alkylene-C(O)OR5, C(O)C(O)OR5, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, S(O)2R5, C(O)R5 or P(O)(O-Ph)2; especially C(O)OR5, C(O)NR5R8, Ci- 4alkyl-C(O)OR5, heteroaryl, S(O)2R5 or C(O)R5; in particular C(O)OR5, C(O)NR5R8, heteroaryl, S(O)2R5 or C(O)R5. More preferably, R1 is C(O)OR5, C(O)NR5R8 or heteroaryl. R1 is most preferably COOR5. When R1 is heteroaryl the heteroaryl ring is preferably a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl ring, for example pyrimidinyl, especially pyrimidin-2-yl.
Preferably R5 represents Ci-8 alkyl, C2-8 alkenyl or C2-8 alkynyl optionally substituted by one or more halo atoms or cyano, and which may contain a CH2 group that is replaced by O or S; or a C3-7cycloalkyl, aryl or
Figure imgf000006_0002
cycloalkyl, any of which may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci-4 alkyl, Ci-4 fluoroalkyl, OR7, CN, NR7R77, NO2 and C(O)OCi-4alkyl. More preferably R5 represents Ci-8 alkyl, C2-8 alkenyl or C2-8 alkynyl optionally substituted by one or more halo atoms or cyano, and which may contain a CH2 group that is replaced by O or S; or a C3-7cycloalkyl or aryl, either of which may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci-4 alkyl, Ci-4 fluoroalkyl, OR7, CN, NR7R77, NO2 and C(O)OCi-4alkyl. Most preferred R5 groups are C3-5alkyl optionally substituted by one or more halo atoms or cyano, and may contain a CH2 group that is replaced by O or S; or C3-5cycloalkyl optionally substituted by Ci-4 alkyl. In one embodiment of the invention the group represented by R5 is unsubstituted.
In one embodiment of the invention x + y is 2, 3, or 4. In a preferred embodiment of the invention x and y each represent 1. In a more preferred embodiment of the invention x and y each represent 2.
Suitably B represents a branched or unbranched Ci-4alkylene which may optionally be substituted by one or more groups selected from halogen, hydroxy or oxo. Alternatively B represents a branched or unbranched Ci-4alkenylene which may optionally be substituted by one or more groups selected from halogen, hydroxy or oxo. When the group B is substituted, suitably it is substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituent groups (e.g. 1 or 2). In one embodiment of the invention Ai and A2 represent N. In a second embodiment of the invention Ai represents N and and A2 represents CH. In a third embodiment of the invention Ai represents CH and and A2 represents N.
A subgroup of compounds of formula (I) of are those of formula (Ib):
Figure imgf000007_0001
(Ib) wherein E1 and E2 are CH, or one of E1 and E2 is n and the other is CH;
A2 is N or CH; when A2 is N, Y is CH2; when A2 is CH, Y is O or NR8;
W is a branched or unbranched Ci-3alkylene chain or Ci-3alkenylene chain, either of which may optionally be substituted by one or more groups selected from halogen, hydroxy or oxo; one of Ra, Rb and Rc is selected from S(O)nR9, S(O)2NR9R99, C(O)NR9R99, NR10C(O)NR9R99 and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, and the other two of Ra, Rb and Rc are selected from hydrogen, halogen, Ci-4alkyl and cyano; and
R1 is C(O)OR5, C(O)NR5R8 or 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl.
For the avoidance of doubt in the CH group represented by E1 or E2 the H may be replaced by one of the substituents listed above for Ra, Rb and Rc.
In the compounds of formula (Ib) one of E1 or E2 is preferably N.
While the preferred groups for each variable have generally been listed above separately for each variable, preferred compounds of this invention include those in which several or each variable in formulae (I), (Ia) and (Ib) is selected from the preferred, more preferred or particularly listed groups for each variable. Therefore, this invention is intended to include all combinations of preferred, more preferred and particularly listed groups.
Specific compounds of the invention which may be mentioned are those included in the Examples and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
The following provisos may optionally be used (individually or in any combination) to exclude certain compounds from the scope of the invention: i) when G represents N-C(O)O-tert-butyl; B represents an ethylene group; Ai and A2 each represent N; d, e, x, and y each represent 2; R11 represents H; k represents O; suitably Z does not represent:
Figure imgf000008_0001
ii) when Z represents phenyl; B represents a methylene group; Ai represent CH; A2 represents N; d, e, x, and y each represent 2; R11 represents H; k represents 0; suitably G does not represent:
Figure imgf000008_0002
iii) when G represents N-(naphthylen-l-ylsulphonyl-); B represents an ethylene group; Ai and A2 each represent N, or Ai represents CH and A2 represents N; d and e each represent 2; x represents 0; y represents 4; R11 represents H; k represents 0; suitably Z does not represent phenyl, pyridine-2-yl-, 2-methylphenyl-, 4-trifluoromethylphenyl- or 3-trifluoromethylphenyl. iv) when G represents N-(4-trifluoromethylphenylsulphonyl-); B represents a methylene group; Ai represents CH and A2 represents N; d, e, x and y each represent 2; R11 represents H; k represents 0; suitably Z does not represent pyridine-5-yl-. v) when Z represents 2-methoxyphenyl-; B represents a methylene group; Ai and A2 represent N; d and e each represent 2; x represents 1 and y represents 3, or x represents 2 and y represents 2 ; R11 represents H; k represents 0; suitably G does not represent N-C(O)-phenyl or N-C(O)-cyclohexyl. vi) when B represents a methylene group; Ai and A2 represent N; d and e each represent 2; x represents 1 and y represents 3, or x represents 2 and y represents 2 ; R11 represents H; k represents 0; Z represents 3-(dimethylamino)phenyl-, 3-(acetamido)phenyl-, 2- methoxyphenyl-, pyrid-2-yl, suitably G does not represent N-(4-methylphenylsulphonyl-), N-(4- fluorophenylsulphonyl-) or N-(cyclohexylmethanesulphonyl-).
As used herein, unless stated otherwise, "alkyl" as well as other groups having the prefix "alk" such as, for example, alkenyl, alkynyl, and the like, means carbon chains which may be linear or branched or combinations thereof. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec- and tert-bυtyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl and the like. "Alkenyl", "alkynyl" and other like terms include carbon chains having at least one unsaturated carbon- carbon bond. The term "fluoroalkyl" includes alkyl groups substituted by one or more fluorine atoms, e.g. CH2F, CHF2 and CF3.
The term "cycloalkyl" means carbocycles containing no heteroatoms, and includes monocyclic and bicyclic saturated and partially saturated carbocycles. Examples of cycloalkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl. Examples of partially saturated cycloalkyl groups include cyclohexene and indane. Cycloalkyl groups will typically contain 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms in total (e.g. 3 to 6, or 8 to 10).
The term "halo" includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine atoms (in particular fluorine or chlorine).
The term "aryl" includes phenyl and naphthyl, in particular phenyl.
Unless otherwise indicated the term "heterocyclyl" and "heterocyclic ring" includes 4- to 10-membered monocyclic and bicyclic saturated rings, e.g. 4- to 7-membered monocyclic saturated rings, containing up to three heteroatoms selected from N, O and S. Examples of heterocyclic rings include oxetane, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, oxepane, oxocane, thietane, tetrahydrothiophene, tetrahydrothiopyran, thiepane, thiocane, azetidine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, azepane, azocane, [l,3]dioxane, oxazolidine, piperazine, and the like. Other examples of heterocyclic rings include the oxidised forms of the sulfur-containing rings. Thus, tetrahydrothiophene 1 -oxide, tetrahydrothiophene 1,1 -dioxide, tetrahydrothiopyran 1 -oxide, and tetrahydrothiopyran 1,1 -dioxide are also considered to be heterocyclic rings.
Unless otherwise stated, the term "heteroaryl" includes mono- and bicyclic 5- to 10- membered, e.g. monocyclic 5- or 6-membered, heteroaryl rings containing up to 4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S. Examples of such heteroaryl rings are furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl and triazinyl. Bicyclic heteroaryl groups include bicyclic heteroaromatic groups where a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl ring is fused to a phenyl or another heteroaromatic group. Examples of such bicyclic heteroaromatic rings are benzofuran, benzothiophene, indole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, indazole, benzimidazole, benzotriazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline and purine. Preferred heteroaryl groups are monocyclic 5- or 6-membered, heteroaryl rings containing up to 4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.
Compounds described herein may contain one or more asymmetric centers and may thus give rise to diastereomers and optical isomers. The present invention includes all such possible diastereomers as well as their racemic mixtures, their substantially pure resolved enantiomers, all possible geometric isomers, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The above formula (I) is shown without a definitive stereochemistry at certain positions. The present invention includes all stereoisomers of formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Further, mixtures of stereoisomers as well as isolated specific stereoisomers are also included. During the course of the synthetic procedures used to prepare such compounds, or in using racemization or epimerization procedures known to those skilled in the art, the products of such procedures can be a mixture of stereoisomers.
When a tautomer of the compound of formula (I) exists, the present invention includes any possible tautomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and mixtures thereof, except where specifically drawn or stated otherwise. For example the invention includes all keto and enol forms which may be encompassed by the definition of B. When the compound of formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof exist in the form of solvates or polymorphic forms, the present invention includes any possible solvates and polymorphic forms. A type of a solvent that forms the solvate is not particularly limited so long as the solvent is pharmacologically acceptable. For example, water, ethanol, propanol, acetone or the like can be used.
The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases or acids. When the compound of the present invention is acidic, its corresponding salt can be conveniently prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases, including inorganic bases and organic bases. Salts derived from such inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium, calcium, copper (ic and ous), ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc and the like salts. Particularly preferred are the ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium salts. Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, as well as cyclic amines and substituted amines such as naturally occurring and synthesized substituted amines. Other pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases from which salts can be formed include arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N'JF- dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine, tromethamine and the like.
When the compound of the present invention is basic, its corresponding salt can be conveniently prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids, including inorganic and organic acids. Such acids include, for example, acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, p-toluenesulfonic acid and the like
Since the compounds of formula (I) are intended for pharmaceutical use they are preferably provided in substantially pure form, for example at least 60% pure, more suitably at least 75% pure, especially at least 98% pure (% are on a weight for weight basis).
The compounds of formula (I) can be prepared as described below, wherein the groups Z, A1, A2, R11, R12, d, e, m, x, y, and G are as defined above.
Compounds of formula (I) in which A2 is Ν may be prepared as described in Scheme 1 by reductively alkylating the amine 2 with the aldehyde 3 where Bx, represents B minus CH2, employing a suitable reductant, e.g., sodium triacetoxyborohydride (Abdel-Magid, A. F., et al., J. Org. Chent. 1996, 61, 3849-3862), in an appropriate solvent, e.g., dichloromethane, at around 200C. The aldehydes 3, as well as the amines 2, are either commercially available or are made easily using known techniques.
Compounds of formula (I) where B contains a NR8 group may also be prepared by reductive alkylations of this type using appropriate intermediates, for examples compounds corresponding to those of formula 2 where instead of NH A2 represents >CH-NH2. Scheme 1
Figure imgf000011_0001
Na(AcO)3BH
1
Figure imgf000011_0002
(i)
Compounds of formula (I) may be prepared from amine 4 and compound 5 where L is a leaving group such as mesylate/tosylate/halide with triethylamine, DIPEA or potassium carbonate. Where R12 is oxo and adjacent to A2, sodium hydride is used as the base.
Compounds of formula (I) where B contains an O group may also be prepared by similar methods using appropriate intermediates, for examples compounds corresponding to those of formula 2 where instead of NH A2 represents >CH-OH.
Scheme 2
Figure imgf000011_0003
(i)
Compounds of the formula (I) may also be prepared from lithium halogen exchange with bromide of Z followed by nucleophilic attack on the cyclic ketone 6 as shown in Scheme 3. Alternative organometallics may be used, e.g. ZMgX. Scheme 3
Figure imgf000012_0001
U)
Compounds of the formula (I) may also be prepared by coupling amines 7 and carboxylic acids 8 to give amide examples as shown in Scheme 4.
The chemistry in Scheme 4 can also be used to prepare examples where A2 is CH or N and B is a linker containing an amide moiety.
Scheme 4
Figure imgf000012_0002
δ
EDCI
HOBT
DIPEA
Figure imgf000012_0003
(1)
Compounds of the formula (I) where B is alkenylene may also be prepared using the Wittig reaction from ketone 9 and phosphonium salt 10 as shown in Scheme 5. Further modification can be carried out by hydrogenation using a suitable catalyst, e.g. Pd on carbon, to give the saturated analogue of formula (I).
Scheme 5
Figure imgf000013_0001
10 nBuLJ
Figure imgf000013_0002
G)
Compounds of formula (I) in which R1 is C(O)OR5, C(O)R5, S(O)2R5, C(O)NR5R55, or heteroaryl may be prepared by the route shown in Scheme 2. Compounds of formula 4, in which PG represents a suitable protecting group, for example tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc), may be synthesised as outlined above. The protecting group is firstly removed under suitable conditions to afford compounds of formula 12. In the case of the Boc group this can be achieved by treatment of compounds of formula 11 with a suitable acid, such as trifluoroacetic acid (Fyfe, M. C. T. et al. International Patent Publication WO 04/72031), in an appropriate solvent, such as CH2Cl2. Treatment of compounds of formula 12 with chloroformates Cl-R1, which are generally commercially available or can be readily synthesised, in a suitable solvent, such as CH2Cl2, in the presence of a suitable base, such as triethylamine (Picard, F., et al. J. Med. Chent. 2002, 45, 3406-3417), affords compounds of formula (T) where R1 is C(O)OR5. Similarly, compounds of formula 17 may be reacted with sulfonyl chlorides, carboxylic acid chlorides, and carbamyl chlorides Cl-R1, which are generally commercially available or can readily be synthesised, in a suitable solvent, such as CH2Cl2, in the presence of a suitable base, such as triethylamine, to afford compounds of formula (I) where R1 is S(O)2R5, C(O)R5, and C(O)NR5R8, respectively. Furthermore, compounds of formula (I) in which R1 is heteroaryl may be prepared by reacting the amine 12 with the appropriate heteroaryl chloride or bromide under Pd(O) catalysis in the presence of a suitable ligand and base (Urgaonkar, S.; Hu, J.-H.; Verkade, J. G. J. Org. Chent. 2003, 68, 8416-8423). Alternatively, compounds of the formula (I) where R1 is heteroaryl may be prepared by condensation of amine 17 with a heteroaryl chloride in the presence of base (Barillari, C. et al. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 4737-4741; Birch, A. M. et al. J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 3342-3355). Compounds of formula (I) in which R8 is hydrogen may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula 5 with an isocyanate of formula O=C=N-R5. Scheme 6
Figure imgf000014_0001
(I)
It will be appreciated that various functional group modifications may be made to compounds of formula (I) to form further compounds of formula (I) e.g. bearing different substituents on Z. Thus, for example, where Z is alkyl carboxyaryl further modification by hydrolysis and standard amide coupling may be carried out to give amide examples. Where Z is nitroaryl further modification may be carried out by hydrogenation with Pd on carbon catalysis to the aniline and further functionalisation by acids/acid chlorides, sulfonyl chlorides and isocyanates/carbamyl chlorides will give amide, sulfonamide and urea examples. Where Z is cyanoaryl further modification may be carried out by treatment with hydroxylamine to give the amidoxime which can be condensed with acids to give oxadiazole examples. Where Z is the methylthioaryl further modification may be carried out by oxidation of the sulfide to the sulfoxide and sulfone, N-oxides can be isolated as a by-product of the sulfone oxidation.
Other compounds of formula (I) may be prepared by methods analogous to those described above or in the examples, or by methods known per se.
Further details for the preparation of the compounds of formula (I) are found in the examples.
The compounds of formula (I) may be prepared singly or as compound libraries comprising at least 2, for example 5 to 1,000, compounds and more preferably 10 to 100 compounds of formula (I). Compound libraries may be prepared by a combinatorial "split and mix" approach or by multiple parallel synthesis using either solution or solid phase chemistry, using procedures known to those skilled in the art.
During the synthesis of the compounds of formula (I), labile functional groups in the intermediate compounds, e.g. hydroxy, carboxy and amino groups, may be protected. The protecting groups may be removed at any stage in the synthesis of the compounds of formula (I) or may be present on the final compound of formula (I). A comprehensive discussion of the ways in which various labile functional groups may be protected and methods for cleaving the resulting protected derivatives is given in, for example, Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, T.W. Greene and P.G.M. Wuts, (1991) Wiley-Interscience, New York, 2nd edition. Any novel intermediates, such as those defined above, may be of use in the synthesis of compounds of formula (I) and are therefore also included within the scope of the invention, for example compounds of formula 12:
Figure imgf000015_0001
12 or a salt or protected derivative thereof, wherein the groups Z, A1, A2, B, R11, R12 d, e, k, x and y are as defined above for compounds of formula (I).
For compounds of formula 12: i) when B represents an ethylene group; Ai and A2 each represent N; d, e, x, and y each represent 2; R11 represents H; k represents 0; suitably Z does not represent:
Figure imgf000016_0001
ii) when B represents a methylene group; Ai and A2 represent N; d and e each represent 2; x represents 1 and y represents 3, or x represents 2 and y represents 2 ; R11 represents H; k represents 0; suitably Z does not represent 2-methoxyphenyl-. iii) when B represents a methylene group; Ai and A2 represent N; d and e each represent 2; x represents 1 and y represents 3, or x represents 2 and y represents 2 ; R11 represents H; k represents 0; suitably Z does not represent lH-inod-4-yl-.
As indicated above the compounds of formula (I) are useful as GPRl 19 agonists, e.g. for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of obesity and diabetes. For such use the compounds of formula (I) will generally be administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition. The invention also provides a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use as a pharmaceutical.
The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I), in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Preferably the composition is comprised of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a non-toxic therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
Moreover, the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of disease by modulating GPRl 19, resulting in the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of obesity, e.g. by regulating satiety, or for the treatment of diabetes, comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a non-toxic therapeutically effective amount of compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
The pharmaceutical compositions may optionally comprise other therapeutic ingredients or adjuvants. The compositions include compositions suitable for oral, rectal, topical, and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous) administration, although the most suitable route in any given case will depend on the particular host, and nature and severity of the conditions for which the active ingredient is being administered. The pharmaceutical compositions may be conveniently presented in unit dosage form and prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy.
In practice, the compounds of formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, can be combined as the active ingredient in intimate admixture with a pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques. The carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration, e.g. oral or parenteral (including intravenous).
Thus, the pharmaceutical compositions can be presented as discrete units suitable for oral administration such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient. Further, the compositions can be presented as a powder, as granules, as a solution, as a suspension in an aqueous liquid, as a non-aqueous liquid, as an oil-in- water emulsion, or as a water-in-oil liquid emulsion. In addition to the common dosage forms set out above, the compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may also be administered by controlled release means and/or delivery devices. The compositions may be prepared by any of the methods of pharmacy. In general, such methods include a step of bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier that constitutes one or more necessary ingredients. In general, the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately admixing the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both. The product can then be conveniently shaped into the desired presentation.
The compounds of formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, can also be included in pharmaceutical compositions in combination with one or more other therapeutically active compounds.
The pharmaceutical carrier employed can be, for example, a solid, liquid, or gas. Examples of solid carriers include lactose, terra alba, sucrose, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia, magnesium stearate, and stearic acid. Examples of liquid carriers are sugar syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, and water. Examples of gaseous carriers include carbon dioxide and nitrogen. In preparing the compositions for oral dosage form, any convenient pharmaceutical media may be employed. For example, water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents, and the like may be used to form oral liquid preparations such as suspensions, elixirs and solutions; while carriers such as starches, sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents, and the like may be used to form oral solid preparations such as powders, capsules and tablets. Because of their ease of administration, tablets and capsules are the preferred oral dosage units whereby solid pharmaceutical carriers are employed. Optionally, tablets may be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueous techniques.
A tablet containing the composition of this invention may be prepared by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients or adjuvants. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing, in a suitable machine, the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, surface active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine, a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. Each tablet preferably contains from about 0.05mg to about 5g of the active ingredient and each cachet or capsule preferably containing from about 0.05mg to about 5g of the active ingredient.
For example, a formulation intended for the oral administration to humans may contain from about 0.5mg to about 5g of active agent, compounded with an appropriate and convenient amount of carrier material which may vary from about 5 to about 95 percent of the total composition. Unit dosage forms will generally contain between from about lmg to about 2g of the active ingredient, typically 25mg, 50mg, lOOmg, 200mg, 300mg, 400mg, 500mg, 600mg, 800mg, or lOOOmg.
Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention suitable for parenteral administration may be prepared as solutions or suspensions of the active compounds in water. A suitable surfactant can be included such as, for example, hydroxypropylcellulose. Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereof in oils. Further, a preservative can be included to prevent the detrimental growth of microorganisms.
Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions. Furthermore, the compositions can be in the form of sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of such sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. In all cases, the final injectable form must be sterile and must be effectively fluid for easy syringability. The pharmaceutical compositions must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage; thus, preferably should be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (e.g. glycerol, propylene glycol and liquid polyethylene glycol), vegetable oils, and suitable mixtures thereof.
Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be in a form suitable for topical use such as, for example, an aerosol, cream, ointment, lotion, dusting powder, or the like. Further, the compositions can be in a form suitable for use in transdermal devices. These formulations may be prepared, using a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, via conventional processing methods. As an example, a cream or ointment is prepared by admixing hydrophilic material and water, together with about 5wt% to about 10wt% of the compound, to produce a cream or ointment having a desired consistency. Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be in a form suitable for rectal administration wherein the carrier is a solid. It is preferable that the mixture forms unit dose suppositories. Suitable carriers include cocoa butter and other materials commonly used in the art. The suppositories may be conveniently formed by first admixing the composition with the softened or melted carrier(s) followed by chilling and shaping in molds.
In addition to the aforementioned carrier ingredients, the pharmaceutical formulations described above may include, as appropriate, one or more additional carrier ingredients such as diluents, buffers, flavoring agents, binders, surface-active agents, thickeners, lubricants, preservatives (including anti-oxidants) and the like. Furthermore, other adjuvants can be included to render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient. Compositions containing a compound of formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, may also be prepared in powder or liquid concentrate form.
Generally, dosage levels on the order of 0.01mg/kg to about 150mg/kg of body weight per day are useful in the treatment of the above-indicated conditions, or alternatively about 0.5mg to about 7g per patient per day. For example, obesity may be effectively treated by the administration of from about 0.01 to 50mg of the compound per kilogram of body weight per day, or alternatively about 0.5mg to about 3.5g per patient per day.
It is understood, however, that the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination and the severity of the particular disease undergoing therapy.
The compounds of formula (I) may be used in the treatment of diseases or conditions in which GPRl 19 plays a role.
Thus the invention also provides a method for the treatment of a disease or condition in which GPRl 19 plays a role comprising a step of administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Diseases or conditions in which GPRl 19 plays a role include obesity and diabetes. In the context of the present application the treatment of obesity is intended to encompass the treatment of diseases or conditions such as obesity and other eating disorders associated with excessive food intake e.g. by reduction of appetite and body weight, maintenance of weight reduction and prevention of rebound and diabetes (including Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and diabetic complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, cataracts, cardiovascular complications and dyslipidaemia). And the treatment of patients who have an abnormal sensitivity to ingested fats leading to functional dyspepsia. The compounds of the invention may also be used for treating metabolic diseases such as metabolic syndrome (syndrome X), impaired glucose tolerance, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL levels and hypertension.
The compounds of the invention may offer advantages over compounds acting via different mechanisms for the treatment of the above mentioned disorders in that they may offer beta-cell protection, increased cAMP and insulin secretion and also slow gastric emptying.
The invention also provides a method for the regulation of satiety comprising a step of administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The invention also provides a method for the treatment of obesity comprising a step of administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
The invention also provides a method for the treatment of diabetes, including Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes, comprising a step of administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
The invention also provides a method for the treatment of metabolic syndrome (syndrome X), impaired glucose tolerance, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL levels or hypertension comprising a step of administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
The invention also provides a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the treatment of a condition as defined above.
The invention also provides the use of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a condition as defined above.
In the methods of the invention the term "treatment" includes both therapeutic and prophylactic treatment.
The compounds of formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, may be administered alone or in combination with one or more other therapeutically active compounds. The other therapeutically active compounds may be for the treatment of the same disease or condition as the compounds of formula (I) or a different disease or condition. The therapeutically active compounds may be administered simultaneously, sequentially or separately.
The compounds of formula (I) may be administered with other active compounds for the treatment of obesity and/or diabetes, for example insulin and insulin analogs, gastric lipase inhibitors, pancreatic lipase inhibitors, sulfonyl ureas and analogs, biguanides, α2 agonists, glitazones, PPAR-γ agonists, mixed PPAR-α/γ agonists, RXR agonists, fatty acid oxidation inhibitors, α-glucosidase inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors, GLP-I agonists e.g. GLP-I analogues and mimetics, β-agonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, lipid lowering agents, glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors, antiobesity agents e.g. pancreatic lipase inhibitors, MCH-I antagonists and CB-I antagonists (or inverse agonists), amylin antagonists, lipoxygenase inhibitors, somostatin analogs, glucokinase activators, glucagon antagonists, insulin signalling agonists, PTPlB inhibitors, gluconeogenesis inhibitors, antilypolitic agents, GSK inhibitors, galanin receptor agonists, anorectic agents, CCK receptor agonists, leptin, serotonergic/dopaminergic antiobesity drugs, reuptake inhibitors e.g. sibutramine, CRF antagonists, CRF binding proteins, thyromimetic compounds, aldose reductase inhibitors, glucocorticoid receptor antagonists, NHE-I inhibitors or sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitors.
Combination therapy comprising the administration of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one other antiobesity agent represents a further aspect of the invention.
The present invention also provides a method for the treatment of obesity in a mammal, such as a human, which method comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and another antiobesity agent, to a mammal in need thereof.
The invention also provides the use of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and another antiobesity agent for the treatment of obesity.
The invention also provides the use of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for use in combination with another antiobesity agent, for the treatment of obesity.
The compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the other antiobesity agent(s) may be co-administered or administered sequentially or separately.
Co-administration includes administration of a formulation which includes both the compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the other antiobesity agent(s), or the simultaneous or separate administration of different formulations of each agent. Where the pharmacological profiles of the compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the other antiobesity agent(s) allow it, coadministration of the two agents may be preferred.
The invention also provides the use of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and another antiobesity agent in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of obesity.
The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and another antiobesity agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The invention also encompasses the use of such compositions in the methods described above.
GPRl 19 agonists are of particular use in combination with centrally acting antiobesity agents.
The other antiobesity agent for use in the combination therapies according to this aspect of the invention is preferably a CB-I modulator, e.g. a CB-I antagonist or inverse agonist. Examples of CB-I modulators include SR141716 (rimonabant) and SLV-319 ((4S)-(-)-3-(4- chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-4-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-lH-pyrazole-l- carboxamide); as well as those compounds disclosed in EP576357, EP656354, WO 03/018060, WO 03/020217, WO 03/020314, WO 03/026647, WO 03/026648, WO 03/027076, WO 03/040105, WO 03/051850, WO 03/051851, WO 03/053431, WO 03/063781, WO 03/075660, WO 03/077847, WO 03/078413, WO 03/082190, WO 03/082191, WO 03/082833, WO 03/084930, WO 03/084943, WO 03/086288, WO 03/087037, WO 03/088968, WO 04/012671, WO 04/013120, WO 04/026301, WO 04/029204, WO 04/034968, WO 04/035566, WO 04/037823 WO 04/052864, WO 04/058145, WO 04/058255, WO 04/060870, WO 04/060888, WO 04/069837, WO 04/069837, WO 04/072076, WO 04/072077, WO 04/078261 and WO 04/108728, and the references disclosed therein.
Other diseases or conditions in which GPRl 19 has been suggested to play a role include those described in WO 00/50562 and US 6,468,756, for example cardiovascular disorders, hypertension, respiratory disorders, gestational abnormalities, gastrointestinal disorders, immune disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, depression, phobias, anxiety, mood disorders and Alzheimer's disease. All publications, including, but not limited to, patents and patent application cited in this specification, are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference herein as fully set forth.
The invention will now be described by reference to the following examples which are for illustrative purposes and are not to be construed as a limitation of the scope of the present invention.
EXAMPLES Materials and methods
Column chromatography was carried out on SiO2 (40-63 mesh) unless specified otherwise. LCMS data were obtained as follows: Atlantis 3μ Ci8 column (3.0 x 20.0 mm, flow rate = 0.85 mL/min) eluting with a H2O-CH3CN solution, containing 0.1% HCO2H, over 6 min with UV detection at 220 nm. Gradient information: 0.0-0.3 min 100% H2O; 0.3-4.25 min: Ramp up to 10% H2O-90% CH3CN; 4.25^.4 min: Ramp up to 100% CH3CN; 4.4^.9 min: Hold at 100% CH3CN; 4.9-6.0 min: Return to 100% H2O. The mass spectra were obtained using an electrospray ionisation source in either the positive (ES+) or negative (ES") ion modes. Prep HPLC purification was carried out using a Lunar lOμ ODS2 (250 x 21.2mm; Flow rate = 20mL/min) eluting with solvent A (0.05% TFA, 10% MeCN, 90% water) and solvent B (0.05% TFA, 90% MeCN, 10% water) and UV detection at 215 nm. . Gradient information: 0.0-0.2 min: 90% A, 10% B; 0.2-10.0 min: Ramp up to 10% A, 90% B; 10.0-15.0 min: 10% A, 90% B; 15.0-16.0 min: Return to 90% A, 10% B.
Abbreviations and acronyms: Ac: Acetyl; tBDMS: tert-butyldimethylsilyl; Bn: Benzyl; t-Bu: tert-Butyl; Bz: Benzoyl; 18C6: [18]Crown-6; (Boc)2O: Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate; DABCO: Bicyclo(2,2,2)-l,4-diazaoctane; DAST: Diethylammoniumsulfur trifloride: DBU: 1,8- Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene; DIPEA: N,N-Diisopropylethylamine; DMAP: 4- Dimethylaminopyridine; DMF: N,N-Dimethylformamide; DMSO: Dimethylsulfoxide; EDCI: 1- (3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride; Et: Ethyl; z-Bu: Isobutyl; IH: Isohexane; z-Pr: Isopropyl; LiHMDS: Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide; wCPBA: 3- Chloroperoxybenzoic acid; Me: Methyl; Ms: Methanesulfonyl; Ph: Phenyl; n-Pr: n-Propyl; RP- HPLC: Reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography; rt: Room temperature; RT: Retention time; TFA: Trifluoroacetic acid; THF: Tetrahydrofuran; TMS: Trimethylsilyl. 4-Hydroxy-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester: Cooper L. C, et al, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2002, 12, 1759-1763; 4-(2-bromoacetyl)piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester: WO2004/041777; 4-ethoxycarbonylmethylenepiperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester: Hetrocycles, 2001, 54, 2, 747-755; l-(2-Bromoethyl)-4- methanesulfonylbenzene: WO 199843956.
Example 1 : 4-[4-(4-Mcthancsulfonylphcnyl)pipcrazin-l -ylmcthyljpipcridinc-l -carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000023_0001
To a solution of l-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazine (0.41 mmol) and 4- formylpiperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-\mty\ ester (1.2 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.53 mmol). The resulting suspension was stirred at rt for 17 h. Polymer-supported isocyante scavenger resin (MP-NCO) (0.29 g, 1.44 mmol/g) was added and shaking continued until LCMS showed complete consumption of starting amine. The mixture was diluted with further DCM, shaken with water, and the organic layer separated using a hydrophobic frit. The crude mixture was purified via ion-exchange using an SCX column, to afford the title compound. δH (400 MHz, CHCl3) 1.14 (2H, m), 1.50 (9H, s), 1.70 (IH, m), 1.79 (2H, m), 2.26 (2H, d), 2.58 (4H, t), 2.74 (2H, m), 3.04 (3H, s), 3.38 (4H, t), 4.14 (2H, m), 6.96 (2H, d), 7.80 (2H, d).
The compounds shown in Table 1 below were synthesised by analogous methods from the appropriate aldehyde and piperazine:
Table 1
Figure imgf000024_0001
Figure imgf000025_0001
Example 12: 4-{2-[4-(5-Fluoro-2-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl} piperidinc- 1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000025_0002
A solution of 2,4-difluorophenylmethylsulfone (0.10 g, 0.52 mmol) and piperazine (45 mg, 0.52 mmol) in tert-BuOH (2 mL) was stirred for 72h at rt. The reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH and purified by ion-exchange chromatography (SCX) to give l-(5-fluoro-2- methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazine. To a solution of l-(5-fluoro-2-methane sulfonylphenyl)piperazine (75 mg, 0.25 mmol) and 4-(2-oxoethyl)piperidine-l -carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (157 mg, 0.75 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added sodium triacetoxy borohydride (52 mg, 0.38 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at rt for 7 days. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM , washed with water and purified by flash chromatography eluting with EtOAc to afford the title compound: RT = 2.64 min; mlz (ES+) = 470.14 [M+H]+.
Example 13: 4-{2-[4-(4-Carboxyphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl}piperidine-l-carboxylic acid terf-butyl ester
Figure imgf000025_0003
To a solution of 4-{2-[4-(4-ethoxycarbonylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl}piperidine-l- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (3.73 g, 8.36 mmol) in MeOH (40 mL) was added 1 M NaOH (16.73 mL, 16.73 mmol) in water. The reaction was heated at 6O0C for 3h, the mixture was cooled to rt and extracted with Et2O. The aqueous phase was neutralised with 1 M HCl solution and extracted with EtOAc, the extracts were dried (MgSO4) and the solvent was removed under vacuum to give the title compound: RT = 2.49 min; mlz (ES+) = 418.18 [M+H]+.
Example 14: 4-{2-[4-(4-Carbamoylphcnyl)pipcrazin-l-yl]cthyl}pipcridinc-l-carboxylic acid terf-butyl ester
Figure imgf000026_0001
To a solution of 4-{2-[4-(4-carboxyphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl}piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (30 mg, 70 μmol), 0.5 M ammonia in dioxane (0.29 mL, 140 μmol) and Et3N (15 μL, 110 μmol) in dimethylacetamide (0.3 mL) was added HBTU (41 mg, 110 μmol) in dimethylacetamide (0.3 mL) and the reaction was stirred for 2Oh. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc washed with saturated NaC2O3 solution, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent was removed under vacuum. The mixture was purified by chromatography on OPTIX 10 with a solvent gradient from 1:98:2 to 1:89:10 Et3N: DCM: MeOH. The resulting mixture was taken up in DCM, washed with 1 M NaOH solution, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent was removed under vacuum to afford the title compound: RT = 2.49 min; mlz (ES+) = 417.32 [M+H]+.
The compounds shown in Table 2 below were synthesised by analogous methods from 4-{2-[4-(4-carboxyphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl}piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester and the appropriate amine:
Table 2
Figure imgf000027_0001
Figure imgf000028_0002
Intermediate 1: 2-[4-(4-Aminophenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl}piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000028_0001
A solution of 4-(2-oxoethyl)piperidine- 1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.50 g, 2.20 mmol) and l-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazine (0.35 g, 1.70 mmol) in anhydrous MeOH (5 mL) was stirred for 71h at rt, then NaBH4 (0.13 g, 3.39 mmol) was added and reaction was stirred for a further 3h. The solvent was removed under vacuum and the resulting residue was partitioned between EtOAc and saturated NaHCO3 solution. The aqueous phase was extracted with twice EtOAc, the organic extracts were combined, dried (MgSO4) and adsorbed onto SiO2. The adsorbed sample was purified by flash chromatography eluting with EtOAc to give 4-{2-[4-(4- nitrophenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl}cyclohexanecarboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.54 g, 1.30 mmol), which was taken up in EtOH (25 mL), 10% palladium on carbon was added and the mixture was stirred under an hydrogen atmosphere at rt for 2Oh. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite and the solvent was removed under vacuum to afford the title compound: δH (400 MHz, CHCl3) 1.17 (2H, m), 1.48 (9H, s), 1.50 (IH, m), 1.69 (2H, d), 2.45 (2H, m), 2.62 (4H, br s), 2.71 (2H, m), 3.09 (4H, m), 3.44 (2H, br s), 4.09 (2H, br s), 6.68 (2H, d), 6.84 (2H, d).
Example 26: 4-{2-[4-(4-Propionylaminophcnyl)pipcrazin-l-yl]cthyl}cyclo hcxanccarboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000029_0001
To a solution of 4-{2-[4-(4-aminophenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl}cyclohexane carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (40 mg, 0.10 mmol) and Et3N (32 μL, 0.23 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added propionyl chloride (9.9 μL, 0.11 mmol) and the reaction was stirred for 72h at rt. The reaction mixture was washed with saturated NaHCO3 solution, adsorbed onto SiO2 and purified by chromatography on OPTIX 10 eluting with 5:95 MeOH: DCM to afford the title compound: RT = 2.44 min; mlz (ES+) = 445.39 [M+H]+.
The compounds shown in Table 3 below were synthesised by analogous methods from 4-{2-[4-(4-aminophenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl}cyclohexane carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester and the appropriate acid chloride: Table 3
Figure imgf000029_0002
Example 32: 4-[2-(4-{4-[2-(2-Mcthoxycthoxy)acctylamino]phcnyl}pipcrazin-l- yl)ethyl]piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000030_0001
A solution of 4-{2-[4-(4-aminophenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl}cyclohexane carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (40 mg, 0.10 mmol), (2-methoxyethoxy)acetic acid (14 mg, 0.10 mmol), DIPEA (44 mg, 0.34 mmol) and HOBTH2O (17.4 mg, 0.11 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was stirred for 10 min and EDCI (24 mg, 0.12 mmol) was added then the mixture was stirred for 24h. The solvent was removed under vacuum and the resulting residue was partitioned between saturated NaHCO3 solution and DCM. The organic phase was collected and adsorbed onto SiO2 then purified by chromatography on OPTEX 10 eluting with 5:95 MeOH: DCM to afford the title compound: RT = 2.59 min; mlz (ES+) = 505.41 [M+H]+.
The compounds shown in Table 4 below were synthesised by analogous methods from 4-{2-[4-(4-aminophenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl}cyclohexane carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester and the appropriate carboxylic acid: Table 4
Figure imgf000031_0001
Intermediate 2: 4-(2-{4-[4-(7V-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)phenyl]piperazin-l- yl}ethyl)piperidine-l-carboxylic acid ferf-butyl ester
Figure imgf000031_0002
To a solution of 4-{2-[4-(4-cyanophenyl) piperazin- l-yl]ethyl}piperidine-l -carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (1.23 g, 3.08 mmol) in EtOH (20 mL) was added K2CO3 (0.85 g, 6.16 mmol) followed by a solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.43 g, 6.20 mmol) in water. The reaction was heated at 850C for 24h, the mixture was then partitioned between water and EtOAc. The aqueous phase was re-extracted with EtOAc, the organic extracts were combined, washed with brine, dried (MgSO4) and adsorbed onto SiO2. The adsorbed sample was purified by flash chromatography eluting with 10:90 MeOH:DCM to afford the title compound: δH (400 MHz, CHCl3) 1.16 (2H, m), 1.48 (9H, s), 1.50 (IH, m), 1.70 (2H, d), 2.46 (2H, m), 2.61 (4H, br s), 2.71 (2H, m), 3.28 (4H, m), 4.82 (IH, s), 5.32 (2H, s), 6.92 (2H, d), 7.54 (2H, d).
Example 37: 4-(2-{4-[4-(5-Methyl[l,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]piperazin-l- yl}ethyl)piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000032_0001
To a solution of 4-(2-{4-[4-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)phenyl]piperazin-l-yl} ethyl) piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (26 mg, 60 μmol), AcOH (3 μL, 55μmol) and HOBT.H2O (9.2 mg, 60 μmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added EDCI (12.6 mg, 66 μmol) and the mixture was stirred for 10 min at rt. The solvent was removed under vacuum and the resulting residue was partitioned between saturated NaHCO3 solution and EtOAc. The aqueous phase was re-extracted with EtOAc, the organic extracts were combined, washed with brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent was removed under vacuum. The residue was taken up in toluene and refluxed for 6h. The reaction mixture was adsorbed onto SiO2 and purified by flash chromatography eluting with 3:97 MeOH:DCM to afford the title compound: RT = 2.65 min; mlz (ES+) = 456.33 [M+H]+.
The compounds shown in Table 5 below were synthesised by analogous methods from 4-(2- {4-[4-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)phenyl]piperazin- 1 -yl} ethyl) piperidine- 1 -carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester and the appropriate carboxylic acid:
Table 5
Figure imgf000032_0003
Example 40: 4-(2-{4-[4-(3-ϊsopropyl[l,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl)phcnyl]pipcrazin-l- yl}ethyl)piperidine-l-carboxylic acid terf-butyl ester
Figure imgf000032_0002
The title compound was prepared using the same procedure used to synthesise 4-(2-{4- [4-(5-methyl[ 1 ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]piperazin- 1 -yl} ethyl)piperidine- 1 -carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester from 4- {2-[4-(4-carboxyphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl}piperidine-l -carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester and N-hydroxyisobutyramidine : RT = 3.01 min; m/z (ES+) = 484.40 [M+H]+.
Example 41: 4-(2-{4-[4-(3-Isopropyl[l,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl)phenyl]piperazin-l- yl}ethyl)piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000033_0001
4- {2-[4-(4-Ethoxycarbonylphenyl)piperazin- 1 -yl]ethyl}piperidine- 1 -carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (316 mg, 0.71 mmol) and hydrazine hydrate (0.44 mL, 7.10 mmol) in EtOH (10 mL) were refluxed for 88h. The solvent was removed by evaporation and the resulting solid triturated (EtOAc) to give 4-{2-[4-(4-hydrazinocarbonyl phenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl} piperidine-1 -carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester: RT = 2.31 min; m/z (ES+) = 432.34 [M+H]+.To a solution of 4- {2-[4-(4-hydrazinocarbonyl phenyl)piperazin- 1 -yl]ethyl}piperidine- 1 -carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (16 mg, 37 μmol) and DIPEA (14.2 μL, 82 μmol) in THF (2 mL) was added propionyl chloride (4 μL, 41 μmol) and the reaction was stirred at rt for 2Oh. Another batch of propionyl chloride (4 μL, 41 μmol) was added and the mixture was stirred for a further 24h. The reaction mixture was partitioned between saturated NaHCO3 solution and EtOAc. The aqueous phase was re-extracted with EtOAc, the organic extracts were combined, washed with brine, dried (MgSO4) and adsorbed onto SiO2. The adsorbed sample was purified by flash chromatography eluting with 5:95 MeOH:DCM to give 4-(2-{4-[4-(N'-acetylhydrazino carbonyl)phenyl]piperazin-l-yl}ethyl)piperidine-l -carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester. To a solution of 4-(2- {4- [4-(N'-acetylhydrazinocarbonyl) phenyl]piperazin- 1 -yl} ethyl)piperidine- 1 -carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (17 mg, 35 μmol) and DIPEA (18 μL, 105 μmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added POCl3 (4 μL, 38 μmol) and the mixture was stirred for 5h. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated NaHCO3 solution. The mixture was diluted with DCM and the organic phase was collected. The aqueous phase was re-extracted with DCM, the organic extracts were combined, dried (MgSO4) and adsorbed onto SiO2. The adsorbed sample was purified by flash chromatography eluting with 5:95 MeOH:DCM to afford the title compound: RT = 2.72 min; m/z (ES+) = 470.25 [M+H]+.
Example 42: 4-[l-(4-Methanesulfonylphenyl)piperidin-4-yloxymethyl] pipcridinc-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000034_0001
To a solution of l-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperidin-4-ol (0.10 g, 0.39 mmol) and 15- crown-5 (87 mg, 0.39 mmol) in anhydrous THF (3 mL) at O0C under argon was added a 60% dispersion of NaH in mineral oil (16 mg, 0.39 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. 4- Methanesulfonyloxymethylpiperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.23 g, 0.78 mmol) was added to the reaction and the mixture was heated by microwave irradiation to 1000C for 30 min. The reaction was quenched with saturated NH4Cl and extracted with EtOAc. The organic extracts were dried (MgSO4), solvent was removed under vacuum and the resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with 1 : 1 EtOAc :hexane to afford the title compound: RT = 3.81 min; m/z (ES+) = 453.31 [M+H]+.
Example 43: 4-{[l-(4-Mcthancsulfonylphcnyl)pipcridin-4-ylamino]mcthyl}pipcridinc-l- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000034_0002
To a solution of l-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperidin-4-ol (0.89 g, 3.50 mmol) in DCM (25 mL) at 1O0C was added Dess-Martin periodinane (1.60 g, 3.77 mmol) and the reaction was stirred for 2h. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM, washed with 1 M NaOH solution, then brine, dried (MgSO4), and the solvent was removed under vacuum to give 4- oxopiperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester. A mixture of 4-oxopiperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.51 g, 2.40 mmol) and 4-aminomethyl piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.43 g, 2.01 mmol) in DCM (30 mL) was stirred for 30 min, then sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.51 g, 2.41 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred for 48h. The reaction was diluted with DCM then washed with saturated NaHCO3 solution then brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent was removed under vacuum to give a residue which was purified by flash chromatography eluting with 10:90 MeOHDCM to afford the title compound: RT = 2.49 min; m/z (ES+) = 452.25 [M+H]+.
Example 44: 4-{2-[4-(4-Sulfamoylphcnyl)pipcrazin-l-yl]cthyl}pipcridinc-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester hydrochloride
Figure imgf000035_0001
A mixture of 4-fluorobenzenesulfonamide (1.00 g, 5.71 mmol) and piperazine (2.46 g, 28.54 mmol) in water (12 mL) was heated at 1000C for 2Oh. The resulting precipitate was collected filtration and washed with water and toluene to give 4-piperazin-l- ylbenzenesulfonamide: RT = 0.49 min; m/z (ES+) = 242.13 [M+H]+. A solution of 4-piperazin- 1-ylbenzenesulfonamide (0.46 g, 1.89 mmol) and 4-(2-oxoethyl)piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.43 g, 1.89 mmol) in DCM (50 mL) and THF (7 mL) with molecular sieves (0.90 g) was stirred under argon at rt for Ih. Sodium acetoxyborohydride (0.52 g, 2.46 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for a further 2.5h. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated NaHCO3 solution and extracted with EtOAc. The organic extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent was removed under vacuum. The resulting solid was purified by recrystallisation (EtOAc) then dissolved in THF and 1 M HCl in dioxane (0.95 equivalents), the solvent was removed under vacuum and the resulting solid was washed with Et2O to afford the title compound: RT = 2.51 min; m/z (ES+) = 453.33 [M+H]+.
Example 45: 4-{2-[4-(3-Fluoro-4-sulfamoylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl}piperidine-l- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000035_0002
The same procedure was used that was used to synthesise 4-{2-[4-(4-sulfamoylphenyl) piperazin-l-yl]ethyl}piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl. Purification was carried out by Prep HPLC to afford the title compound: RT = 2.59 min; m/z (ES+) = 471.34 [M+H]+.
Example 46: 4-{2-[4-(4-(Pyrrolidine-l-sulfonyl)phenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl}piperidine-l- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000035_0003
To a solution of pyrrolidine (95 μL, 1.13 mmol) and Et3N (158 μL, 1.13 mmol) in DCM (2.5 mL) was added 4-fluorobenzenesulfonyl chloride (200 mg, 1.03 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at rt for 2h. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM, then washed with water then brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent was removed under vacuum to give l-(4- fluorobenzenesulfonyl)pyrrolidine: RT = 3.06 min; m/z (ES+) = 230.13 [M+H]+. A mixture of piperazine (47 mg, 0.55 mmol) and l-(4-fluorobenzenesulfonyl)pyrrolidine (25 mg, 0.11 mg) in water (3 mL) was heated in a microwave at 15O0C for 30 min. The resulting solid was collected by filtration, washed with water and toluene to give l-[4-(pyrrolidine-l-sulfonyl) phenyl]piperazine: RT = 2.01 min; m/z (ES+) = 296.15 [M+H]+. A solution of l-[4-(pyrrolidine- 1-sulfonyl) phenyl]piperazine (24 mg, 80 μmol) and 4-(2-oxoethyl)piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (18 mg, 80 μmol) in DCM (5 mL) with molecular sieves 50 mg) was stirred under argon at rt for Ih. Sodium acetoxyborohydride (22 mg, 104 μmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for a further 2.5h. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated NaHCO3 solution and extracted with EtOAc. The organic extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent was removed under vacuum. The resulting solid was purified by flash chromatography eluting with 5:95 MeOH:DCM to afford the title compound: RT = 2.69 min; m/z (ES+) = 507.33 [M+H]+.
The compounds shown in Table 6 below were synthesised by analogous methods from 4-fluorobenzenesulfonyl chloride and the appropriate amine: Table 6
Figure imgf000036_0001
Intermediate 3: l-(4-Methanesulfinylphenyl)piperazine
Figure imgf000037_0001
To a solution of 4-fluorothioanisole (2.0 g, 14.1 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added 60% wCPBA (4.06 g, 14.08 mmol) and the mixture was stirred overnight at rt. The reaction mixture was washed with 2 M NaOH solution, dried (MgSO4) and purified by flash chromatography eluting with 40:60 EtOAc:hexane to give l-fluoro-4-methanesulfϊnyl benzene. A mixture of l-fluoro-4-methanesulfϊnylbenzene (0.75 g, 4.75 mmol) and piperazine (2.04 g, 23.7 mmol) in water (5 mL) was heated at 1000C for 2Oh. The reaction mixture was adsorbed onto SiO2 and purified by flash chromatography eluting with 1:3:96 NH3:MeOH:DCM to afford the title compound: RT = 1.30 min; mlz (ES+) = 225.10 [M+H]+.
Example 51: 4-{2-[4-(3-Fluoro-4-mcthancsulfonylphcnyl)pipcrazin-l-yl] cthyljpipcridinc- 1-carboxylic acid ferf-butyl ester
Figure imgf000037_0002
A solution of l-(4-methanesulfinylphenyl)piperazine (46 mg, 0.22 mmol) and 4-(2- oxoethyl) piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-bυtyl ester (50 mg, 0.22 mmol) in anhydrous MeOH (2 mL) with glacial AcOH (1 drop) was stirred at rt under argon for 20 h. NaBH4 (17 mg, 0.44 mmol) was added to the mixture and the reaction was stirred for a further 3h. The reaction was quenched with water and extracted with DCM. The organic phase was collected and purified by flash chromatography eluting with 1:4:95 NH3:MeOH:DCM to afford the title compound: RT = 2.54 min; mlz (ES+) = 436.33 [M+H]+.
Intermediate 4: l-(3-Fluoro-4-mcthylsulfanylphcnyl)pipcrazinc
Figure imgf000037_0003
A mixture of bis(2-chloroethyl)amine (0.57 g, 3.18 mmol) and 3-fluoro-4- methylsulfanyl aniline (0.50 g, 3.18 mmol) in chlorobenzene (3 mL) was heated at 13O0C for 48h. The reaction mixture was partitioned between DCM and saturated Na2HCO3 solution, the aqueous phase was then re-extracted with DCM. The organic extracts were combined, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent was removed phase under vacuum. The mixture was purified by flash chromatography eluting with 10:90 MeOH:DCM to afford the title compound: RT = 2.12 min; mlz (ES+) = 227.07 [M+H]+.
Example 52: 4-{2-[4-(3-Fluoro-4-mcthancsulfonylphcnyl)pipcrazin-l-yl]cthyl}pipcridinc- 1-carboxylic acid terf-butyl ester
Figure imgf000038_0001
A solution of l-(3-fluoro-4-methylsulfanylphenyl)piperazine (183 mg, 0.81 mmol) and 4-(2-oxoethyl) piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-\mty\ ester (368 mg, 1.62 mmol) in anhydrous MeOH (5 mL) with glacial AcOH (1 drop) was stirred at rt under argon for 20 h. NaBH4 (92 mg, 2.43 mmol) was added to the mixture and the reaction was stirred for a further 3h. The reaction was quenched with saturated Na2HCO3 solution and extracted with DCM. The organic phase was collected, washed with brine, dried (MgSO4), the solvent was removed under vacuum and the resulting solid was purified by flash chromatography eluting with 50:50 EtOAc:hexane to give 4-{2-[4-(3-fluoro-4-methylsulfanylphenyl)piperazin-l- yl]ethyl}piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester: RT = 2.84 min; mlz (ES+) = 438.30 [M+H]+. To a solution of 4-{2-[4-(3-fluoro-4-methylsulfanylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl} piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-\m\γ\ ester (64 mg, 0.15 mmol), NaMoO4 (3.5 mg, 15 μmol) and tributylamine (3.5 μL, 15 μmol) in toluene (1 mL) was added 27% H2O2 solution (10 μL, 79 mmol) followed by glacial AcOH (47.5 μL, 0.80 mmol) and finally 27% H2O2 solution (27 μL, 211 μmol). The reaction was warmed to 6O0C for 30 min, then quenched with 10% Na2SO3 solution and the aqueous phase was basifϊed to pH8 with 1 M NaOH solution. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc, the organic phase was dried (MgSO4), solvent was removed under vacuum and the resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with EtOAc then 10:90 MeOH:DCM to afford the title compound: RT = 2.57 min; mlz (ES+) = 470.35 [M+H]+.
Example 53: 4-{2-[4-(3-Fluoro-4-methanesulfonylphenyl)-l-oxypiperazin-l- yl]ethyl}piperidine-l-carboxylic acid ferf-butyl ester
Figure imgf000038_0002
4- {2-[4-(3-Fluoro-4-methanesulfonylphenyl)- 1 -oxypiperazin- 1 -yl]ethyl}piperidine- 1 - carboxylic acid tert-bυtyl ester was prepared in the above reaction and isolated by flash chromatography eluting with 10:90 MeOH:DCM to afford the title compound: RT = 2.70 min; mlz (ES+) = 486.27 [M+H]+.
Intermediate 5: l-(4-Ethylsulfanylphcnyl)pipcrazinc
Figure imgf000038_0003
Argon was bubbled through a solution of 4-aminothiophenol (1.0 g, 8.00 mmol) in EtOH (10 mL) for 5 min. Ethyl iodide (1.37 g, 8.80 mmol) was added to the reaction followed by NaOMe (0.43 g, 8.00 mmol) and the mixture was heated at 7O0C under argon for 18h. The solvent was removed under vacuum and the resulting residue was purified by Prep HPLC to give 4-ethylsulfanylaniline: RT = 1.71 min; mlz (ES+) = 154.08 [M+H]+. A mixture of bis(2- chloroethyl)amine (0.21 g, 1.20 mmol) and 4-ethylsulfanylaniline (0.19 g, 1.14 mmol) in chlorobenzene (2 mL) was heated at 13O0C for 48h. The reaction mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and 2 M NaOH solution, then the solvent was removed from the organic phase under vacuum. The mixture was purified by flash chromatography eluting with 1:3:96 NH3:MeOH:DCM to afford the title compound: RT = 2.27 min; mlz (ES+) = 223.12 [M+H]+.
Example 54: 4-{2-[4-(4-Ethancsulfonylphcnyl)pipcrazin-l-yl]cthyl}pipcridinc-l- carboxylic acid ferf-butyl ester
Figure imgf000039_0001
A solution of l-(4-ethylsulfanylphenyl)piperazine (80 mg, 0.36 mmol) and 4-(2- oxoethyl) piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-bυtyl ester (82 mg, 0.36 mmol) in anhydrous MeOH (2 mL) with glacial AcOH (1 drop) was stirred at rt under argon for 20 h. NaBH4 (27 mg, 0.72 mmol) was added to the mixture and the reaction was stirred for a further 3h. The reaction was quenched with water and extracted with DCM. The organic phase was collected, dried (MgSO4), the solvent was removed under vacuum and the resulting solid was purified by flash chromatography eluting with 1:2:97 NH3:MeOH:DCM to give 4-{2-[4-(4-ethyl sulfanylpheny^piperazin-l-y^ethyljpiperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-bυtyl ester: RT = 3.14 min; mlz (ES+) = 448.36 [M+H]+. To a solution of 4-{2-[4-(4-ethylsulfanylphenyl)piperazin-l- yl]ethyl}piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-bυtyl ester (90 mg, 208 μmol), NaMoO4 (5 mg, 20.8 μmol) and tributylamine (5 μL, 20.8 μmol) in toluene (1 mL) was added 27% H2O2 solution (20 μL, 160 μmol) followed by glacial AcOH (13 μL, 229 μmol) and finally 27% H2O2 solution (32 μL, 256 μmol). The reaction was quenched after 10 min with 10% Na2SO3 solution and extracted with DCM. The organic phase was dried (MgSO4) and purified by flash chromatography eluting with 1:2:97 NH3:MeOH:DCM to afford the title compound: RT = 2.61 min; mlz (ES+) = 466.25 [M+H]+.
Intermediate 6: 4-(4-Mcthylsulfanylphcnyl)pipcridinc-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000039_0002
To a solution of 4-(4-methylsulfanylphenyl)piperidine hydrochloride (0.5g, 2.05mmol) in dioxane (1OmL) was added (Boc)2O (0.47g, 2.15mmol) followed by water (2.5mL) at rt. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir for Ih. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the crude material diluted with EtOAc (75 mL) and water (25mL). The two layers were separated and the aqueous further extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phases were washed with brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography with 10% EtOAc / Hexane as eluent to afford the title compound (0.526g, 84%): RT = 4.09 min; m/z (ES+) = 293.17 [(M- 15) + H]+
Intermediate 7: 4-(4-Mcthancsulfonylphcnyl)pipcridinc-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000040_0001
To a solution of 4-(4-me ylsulfanylphenyl)piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.25g, 0.813mmol) in DCM (1OmL) was added wCPBA (0.383g, 1.71mmol) at rt. The solution was allowed to stir for 2.5h. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM (2OmL), washed with saturated Na2CO3 solution, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo to yield the title compound (0.284g, 100%): RT = 3.39 min; m/z (ES+) = 339.5 [M+ H]+
Example 55: 4-{2-[4-(4-Methanesulfonylphenyl)piperidin-l-yl]ethyl}piperidine-l- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000040_0002
A solution of 4-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.276g, 0.813mmol) in DCM (15mL) was treated with TFA (1.5mL) and the mixture stirred at rt for 0.5h. DCM (3OmL) was added and the organic layer washed with saturated Na2CO3 solution, brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo to yield 4-(4- methanesulfonylphenyl)piperidine (0.19g, 97%). To a solution of the solid (0.189g, 0.79mmol) in MeOH (5mL) was added N-boc-piperidinyl-4-acetaldehyde (0.215g, 0.95 mmol) and the mixture allowed to stir at rt for 2Oh. The reaction was cooled to 0 0C and treated with sodium borohydride (0.045g, 1.18mmol). The reaction was stirred for Ih and the solvent removed in vacuo. DCM (25mL) and water (1OmL) were added and the two layers separated. The aqueous phase was further extracted with DCM and the combined organic phases washed with brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography with 1% NEt3, 2%MeOH / EtOAc as eluent to afford the title compound (0.252g, 79%): RT = 2.80 min; m/z (ES+) = 451.4 [M+ H]+
Example 56: 4-{2-[4-(4-Methylsulfanylphenyl)piperidin-l-yl]ethyl}piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000040_0003
To a solution of 4-(4-methylsulfanylphenyl)piperidine hydrochloride (0.244g, 1.OOmmol) in MeOH (1OmL) was added NEt3 (0.14mL, lmmol) followed by N-boc-piperidinyl- 4-acetaldehyde (0.273g, 1.2mmol). The mixture was allowed to stir at rt for 2Oh. The reaction was cooled to O0C and treated with sodium borohydride (0.057g, 1.5mmol). The reaction was stirred for Ih and the solvent removed in vacuo. DCM (3OmL) and water (2OmL) was added and the two layers separated. The aqueous phase was further extracted with DCM and the combined organic phases washed with brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography with EtOAc as eluent to afford the title compound (0.132g, 32%): RT = 2.86 min; m/z (ES+) = 418.6 [M+ H]+
Intermediate δ: (lS,4S)-2-(4-Mcthancsulfonylphcnyl)-2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]hcptanc
Figure imgf000041_0001
A mixture of l-fluoro-4-methanesulfonylbenzene (0.697g, 4.0mmol), (lS,4S)-2,5- diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (2.Og, 20.0mmol) and K2CO3 (5.33g, 40.0mmol) in DMF (3OmL) was heated at 150 0C for 4h. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the resulting solid dissolved in DCM (3OmL). The organic phased was washed with water, brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography with 50% MeOH / EtOAc as eluent to afford the title compound (0.374g, 37%): RT = 1.81 min; m/z (ES+) = 253.1 [M+ H]+
Intermediate 9: (S)-l-(4-Methanesulfonylphenyl)-3-methylpiperazine
Figure imgf000041_0002
A mixture of l-fluoro-4-methanesulfonylbenzene (0.74g, 4.25mmol) and (S)-2-methyl piperazine (2.13g, 21.3mmol) was heated at 150 0C for 2h. The reaction was cooled and DCM and water was added. The two layers were separated and the organic phase washed with water, brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo to afford the title compound (0.916g, 85%): RT = 1.64 min; m/z (ES+) = 255.1 [M+ H]+
The compounds shown in Table 7 below were synthesised by analogous methods from the appropriate amine:
Table 7
Figure imgf000042_0002
Example 57: 4-{2-[(S)-4-(4-Methanesulfonylphenyl)-2-methylpiperazin-l-yl] cthyl}pipcridinc-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000042_0001
A solution of (S)-I -(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)-3-methylpiperazine (0.387g, 1.52mmol) andN-Boc-piperidinyl-4-acetaldehyde (0.692g. 3.05mmol) in MeOH (1OmL) was allowed to stir at room temperature for 2Oh. The mixture was cooled to O0C and treated with sodium borohydride (0.191g, 5.03mmol). The reaction was stirred for an additional Ih and the solvent removed in vacuo. EtOAc (25mL) and water (1OmL) was added and the two layers separated. The aqueous phase was further extracted with DCM and the combined organic phases washed with brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography with 5% NEt3 / EtOAc as eluent to afford the title compound (0.047g, 7%): RT = 2.59 min; m/z (ES+) = 466.4 [M+ H]+
The compounds shown in Table 8 below were synthesised by analogous methods from the appropriate aldehyde and amine:
Table 8
Figure imgf000043_0002
Example 62: 4-{2-[4-(4-Mcthancsulfonylphcnyl)-2,6-dimcthylpipcrazin-l- yl]ethyl}piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000043_0001
To a solution of l-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)-3,5-dimethylpiperazine (0.067g, 0.25mmol) in MeCN (2mL) was added 4-(2-methanesulfonyloxyethyl)piperidine-l -carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.079g, 0.25mmol) and K2CO3 (0.038g, 0.275mmol). The mixture was heated to reflux and allowed to stir for 2Oh. EtOAc (1OmL) was added and the organic layer washed with water, brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography with 10% MeOH / EtOAc as eluent to afford the title compound (0.006g, 5%): RT = 2.76 min; m/z (ES+) = 480.4 [M+ H]+
Example 63: 2-[4-(4-mcthancsulfonylphcnyl)-2-oxopipcrazin-l-yl]cthyl}pipcridinc-l- carboxylic acid terf-butyl ester
Figure imgf000044_0001
To a solution of 4-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazin-2-one (0.037g, 0.144mmol) in anhydrous DMF (ImL) was added sodium hydride (0.0065g of a 60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.164mmol) at rt. The solution was allowed to stir for 30min then treated with 4-(2- methanesulfonyloxyethyl)piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-bυtyl ester (0.044g, 0.144mmol) and allowed to stir for a further 2Oh. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue dissolved in EtOAc (1OmL), washed with water, brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography with 50% EtOAc / Hexane as eluent to afford the title compound (0.007g, 10%): RT = 3.34 min; m/z (ES+) = 466.2 [M+ H]+
Intermediate 14: 2-(2-Hydroxyethylaπiino)-N-(4-methylsulfanylphenyl)acetamide
Figure imgf000044_0002
To a solution of 4-methylsulfanylphenylamine (2.5g, 17.96mmol) in z,so-propyl acetate (37mL) was added a solution OfKHCO3 (3.147g, 31.4mmol) in water (15mL). The reaction was cooled to O0C and treated with 2-chloroacetylchloride (1.76mL, 22.1mmol) dropwise. The reaction was allowed to warm to rt over Ih and the two layers separated. The organic phase was washed with water, brine, dried (MgSO4) and the resulting solution treated with ethanolamine (4.34mL, 71.9mmol). The reaction was heated at 60 0C, after which the solvent was removed and the residue purified by flash chromatography with 5% NEt3 / 10% MeOH / EtOAc, then recrystallised from EtOAc the afford the title compound (1.234g, 29%): RT = 1.99 min; m/z (ES+) = 241.0 [M+ H]+
Intermediate 15: l-(4-Methylsulfanylphenyl)piperazin-2-one
Figure imgf000044_0003
To a solution of 2-(2-hydroxyethylamino)-N-(4-methylsulfanylphenyl)acetamide (0.6g, 2.5mmol) in EtOAc (4mL) was added P(n-Bu)3 (0.812mL, 3.25mmol) at O0C. After 5min a solution of DBAD (0.748g, 3.25mmol) in EtOAc (2OmL) was added dropwise. The solution was allowed to warm to rt then stirred at 4O0C for 3 days. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the crude mixture purified by flash chromatography with EtOAc as eluent to afford the title compound (0.235g, 42%): RT = 0.93 min; m/z (ES+) = 223.04 [M+ H]+
Example 64: 4-{2-[4-(4-Methylsulfanylphenyl)-3-oxopiperazin-l-yl]ethyl}piperidine-l- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000045_0001
To a solution of l-(4-methylsulfanylphenyl)piperazin-2-one (12.Og, 39.0mmol) in MeCN (20OmL) was added K2CO3 (0.157g, 1.14mmol), tetrabutylammonium iodide (0.926g, 2.51mmol) and 4-(2-methanesulfonyloxyethyl)piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (15.46g, 50.2mmol) and the mixture heated at reflux for 3 days. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue dissolved in EtOAc (10OmL), washed with water, brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude mixture purified by flash chromatography with EtOAc as eluent to afford the title compound (4.578g, 42%): RT = 2.70 min; m/z (ES+) = 434.19 [M+ H]+
Example 65: 4-{2-[4-(4-Methanesulfonylphenyl)-3-oxopiperazin-l-yl]ethyl} pipcridinc-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000045_0002
To a solution of 4-{2-[4-(4-methylsulfanylphenyl)-3-oxo-piperazin-l-yl]ethyl}- piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (4.578g, 10.5mmol) in toluene (10OmL) was added NaMoO4 (0.508g, 2.1mmol) followed by N(n-Bu)3 (0.25ImL, 1.05mmol). Acetic acid (0.67mL) was added followed by 30% H2O2 / H2O (0.52mL). Further portions of acetic acid and H2O2 were added at 5 min intervals until no red precipitate was observed. The reaction was treated with saturated Na2SO3 solution and the aqueous extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography with 5% MeOH / EtOAc as eluent to afford the title compound (0.837g, 17%): RT = 2.51 min; m/z (ES+) = 466.15 [M+ H]+
Example 66: 4-{2-[4-(4-Mcthancsulfinylphcnyl)-3-oxopipcrazin-l-yl]cthyl} piperidine-1-carboxylic acid ferf-butyl ester
Figure imgf000045_0003
Title compound isolated from previous reaction (1.35 Ig, 29%): RT = 2.56 min; m/z (ES+) = 450.15 [M+ H]+ Example 67: 4-{2-[4-(4-Methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]acetyl}piperidine-l- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000046_0001
To a solution of l-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazine (0.055g, 0.23mmol) in MeCN (2mL) was added 4-(2-bromoacetyl)piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.07g, 0.23mmol) and K2CO3 (0.035g, 0.25mmol). The mixture was heated at reflux for 4h then allowed to cool. EtOAc (2OmL) was added and the organic phase washed with water, brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography with EtOAc as eluent to afford the title compound (0.07g, 65%): RT = 2.45 min; m/z (ES+) = 466.4 [M+ H]+
Example 68: 4-{2-[4-(3-Fluoro-4-methylsulfanylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl] acctyl}pipcridinc-l - carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000046_0002
Prepared using the above method: RT = 2.83 min; m/z (ES+) = 452.3 [M+ H]+
Example 69: 4-{2-[4-(3-Fluoro-4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl] acctyl}pipcridinc-l -carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000046_0003
To a solution of 4-{2-[4-(3-fluoro-4-methylsulfanylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]acetyl} piperidine-1 -carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.13g, 0.29mmol) in toluene (2mL) was added NaMoO4 (0.007g, 0.03mmol) followed by N(n-Bu)3 (0.007mL, 0.03mmol). Acetic acid (3 x 0.018mL) was added, followed by 27% H2O2 / H2O (0.015mL). To the red oily residue, was added acetic acid (7 x 0.018mL) followed by 27% H2O2 / H2O (4 x 0.015mL). The mixture was stirred at rt for 30 min and then quenched with saturated Na2SO3 solution. The aqueous was taken to pH8 with IM NaOH and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography with 10% MeOH / EtOAc as eluent to afford the title compound (0.08g, 60%): RT = 2.54 min; m/z (ES+) = 484.2 [M+ H]+ Example 70: 4-{2-[4-(3-Fluoro-4-methanesulfinylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl] acctyljpipcridinc- 1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000047_0001
Isolated from previous reaction: RT = 2.42 min; m/z (ES+) = 468.2 [M+ H]+
Example 71: 4-{l,l-Difluoro-2-[4-(4-mcthancsulfonylphcnyl)pipcrazin-l-yl] ethyljpiperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000047_0002
To a solution of 4-{2-[4-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]acetyl}piperidine-l- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.04g, 0.09mmol) in DCM (0.6mL) was added DAST (0.4mL, 3.1mmol) and the reaction stirred at rt for 2h. The reaction was cooled to 0 0C and quenched with water. The two layers were separated and the organic layer washed with brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography with 50% EtOAc / Hexane as eluent to afford the title compound (0.017g, 40%): RT = 3.10 min; m/z (ES+) = 488.3 [M+ H]+
Example 72: 4-{l,l-Difluoro-2-[4-(3-fluoro-4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazin-l- yl]ethyl}piperidine-l-carboxylic acid terf-butyl ester
Figure imgf000047_0003
Prepared using the above method: RT = 3.36 min; m/z (ES+) = 506.2 [M+ H]+
Example 73: 4-{l-Hydroxy-2-[4-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperaziii-l-yl] ethyl}piperidine-l-carboxylic acid terf-butyl ester
Figure imgf000047_0004
To a solution of 4-{2-[4-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]acetyl}piperidine-l- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (O.lg, 0.215mmol) in THF (5mL) was added sodium borohydride (0.016g, 0.42mmol) and the mixture was allowed to stir at rt for 2Oh. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the crude mixture purified by flash chromatography with EtOAc as eluent to afford the title compound (0.07g, 70%): RT = 2.32 min; m/z (ES+) = 468.2 [M+ H]+
Example 74: 4-{l-Chloro-2-[4-(4-mcthancsulfonylphcnyl)pipcrazin-l-yl] ethyljpiperidine-l-carboxylic acid ferf-butyl ester
Figure imgf000048_0001
To a solution of DAST (0.06mL, 0.43mmol) in DCM (0.5mL) at -550C was added a solution of 4- { 1 -hydroxy-2-[4-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazin- 1 -yl]ethyl}piperidine- 1 - carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (O.lg, 0.21mmol) in DCM (0.5mL). The reaction was allowed to warm to 50C over 3h. The reaction was quenched with water. The two layers were separated and the organic layer was washed with brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography with 50% EtOAc / Hexane as eluent to afford the title compound (0.025g, 24%): RT = 2.60 min; m/z (ES+) = 486.2 [M+ H]+
Example 75: 4-{l-Fluoro-2-[4-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl}piperidine- 1-carboxylic acid ferf-butyl ester
Figure imgf000048_0002
To a solution of 4-{l-hydroxy-2-[4-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl} piperidine-1 -carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.04g, 0.08mmol) in DCM (ImL) was added DAST (0.393mL, 2.98mmol) and the reaction stirred at rt for 0.5h. The reaction was cooled to O0C and quenched with water. The two layers were separated and the organic layer washed with brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography with 50% EtOAc / DCM as eluent to afford the title compound (0.003g, 7%): RT = 2.39 min; m/z (ES+) = 470.2 [M+ H]+
Example 76: 4-{2-Fluoro-l-[4-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl}piperidine-l- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000048_0003
To a solution of 4-{l-hydroxy-2-[4-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl} piperidine-1 -carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.05g, l.lmmol) in DCM (5mL) was added DAST (0.393mL, 2.98mmol) and the reaction stirred at rt for 0.7h. The reaction was cooled to O0C and quenched with water. The two layers were separated and the organic layer washed with brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography with 50% EtOAc / DCM as eluent to afford the title compound (0.003g, 6%): RT = 2.70 min; m/z (ES+) = 470.2 [M+ H]+
Intermediate 16: 4-(2-Hydroxyethylidene)piperidine-l-carboxylic acid terf-butyl ester
Figure imgf000049_0001
To a solution of 4-ethoxycarbonylmethylenepiperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (3.5g, B.Olmmol) in toluene (3OmL) at -780C was added DIBAL (33mL of a IM solution in toluene, 33.0mmol) dropwise. The mixture was stirred at -780C for Ih then treated with MeOH (0.5mL) and allowed to warm to rt. Water was added and the precipitate removed by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the crude mixture purified by flash chromatography with 33% EtOAc / Hexane as eluent to afford the title compound as a yellow oil (2.2g, 75%): δH (CDCl3) 1.30 (9H, s), 2.02 (2H, m), 2.10 (2H, m), 3.22 (4H, m), 4.01 (2H, m), 5.35 (IH, t).
Example 77: 4-{2-[4-(4-Methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethylidene}piperidine-l- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000049_0002
To a solution of 4-(2-hydroxyethylidene)piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (2.2g, 9.7mmol) in DCM (25mL) was added Et3N (2.02mL, 14.5mmol) and the reaction cooled to O0C. To this cooled mixture was added methanesulfonylchloride (0.98mL, 12.6mmol) dropwise. The reaction was stirred at O0C for 20 min then treated with saturated NaHCO3 solution. The two layers were separated and the organic layer washed with water, brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography with 10% EtOAc / Hexane as eluent to afford 4-(2-chloroethylidene) piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester and 4-vinyl-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester in a 1:1 ratio (0.95Og). The mixture was dissolved in DMF (5mL) and treated with TBAI (0.068g, 0.18mmol). This suspension was thus added to a preformed mixture of l-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazine (0.487g, 2.03mmol) and sodium hydride (0.1 Ig of a 60% dispersion in mineral oil, 2.77mmol) in DMF (5mL) at rt. The mixture was allowed to stir for 2h then treated with water. The aqueous was extracted with EtOAc and the combined organic layers washed with water, brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by HPLC to afford the title compound (0.27g, 6%): RT = 2.41 min; m/z (ES+) = 450.2 [M+ H]+ Intermediate 17: 4-[2-(4-Oxopiperidin-l-yl)ethyl]piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000050_0001
To a solution of piperidin-4-one (0.091g, 0.59mmol) in MeCN (3.5mL) was added K2CO3 (0.179g, 1.3mmol) and 4-(2-methanesulfonyloxyethyl)piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert- butyl ester (G.A.Cain et.al, US patent 5,252,586) (0.2g, 1.3mmol). The solution was allowed to stir at rt for 2Oh, then at reflux for a further 6h. Water was added followed by EtOAc. The two layers were separated and the aqueous further extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography with 50% EtOAc / Hexane as eluent to afford the title compound (0.077g, 42%): RT = 2.07 min; m/z (ES+) = 311.3 [M+ H]+
Example 78: 4-{2-[4-Hydroxy-4-(4-methylsulfanylphenyl)piperidin-l-yl] cthyljpipcridinc- 1-carboxylic acid terf-butyl ester
Figure imgf000050_0002
To a solution of 4-[2-(4-oxopiperidin-l-yl)ethyl]piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.077g, 0.248mmol) in anhydrous THF (1.2mL) at O0C was added thiomethylbenzene magnesium bromide (0.5mL of a 0.5MoI solution in THF, 0.25mmol). The solution was stirred at O0C for 30mins then treated with saturated NH4Cl solution followed by EtOAc. The two layers were separated and the aqueous layer further extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography with 50% EtOAc / Hexane as eluent to afford the title compound (0.074g, 69%): RT = 2.76 min; m/z (ES+) = 435.35 [M+ H]+
Example 79: 4-{2-[4-Hydroxy-4-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperidin-l-yl] ethyl}piperidine-l-carboxylic acid terf-butyl ester
Figure imgf000050_0003
To a solution of 4-{2-[4-hydroxy-4-(4-methylsulfanylphenyl)piperidin-l-yl]ethyl} piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.071g, 0.164mmol) in toluene (ImL) was added NaMoO4 (0.0039g, 0.016mmol) followed by N(n-Bu)3 (0.004mL, 0.016mmol). Acetic acid (0.01OmL) was added followed by H2O2 (0.01OmL). Further portions of acetic acid and H2O2 were added at 5 min intervals (4 x 0.01OmL) and the mixture heated at 6O0C for 15 min. The reaction was treated with saturated Na2SO3 solution and the aqueous extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography with 2% NH3, 5% MeOH / DCM as eluent to afford the title compound (0.035g, 46%): RT = 2.39 min; m/z (ES+) = 467.35 [M+ H]+
Example 80: 4-{2-[4-(4-Mcthancsulfonylphcnyl)pipcrazin-l-yl]-2-oxocthyl}pipcridinc-l- carboxylic acid ferf-butyl ester
Figure imgf000051_0001
To a solution of l-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazine (0.22 g, 0.91 mmol), 4-carboxy methylpiperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.20 g, 0.80 mmol), HOBT.H2O (0.14 g, 0.91 mmol) and DIPEA (0.47 mL, 2.72 mmol) in DMF (5mL) was added EDCI (0.19 g, 0.99 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 18h. The solvent was removed under vacuum and the resulting residue was partitioned between EtOAc and saturated NaHCO3 solution. The aqueous phase was re-extracted with EtOAc, the organic extracts were combined, washed with brine, dried (MgSO4) and adsorbed onto SiO2. The adsorbed sample was purified by flash chromatography eluting with 50:50 EtOAc:hexane to afford the title compound: RT = 3.26 min; m/z (ES+) = 466.33 [M+H]+.
Example 81: 4-{2-[4-(4-Mcthancsulfonylphcnyl)pipcrazin-l-yl]-2-oxocthyl}pipcridinc-l- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000051_0002
To a solution of 4-hydroxy-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)piperidine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (1.00 g, 3.86 mmol) in DCM (60 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (1.80 g, 4.24 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for Ih at rt, a further batch of Dess-Martin periodinane (0.20 g, 0.47 mmol). The reaction mixture was quenched with 2 M NaOH and extracted with Et2O, the aqueous phase was re-extracted with Et2O and the organic extracts were combined then washed with water, 2 M NaOH solution and brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent was removed under vacuum to give 2-hydroxy-l-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester. A solution of l-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazine (0.12 g, 0.50 mmol) and 2-hydroxy-l-oxa- 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-8-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.14 g, 0.56 mmol) in anhydrous MeOH (2 mL) was heated at 750C for Ih, then NaBH4 (25 mg, 0.65 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred for 2h. The solvent was removed under vacuum and the resulting residue was partitioned between water and DCM. The aqueous phase was re-extracted with DCM, the organic extracts were combined and purified by flash chromatography eluting with 3:97 MeOH:DCM to afford the title compound: RT = 2.37 min; m/z (ES+) = 482.45 [M+H]+.
Intermediate 18: 4-(6-Chloropyridin-3-yl)pipcrazinc-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000052_0001
A mixture of 2-chloro-5-bromopyridine (1.Og, 5.2 mmol), 1-boc-piperazine (0.967g, 5.2 mmol), sodium tert-butoxide (0.749g, 7.8 mmol), 9,9-dimethyl-4,5- bis(diphenylphosphino)xanthene (0.179g, 0.31 mmol) in toluene (3OmL) was treated with Pd2(dba)3 (0.095g, 0.1 mmol) at rt. The mixture was refluxed for 4h. The reaction was cooled and filtered through celite. The organic layer was diluted with EtOAc (10OmL) then washed with saturated Na2CO3 solution, brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography with 20% EtOAc / Hexane as eluent to afford the title compound (0.82g, 53%): RT = 3.40 min; m/z (ES+) = 298.2 [M+ H]+
Example 82: 4-{2-[4-(6-Chloropyridin-3-yl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl}piperidine -1-carboxylic acid terf-butyl ester
Figure imgf000052_0002
A solution of 4-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)piperazine- 1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.15g, 0.5 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was treated with TFA (1 mL) and the mixture stirred at rt for 4h. DCM (20 mL) was added and the organic layer washed with 2M NaOH solution, brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo to yield l-(6-chloro pyridin-3-yl)piperazine as a yellow solid (0.067g, 68%). The solid was dissolved in DCM (8mL) and treated with N-boc- piperidinyl-4-acetaldehyde (0.077g, 0.34 mmol) and 4A molecular sieves (O.lg) at rt. The solution was allowed to stir for Ih then treated with NaHB(OAc)3 (0.094g, 0.44 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at rt for 24h. DCM was added and the organic layer washed with saturated Na2CO3 solution, brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography with EtOAc as eluent to afford the title compound (0.098g, 70%): RT = 2.56 min; m/z (ES+) = 409.3 [M+ H]+
Intermediate 19: 4-(6-Methylsulfanylpyridin-3-yl)piperazine-l-carboxylic acid terf-butyl ester
Figure imgf000052_0003
A mixture of 5-bromo-2-methylsulfanylpyridine (1.06g, 5.2 mmol), 1-boc-piperazine (0.967g, 5.2 mmol), sodium tert-butoxide (0.749g, 7.8 mmol), 9,9-dimethyl-4,5- bis(diphenylphosphino)xanthene (0.179g, 0.31 mmol) in toluene (3OmL) was treated with Pd2(dba)3 (0.095g, 0.1 mmol) at rt. The mixture was refluxed for 3h. The reaction was cooled and filtered through celite. The organic layer was diluted with EtOAc (10OmL) then washed with saturated Na2CO3 solution, brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography with 20% EtOAc / Hexane as eluent to afford the title compound (1.Og, 61%): RT = 3.22 min; m/z (ES+) = 310.2 [M+ H]+
Intermediate 20: 4-(6-Mcthancsulfonylpyridin-3-yl)pipcrazinc-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000053_0001
To a solution of 4-(6-methylsulfanylpyridin-3-yl)piperazine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.5g, 1.62 mmol) in DCM (2OmL) at O0C was added wCPBA (0.56g, 3.24 mmol) portionwise. The mixture was allowed to warm to rt and stir for 3h. DCM (3OmL) was added and the organics washed with saturated Na2CO3 solution, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography with 80% EtOAc / Hexane as eluent to afford the title compound (0.14g, 25%): RT = 3.07 min; m/z (ES+) = 342.2 [M+ H]+
Example 83: 4-{2-[4-(6-Methanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl}piperidine-l- carboxylic acid terf-butyl ester
Figure imgf000053_0002
A solution of 4-(6-methanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)piperazine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.14g, 0.4 mmol) in DCM (1OmL) was treated with TFA (ImL) and the mixture stirred at rt for 3h. DCM (3OmL) was added and the organic layer washed with IM NaOH solution, brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo to yield l-(6-methanesulfonylpyridin-3- yl)piperazine as a yellow solid (0.095g, 100%). The solid was dissolved in DCM (8mL) and treated with N-boc-piperidinyl-4-acetaldehyde (0.088g, 0.39 mmol) and 4A molecular sieves (O.lg) at room temperature. The solution was allowed to stir for 3h then treated with NaHB(OAc)3 (0.106g, 0.5 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at rt for 2Oh. DCM (2OmL) was added and the organic layer washed with saturated Na2CO3 solution, brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography with EtOAc as eluent to afford the title compound (O.lOlg, 58%): RT = 2.61 min; m/z (ES+) = 453.4 [M+ H]+ Intermediate 21: 2-Bromo-5-mcthancsulfonylpyridinc
Figure imgf000054_0001
To a solution of 2-bromo-5-methylsulfanylpyridine (1.53g, 7.6 mmol) in DCM (2OmL) at 0 0C was added wCPBA (3.95g, 15.95 mmol) portionwise. The mixture was allowed to warm to rt and stir for 2h. DCM (30ml) was added and the organics washed with saturated Na2SO3 solution, saturated Na2CO3 solution, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude product was triturated with Et2O, filtered and dried in vacuo to afford the title compound (1.25g, 71%): δπ (CDCl3) 3.15 (3H, s), 7.75 (IH, d), 8.08 (IH, dd), 8.95 (IH, d).
Intermediate 22: 4-(5-Methanesulfonylpyridin-2-yl)piperazine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000054_0002
A solution of 2-bromo-5-methanesulfonylpyridine (2.1g, 8.9 mmol) and 1-boc- piperazine (3.3 Ig, 17.8 mmol) in trifluoroethanol (25mL) was heated at reflux for 24h. The solvent was removed in vacuo and EtOAc (10OmL) added. The solution was washed with water, brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography with 40% EtOAc / Hexane as eluent to afford the title compound (1.86g, 62%): RT = 3.11 min; m/z (ES+) = 342.2 [M+ H]+
Example 84: 4-{2-[4-(5-Methanesulfonylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl}piperidine-l- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000054_0003
A solution of 4-(5-methanesulfonylpyridin-2-yl)piperazine-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.075g, 0.23 mmol) in DCM (5mL) was treated with TFA (0.5mL) and the mixture stirred at rt for 4h. DCM (3OmL) was added and the organic layer washed with IM NaOH solution, brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo to yield l-(5-methanesulfonylpyridin-2- yl)piperazine as a white solid (0.07g, 100%). The solid (0.064g, 0.27mmol) was dissolved in 1:1 DCM/THF (12mL) and treated with N-boc-piperidinyl-4-acetaldehyde (0.061g, 0.27 mmol) and 4A molecular sieves (O.lg) at rt. The solution was allowed to stir for Ih then treated with NaHB(OAc)3 (0.074g, 0.35 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at rt for 24h. DCM (3OmL) was added and the organic layer washed with saturated Na2CO3 solution, brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude product was triturated with Et2O, filtered and dried in vacuo to afford the title compound (0.043g, 35%): RT = 2.49 min; m/z (ES+) = 453.4 [M+ H]+
Intermediate 23: l-(4-Mcthancsulfonylphcnyl)-4-(2-pipcridin-4-ylcthyl)pipcrazinc
Figure imgf000055_0001
To a solution of 4-{2-[4-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl}piperidine-l- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (5g, ll.lmmol) in DCM (1OmL) was added 1:3 DCM / TFA dropwise over 30 min. The reaction was stirred for an additional 30 min and the solvent removed in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc and washed with IM NaOH. The combined basic aqueous was saturated with NaCl and back extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phases were washed with brine, dried (MgSO4) and the solvent removed in vacuo to afford the title compound (2.98g, 77%): RT = 0.26 min; m/z (ES+) = 352.1 [M+ H]+
Example 85: 4-{2-[4-(4-Methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl}piperidine-l- carboxylic acid propyl ester
Figure imgf000055_0002
To a solution of i-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)-4-(2-piperidin-4-yl-ethyl)piperazine (0.05g, 0.14mmol) and NEt3 (0.06mL, 0.42mmol) in DCM (ImL) was added propyl chloroformate (0.019mL, 0.17mmol) and the mixture stirred at rt for 2h. Water was added and the two layers separated via phase separator cartridge and the solvent removed in vacuo to afford the title compound (0.04g, 65%): RT = 2.45 min; m/z (ES+) = 438.3 [M+ H]+
Example 86: 4-{2-[4-(4-Methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl}piperidine-l- carboxylic acid isopropyl ester
Figure imgf000055_0003
To a solution of isopropanol (0.054mL, 0.71mmol) and triphosgene (0.07g, 0.24mmol) in THF (2mL) at O0C was added NEt3 (0.2mL, 1.42 mmol). The suspension was allowed to warm to rt over Ih and then added to a solution of l-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)-4-(2-piperidin- 4-ylethyl)piperazine (0.05g, 0.14mmol) in THF (ImL). The mixture was stirred for 2h and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude solid was dissolved in DCM and washed with water, dried via phase separator and the solvent removed in vacuo to yield a crude solid which was purified by HPLC to afford the title compound (O.Olg, 16%): RT = 2.45 min; m/z (ES+) = 438.3 [M+ H]+
Example 87: 4-{2-[4-(4-Methanesulfonylphenyl)piperazin-l-yl]ethyl}piperidine-l- carboxylic acid 1-methylcyclobutyl ester
Figure imgf000056_0001
Prepared using the above method: RT = 2.54 min; m/z (ES+) = 464.4 [M+ H]+
Example 88: 2-(4-{2-[4-(4-Mcthancsulfonylphcnyl)pipcrazin-l-yl]cthyl}pipcridin-l-yl)-5- mcthylpyrimidinc
Figure imgf000056_0002
To a solution of l-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)-4-(2-piperidin-4-ylethyl)piperazine (0.05g, 0.14mmol) and DBU (0.026mL, 0.17mmol) in dioxane (ImL) was added 2-chloro-5- methyl pyrimidine (0.021g, O.lόmmol). The mixture was stirred for 3.5 days and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by HPLC to afford the title compound (0.018g, 29%): RT = 2.24 min; m/z (ES+) = 444.3 [M+ H]+
Example 89: 5-Fluoro-2-(4-{2-[4-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)piperaziii-l-yl]etliyl} piperidin-l-yl)pyrimidine
Figure imgf000056_0003
To a degassed solution of Example 85 (0.2g, 0.57mmol), 2-chloro-5-fluoro pyrimidine (0.076g, 0.57mmol), sodium tert-butoxide (0.082g, 0.86mmol), 9,9-dimethyl-4,5- bis(diphenylphosphino)xanthene (0.02g, 0.032mmol) in toluene was added Pd2(dba)3 (0.01 Ig, 0.01 mmol). The mixture was heated at reflux for 2h, cooled and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude mixture was purified by flash chromatography with 1% NH3, 1% MeOH / DCM as eluent to afford the title compound (0.017g, 7%): RT = 2.51 min; m/z (ES+) = 448.2 [M+ H]+
The biological activity of the compounds of the invention may be tested in the following assay systems: Yeast Reporter Assay
The yeast cell-based reporter assays have previously been described in the literature (e.g. see Miret J. J. et al, 2002, J. Biol. Chem., 277:6881-6887; Campbell R.M. et al, 1999, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 9:2413-2418; King K. et al, 1990, Science, 250:121-123); WO 99/14344; WO 00/12704; and US 6,100,042). Briefly, yeast cells have been engineered such that the endogenous yeast G-alpha (GPAl) has been deleted and replaced with G-protein chimeras constructed using multiple techniques. Additionally, the endogenous yeast GPCR, Ste3 has been deleted to allow for heterologous expression of a mammalian GPCR of choice. In the yeast, elements of the pheromone signaling transduction pathway, which are conserved in eukaryotic cells (for example, the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway), drive the expression of Fusl. By placing β-galactosidase (LacZ) under the control of the Fusl promoter (Fuslp), a system has been developed whereby receptor activation leads to an enzymatic readout.
Yeast cells were transformed by an adaptation of the lithium acetate method described by Agatep et al, (Agatep, R. et al, 1998, Transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the lithium acetate/single-stranded carrier DNA/polyethylene glycol (LiAc/ss-DNA/PEG) protocol. Technical Tips Online, Trends Journals, Elsevier). Briefly, yeast cells were grown overnight on yeast tryptone plates (YT). Carrier single-stranded DNA (lOμg), 2μg of each of two Fuslp- LacZ reporter plasmids (one with URA selection marker and one with TRP), 2μg of GPRl 16 (human or mouse receptor) in yeast expression vector (2μg origin of replication) and a lithium acetate/ polyethylene glycol/ TE buffer was pipetted into an Eppendorf tube. The yeast expression plasmid containing the receptor/ no receptor control has a LEU marker. Yeast cells were inoculated into this mixture and the reaction proceeds at 3O0C for 60min. The yeast cells were then heat-shocked at 420C for 15min. The cells were then washed and spread on selection plates. The selection plates are synthetic defined yeast media minus LEU, URA and TRP (SD- LUT). After incubating at 3O0C for 2-3 days, colonies that grow on the selection plates were then tested in the LacZ assay.
In order to perform fluorimetric enzyme assays for β-galactosidase, yeast cells carrying the human or mouse GPRl 16 receptor were grown overnight in liquid SD-LUT medium to an unsaturated concentration (i.e. the cells were still dividing and had not yet reached stationary phase). They were diluted in fresh medium to an optimal assay concentration and 90μl of yeast cells added to 96-well black polystyrene plates (Costar). Compounds, dissolved in DMSO and diluted in a 10% DMSO solution to 1OX concentration, were added to the plates and the plates placed at 3O0C for 4h. After 4h, the substrate for the β-galactosidase was added to each well. In these experiments, Fluorescein di (β-D-galactopyranoside) was used (FDG), a substrate for the enzyme that releases fluorescein, allowing a fluorimetric read-out. 20μl per well of 500μM FDG/2.5% Triton XlOO was added (the detergent was necessary to render the cells permeable). After incubation of the cells with the substrate for 60min, 20μl per well of IM sodium carbonate was added to terminate the reaction and enhance the fluorescent signal. The plates were then read in a fluorimeter at 485/535nm.
The compounds of the invention give an increase in fluorescent signal of at least ~ 1.5- fold that of the background signal (i.e. the signal obtained in the presence of 1% DMSO without compound). Compounds of the invention which give a increase of at least 5-fold that of the background signal may be preferred.
cAMP Assay
A stable cell line expressing recombinant human GPRl 16 was established and this cell line was used to investigate the effect of compounds of the invention on intracellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP). The cell monolayers were washed with phosphate buffered saline and stimulated at 37°C for 30min with various concentrations of compound in stimulation buffer plus 1% DMSO. Cells were then lysed and cAMP content determined using the Perkin Elmer AlphaScreen™ (Amplified Luminescent Proximity Homogeneous Assay) cAMP kit. Buffers and assay conditions were as described in the manufacturer's protocol. Compounds of the invention showed a concentration-dependant increase in intracellular cAMP level.
Compounds of the invention produced a concentration-dependent increase in intracellular cAMP level and generally had an EC50 of <10μM. Compounds showing an EC50 of less than lum in the cAMP assay may be preferred.
In vivo feeding study
The effect of compounds of the invention on body weight and food and water intake may be examined in freely-feeding male Sprague-Dawley rats maintained on reverse-phase lighting. Test compounds and reference compounds are dosed by appropriate routes of administration (e.g. intraperitoneally or orally) and measurements made over the following 24 h. Rats are individually housed in polypropylene cages with metal grid floors at a temperature of 21±4°C and 55±20% humidity. Polypropylene trays with cage pads are placed beneath each cage to detect any food spillage. Animals are maintained on a reverse phase light-dark cycle (lights off for 8 h from 09.30-17.30 h) during which time the room was illuminated by red light. Animals have free access to a standard powdered rat diet and tap water during a two week acclimatization period. The diet is contained in glass feeding jars with aluminum lids. Each lid has a 3-4 cm hole in it to allow access to the food. Animals, feeding jars and water bottles are weighed (to the nearest 0.1 g) at the onset of the dark period. The feeding jars and water bottles are subsequently measured 1, 2, 4, 6 and 24 h after animals are dosed with a compound of the invention and any significant differences between the treatment groups at baseline compared to vehicle-treated controls.
Anti-diabetic effects of compounds of the invention in an in-vitro model of pancreatic beta cells (HIT-T15)
Cell Culture
HIT-T15 cells (passage 60) were obtained from ATCC, and were cultured in RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and 3OnM sodium selenite. All experiments were done with cells at less than passage 70, in accordance with the literature, which describes altered properties of this cell line at passage numbers above 81 (Zhang HJ, Walseth TF, Robertson RP. Insulin secretion and cAMP metabolism in HIT cells. Reciprocal and serial passage-dependent relationships. Diabetes. 1989 Jan;38(l):44-8).
cAMP assay HIT-T 15 cells were plated in standard culture medium in 96-well plates at 100,000 cells/ 0.1ml/ well and cultured for 24 hr and the medium was then discarded. Cells were incubated for 15min at room temperature with lOOμl stimulation buffer (Hanks buffered salt solution, 5mM HEPES, 0.5mM IBMX, 0.1% BSA, pH 7.4). This was discarded and replaced with compound dilutions over the range 0.001, 0.003, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30 μM in stimulation buffer in the presence of 0.5% DMSO. Cells were incubated at room temperature for 30min. Then 75ul lysis buffer (5mM HEPES, 0.3% Tween-20, 0.1% BSA, pH 7.4) was added per well and the plate was shaken at 900 rpm for 20 min. Particulate matter was removed by centrifugation at 3000rpm for 5min, then the samples were transferred in duplicate to 384-well plates, and processed following the Perkin Elmer AlphaScreen cAMP assay kit instructions. Briefly 25μl reactions were set up containing 8μl sample, 5μl acceptor bead mix and 12μl detection mix, such that the concentration of the final reaction components is the same as stated in the kit instructions. Reactions were incubated at room temperature for 150min, and the plate was read using a Packard Fusion instrument. Measurements for cAMP were compared to a standard curve of known cAMP amounts (0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300, 1000 nM) to convert the readings to absolute cAMP amounts. Data was analysed using XLfit 3 software.
Representative compounds of the invention were found to increase cAMP at an EC50 of less than 10 μM. Compounds showing an EC50 of less than 1 μM in the cAMP assay may be preferred.
Insulin secretion assay
HIT-T 15 cells were plated in standard culture medium in 12- well plates at 106 cells/ 1 ml/ well and cultured for 3 days and the medium was then discarded. Cells were washed x 2 with supplemented Krebs-Ringer buffer (KRB) containing 119 mM NaCl, 4.74 mM KCl, 2.54 mM CaCl2, 1.19 mM MgSO4, 1.19 mM KH2PO4, 25 mM NaHCO3, 1OmM HEPES at pH 7.4 and 0.1% bovine serum albumin. Cells were incubated with ImI KRB at 37°C for 30 min which was then discarded. This was followed by a second incubation with KRB for 30 min, which was collected and used to measure basal insulin secretion levels for each well. Compound dilutions (0, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10 uM) were then added to duplicate wells in 1ml KRB, supplemented with 5.6 mM glucose. After 30 min incubation at 37°C samples were removed for determination of insulin levels. Measurement of insulin was done using the Mercodia Rat insulin ELISA kit, following the manufacturers instructions, with a standard curve of known insulin concentrations. For each well insulin levels were subtracted by the basal secretion level from the pre-incubation in the absence of glucose. Data was analysed using XLfit 3 software.
Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests
The effects of compounds of the invention on oral glucose (GIc) tolerance may be evaluated in male C57B1/6 or male oblob mice. Food is withdrawn 5 h before administration of GIc and remains withdrawn throughout the study. Mice have free access to water during the study. A cut is made to the animals' tails, then blood (20 μL) is removed for measurement of basal GIc levels 45 min before administration of the GIc load. The mice are weighed and dosed orally with test compound or vehicle (20% aqueous hydroxypropyl-^-cyclodextrin or 25% aqueous Gelucire 44/14) 30 min before the removal of an additional blood sample (20 μL) and treatment with the GIc load (2-5 g kg"1 p.o.). Blood samples (20 μL) are taken 25, 50, 80, 120, and 180 min after GIc administration. The 20 μL blood samples for measurement of GIc levels are taken from the cut tip of the tail into disposable micro-pipettes (Dade Diagnostics Inc., Puerto Rico) and the sample added to 480 μL of haemolysis reagent. Duplicate 20 μL aliquots of the diluted haemolysed blood are added to 180 μL of Trinders glucose reagent (Sigma enzymatic (Trinder) colorimetric method) in a 96-well assay plate. After mixing, the samples are left at rt for 30 min before being read against GIc standards (Sigma glucose/urea nitrogen combined standard set).

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. A compound of formula (I):
Figure imgf000061_0001
(I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
Z represents an aryl, heteroaryl, -Ci-4alkylaryl or -Ci-4alkylheteroaryl group, any of which may optionally be substituted by one or more groups selected from halogen, Ci-4alkyl,
Figure imgf000061_0002
OR9, NR3R4, S(O)nR9, S(O)2NR9R99, C(O)NR9R99, NR10C(O)R9, NR10C(O)NR9R99, NR10SO2R9, C(O)R9, C(O)OR9, -P(O)(CH3)2, NO2, cyano or -(CH2)J-C3-7 cycloalkyl, -(CH2)raryl, -(CH2)rheterocyclyl, -(CH2)r heteroaryl, any of which cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl groups may be substituted by Ci-4alkyl; one of Ai and A2 is N or N+-O", and the other is CH, C(OH) or N; d is 0, 1, 2, or 3; e is 1 or 2; with the proviso that d + e is 2, 3, 4 or 5, and that if Ai and A2 are both N, d is 2 or 3 and e is 2; j is O, 1 or 2; k is O, 1 or 2; n is O, 1, or 2;
B represents a branched or unbranched Ci-4alkylene chain or Ci-4alkenylene chain, either of which may optionally be substituted by one or more groups selected from halogen, hydroxy or oxo, and wherein one CH2 group may be replaced by O or NR8, provided that the group >A2-B- does not contain any direct N-O, N-C-O, N-N, N-C-N or N-C-halogen bonds;
G represents CHR2 or NR1;
R1 is C(O)OR5, C(O)R5, S(O)2R5, C(O)NR5R8, Ci-4alkylene-C(O)OR5, C(O)C(O)OR5, or P(O)(O-Ph)2; or heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, either of which may optionally be substituted by one or two groups selected from Ci-4alkyl, Ci-4alkoxy or halogen;
R2 is C3_6alkyl;
R3 and R4 are independently hydrogen, methoxy, Ci-4 alkyl, which may optionally be substituted by halo, hydroxy, Ci-4 alkyloxy-, aryloxy-,
Figure imgf000061_0003
Ci-4 alkylS(O)n-, C3-7 heterocyclyl, -C(O)OR14 or N(R10)2; or may be C3-7 cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, wherein the cyclic groups may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci-4 alkyl, Ci-4 fluoroalkyl, OR13, CN, SO2CH3, N(R10)2 and NO2; or taken together R3 and R4 may form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted by hydroxy, Ci-4 alkyl or Ci-4 hydroxyalkyl and optionally containing a further heteroatom selected from O and NR10;
R5 and R55 are independently Ci-8 alkyl, C2-8 alkenyl or C2-8 alkynyl, any of which may be optionally substituted by one or more halo atoms, NR6R66, OR6, C(O)OR6, OC(O)R6 or cyano, and may contain a CH2 group that is replaced by O or S; or a C3-7cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl,
Figure imgf000061_0004
Ci-4alkylenearyl,
Figure imgf000061_0005
or Ci-4 alkyleneheteroaryl, any of which may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, d-4alkyl, Ci-4 fluoroalkyl, OR7, CN, NR7R77, SO2Me, NO2 or C(O)OR7;
R6, R66, R7, and R77 each independently are hydrogen or
Figure imgf000062_0001
or, taken together, R6 and R66 or R7 and R77 may independently form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring;
R8 hydrogen or
Figure imgf000062_0002
R9 and R99 are independently hydrogen, methoxy, Ci-4alkyl, which may optionally be substituted by halo, hydroxy,
Figure imgf000062_0003
Ci-4 alkoxyCi-4 alkoxy-, -aryloxy-,
Figure imgf000062_0004
Ci-4 alkylS(O)n-, C3-7 heterocyclyl, -C(O)OR14 or N(R10)2; or may be C3-7 cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, wherein the cyclic groups may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, Ci-4alkyl, Ci-4 fluoroalkyl, OR13, CN, SO2CH3, N(R10)2 and NO2; or taken together R9 and R99 may form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted by hydroxy, Ci-4 alkyl or Ci-4 hydroxyalkyl and optionally containing a further heteroatom selected from O and NR10;
R10 is hydrogen, Ci-4 alkyl; or a group N(R10)2 may form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclic ring optionally containing a further heteroatom selected from O and NR10;
R11 is hydrogen or hydroxy, or when B represents
Figure imgf000062_0005
and there is a point of unsaturation adjacent to CR11 then R11 is absent;
R12 is each independently hydroxy, oxo, methyl; or two R12 groups may form a bridging methylene;
R13 is hydrogen, Ci-2 alkyl or Ci-2 fluoroalkyl;
R14 is hydrogen or Ci-4 alkyl; x is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and y is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; with the proviso that x + y is 2, 3, 4 or 5.
2. A compound according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Z is optionally substituted phenyl.
3. A compound according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Z is optionally substituted 6-membered heteroaryl.
4. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein G is NR1.
5. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 4, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R1 is C(O)OR5, C(O)NR5R8 or heteroaryl.
6. A compound according to claim 5, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R1 is C(O)OR5
7. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R5 is C3-5alkyl optionally substituted by one or more halo atoms or cyano, and may contain a CH2 group that is replaced by O or S, or C3-5cycloalkyl optionally substituted by Ci-4 alkyl.
8. A compound according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of formula (Ib):
Figure imgf000063_0001
(Ib) wherein E1 and E2 are CH, or one of E1 and E2 is N and the other is CH;
A2 is N or CH; when A2 is N, Y is CH2; when A2 is CH, Y is O or NR8;
W is a branched or unbranched Ci-3alkylene chain or Ci-3alkenylene chain, either of which may optionally be substituted by one or more groups selected from halogen, hydroxy or oxo; one of Ra, Rb and Rc is selected from S(O)nR9, S(O)2NR9R99, C(O)NR9R99, NR10C(O)NR9R99 and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, and the other two of Ra, Rb and Rc are selected from hydrogen, halogen, Ci-4alkyl and cyano; and
R1 is C(O)OR5, C(O)NR5R8 or 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl.
9. A compound of formula (I) as defined in any one of Examples 1 to 89, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
10. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 9, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
11. A method for the treatment of a disease or condition in which GPRl 19 plays a role comprising a step of administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 9, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
12. A method for the regulation of satiety comprising a step of administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 9, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
13. A method for the treatment of obesity comprising a step of administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 9, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
14. A method for the treatment of diabetes comprising a step of administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 9, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
15. A method for the treatment of metabolic syndrome (syndrome X), impaired glucose tolerance, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL levels or hypertension comprising a step of administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 9, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
16. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 9, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use as a medicament.
17. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 9, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a disease or condition as defined in any one of claims 11 to 15.
18. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 9 for use in the treatment or prevention of a disease or condition as defined in any one of claims 11 to 15.
19. A compound of formula (12):
Figure imgf000064_0001
(12) or a salt or protected derivative thereof, wherein the groups Z, A1, A2, B, R11, R12 d, e, k, x and y are as defined in claim 1.
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