WO2006125246A1 - Correlats d'un comportement decevant et criminel dans l'activite du cerveau - Google Patents

Correlats d'un comportement decevant et criminel dans l'activite du cerveau Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006125246A1
WO2006125246A1 PCT/AU2006/000628 AU2006000628W WO2006125246A1 WO 2006125246 A1 WO2006125246 A1 WO 2006125246A1 AU 2006000628 W AU2006000628 W AU 2006000628W WO 2006125246 A1 WO2006125246 A1 WO 2006125246A1
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Prior art keywords
participant
coherence
phase
test
ssvep
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PCT/AU2006/000628
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English (en)
Inventor
Richard Bernard Silberstein
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Sspt Pty. Ltd.
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Priority claimed from AU2005902691A external-priority patent/AU2005902691A0/en
Application filed by Sspt Pty. Ltd. filed Critical Sspt Pty. Ltd.
Priority to AU2006251845A priority Critical patent/AU2006251845A1/en
Publication of WO2006125246A1 publication Critical patent/WO2006125246A1/fr
Priority to GB0724551A priority patent/GB2441275A/en

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/16—Devices for psychotechnics; Testing reaction times ; Devices for evaluating the psychological state
    • A61B5/164—Lie detection
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/16—Devices for psychotechnics; Testing reaction times ; Devices for evaluating the psychological state
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
    • A61B5/316—Modalities, i.e. specific diagnostic methods
    • A61B5/369—Electroencephalography [EEG]
    • A61B5/377—Electroencephalography [EEG] using evoked responses
    • A61B5/378—Visual stimuli

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to brain correlates of deception and criminal behaviour.
  • fMRI Functional magnetic resonance imaging
  • the invention utilises the technique known as Steady State Probe Topography (SSPT) to measure brain electrical activity while a participant under investigation is answering questions where questions may be presented by an authorised individual orally or presented in audible or written form by a computer, alternatively an audio video segment may be used instead of questions.
  • SSPT Steady State Probe Topography
  • a deceptive answer and the times when the participant under investigation is selecting a deceptive response will be characterized by specific changes in SSVEP amplitude, SSVEP phase and SSVEP coherence that are not apparent during a truthful response. Different specific changes would also be apparent when the participant recognises an image or sound or has interest in particular subject matter.
  • SSVEP amplitude, phase and coherence at various brain regions can be used to determine the psychological response of a participant under investigation to audiovisual segment associated with previous criminal or terrorist activity of the participant under investigation. Such responses will give an indication of the participant's psychological responses and the likely probability of re-offending, committing a related offence or carrying out an act of terrorism.
  • the techniques of the invention can be used in a number of different fields including, but not limited to:
  • the invention provides a method of detecting an untrue or deceptive response of a participant to a cognitive task, the method including the steps of: presenting to the participant a group of cognitive tasks including control tasks and test tasks; detecting brain response signals from the participant during presentation of said group of cognitive tasks; calculating SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence from said brain response signals; comparing SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence from said controlled tasks to SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence from said test tasks; and determining that the subject is giving an untrue or deceptive response if there is a predetermined change in SSVEP amplitude, phase or coherence associated with the test tasks.
  • the invention also provides a method of determining whether a participant recognises a test image, the method including the steps of: presenting to the participant a group of images including control images and test images; detecting brain response signals from the participant during presentation of said group of images; calculating SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence from said brain response signals; comparing SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence from said control images to SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence from said test images; and determining that the participant does recognise the image if there is a predetermined change in SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence associated with the test images.
  • the invention also provides a method of determining whether a participant recognises a test sound, the method including the steps of: presenting to the participant a group of sounds including control sounds and test sounds; detecting brain response signals from the participant during presentation of said group of sounds; calculating SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence from said brain response signals; comparing SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence from said control sounds to
  • the invention also provides a method of determining if a participant has an interest in particular subject matter, the method including the steps of: presenting to the participant audio visual material including neutral subject matter and particular subject matter, detecting brain responses from the participant during presentation of said audio visual material; calculating SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence from said brain response signals; comparing SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence from said neutral subject matter to SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence from said particular subject matter; and determining that the participant does have an interest in the particular subject matter if there is a predetermined change in SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence associated with the particular subject matter.
  • the invention also provides apparatus for detecting an untrue or deceptive response of a participant to a cognitive task, the apparatus including means for presenting to the participant a group of cognitive tasks including control tasks and test tasks; detecting means for detecting brain response signals from the participant during presentation of said group of cognitive tasks; calculating means for calculating SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence from said brain response signals; comparing means for comparing SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence from said control task to SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence from said test tasks in order to determine if the responses to the test tasks are or are likely to be untrue or deceptive.
  • the invention also provides apparatus for determining whether a participant recognises a test image, the apparatus including: display means for presenting to a participant a group of images including control images and test images; detecting means for detecting brain response signals from the participant during presentation of the group of images; calculating means for calculating SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence from said brain response signals, comparing means for comparing SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence from said control images to said SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence from said test images in order to determine whether or not the participant does recognise the image if there is a predetermined change in SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence associated with that test image.
  • the invention also provides apparatus for determining whether a participant recognises a test sound, the apparatus including: a loudspeaker for presenting to the participant a group of sounds including control sounds and test sounds; detecting means for detecting brain response signals from the participant during presentation of said group of sounds; calculating means for detecting SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence from said brain response signals; and comparing means for comparing SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence from said control sounds to SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence from said test sounds in order to determine whether the participant recognises the sound if there is a predetermined change in SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence associated with that test sound.
  • the invention also provides apparatus for determining if a participant has an interest in the subject matter, the apparatus including: means for presenting to the participant audio visual material including neutral subject matter and particular subject matter; detecting means for detecting brain response signals from the participant during presentation of said audio visual material; calculating means for calculating SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence from said brain response signals; and comparing means for comparing SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence from said neutral subject matter to SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence from said particular subject matter in order to determine if the participant has an interest in the particular subject matter if there is a change in SSVEP amplitude phase and/or coherence associated with the particular subject matter.
  • the changes in SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence can be an increase or decrease. Also, the magnitude of the change may vary from case to case.
  • One way of determining whether there has been a significant change in SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence is by reference to statistical analyses where a change is regarded as significant at the p ⁇ 0.05 level where p represents the probability of a Type 1 statistical error (i.e. wrongly rejecting the null hypothesis).
  • Statistical significance can be tested using a number of methods including student's t-test, Hotellig's T2 and the multivariate permutation test. For a discussion of these methods used to analyse the SSVEP see Silberstein R.B., Danieli F., Nunez P.L.
  • FIGURE 1 is a schematic diagram of a system of the invention
  • FIGURE 2 is a schematic view of part of the system.
  • FIGURE 3 is a schematic view showing in more detail the manner in which visual flicker signals are presented to a participant.
  • Figure 1 schematically illustrates a system 20 for determining the response of a participant 10 to audio visual material which can be presented to the participant 10 on a video screen 1 and loudspeaker 15.
  • the system includes a computer 6 which controls various parts of the hardware and also performs computation on signals derived from the brain activity of the participant 10, as will be described below.
  • the computer 6 may also store images and/or sounds which can be presented to the participant 10 on the screen 1 or through the loudspeaker 15.
  • the system may include a microphone 3 which is coupled to the computer 6 via a microphone interface 4 so that an operator 2 can address questions to the participant 10.
  • the system may also include a video screen 5 on which can be presented to the operator 2 material relevant to the participant 10 and/or part or all of the material which is presented to the participant 10.
  • the operator 2 may be in an environment where he is able to hear sounds produced by the loudspeaker 15. If, however, the operator 2 was physically isolated from the participant 10, such as by a glass screen or the like, then a separate loudspeaker (not shown) could be provided for the operator 2.
  • the participant 10 to be tested is fitted with a helmet 11 which includes a plurality of electrodes for obtaining brain electrical activity from various sights on the scalp of the participant 10.
  • the helmet includes a visor 12 which includes half silvered mirrors 17 and
  • the half silvered mirrors are arranged to direct light from the LED arrays 19 and 21 towards the eyes of the participant.
  • the LED arrays 19 and 21 are controlled so that the light intensity therefrom varies sinusoidally under the control of control circuitry 9.
  • the control circuitry 9 includes a waveform generator for generating the sinusoidal signal.
  • the circuitry 9 also includes amplifiers, filters, analogue to digital converters and a USB interface for coupling the various electrode signals into the computer 6.
  • the system also includes a microphone 13 for recording voice signals from the participant 10.
  • the microphone 13 is coupled to the computer 6 via a microphone interface circuit 14.
  • the system also includes a switch 8 which can be manually operated by the participant 10 in response to certain questions or audio visual displays.
  • the switch 8 is coupled to the computer 6 via a switch interface circuit 7.
  • the computer 6 includes software which calculates SSVEP amplitude, phase and/or coherence from each of the electrodes in the helmet 11.
  • the participant 10 views the video screen 1 through the special visor 12 which delivers a continuous background flicker to the peripheral vision.
  • the frequency of the background flicker is typically 13Hz but may be selected to be between 3Hz and 50Hz.
  • Brain electrical activity will be recorded using specialised electronic hardware that filters and amplifies the signal, digitises it in the circuit 9 where it is then transferred to the computer 6 for storage and analysis.
  • SSPT is used to ascertain regional brain activity at the scalp sites using SSPT analysis software. For a description of the SSPT technique see Silberstein R.B.
  • the psychological response of the participant under investigation and/or the truthfulness of the response will be determined by changes in SSVEP amplitude, SSVEP phase and SSVEP coherence at specific scalp sites. These sites include but are not restricted to prefrontal areas. In addition, activity in deeper regions of the brain, such as the anterior cingulate cortex will also be used.
  • Verbal questions presented by the operator 2 and the verbal responses by the participant will be picked up via microphones 3 and 13 respectively.
  • the audio signals will be appropriately amplified, filtered and digitised via interfaces 4 and 14 and stored as sound files on the computer 6. This enables the timing of the onset of questions and verbal responses to be determined within an accuracy of 10 microseconds.
  • the participant under investigation may respond to questions via a motor response such as a button push via a microswitch 8 that is interfaced with the computer 6 via interface circuit 9.
  • the system 20 can be used for a variety of purposes. In one application it can be used to determine whether or not verbal responses from the participant 10 to verbal questions posed by the operator 2 are true or are likely to be true. In this mode the operator 2 would ask the participant 10 a number of questions including control questions which the participant 10 would be expected to answer truthfully and a number of test questions in which the participant may give an untruthful or deceptive answer.
  • the system will be further described with reference to this application but it is to be understood that essentially the same system can be used in other modes.
  • the screen 1 and loudspeaker 15 may display audio visual material, or images or sounds which include neutral subject matter which is of no particular interest to the participant 10.
  • test material which may be of particular significance to the participant 10.
  • Test material may, for instance, include an image or voice of a person, crime scene, stolen object or the like and the system can be used to determine whether the participant 10 recognises the test material or not.
  • the system may be used to determine the likelihood of the participant 10 committing or recommitting a criminal offence or act of terrorism.
  • the screen and loudspeaker may display neutral subject matter as well as subject matter related to the nature of the criminal or terrorist activity in order to determine if there is a different response from the participant 10 to this test material.
  • the precise timing of all events presented to the participant 10 are preferably determined with an accuracy of no less than 10 microseconds.
  • the visor 12 includes LED arrays 19 and 21.
  • the light therefrom is varied sinusoidally.
  • An alternative approach utilises pulse width modulation where the light emitting sources are driven by l-10Khz pulses where the pulse duration is proportional to the brightness of the sight emitting sources.
  • the control circuitry 9 receives a digital input stream from the computer 6 and outputs pulse width modulated pulses at a frequency of l-10Khz. The time of each positive going zero-crossing from the sinusoidal stimulus waveform is determined to an accuracy of 10 microseconds and stored in computer memory 6.
  • Brain electrical activity is recorded using multiple electrodes in helmet 11 or another commercially available multi-electrode system such as Electro-cap (ECI Inc., Eaton, Ohio USA).
  • the number of electrodes is normally not less than 16 and normally not more than 256, typically 64.
  • Brain activity at each of the electrodes is conducted to a signal conditioning system and control circuitry 9.
  • the circuitry 9 includes multistage fixed gain amplification, band pass filtering and sample-and-hold circuitry for each channel. Amplified/filtered brain activity is digitised to 16 bit accuracy at a rate not less than 300Hz and transferred to the computer 6 for storage on hard disk. The timing of each brain electrical sample together with the time of presentation of questions, multimedia segment and participant responses is also registered and stored to an accuracy 10 microseconds.
  • the digitised brain electrical activity (EEG) together with timing of the stimulus zero crossings enables one to calculate the SSVEP from the recorded EEG or from EEG data that has been pre-processed using Independent Components Analysis to remove artefacts and increase the signal to noise ratio.
  • EEG digitised brain electrical activity
  • Equation 1.0 Calculation of SSVEP Fourier components where a n and b n are the cosine and sine Fourier coefficients respectively, n represents the nth stimulus cycle, S is the number of samples per stimulus cycle (16), ⁇ is the time interval between samples, T is the period of one cycle and f(nT+i ⁇ ) is the EEG signal (raw or pre-processed using ICA).
  • SSVEP Coherence SSVEP Coherence
  • ER-SSVEPC Event Related SSVEP Coherence
  • the SSVEPC signifies the mean coherence over the duration of a particular interval while the ER-SSVEPC signifies the SSVEPC as a function of time. If it is necessary to examine brain states that change very slowly with time (i.e. minutes to hours) SSVEPC is most suitable while ER-SSVEPC is most appropriate to examine rapid changes in coherence that may, for example, be associated with a response to a question.
  • ER- SSVEPC is described in detail in Silberstein R.B., Danieli F., Nunez P.L., (2003) Frontoparietal evoked potential synchronization is increased during mental rotation, Neuroreport 14:67-71.
  • the nomenclature is generalized to take into account multiple tasks and multiple electrodes.
  • the visual flicker is switched on in the visor 12 and brain electrical activity is recorded continuously on the computer 6.
  • all questions and responses will be recorded and stored on the computer 6 as sound files or labeled events as the case may be.
  • control questions and responses will be unrelated to matters under investigation (such as criminal or terrorist activity) (control questions and responses) while others will be related to the matter under investigation (test questions and responses).
  • the questions will be selected so that a participant seeking to give a deceptive response will be required to maintain consistency between their current and previous responses.
  • the SSVEP responses associated with the control and test questions can be calculated and separately averaged into test and control responses. SSVEP amplitude, phase and coherence will be calculated at and between recording sites (as appropriate) for control and test responses.
  • SSVEP responses recorded while the participant viewed neutral material and material associated with criminal activity will be pooled into two categories.
  • the extent to which the criminally related material influences the participant compared to the neutral material will be one factor give an indication of the likelyhood of the participant re-offending.

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Abstract

L'invention porte sur une méthode de détection d'une réponse mensongère ou décevante d'un participant à une tâche cognitive, cette méthode consistant à: présenter au participant un groupe de tâches cognitives telles que des tâches de commande et des tâches de test; détecter les signaux de réponse provenant du cerveau du participant pendant la présentation du groupe de tâches cognitives; calculer l'amplitude, la phase et/ou la cohérence du potentiel évoqué visuellement en continu des signaux de réponse du cerveau; comparer l'amplitude, la phase et/ou la cohérence du potentiel évoqué visuellement en continu générées par les tâches commandées, à l'amplitude, la phase et/ou la cohérence du potentiel évoqué visuellement en continu générées par les tâches de test; et déterminer que le sujet donne une réponse mensongère ou décevante s'il y a un changement prédéterminé dans l'amplitude, la phase ou la cohérence du potentiel évoqué visuellement en continu, associées aux tâches de test.
PCT/AU2006/000628 2005-05-25 2006-05-12 Correlats d'un comportement decevant et criminel dans l'activite du cerveau WO2006125246A1 (fr)

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AU2006251845A AU2006251845A1 (en) 2005-05-25 2006-05-12 Brain correlates of deception and criminal behaviour
GB0724551A GB2441275A (en) 2005-05-25 2007-12-17 Brain correlates of deception and criminal behaviour

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AU2005902691A AU2005902691A0 (en) 2005-05-25 Brain Correlates of Deception and Criminal Behaviour
AU2005902691 2005-05-25

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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5622181A (en) * 1994-11-15 1997-04-22 Rosenfeld; J. Peter Method and system for detection of memory deficiency malingering utilizing brain waves
US5957859A (en) * 1997-07-28 1999-09-28 J. Peter Rosenfeld Ph.D. Method and system for detection of deception using scaled P300 scalp amplitude distribution
US20020062089A1 (en) * 2000-08-28 2002-05-23 Ray Johnson Method for detecting deception
US20030032870A1 (en) * 2001-08-07 2003-02-13 Farwell Lawrence A. Method for psychophysiological detection of deception through brain function analysis

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5622181A (en) * 1994-11-15 1997-04-22 Rosenfeld; J. Peter Method and system for detection of memory deficiency malingering utilizing brain waves
US5957859A (en) * 1997-07-28 1999-09-28 J. Peter Rosenfeld Ph.D. Method and system for detection of deception using scaled P300 scalp amplitude distribution
US20020062089A1 (en) * 2000-08-28 2002-05-23 Ray Johnson Method for detecting deception
US20030032870A1 (en) * 2001-08-07 2003-02-13 Farwell Lawrence A. Method for psychophysiological detection of deception through brain function analysis

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GB2441275A (en) 2008-02-27

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