WO2007001432A2 - Hydrogen cooling system for superconducting equipment - Google Patents

Hydrogen cooling system for superconducting equipment Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007001432A2
WO2007001432A2 PCT/US2005/038453 US2005038453W WO2007001432A2 WO 2007001432 A2 WO2007001432 A2 WO 2007001432A2 US 2005038453 W US2005038453 W US 2005038453W WO 2007001432 A2 WO2007001432 A2 WO 2007001432A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
superconducting equipment
helium
hydrogen
cooling
heat exchanger
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2005/038453
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2007001432A3 (en
Inventor
Dante P. Bonaquist
Richard C. Fitzgerald
John H. Royal
Bryce Rampersad
Original Assignee
Praxair Technology, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Praxair Technology, Inc. filed Critical Praxair Technology, Inc.
Priority to DE112005002769T priority Critical patent/DE112005002769T5/en
Publication of WO2007001432A2 publication Critical patent/WO2007001432A2/en
Publication of WO2007001432A3 publication Critical patent/WO2007001432A3/en

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F6/00—Superconducting magnets; Superconducting coils
    • H01F6/04—Cooling
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D3/00—Devices using other cold materials; Devices using cold-storage bodies
    • F25D3/10—Devices using other cold materials; Devices using cold-storage bodies using liquefied gases, e.g. liquid air
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2270/00—Applications
    • F17C2270/05—Applications for industrial use
    • F17C2270/0527—Superconductors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/32—Hydrogen storage

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to superconducting equipment and, more particularly, to the provision of cooling or refrigeration to superconducting equipment.
  • Certain superconducting equipment requires an uninterruptible cooling supply at temperatures below 3OK to allow for continuous operation for extended periods of time. Reliability problems and high costs associated with providing adequate cooling have precluded the use of some commercial refrigeration technology. Redundant cryocooler components have been used in the past to achieve high reliability with existing cryocooler equipment. These cryocoolers have typically been coupled to closed loop cryogen circulation systems. The need for redundant components including cryocoolers and circulation compressors increases costs. An alternate method of superconducting equipment cooling has been by the direct use of liquid helium. This helium is vaporized, and must be recycled to minimize cost. Helium reliquefaction poses significant reliability problems and requires significant power.
  • a method for cooling superconducting equipment comprising:
  • a further aspect of the invention is: [0009] A method for cooling superconducting equipment comprising:
  • indirect heat exchange means the bringing of entities into heat exchange relation without any physical contact or intermixing of the entities with each other.
  • superconducting equipment means a device that utilizes superconducting material.
  • superconducting equipment include electric generators, electric motors, electromagnets and transformers.
  • the term "ejector” means a device that has no moving parts but pumps a first fluid using kinetic energy of a second fluid such that the fluid leaving the device is a mixture of first fluid and second fluid.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic representation of one preferred embodiment of the invention which comprises a dual loop system having a closed loop for helium flow and an open loop for hydrogen flow.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of another preferred embodiment of the dual loop superconducting equipment cooling system of this invention.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic representation of one preferred embodiment of the invention employing a single open loop hydrogen flow system.
  • the invention comprises the use of liquid hydrogen in an open loop, rather than a cryocooler, to indirectly or directly provide refrigeration to superconducting equipment at temperatures significantly below the temperature which can be provided by liquid nitrogen.
  • No refrigerator or other cryocooler is employed in the method and apparatus of this invention.
  • helium gas which is recirculating in a closed loop, is compressed by passage through compressor 11 to a pressure generally within the range of from 17 to 50 pounds per square inch absolute (psia) .
  • the resulting compressed helium gas 1 is passed to- heat exchanger 10 wherein it is cooled by indirect heat exchange with vaporizing liquid hydrogen as will be more fully described below.
  • the cooled helium is passed in line 2 from heat exchanger 10 to superconducting equipment 9 such as a generator.
  • the cooled helium gas in line 2 has a temperature less than 3OK and typically has a temperature within the range of from 20 to 25K.
  • the cooled helium provides cooling to the superconducting equipment and in the process is warmed.
  • the warmed helium generally at a temperature within the range of from 21 to 3OK, is passed in line 3 from the superconducting equipment 9 to heat exchanger 10 wherein it is further warmed by indirect heat exchange with the cooling compressed helium.
  • the resulting warmed helium gas 4 is passed from heat exchanger 10 to compressor 11 and the closed loop helium circuit is completed.
  • Liquid hydrogen is passed in line 30 from storage tank 14 through valve 15 and then in line 5, at a temperature within the range of from 1 to 5K below the temperature of the cooled helium leaving heat exchanger 10, to heat exchanger 10.
  • the liquid hydrogen is vaporized to provide cooling by indirect heat exchange to produce the aforedescribed cooled helium.
  • the system cooling power is modulated by the automatic adjustment of control valve 15 which may be controlled based on the superconducting rotor temperature (temperature sensor not shown) .
  • the resulting vaporized hydrogen is withdrawn from heat exchanger 10 in line 6 and is withdrawn from the system, i.e. the apparatus and method of this invention.
  • the withdrawn hydrogen may be flared or otherwise vented to the atmosphere or may be further used such as for cooling, combustion or fuel for a fuel cell.
  • the arrangement illustrated in Figure 1 shows a portion 7 of vaporized hydrogen 6, which has a temperature generally within the range of from 20 to 29K, passed for use as a coolant such as to serve as makeup in a hydrogen cooled electricity generator.
  • Another portion 31 is warmed by passage through ambient air heat exchanger 12 and passed in line 8 to electricity and/or steam generation system 13, wherein it is combusted and calorific valued recovered.
  • the hydrogen gas is not further used to provide cooling to the superconducting equipment.
  • Figure 2 illustrates another preferred embodiment of the invention wherein an economizing ejector is employed to reduce thermal losses.
  • the numerals in Figure 2 are the same as those of Figure 1 for the common elements and these common elements will not be described again in detail.
  • cooled helium 2 from heat exchanger 10 is passed to ejector 21.
  • a portion of warmed helium gas in line 3 is passed to ejector 21 in line 32 and is combined with the cooled helium gas to form helium stream 33.
  • This helium stream 33 is then further cooled by passage through heat exchanger 16 and the resulting further cooled helium fluid is passed in line 34 to the superconducting equipment 9 to provide cooling to the superconducting equipment.
  • Liquid hydrogen from valve 15 is passed in line 5 to heat exchanger 16 wherein it cools by indirect heat exchange the further cooling helium fluid.
  • Resulting hydrogen, which has been warmed is passed in line 35 from heat exchanger 16 to heat exchanger 10 wherein it is vaporized as was previously described.
  • Figure 3 illustrates another embodiment of the invention wherein liquid hydrogen is provided directly to the superconducting equipment.
  • a single open loop hydrogen flow is used without an intervening closed loop helium flow.
  • the numerals in Figure 3 are the same as those of Figure 1 for the common elements which will not be described again in detail.
  • liquid hydrogen in stream 5 is passed to superconducting equipment 9 where it is vaporized to provide cooling, by direct or by indirect heat exchange, to the superconducting equipment.
  • the resulting hydrogen gas in stream 40 is withdrawn from the system.
  • the hydrogen gas may be used for cooling, fuel and/or combustion in a manner similar to that described in connection with Figure 1.
  • heat exchanger 10 is illustrated as being a unitary piece, it is understood that it could be in two or more separate sections.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)

Abstract

A system for cooling superconducting equipment (9) which employs vaporizing liquid hydrogen in an open loop which cools superconducting equipment or cools helium recirculating in a closed loop which cools the superconducting equipment, wherein no refrigerator is employed and wherein the resulting gaseous hydrogen may be further used for cooling, fuel and/or combustion.

Description

HYDROGEN COOLING SYSTEM FOR SUPERCONDUCTING EQUIPMENT
Technical Field
[0001] This invention relates generally to superconducting equipment and, more particularly, to the provision of cooling or refrigeration to superconducting equipment.
Background Art
[0002] Certain superconducting equipment requires an uninterruptible cooling supply at temperatures below 3OK to allow for continuous operation for extended periods of time. Reliability problems and high costs associated with providing adequate cooling have precluded the use of some commercial refrigeration technology. Redundant cryocooler components have been used in the past to achieve high reliability with existing cryocooler equipment. These cryocoolers have typically been coupled to closed loop cryogen circulation systems. The need for redundant components including cryocoolers and circulation compressors increases costs. An alternate method of superconducting equipment cooling has been by the direct use of liquid helium. This helium is vaporized, and must be recycled to minimize cost. Helium reliquefaction poses significant reliability problems and requires significant power.
[0003] Accordingly it is an object of this invention to provide an improved system for cooling superconducting equipment which is less costly and more reliable than heretofore available systems and which avoids the need for mechanical refrigeration systems.
Summary Of The Invention
[0004] The above and other objects, which will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of this disclosure, are attained by the present invention, one aspect of which is:
[0005] A method for cooling superconducting equipment comprising:
(A) compressing helium gas, and cooling the compressed helium gas by indirect heat exchange with liquid hydrogen to produce cooled helium and gaseous hydrogen;
(B) passing the cooled helium to superconducting equipment to provide cooling to the superconducting1 equipment; and
(C) withdrawing the gaseous hydrogen.
[0006] Another aspect of the present invention is: ' [0007] Apparatus for cooling superconducting equipment comprising:
(A) a compressor, a heat exchanger, and means for passing helium from the compressor to the heat exchanger;
(B) a storage tank, means for passing liquid hydrogen from the storage tank to the heat exchanger, and means for withdrawing gaseous hydrogen from the apparatus; and
(C) superconducting equipment, means for passing helium from the heat exchanger to the superconducting equipment, and means for passing helium from the superconducting equipment to the compressor. [0008] A further aspect of the invention is: [0009] A method for cooling superconducting equipment comprising:
(A) passing liquid hydrogen from a storage tank to superconducting equipment;
(B) vaporizing the liquid hydrogen to provide cooling to the superconducting equipment and to produce gaseous hydrogen; and
(C) withdrawing the gaseous hydrogen.
[0010] As used herein the term "indirect heat exchange" means the bringing of entities into heat exchange relation without any physical contact or intermixing of the entities with each other.
[0011] As used herein the term "superconducting equipment" means a device that utilizes superconducting material. Examples of superconducting equipment include electric generators, electric motors, electromagnets and transformers.
[0012] As used herein the term "ejector" means a device that has no moving parts but pumps a first fluid using kinetic energy of a second fluid such that the fluid leaving the device is a mixture of first fluid and second fluid.
Brief Description Qf The Drawings
[0013] Figure 1 is a schematic representation of one preferred embodiment of the invention which comprises a dual loop system having a closed loop for helium flow and an open loop for hydrogen flow.
[0014] Figure 2 is a schematic representation of another preferred embodiment of the dual loop superconducting equipment cooling system of this invention.
[0015] Figure 3 is a schematic representation of one preferred embodiment of the invention employing a single open loop hydrogen flow system.
Detailed Description
[0016] In general, the invention comprises the use of liquid hydrogen in an open loop, rather than a cryocooler, to indirectly or directly provide refrigeration to superconducting equipment at temperatures significantly below the temperature which can be provided by liquid nitrogen. No refrigerator or other cryocooler is employed in the method and apparatus of this invention.
[0017] The invention will be described in greater detail with reference to the Drawings. Referring now to Figure 1, helium gas, which is recirculating in a closed loop, is compressed by passage through compressor 11 to a pressure generally within the range of from 17 to 50 pounds per square inch absolute (psia) . The resulting compressed helium gas 1 is passed to- heat exchanger 10 wherein it is cooled by indirect heat exchange with vaporizing liquid hydrogen as will be more fully described below. The cooled helium is passed in line 2 from heat exchanger 10 to superconducting equipment 9 such as a generator. The cooled helium gas in line 2 has a temperature less than 3OK and typically has a temperature within the range of from 20 to 25K.
[0018] The cooled helium provides cooling to the superconducting equipment and in the process is warmed. The warmed helium, generally at a temperature within the range of from 21 to 3OK, is passed in line 3 from the superconducting equipment 9 to heat exchanger 10 wherein it is further warmed by indirect heat exchange with the cooling compressed helium. The resulting warmed helium gas 4 is passed from heat exchanger 10 to compressor 11 and the closed loop helium circuit is completed.
[0019] Liquid hydrogen is passed in line 30 from storage tank 14 through valve 15 and then in line 5, at a temperature within the range of from 1 to 5K below the temperature of the cooled helium leaving heat exchanger 10, to heat exchanger 10. Within heat exchanger 10 the liquid hydrogen is vaporized to provide cooling by indirect heat exchange to produce the aforedescribed cooled helium. The system cooling power is modulated by the automatic adjustment of control valve 15 which may be controlled based on the superconducting rotor temperature (temperature sensor not shown) . The resulting vaporized hydrogen is withdrawn from heat exchanger 10 in line 6 and is withdrawn from the system, i.e. the apparatus and method of this invention. The withdrawn hydrogen may be flared or otherwise vented to the atmosphere or may be further used such as for cooling, combustion or fuel for a fuel cell. The arrangement illustrated in Figure 1 shows a portion 7 of vaporized hydrogen 6, which has a temperature generally within the range of from 20 to 29K, passed for use as a coolant such as to serve as makeup in a hydrogen cooled electricity generator. Another portion 31 is warmed by passage through ambient air heat exchanger 12 and passed in line 8 to electricity and/or steam generation system 13, wherein it is combusted and calorific valued recovered. In all cases the hydrogen gas is not further used to provide cooling to the superconducting equipment. [0020] Figure 2 illustrates another preferred embodiment of the invention wherein an economizing ejector is employed to reduce thermal losses. The numerals in Figure 2 are the same as those of Figure 1 for the common elements and these common elements will not be described again in detail.
[0021] Referring now to Figure 2, cooled helium 2 from heat exchanger 10 is passed to ejector 21. A portion of warmed helium gas in line 3 is passed to ejector 21 in line 32 and is combined with the cooled helium gas to form helium stream 33. This helium stream 33 is then further cooled by passage through heat exchanger 16 and the resulting further cooled helium fluid is passed in line 34 to the superconducting equipment 9 to provide cooling to the superconducting equipment. Liquid hydrogen from valve 15 is passed in line 5 to heat exchanger 16 wherein it cools by indirect heat exchange the further cooling helium fluid. Resulting hydrogen, which has been warmed, is passed in line 35 from heat exchanger 16 to heat exchanger 10 wherein it is vaporized as was previously described.
[0022] Figure 3 illustrates another embodiment of the invention wherein liquid hydrogen is provided directly to the superconducting equipment. In this embodiment a single open loop hydrogen flow is used without an intervening closed loop helium flow. The numerals in Figure 3 are the same as those of Figure 1 for the common elements which will not be described again in detail. In the embodiment of the invention illustrated in Figure 3, liquid hydrogen in stream 5 is passed to superconducting equipment 9 where it is vaporized to provide cooling, by direct or by indirect heat exchange, to the superconducting equipment. The resulting hydrogen gas in stream 40 is withdrawn from the system. As shown in Figure 3, the hydrogen gas may be used for cooling, fuel and/or combustion in a manner similar to that described in connection with Figure 1. [0023] Although the invention has been described in detail with reference to certain preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that there are other embodiments of the invention within the spirit and the scope of the claims. For example, although heat exchanger 10 is illustrated as being a unitary piece, it is understood that it could be in two or more separate sections.

Claims

1. A method for cooling superconducting equipment comprising:
(A) compressing helium gas, and cooling the compressed helium gas by indirect heat exchange with liquid hydrogen to produce cooled helium and gaseous hydrogen;
(B) passing the cooled helium to superconducting equipment to provide cooling to the superconducting equipment; and
(C) withdrawing the gaseous hydrogen.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the gaseous hydrogen is warmed and the resulting warmed gaseous hydrogen is passed to a combustion reaction.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the gaseous hydrogen is used in a fuel cell.
4. Apparatus for cooling superconducting equipment comprising:
(A) a compressor, a heat exchanger, and means for passing helium from the compressor to the heat exchanger;
(B) a storage tank, means for passing liquid hydrogen from the storage tank to the heat exchanger, and means for withdrawing gaseous hydrogen from the apparatus; and
(C) superconducting equipment, means for passing helium from the heat exchanger to the superconducting equipment, and means for passing helium from the superconducting equipment to the compressor.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the superconducting equipment comprises a generator.
6. The apparatus of claim 4 further comprising means for passing hydrogen gas from the heat exchanger to a combustor.
7. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the means for passing helium from the heat exchanger to the superconducting equipment includes an ejector.
8. A method for cooling superconducting equipment comprising:
(A) passing liquid hydrogen from a storage tank to superconducting equipment;
(B) vaporizing the liquid hydrogen to provide cooling to the superconducting equipment and to produce gaseous hydrogen; and
(C) withdrawing the gaseous hydrogen.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the gaseous hydrogen is used as a coolant.
10. The method of claim 8 wherein the gaseous hydrogen is used in a fuel cell.
PCT/US2005/038453 2004-11-12 2005-10-25 Hydrogen cooling system for superconducting equipment WO2007001432A2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE112005002769T DE112005002769T5 (en) 2004-11-12 2005-10-25 Hydrogen cooling system for superconducting devices

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US98587404A 2004-11-12 2004-11-12
US10/985,874 2004-11-12

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WO2007001432A2 true WO2007001432A2 (en) 2007-01-04
WO2007001432A3 WO2007001432A3 (en) 2009-04-16

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102011111384A1 (en) 2011-08-29 2013-02-28 Linde Aktiengesellschaft Apparatus and method for energy conversion
US9261295B1 (en) * 2012-03-26 2016-02-16 Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. Hybrid liquid-hydrogen and helium cryocooler systems and methods

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102021005148A1 (en) 2021-10-14 2023-04-20 Daimler Truck AG fuel cell system

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4031965A (en) * 1975-12-17 1977-06-28 Blair Calvin B Tillage tool wing folding kit
US6442949B1 (en) * 2001-07-12 2002-09-03 General Electric Company Cryongenic cooling refrigeration system and method having open-loop short term cooling for a superconducting machine

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4031965A (en) * 1975-12-17 1977-06-28 Blair Calvin B Tillage tool wing folding kit
US6442949B1 (en) * 2001-07-12 2002-09-03 General Electric Company Cryongenic cooling refrigeration system and method having open-loop short term cooling for a superconducting machine

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102011111384A1 (en) 2011-08-29 2013-02-28 Linde Aktiengesellschaft Apparatus and method for energy conversion
EP2565386A1 (en) 2011-08-29 2013-03-06 Linde Aktiengesellschaft Device and method for energy extraction
US9261295B1 (en) * 2012-03-26 2016-02-16 Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. Hybrid liquid-hydrogen and helium cryocooler systems and methods

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2007001432A3 (en) 2009-04-16
DE112005002769T5 (en) 2007-09-06

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