WO2007002033A2

WO2007002033A2 - Pilot design and channel estimation

Info

Publication number: WO2007002033A2
Application number: PCT/US2006/023901
Authority: WO
Inventors: Aris Papasakellariou; Timothy M. Schmidl; Eko N. Onggosanusi; Anand Dabak
Original assignee: Texas Instruments Incorporated
Priority date: 2005-06-20
Filing date: 2006-06-20
Publication date: 2007-01-04
Also published as: US20100124297A1; US20060285484A1; EP1897308B1; USRE46774E1; US7929416B2; EP1897308A2; EP1897308A4; USRE45299E1; US7660229B2; WO2007002033A3

Abstract

The invention provides a method for generating a pilot signal structure in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication system having a transmitter with a least one transmitting antenna. The method involves composing a frame with a time domain and a frequency domain. The frame (1010) has a transmission time interval in the time domain. A pilot signal having a pilot power level is located into two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of the frame.

Description

PILOT DESIGN AND CHANNEL ESTIMATION

Embodiments of the invention are directed, in general, to communication systems; and, more specifically, to pilot signal design for use in communication systems. BACKGROUND The global market for both voice and data communication services continues to grow, as does numbers of users of the systems which deliver those services. As communication systems evolve, system design has become increasingly demanding in relation to equipment and performance requirements. Future generations of communication systems will be required to provide high quality, high transmission rate data services in addition to high quality voice services. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a technique that will allow for high speed voice and data communication services.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is based on the well-known technique of Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM). OFDM technique relies on the orthogonality properties of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) and the inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to eliminate interference between carriers. At the transmitter, the precise setting of the carrier frequencies is performed by the IFFT. The data is encoded into constellation points by multiple (one for each carrier) constellation encoders. The complex values of the constellation encoder outputs are the inputs to the IFFT. For wireless transmission, the outputs of the IFFT are converted to an analog waveform, up-converted to a radio frequency, amplified, and transmitted. At the receiver, the reverse process is performed. The received signal (input signal) is amplified, down-converted to a band suitable for analog- to-digital conversion, digitized, and processed by an FFT to recover the carriers. The multiple carriers are then demodulated in multiple constellation decoders (one for each carrier), recovering the original data. Since an IFFT is used to combine the carriers at the transmitter and a corresponding FFT is used to separate the carriers at the receiver, the process has potentially zero inter-carrier interference.

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrative of the Frequency 103 —Time 101 Representation 100 of an OFDM Signal. In FDM, different streams of information are mapped onto separate parallel frequency channels 140. Each FDM channel is separated from the others by a frequency guard band to reduce interference between adjacent channels.

The OFDM technique differs from traditional FDM in the following interrelated ways: 1) multiple carriers (called sub-carriers 150) carry the information stream; 2) the sub- carriers 150 are orthogonal to each other; and 3) a Cyclic Prefix (CP) 110 (also known as guard interval) is added to each symbol 120 to combat the channel delay spread and avoid OFDM inter-symbol interference (ISI). The data/information carried by each sub-carrier 150 may be user data of many forms, including text, voice, video, and the like. In addition, the data includes control data, a particular type of which is discussed below. As a result of the orthogonality, ideally each receiving element tuned to a given sub-carrier does not perceive any of the signals communicated at any other of the sub-carriers. Given this aspect, various benefits arise. For example, OFDM is able to use orthogonal sub-carriers and, as a result, thorough use is made of the overall OFDM spectrum. As another example, in many wireless systems, the same transmitted signal arrives at the receiver at different times having traveled different lengths due to reflections in the channel between the transmitter and receiver. Each different arrival of the same originally-transmitted signal is typically referred to as a multi-path. Typically, multi-paths interfere with one another, which is sometimes referred to as Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) because each path includes transmitted data referred to as symbols. Nonetheless, the orthogonality implemented by OFDM considerably reduces ISI and, as a result, often a less complex receiver structure, such as one without an equalizer, may be implemented in an OFDM system. A Cyclic Prefix (CP) (also known as guard interval) is added to each symbol to combat the channel delay spread and avoid OFDM inter-symbol interference (ISI). FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrative of using Cyclic Prefix (CP) to eliminate ISI and perform frequency domain equalization. Blocks 200 each comprise cyclic prefix 210 coupled to data symbols 220 to perform frequency domain equalization. OFDM typically allows the application of simple, one-tap, frequency domain equalization (FDE) through the use of a Cyclic Prefix

(CP) 210 at every FFT processing block 200 to suppress multi-path interference. Two blocks are shown for drawing convenience. CP 210 eliminates inter-data-block interference and multi-access interference using Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA).

Since orthogonality is guaranteed between overlapping sub-carriers and between consecutive OFDM symbols in the presence of time/frequency dispersive channels, the data symbol density in the time-frequency plane can be maximized and high data rates can be very efficiently achieved for high Signal-to-Interference and Noise Ratios (SINR).

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrative of Cyclic Prefix (CP) Insertion. A number of samples is typically inserted as a guard interval between useful OFDM symbols 320 to combat OFDM ISI induced by channel dispersion, assist receiver synchronization, and aid spectral shaping. The guard interval 310 is typically a prefix 310 that is inserted at the beginning of the useful OFDM symbol (OFDM symbol without the CP) 320. The CP duration 315 should be sufficient to cover most of the delay-spread energy of a radio channel impulse response, It should also be as small as possible since it represents overhead and reduces OFDM efficiency. Prefix 310 is generated using a last block of samples 340 from the useful OFDM symbol 320 and is therefore a cyclic extension to the OFDM symbol (cyclic prefix).

When the channel delay spread exceeds the CP duration 315, the energy contained in the ISI should be much smaller than the useful OFDM symbol energy and, therefore, the OFDM symbol duration 325 should be much larger than the channel delay spread. However, the OFDM symbol duration 325 should be smaller than the minimum channel coherence time in order to maintain the OFDM ability to combat fast temporal fading. Otherwise, the channel may not always be constant over the OFDM symbol and this may result in inter-sub- carrier orthogonality loss in fast fading channels. Since the channel coherence time is inversely proportional to the maximum Doppler shift (time-frequency duality), this implies that the symbol duration should be much smaller than the inverse of the maximum Doppler shift.

The large number of OFDM sub-carriers makes the bandwidth of individual sub- carriers small relative to the total signal bandwidth. With an adequate number of sub- carriers, the inter-carrier spacing is much narrower than the channel coherence bandwidth. Since the channel coherence bandwidth is inversely proportional to the channel delay spread, the sub-carrier separation is generally designed to be much smaller that the inverse of the channel coherence time. Then, the fading on each sub-carrier appears flat in frequency and this enables one-tap frequency equalization, use of high order modulation, and effective utilization of multiple transmitter and receiver antenna techniques, such as Multiple Input/Multiple Output (MIMO). Therefore, OFDM effectively converts a frequency-selective channel into a parallel collection of frequency flat sub-channels and enables a very simple receiver. Moreover, in order to combat Doppler effects, the inter-carrier spacing should be much larger than the maximum Doppler shift.

The baseband representation 400 of the OFDM signal generation using an N-point IFFT 460 is shown in FIG. 4, where n refers to the n^th sub-channel modulated data symbol 420, during the time 401 period 0 < t < T₁₁ where T₁₁ is the OFDM useful symbol duration. The vector S is defined as the useful OFDM symbol and is practically the time superposition of the N narrowband modulated sub-carriers. Therefore, from a parallel stream of N data sources, a waveform composed of N orthogonal sub-carriers 407 is obtained. At the receiver, a computationally efficient Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) may be used to demodulate the multi-carrier information and to recover the transmitted data. FIG. 5 shows the concepts of frequency diversity 500 and multi-user diversity 505.

Using link adaptation techniques based on the estimated dynamic channel properties, the OFDM transmitter can adapt the transmitted signal to each User Equipment (UE) to match channel conditions and approach the ideal capacity of frequency-selective channel. Thanks to such properties as flattened channel per sub-carrier, high-order modulation, orthogonal sub-carriers, and MIMO; it is possible to improve spectrum utilization and increase achievable peak data rate in OFDM system. Also, OFDM can provide scalability for various channel bandwidths (i.e., 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 MHz) without significantly increasing complexity.

OFDM may be combined with Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) system to allow multiplexing of multiple UEs over the available bandwidth. Because OFDMA assigns UEs to isolated frequency sub-carriers, intra-cell interference may be avoided and high data rate may be achieved. The base station (or Node B) scheduler assigns physical channels based on Channel Quality Indication (CQI) feedback information from the UEs, thus effectively controlling the multiple-access mechanism in the cell. For example, in FIG. 5, transmission to each of the three UEs 501, 502, 503 is scheduled at frequency sub-bands where the channel frequency response allows for higher SINR relative to other sub-bands. This is represented by the Received signal levels R501, R502, and R503 for users 501, 502 and 503 at Frequencies F501, F502, and F503 respectively. OFDM can use frequency-dependent scheduling with optimal per sub-band

Modulation & Coding Scheme (MCS) selection. For each UE and each Transmission Time Interval (TTI), the Node B scheduler selects for transmission with the appropriate MCS a group of the active UEs in the cell, according to some criteria that typically incorporate the achievable SINR based on the CQI feedback. In addition, sub-carriers or group of sub- carriers may be reserved to transmit pilot, signaling or other channels. Multiplexing may also be performed in the time dimension, as long as it occurs at the OFDM symbol rate or at a multiple of the symbol rate (i.e., from one IFFT computation to the next). The MCS used for each sub-carrier or group of sub-carriers can also be changed at the corresponding rate, keeping the computational simplicity of the FFT-based implementation. This allows two- dimensional time-frequency multiplexing, as shown in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7. Transmission Time Interval (TTI) may also be referred to as a frame.

Turning now to FIG. 6, which is a diagram illustrative of a configuration for multiuser diversity. The minimum frequency sub-band used for frequency-dependent scheduling of a UE typically comprises of several sub-carriers and may be referred to as a Resource Block (RB) 620. Reference number 620 is only pointing to one of the eight RBs per OFDM symbol shown as example and for drawing clarity. RB 620 is shown with RB bandwidth 625 in frequency dimension and TTI duration 610 in time dimension. Each RB may be comprised of continuous sub-carriers and thus be localized in nature to afford frequency- dependent scheduling. A high data rate UE may use several RBs within same TTI 630. UE #1 is shown as an example of a high rate UE. Low data rate UEs may be multiplexed within the same RB 640.

Alternatively referring to FIG. 7, which is a diagram illustrative of a configuration for frequency diversity, an RB 720 may correspond to a number of sub-carriers substantially occupying the entire bandwidth thereby offering frequency diversity. This may be useful in situations where Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) feedback is not available or it is unreliable (as is the case for high speed UEs).

To facilitate data-aided methods, OFDM systems periodically insert reference (or pilot) symbols that are known a priori, into the transmission signal. The receiver can thus estimate the channel response based on the received pilot symbols and the known transmitted pilot symbols. In an OFDM based communication system, pilot symbols are transmitted in addition to data symbols in order to serve, inter alia, in providing a reference for the receiver to estimate the channel medium and accordingly demodulate the received signal. A pilot signal also referred to as reference signal is composed of the pilot symbols.

The Downlink (DL) pilot signal should provide effective performance for the following functions: Channel estimation at all possible operating carrier frequencies for all physical channels for all channel multi-path delay spreads (frequency selectivity) encountered in practice and for all UE speeds of interest; CQI measurement for link adaptation and channel-dependent scheduling; sector identification of sector within the same cell; and measurements for cell search and handover.

UE dedicated pilot signals may also be used for UE-dependent adaptive beam- forming. Moreover, as the pilot signal is actually overhead consuming resources that could have been otherwise dedicated for data transmission, it should have minimum time/frequency and power overhead.

Two types of pilot structures have been previously examined: a Time-Division Multiplexed (TDM) pilot structure where the pilot signal is placed on a single OFDM symbol per TTI (FIG. 8); and a scattered pilot structure where the pilot signal is placed in every OFDM symbol per TTI (FIG. 9)

In the example shown in FIG. 8, the TTI is assumed to comprise seven OFDM symbols 810. Moreover, the TTI duration is assumed to be 0.5 milliseconds. Shaded dots indicate pilot locations for one transmit antenna. In the example of FIG. 9, the TTI is assumed to comprise of seven OFDM symbols 910. Shaded dots indicate pilot locations for one transmit antenna. Channel estimation is based on time and frequency interpolation among pilot sub-carriers in order to obtain the channel estimates at the position corresponding to data sub-carriers. In order to be able to perform frequency interpolation, the pilot sub-carrier spacing in the frequency domain should be smaller than the 50% correlation coherence bandwidth of the channel for all channels of interest. Similarly, in order to be able to perform time interpolation, the pilot sub-carrier spacing in the time domain should be smaller than the 50% coherence time of the channel at the operating carrier frequency for all UE speeds of interest. The example shown in FIG. 8 has a spacing in frequency domain ΔF_p,i 830 of four sub-carriers and spacing in time domain ΔT_p,ι 820 of seven OFDM symbols. The example shown in FIG. 9 has a spacing in frequency domain ΔF_p,i 930 of four sub-carriers and spacing in time domain ΔT_p,i 920 of one OFDM symbol. Additional requirements for the pilot signal design may relate to the ability to demodulate only an initial sub-set of the TTI without having to receive the entire TTI. This is applicable, for example, when the control channel associated with scheduling of UEs in the current TTI at various RBs is transmitted in the first few OFDM symbols in every TTI, Then, it may be beneficial to demodulate and decode the control channel prior to the reception of the remaining OFDM symbols in the referenced TTI in order to reduce latency. Moreover, in order to improve channel estimation performance, it is desirable to capture as much of the transmitted pilot signal power as possible without additional latency. Clearly, the pilot signal power from preceding TTIs may be assumed available to the UE but the UE will have to incur additional decoding latency if it were to obtain the pilot signal power from succeeding TTIs. However, this would be particularly desirable for channel estimation performance as it would result to pilot signal availability that is more symmetric relative to the TTI of interest. Based on the above discussion, the following disadvantages can be directly identified for the pilot structures of prior art: The TDM pilot structure cannot provide reliable channel estimation and communication support at high UE speeds. For example, for a UE speed of 250 Kmph and carrier frequency of 2.6 GHz, the channel at the fourth OFDM symbol in the TTI structure of FIG. 8 has very little correlation with the channel at the first OFDM symbol of the same TTI or the channel at the first OFDM symbol of the next TTI where the pilot sub-carriers are located. The same problem would persist if the pilot sub-carriers were placed at another OFDM symbol in the TTI (not the first symbol).

The nature of the scattered pilot structure results to very little pilot signal power concentration per OFDM symbol. As a result, if the control channel is transmitted in the first few OFDM symbols in the TTI, there may not be enough pilot signal power to demodulate is prior to the reception of the entire TTI. Moreover, if any substantial pilot signal power from the succeeding TTI is to be obtained in order to provide some symmetry in the channel estimated for the TTI of interest, substantial latency will be incurred as the pilot sub-carriers in several OFDM symbols of the succeeding TTI will need to be captured.

There is a need for an improved pilot structure design in order to achieve accurate channel estimates for high user equipment (UE) speeds in mobile operations while also achieve the ability to use substantial pilot energy from succeeding TTI with minimum latency.

SUMMARY

In light of the foregoing background, embodiments of the invention provide a method for generating a structure in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing communication system having a transmitter with a least one transmitting antenna the method involves composing a frame with a time domain and a frequency domain, the frame has a transmission time interval in the time domain, A pilot having pilot power level is located into two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of the frame. Therefore, the system and method of embodiments of the invention solve the problems identified by prior techniques and provide additional advantages. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Having thus described the invention in general terms, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, and wherein: FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrative of the Frequency- Time Representation of an OFDM

Signal;

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrative of using cyclic prefix (CP) to eliminate ISI and perform frequency domain equalization;

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrative of Cyclic Prefix (CP) Insertion FIG. 4 shows OFDM Useful Symbol Generation Using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT);

FIG. 5 shows the concepts of frequency and multi-user diversity;

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrative of a configuration for Multi-User Diversity;

FIG. 7, which is a diagram illustrative of a configuration for frequency diversity; FIG. 8 shows an example Time-Division Multiplexed (TDM) pilot structure;

FIG. 9 shows an example scattered pilot structure;

FIG. 10 shows a staggered pilot structure in accordance with embodiments of the invention using one transmit antenna;

FIG. 11 shows a staggered pilot structure in accordance with embodiments of the invention using two transmit antennas; and FIG. 12 shows a staggered pilot structure in accordance with embodiments of the invention using four transmit antennas. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. In this disclosure, the term pilot parameters can mean pilot power, number of pilot fields, pilot position, power of each pilot field, etc. The term speed and velocity may be used interchangeably. One skilled in the art to which the invention relates may be able to use the various embodiments of the invention to use both the speed and direction of a mobile to adjust other parameters to vary the power and direction of signal transmission.

A novel pilot structure circumventing the aforementioned shortcomings is presented in embodiments of this invention. FIG. 10 shows a staggered pilot structure for the example case of one transmit antenna, but several obvious extensions are discussed for more transmit antennas. Staggered pilot structure 1000 comprises a TTI of seven OFDM symbols 1010. Shaded dots 1060 indicate pilot locations for one transmit antenna. Non-shaded dots 1050 indicate data sub-carrier. The example embodiment shown in FIG. 1000 has a spacing in frequency domain ΔF_pu 1030 of four sub-carriers and spacing in time domain ΔT_pϋ 1020 of four OFDM symbols.

The attributes of the staggered pilot signal structures disclosed in the embodiments can be summarized as follows:

The pilot signal power is divided in the beginning and middle of the TTI. In the example embodiment, 50% of the pilot signal power from the transmit antenna is placed at the first OFDM symbol 1001 and the remaining 50% is placed at the fifth OFDM symbol 1005 of the seven OFDM symbol example TTI 1010. Placing the pilot signal power at the second and the sixth OFDM symbols instead of the first and fifth OFDM symbols is an alternative of dividing the pilot signal power between the beginning and middle of the TTI. Asymmetric power allocation may also be possible. For the example TTI structure 1010 having 0.5 milliseconds duration, the staggered pilot signal structure can maintain good channel estimation quality even for very high speeds of interest as channel estimates can be always obtained well before the 50% coherence time period of the channel. The pilot sub-carrier spacing in the frequency domain can be easily designed to be smaller that the 50% correlation coherence bandwidth for the longest channel among the channels of interest.

Sufficient pilot signal energy exists in the first OFDM symbol 1001 of the TTI of interest IOIOA and the preceding TTI IOIOB to decode a control channel that may be located in the first few OFDM symbols with minimal performance degradation and without additional latency from the absence of the pilot sub-carriers at the fifth OFDM symbol of the TTI.

Sufficient pilot signal energy exists in the first OFDM symbol 1001 of the succeeding TTI 101 OB to materially improve channel estimation performance while resulting to minimal additional decoding latency of one OFDM symbol and being applicable to most of the current TTI 101 OA even at high UE speeds.

The above and other properties of the staggered pilot signal design can assist in the development of OFDM systems offering reliable and robust communication from a Node B to the receiving UEs. Node B may be a base station, access point or the like network entity. FIG. 11 and FIG. 12 further expand the concept of materially dividing the pilot signal power transmitted by an antenna to two OFDM symbols per TTI for the cases of two transmit FIG. 11 and four transmit antennas FIG. 12.

In FIG. 11, similarly to the one transmit antenna case of FIG. 10, the pilot sub- carriers from the two antennas are placed on the first OFDM symbol 1101 and fifth OFDM symbol 1105. Alternatively, the pilot sub-carriers from the second antenna could be placed on the second OFDM symbol 1102 and sixth OFDM symbol 1106.

In FIG. 12, similarly to that two transmit antennas case of FIG. 11, the pilot sub- carriers from the first two antennas are placed on the first OFDM symbol 1201 and fifth OFDM symbol 1205 while the pilot sub-carriers from the third and fourth antennas are placed on the second OFDM symbol 1202 and sixth OFDM symbol 1206. Embodiments of the invention can be implemented in either the transmitter or the receiver, or in both, of a multi-carrier system, such as an OFDM system, using software, hardware, or a combination of software and hardware. The software is assumed to be embodied as a lookup table, an algorithm, or other program code that defines the pilot structure in a time transmission interval or frame.

An apparatus for an OFDM based communication system operating in accordance with an OFDM transmission technique would be coupled to a plurality of transmitting antennas and comprise a mapper for converting an input signal to a plurality of data symbols, transmitter circuitry adapted to insert pilot symbols with the data symbols for each transmitting antenna, a modulator for modulating said pilot symbols and data symbols in a transmission time interval in accordance with an OFDM transmission technique. The transmission time interval has multiple OFDM symbols. The power level of the pilot symbols is divided into two OFDM symbols in the transmission time interval. The input signal and plurality of data symbols are comprised of sub-sets, each sub-set intended to a unique receiver in the OFDM based communication system.

Embodiments of the invention may be utilized in a receiver in an OFDM based communication system adapted to perform channel estimation using a received reference signal transmitted from at least one antenna, said reference signal being substantially located into two OFDM symbols. The receiver may also be adapted to use the reference signal located in the first OFDM symbol in succeeding transmission time intervals in addition to the reference symbols in the current and preceding transmission time intervals.

Thus, in one implementation, a method for generating a structure in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing communication system having a transmitter with a least one transmitting antenna, comprises composing a frame with a time domain and a frequency domain, wherein the frame has a transmission time interval in the time domain and occupies a bandwidth in the frequency domain, the transmission time interval comprising more than two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols; and locating a pilot signal, having a pilot power level, from a first at least one transmitting antenna into two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of the frame. In some embodiments, the transmission time interval may comprise seven orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols, with the pilot signal from at least one transmitting antenna located in the first and fifth OFDM symbols of a transmission time interval. Where the transmitter has at least two antennas, the method may further comprise locating a pilot signal from a second antenna into two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of the frame, such that the pilot power of the pilot signal from the second antenna is in the first and fifth orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of the transmission time interval. Where the transmitter has at least four antennas, a pilot signal from a third antenna may be located into two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of the frame, such that the pilot power of the pilot signal from the third antenna is in the second and sixth orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of the transmission time interval; and a pilot signal from a fourth antenna may be located into two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of said frame such that the pilot power of the pilot signal from the fourth antenna is in the second and sixth orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of the transmission time interval. In variations of the foregoing, the pilot signal may be located in the second and sixth OFDM symbols of a transmission time interval. Where the transmitter has at least two antennas, the pilot power of the pilot signal from the second antenna may also be in the second and sixth orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of the transmission time interval. Where the transmitter has at least four antennas, a pilot signal from a third antenna may be located into two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of the frame, such that the pilot power of the pilot signal from the third antenna is in the first and fifth orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of the transmission time interval; and a pilot signal from a fourth antenna may be located into two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of said frame such that the pilot power of the pilot signal from the fourth antenna is in the second and sixth orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of the transmission time interval. Where the transmitter has at least four antennas, the frequency location of the pilot signal from a third antenna may be the same as the frequency location of the pilot signal from a first antenna and the frequency location of the pilot signal from a fourth antenna may be the same as the frequency location of the pilot from a second antenna. The pilot signals from all transmitting antennas may have the same locations in the time domain. According to another implementation, an apparatus for an OFDM based communication system is coupled to a plurality of transmitting antennas and comprises a mapper for converting an input signal to a plurality of data symbols; a transmitter adapted to insert pilot symbols with the data symbols for each transmitting antenna; and a modulator for modulating the pilot symbols and data symbols in a transmission time interval, the transmission time interval comprising more than two OFDM symbols, wherein the power level of the pilot symbols is divided into two of the OFDM symbols in the transmission time interval. The transmitter may be further adapted to provide pilot symbols to at least one OFDM symbol near the beginning of the transmission time interval, and to provide pilot symbols to at least one other OFDM symbol near the middle of the transmission time interval. The input signal and plurality of data symbols may comprise sub-sets, wherein each sub-set is intended to a unique receiver.

According to another implementation, a receiver is provided in an OFDM based communication system that is adapted to perform channel estimation using a received reference signal transmitted from at least one antenna, the reference signal being substantially located into two OFDM symbols of a transmission time interval comprising of more than two OFDM symbols. The receiver may be further adapted to use the reference signal located in the first OFDM symbol in succeeding transmission time intervals in addition to the reference symbols in the current and preceding transmission time intervals.

According to another implementation, an apparatus for an OFDM based communication system is adapted to perform channel estimation using a received reference signal transmitted from at least one transmit antenna, the reference signal being substantially located into two OFDM symbols of a current transmission time interval for each transmit antenna, the transmission time interval comprising of more than two OFDM symbols. The apparatus may further comprise a receiver adapted to using the first of the two OFDM symbols carrying reference signals in a succeeding transmission time interval in addition to the reference signals in the current transmission time interval and preceding transmission time intervals.

According to another implementation, a pilot structure is established to provide information to a computing device for channel estimation in an OFDM system with a transmission time interval of seven OFDM symbols, the pilot structure comprises pilot signals from at least one transmitting antenna located in the first and fifth OFDM symbols of said transmission time interval. The OFDM transmitter may have at least two transmit antennas and the pilots from any antenna may be located in the first and fifth or the second and sixth OFDM symbols of the transmission time interval.

In another implementation, a computer data signal is embodied in a carrier wave, the computer data signal carrying one or more sequences of instructions for creating a pilot structure in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system, wherein execution of the one or more sequences of instructions by one or more processors causes the one or more processors to perform the steps of: composing a frame with a time domain and a frequency domain, wherein the frame has a transmission time interval in the time domain and a bandwidth in the frequency domain, said transmission time interval comprising of more than two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols; and locating a pilot signal, having pilot power level, from at least one antenna into two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of said frame.

In another implementation, a computer-readable medium carrying one or more sequences of instructions for creating a pilot structure in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system, wherein execution of the one or more sequences of instructions by one or more processors causes the one or more processors to perform the steps of: composing a frame with a time domain and a frequency domain, wherein the frame has a transmission time interval in the time domain and a bandwidth in the frequency domain, said transmission time interval comprising of more than two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols; and locating a pilot signal, having pilot power level, from at least one antenna into two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of said frame.

Many modifications and other embodiments of the invention will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which this invention pertains, having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions, the associated drawings, and claims. Therefore, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. A method for generating a structure in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing communication system having a transmitter with a least one transmitting antenna, said method comprising: composing a frame with a time domain and a frequency domain, wherein the frame has a transmission time interval in the time domain and occupies a bandwidth in the frequency domain, said transmission time interval comprising of more than two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols; and locating a pilot signal, having pilot power level, from a first at least one transmitting antenna into two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of said frame.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transmission time interval comprises seven orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols, and wherein the pilot signal from at least one transmitting antenna is located in the first and fifth OFDM symbols of a transmission time interval.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the transmitter has at least two antennas, said method further comprising: locating a pilot signal from a second antenna into two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of said frame such that the pilot power of the pilot signal from the second antenna is in the first and fifth orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of the transmission time interval.

4. The method of claim 2, wherein the transmitter has at least two antennas, said method further comprising: locating a pilot signal from a second antenna into two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of said frame such that the pilot power of the pilot signal from the second antenna is in the second and sixth orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of the transmission time interval.

5. The method of claim 2, wherein the pilot signal is located in the second and sixth OFDM symbols of a transmission time interval.

6. The method of claim 3, wherein the transmitter has at least four antennas, said method further comprising: locating a pilot signal from a third antenna into two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of said frame such that the pilot power of the pilot signal from the third antenna is in the second and sixth orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of the transmission time interval; and locating a pilot signal from a fourth antenna into two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of said frame such that the pilot power of the pilot signal from the fourth antenna is in the second and sixth orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of the transmission time interval.

7. The method of claim 4, wherein the transmitter has at least four antennas, said method further comprising: locating a pilot signal from a third antenna into two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of said frame such that the pilot power of the pilot signal from the third antenna is in the first and fifth orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of the transmission time interval; and locating a pilot signal from a fourth antenna into two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of said frame such that the pilot power of the pilot signal from the fourth antenna is in the second and sixth orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbols of the transmission time interval.

8. The method of claim 4, wherein the transmitter has at least four antennas, wherein the frequency location of the pilot signal from a third antenna is the same as the frequency location of the pilot signal from a first antenna, and the frequency location of the pilot signal from a fourth antenna is the same as the frequency location of the pilot from a second antenna.

9. An apparatus for an OFDM based communication system, said apparatus coupled to a plurality of transmitting antennas and said apparatus comprising: a mapper for converting an input signal to a plurality of data symbols; a transmitter adapted to insert pilot symbols with the data symbols for each transmitting antenna; and a modulator for modulating said pilot symbols and data symbols in a transmission time interval, said transmission time interval comprising more than two OFDM symbols, wherein the power level of said pilot symbols is divided into two said OFDM symbols in said transmission time interval.

10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the transmitter is further adapted to provide pilot symbols to at least one OFDM symbol near the beginning of the transmission time interval, and to provide pilot symbols to at least one other OFDM symbol near the middle of the transmission time interval.

11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein said input signal and plurality of data symbols comprise sub-sets, each sub-set intended to a unique receiver.

12. A receiver in an OFDM based communication system adapted to perform channel estimation using a received reference signal transmitted from at least one antenna, said reference signal being substantially located into two OFDM symbols of a transmission time interval comprising more than two OFDM symbols.

13. The receiver of claim 12, further adapted to use the reference signal located in the first OFDM symbol in succeeding transmission time intervals in addition to the reference symbols in the current and preceding transmission time intervals.

.

14. An apparatus for an OFDM based communication system adapted to perform channel estimation using a received reference signal transmitted from at least one transmit antenna, said reference signal being substantially located into two OFDM symbols of a current transmission time interval for each transmit antenna, said transmission time interval comprising of more than two OFDM symbols.

15. The apparatus of claim 14, further comprising: a receiver adapted to using the first of the two OFDM symbols carrying reference signals in a succeeding transmission time interval in addition to the reference signals in the current transmission time interval and preceding transmission time intervals.

16. The method of Claim 1, wherein the pilot signals from all transmitting antennas have the same locations in the time domain.