WO2007001659A1 - Process for the removal of heavy metals from gases, and compositions therefor and therewith - Google Patents
Process for the removal of heavy metals from gases, and compositions therefor and therewith Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2007001659A1 WO2007001659A1 PCT/US2006/018617 US2006018617W WO2007001659A1 WO 2007001659 A1 WO2007001659 A1 WO 2007001659A1 US 2006018617 W US2006018617 W US 2006018617W WO 2007001659 A1 WO2007001659 A1 WO 2007001659A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- composition
- recited
- range
- vanadium
- potassium
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
- B01D53/64—Heavy metals or compounds thereof, e.g. mercury
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
- B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
- B01D53/8665—Removing heavy metals or compounds thereof, e.g. mercury
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/0203—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising compounds of metals not provided for in B01J20/04
- B01J20/0214—Compounds of V, Nb, Ta
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/04—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or magnesium
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/06—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising oxides or hydroxides of metals not provided for in group B01J20/04
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/06—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising oxides or hydroxides of metals not provided for in group B01J20/04
- B01J20/08—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising oxides or hydroxides of metals not provided for in group B01J20/04 comprising aluminium oxide or hydroxide; comprising bauxite
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/10—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate
- B01J20/103—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate comprising silica
- B01J20/106—Perlite
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/10—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate
- B01J20/16—Alumino-silicates
- B01J20/18—Synthetic zeolitic molecular sieves
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
- B01J20/3007—Moulding, shaping or extruding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
- B01J20/3078—Thermal treatment, e.g. calcining or pyrolizing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
- B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
- B01J20/3202—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the carrier, support or substrate used for impregnation or coating
- B01J20/3204—Inorganic carriers, supports or substrates
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
- B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
- B01J20/3231—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the coating or impregnating layer
- B01J20/3234—Inorganic material layers
- B01J20/3236—Inorganic material layers containing metal, other than zeolites, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, sulphides or salts
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
- B01D2257/60—Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
- B01D2257/60—Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds
- B01D2257/602—Mercury or mercury compounds
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2220/00—Aspects relating to sorbent materials
- B01J2220/40—Aspects relating to the composition of sorbent or filter aid materials
- B01J2220/42—Materials comprising a mixture of inorganic materials
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S502/00—Catalyst, solid sorbent, or support therefor: product or process of making
- Y10S502/515—Specific contaminant removal
- Y10S502/516—Metal contaminant removal
Definitions
- the invention relates to a composition useful in the removal of heavy metals from a gaseous feed stream.
- the invention relates to a method of preparing such composition.
- the invention relates to a process for removing heavy metals from a gas stream using the inventive composition and, optionally, a second stage adsorption of the heavy metal.
- Heavy metals are released during the combustion process of many fossil fuels and/or waste materials. These heavy metals include, for example, arsenic, beryllium, lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel, zinc, mercury and barium. Most of these heavy metals are toxic to humans and animals. In particular, lead is thought to compromise the health and mental acuity of young children and fetuses.
- this invention provides a vanadium and potassium containing material which when used in the removal of heavy metal results in oxidation of the heavy metal to an oxidation state greater than zero, even in the presence of sulfur and nitrogen oxides.
- a second aspect of this invention is a method for making an improved vanadium and potassium containing material which when used in the removal of heavy metal results in oxidation of the heavy metal to an oxidation state greater than zero, even in the presence of sulfur and nitrogen oxides.
- Another aspect of this invention is to provide process for the removal of heavy metal from a heavy metal-containing gas which results in oxidation of the heavy metal to an oxidation state greater than zero, even in the presence of sulfur and nitrogen oxides, with an optional second stage for adsorption of oxidized heavy metal.
- the inventive composition comprises vanadium, potassium and a support selected from the group consisting of: amorphous silica-alumina; a zeolite; a material comprising alumina, expanded perlite, and meta-kaolin; alumina; and combinations thereof.
- the inventive composition can be prepared by the method of:
- the inventive composition can be used in the removal of heavy metal from a gaseous feed stream comprising heavy metal by contacting, in a contacting zone, the gaseous feed stream with any of the inventive compositions of embodiments one or two above, with an optional second stage for adsorption of oxidized heavy metal.
- the inventive composition comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a support, potassium and vanadium.
- the support is selected from the group consisting of: 1) amorphous silica- alumina; 2) a zeolite; 3) a material comprising, consisting of or consisting essentially of alumina, expanded perlite and meta-kaolin; 4) alumina; and 5) combinations thereof.
- the term "Support" refers to a carrier for another catalytic component.
- a support necessarily an inert material; it is possible that a support can contribute to catalytic activity and selectivity.
- the vanadium is present in the composition, on an elemental vanadium basis, in an amount in the range of from about 6 to about 30 weight %, preferably from about 8 to about 25 weight %, and most preferably from about 11 to about 22 weight %, based on the total weight of the composition.
- the potassium is present in the composition, on an elemental potassium basis, in an amount in the range of from about 0.5 to about 25 weight %, preferably from about 1.0 to about 6 weight %, and most preferably from about 1.5 to about 6 weight %, based on the total weight of the composition.
- the inventive composition can be prepared by the method of, and a method is provided including:
- the vanadium compound can be any vanadium containing compound capable of incorporation onto and/or into a support.
- the vanadium compound is selected from the group consisting of 1) ammonium metavanadate, 2) an alkali metavanadate of the formula MVO 3 , wherein M can be an alkali metal selected from Group IA, and combinations thereof; 3) vanadium pentoxide; and 4) combinations of any two or more thereof.
- the most preferable vanadium compound is vanadium pentoxide.
- the potassium compound can be any potassium containing compound capable of incorporation onto and/or into a support.
- the potassium compound is potassium hydroxide.
- the acid is preferably sulfuric acid.
- the calcining of step g) preferably comprises heating the extrudates to a temperature in the range of from about 100 0 C to about 200 0 C for a first time period in the range of from about 0.5 hour to about 2 hours; and subsequently heating the extrudates to a temperature in the range of from about 500 0 C to about 750 0 C for a second time period in the range of from about 0.5 hour to about 2 hours.
- the resulting support is crushed and sieved to obtain 10 to 40 mesh granules; more preferably 10 - 20 mesh granules.
- the inventive composition can be used in the removal of heavy metal from a gaseous feed stream comprising heavy metal by a process comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of contacting, in a contacting zone, under heavy metal removal conditions, the gaseous feed stream with any of the inventive compositions, and combinations thereof, of embodiments one through two above.
- a gaseous product stream is withdrawn from the contacting zone.
- the gaseous feed stream is typically a combustion gas; and is more typically a stack gas derived from the combustion of coal.
- the gaseous feed stream can also further comprise compounds selected from the group consisting of sulfur oxides, CO 2 , water, nitrogen oxides, HCl, and combinations of any two or more thereof.
- the contacting of the gaseous feed stream with the inventive composition is preferably carried out at a temperature in the range of from about 100 to about 325 0 C, more preferably from about 110 to about 275 0 C, and most preferably from about 120 to about 225°C.
- the heavy metal typically comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of arsenic, beryllium, lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel, zinc, mercury, barium, and combinations of any two or more thereof.
- the heavy metal most typically comprises mercury.
- the heavy metal is mercury
- the mercury is typically present in the gaseous feed stream in an amount in the range of from about 0.1 to about 10,000 ⁇ g/m 3 , more typically in the range of from about 1 to about 800 ⁇ g/m 3 and most typically from about 3 to about 700 ⁇ g/m 3 .
- the composition preferably converts at least a portion of the heavy metal in the gaseous feed stream to an elevated oxidation state.
- the composition preferably converts at least a portion of the mercury contained in the gaseous feed stream from a zero oxidation state to a +1 or a +2 oxidation state and also preferably removes mercury.
- "At least a portion”, as used in this paragraph, can mean at least 20 weight %, preferably at least 30 weight %, and more preferably at least 50 weight % mercury based on the total amount of mercury contained in the gaseous feed stream.
- the gaseous- product stream preferably contains less than about 20 weight %, more preferably less than about 10 weight %, and most preferably less than about 5 weight % of the mercury contained in the gaseous feed stream.
- the gaseous product stream is optionally contacted with a separate adsorbent in an adsorption zone.
- the adsorbent can be any adsorbent capable of adsorbing a heavy metal. More preferably, the adsorbent comprises, consists of or consists essentially of a material selected from the group consisting of a zeolite, amorphous carbon, and combinations thereof.
- the amorphous carbon can be an activated carbon or an activated charcoal.
- a treated gaseous product stream is withdrawn from the adsorption zone and contains less than about 20 weight %, preferably less than about 10 weight %, and more preferably less than about 5 weight % of the heavy metal contained in the gaseous feed stream.
- Sorbent A sample was prepared using the same basic process, but varying the amount of potassium, and the calcination temperatures. In one case the extrudates were crushed and sieved to 25-40 mesh.
- a 30 gram quantity of Vista Dispal alumina was mixed with 60 grams of de-ionized water. To this slurry, 60 grams of expanded crushed perlite and 20 grams of ASP-600 metakaolin clay from Engelhard were added.
- This Sorbent A contained about 21.7 wt % V on an elemental basis and about 4.3 wt. % K on an elemental basis.
- the following procedure was used to test the ability of the sorbent to remove mercury from a gas stream.
- Mercury was added by passing a dry air stream at room temperature through a gas bottle containing elemental mercury.
- the mercury- containing stream was then passed through a sample tube containing a quantity of the sorbent to be tested at a gas hourly space velocity of 10,000 (approximately 40 to 50 ml/min).
- the tube was located in a furnace held at a temperature of around 150 0 C.
- the inlet and outlet elemental mercury concentrations were measured using a Jerome Mercury Analyzer.
- the efficiency of mercury removal was determined from the amount of mercury entering and leaving the solid sorbent, and is defined as the difference between the inlet and outlet mercury concentrations divided by the inlet concentration.
- Table 1 summarizes the results obtained when passing mercury in dry air and wet air over Sorbents A and B.
- the removal efficiency was determined as a function of mercury uptake; i.e., the cumulative amount of mercury already adsorbed on the sample in units of micrograms of mercury per gram of sorbent ( ⁇ g/g).
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP06759779.9A EP1912721B1 (en) | 2005-06-21 | 2006-05-15 | Process for the removal of heavy metals from gases, and compositions therefor and therewith |
AU2006262779A AU2006262779B2 (en) | 2005-06-21 | 2006-05-15 | Process for the removal of heavy metals from gases, and compositions therefor and therewith |
CA2605282A CA2605282C (en) | 2005-06-21 | 2006-05-15 | Process for the removal of heavy metals from gases, and compositions therefor and therewith |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/158,231 | 2005-06-21 | ||
US11/158,231 US7625837B2 (en) | 2005-06-21 | 2005-06-21 | Process for the removal of heavy metals from gases, and compositions therefor and therewith |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2007001659A1 true WO2007001659A1 (en) | 2007-01-04 |
Family
ID=37573535
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2006/018617 WO2007001659A1 (en) | 2005-06-21 | 2006-05-15 | Process for the removal of heavy metals from gases, and compositions therefor and therewith |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US7625837B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1912721B1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2006262779B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2605282C (en) |
WO (1) | WO2007001659A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
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CN107715838A (en) * | 2017-11-07 | 2018-02-23 | 东南大学 | It can remove vertical barrier material of contaminated site organic pollution and preparation method thereof |
CN111348681A (en) * | 2018-12-24 | 2020-06-30 | 上海萃励电子科技有限公司 | Supercritical CO of bismuth sulfide nanorod2Synthesis method |
CN110698886A (en) * | 2019-11-04 | 2020-01-17 | 焦作玛珂蒎新材料有限公司 | Preparation method of pigment for ship bottom antirust coating, pigment and coating |
CN114177880A (en) * | 2021-12-23 | 2022-03-15 | 安徽建筑大学 | Application of sodium vanadate hydrate film as heavy metal adsorption material |
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US20050129597A1 (en) | 2003-12-12 | 2005-06-16 | Cross Joseph B. | Process for the removal of heavy metals from gases, and compositions therefor and therewith |
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2005
- 2005-06-21 US US11/158,231 patent/US7625837B2/en active Active
-
2006
- 2006-05-15 AU AU2006262779A patent/AU2006262779B2/en active Active
- 2006-05-15 WO PCT/US2006/018617 patent/WO2007001659A1/en active Application Filing
- 2006-05-15 CA CA2605282A patent/CA2605282C/en active Active
- 2006-05-15 EP EP06759779.9A patent/EP1912721B1/en not_active Not-in-force
Patent Citations (5)
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US4085195A (en) * | 1971-11-01 | 1978-04-18 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Sorbent preparation and process using same |
US4059418A (en) * | 1973-08-23 | 1977-11-22 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Flue gas desulfurization sorbent and process |
US4164546A (en) * | 1974-12-19 | 1979-08-14 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Method of removing nitrogen oxides from gaseous mixtures |
US4781902A (en) * | 1986-10-29 | 1988-11-01 | Haldor Topsoe A/S | Process for the removal of nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides from flue gases |
US20050129597A1 (en) | 2003-12-12 | 2005-06-16 | Cross Joseph B. | Process for the removal of heavy metals from gases, and compositions therefor and therewith |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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See also references of EP1912721A4 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1912721A1 (en) | 2008-04-23 |
US20060286016A1 (en) | 2006-12-21 |
US7625837B2 (en) | 2009-12-01 |
AU2006262779B2 (en) | 2010-07-22 |
CA2605282C (en) | 2011-03-22 |
EP1912721B1 (en) | 2017-04-12 |
EP1912721A4 (en) | 2009-06-03 |
AU2006262779A1 (en) | 2007-01-04 |
CA2605282A1 (en) | 2007-01-04 |
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