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  • B01J2219/00583—Features relative to the processes being carried out
  • B01J2219/00603—Making arrays on substantially continuous surfaces
  • B01J2219/00653—Making arrays on substantially continuous surfaces the compounds being bound to electrodes embedded in or on the solid supports
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  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
  • B01J2219/00583—Features relative to the processes being carried out
  • B01J2219/00603—Making arrays on substantially continuous surfaces
  • B01J2219/00659—Two-dimensional arrays
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  • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
  • B01J2219/00709—Type of synthesis
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  • B01J2219/00718—Type of compounds synthesised
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  • B01J2219/00718—Type of compounds synthesised
  • B01J2219/00745—Inorganic compounds
  • B01J2219/0075—Metal based compounds
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
  • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
  • Y02P20/584—Recycling of catalysts

Definitions

• the present invention provides a process for performing an isolated Pd(O) catalyzed reaction electrochemically on an electrode array device.
• the Pd(O) catalyzed reaction is a Heck reaction.
• the inventive process provides a process for conducting an isolated Pd(O) catalyzed reaction on a plurality of electrodes, comprising providing an electrode array device having a matrix or coating material over metallic or conductive electrodes surfaces and a plurality of electrodes; providing a solution bathing the electrode array device, wherein the solution comprises a transition metal catalyst and a confining agent; and biasing one or a plurality of electrodes on the electrode array device with a voltage or current to regenerate the transition metal catalyst required for the isolated Pd(O) catalyzed reaction, whereby the confining agent limits diffusion of the transition metal catalyst to a volume surrounding each selected electrode surface.
• each unique set of molecules in a library can be located proximal to a unique electrode or set of electrodes that can in turn be used to monitor their behavior (Dill et al., Analytica Chimica Acta, 444:69, 2001). This is accomplished by coating the electrode- containing devices with a porous polymer and then utilizing the electrodes to both attach monomers to the chips and then generate reagents capable of performing reactions on the monomers.
• the Heck reaction is a powerful synthetic tool that allows for the efficient generation of new carbon - carbon bonds.
• the availability of a Heck reaction on an electrode array device would dramatically expand the types of molecules that could be constructed within a volume proximal to an electrode surface.
• Such a tool would allow for massively parallel electrochemical synthesis in small volumes on an electrode array device and create arrays containing highly diverse libraries of chemical compounds that are different from each other yet synthesized in parallel.
• Such combinatorial libraries could be synthesized rapidly, in small volumes and highly diverse. Therefore, there is a need in the art to be able to rapidly create diverse chemical libraries on a single solid electrode array device for large scale screening of combinatorial libraries. The present invention was made to address this need in the art.
• the present invention provides a process for conducting an isolated Pd(O) catalyzed reaction on a plurality of electrodes, comprising:
• the isolated Pd(O) catalyzed reaction is selected from the group consisting of a Heck reaction, a Suzuki coupling reaction, displacement of an aryl halide with an RS- nucleophile OfNH 2 R nucleophile, coupling an aryl bromide to an aluminoacetylene Al (C ⁇ C- R) 4 Na salt, displacement of an aryl halide with an esterenolate, alkyl group Suzuki coupling (aryl boron reagent with alkyl halide), Stille coupling R-X plus R'SnR" 3 , alkyne-BF 3 salt coupling to aryl trifiate halide, vinyl-BF 3 salt or alkyne-BF 3 salt coupling, reaction of an alcohol with alkyl/allyl carbonate to make alcohol allyl ether, conversion of an alpha aminoacetylene to a ketene, conversion of Ar-X plus acid chloride to acetylinic ketone, and combinations thereof
• the transition metal catalyst for an isolated Pd(O) catalyzed reaction is a palladium (Pd) or a platinum (Pt) catalyst system.
• a Pd catalyst is stabilized with stabilizer selected from the group consisting of a phosphine ligand, a phosphite ligand, an arsenic derivative, a triphenylphosphine ligand, and combinations thereof.
• the Pd catalyst is stabilized by a triphenylphosphine ligand.
• the confining agent is an oxidant added to solution sufficient to convert Pd(O) back to Pd(II).
• the confining agent is an oxidant selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted allyl alkyl carbonates, allyl acetate, 02, peroxides, quinines, and combinations thereof. More preferably, the confining agent is a substituted or unsubstituted allyl alkyl carbonate wherein the alkyl moiety can be a Ci -6 alkyl group.
• the biasing step used a voltage no greater than 2.4 V.
• the biasing step was performed for a time of from about 1 sec to 3 min.
• Figure 1 shows a an electrode array surface under a fluorescent scanner device (Axon Instruments) wherein 1-pyrenemethylacrylate was deposited at selected electrode sites using electrodes as cathodes to reduce Pd(II) to Pd(O).
• the Pd(O) triggered a Heck reaction between the substrate and the aryl iodide on the surface of the selected electrodes (selected to form a square pattern with an electrode in the middle).
• the bright spots are the selected electrodes with 1-pyrenemethylacrylate as an indicator.
• Figure 2 shows the design of the experiment performed in Example 1.
• Figure 3 shows the synthetic scheme for the experiment.
• an aryl iodide is placed on the chips surface using the same methodology employed in earlier studies (Tesfu et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126:6212, 2004).
• all of the electrodes on the electrode array device were utilized as cathodes in order to reduce vitamin Bi 2 .
• the base served to catalyze an esterification reaction between the hydroxyl groups of the polysaccharide polymer coating the electrode array device and the N- hydroxysuccinimide ester of 4-iodobenzoic acid.
• the effect of this process was to concentrate the aryl iodide substrate near the electrodes on the electrode array device.
• the second step in the sequence is the Heck reaction.
• the Heck reaction is performed by submerging the electrode array device in a 2:7:1 DMF/MeCN/H 2 O solution containing Pd(OAc) 2 , triphenyl-phosphine, triethylamine, allyl methyl carbonate, and tetrabutyl-amrnonium bromide electrolyte.
• Selected electrodes were turned on as cathodes at a voltage of -2.4 V (relative to a Pt auxiliary electrode as an anode) in order to generate a box pattern of electrodes on the array with a dot in the center.
• the electrodes (Pt surface) were cycled for 0.5 sec on and then 0.1 sec off for 3 min.
• the present invention was motivated by the desire to determine if the electrodes be used as cathodes in order to reduce a Pd(II) reagent to a Pd(O) reagent at pre-selected sites on a microarray device having a plurality of electrode sites (each separately addressable).
• the problem solved by the present invention was to find an efficient confinement strategy for the Pd(O) reagent generated so that it was confined to one electrode and did not catalyze a reaction at a neighboring electrode. This is necessary in order to be able to perform the Heck reaction (a Pd(O) catalyzed reaction) at selected electrode sites while avoiding the reaction at non- selected electrode sites.
• the electrode array-based environment must be used to make a normally catalytic reaction stoichiometric thereby confining the catalyst to pre-selected sites on the selected electrode of the array.
• the present invention provides a process for conducting a parallel Heck reaction on a plurality of electrodes, comprising (a) providing an electrode array device having a matrix or coating material over metallic or conductive electrodes surfaces and a plurality of electrodes;
• the present invention further provides a process for conducting an isolated Pd(O) catalyzed reaction on a plurality of electrodes, comprising: (a) providing an electrode array device having a matrix or coating material over metallic or conductive electrodes surfaces and a plurality of electrodes;
• the isolated Pd(O) catalyzed reaction is selected from the group consisting of a Heck reaction, a Suzuki coupling reaction, displacement of an aryl halide with an RS- nucleophile OfNH 2 R nucleophile, coupling an aryl bromide to an aluminoacetylene Al (C ⁇ C- R) 4 Na salt, displacement of an aryl halide with an esterenolate, alkyl group Suzuki coupling (aryl boron reagent with alkyl halide), Stille coupling R-X plus R'SnR" 3 , alkyne-BF 3 salt coupling to aryl triflate halide, vinyl-BF 3 salt or alkyne-BF 3 salt coupling, reaction of an alcohol with alkyl/allyl carbonate to make alcohol allyl ether, conversion of an alpha aminoacetylene to a ketene, conversion of Ar-X plus acid chloride to acetylinic ketone, and combinations thereof.
• a Pd catalyst is stabilized with stabilizer selected from the group consisting of a phosphine ligand, a phosphite ligand, an arsenic derivative, a triphenylphosphine ligand, and combinations thereof. Most preferably, the Pd catalyst is stabilized by a triphenylphosphine ligand.
• the confining agent is an oxidant added to solution sufficient to convert Pd(O) back to Pd(II).
• the confining agent is an oxidant selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted allyl alkyl carbonates, allyl acetate, 02, peroxides, quinines, and combinations thereof. More preferably, the confining agent is a substituted or unsubstituted r allyl alkyl carbonate wherein the alkyl moiety can be a Ci- ⁇ alkyl group.
• the biasing step used a voltage no greater than 2.4 V.
• the biasing step was performed for a time of from about 1 sec to 3 min.
• the transition metal catalyst for a Heck reaction is a palladium (Pd) or a platinum (Pt) catalyst system.
• substituted in the context of a moiety of the confining agent, means a moiety independently selected from the group consisting of (1) the replacement of a hydrogen on at least one carbon by a monovalent radical, (2) the replacement of two hydrogens on at least one carbon by a divalent radical, (3) the replacement of three hydrogens on at least one terminal carbon (methyl group) by a trivalent radical, (4) the replacement of at least one carbon and the associated hydrogens (e.g., methylene group) by a divalent, trivalent, or tetravalent radical, and (5) combinations thereof. Meeting valence requirements restricts substitution.
• Substitution occurs on alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heterocyclic ring, and polycyclic groups, providing substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkynyl, substituted aryl group, substituted heterocyclic ring, and substituted polycyclic groups.
• the groups that are substituted on an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heterocyclic ring, and polycyclic groups are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heterocyclic ring, polycyclic group, halo, heteroatom group, oxy, oxo, carbonyl, amide, alkoxy, acyl, acyloxy, oxycarbonyl, acyloxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carboxy, imino, amino, secondary amino, tertiary amino, hydrazi, hydrazino, hydrazono, hydroxyimino, azido, azoxy, alkazoxy, cyano, isocyano, cyanato, is
• replacement of one hydrogen or ethane by a hydroxyl provides ethanol, and replacement of two hydogens by an oxo on the middle carbon of propane provides acetone (dimethyl lcetone.)
• replacement the middle carbon (the methenyl group) of propane by the oxy radical (-O-) provides dimethyl ether (CH 3 -O-CH 3 .)
• replacement of one hydrogen on a benzene by a phenyl group provides biphenyl.
• heteroatom groups can be substituted inside an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkylnyl group for a methylene group (:CH 2 ) thus forming a linear or branched substituted structure rather than a ring or can be substituted for a methylene inside of a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or cycloalkynyl ring thus forming a heterocyclic ring.
• unsubstituted means that no hydrogen or carbon has been replaced on an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, or aryl group.
• triphenylphosphine as a ligand for the palladium was important for keeping the Pd(O) generated at the cathode (electrode) from plating out on the electrode array device.
• some DMF was added the reaction mixture to further allow a Heck reaction to proceed.
• the reaction could not be done using DMF/H 2 O as solvent.
• DMF caused cleavage occurs due to base generated from either the reaction of Pd(O) with the allyl methyl carbonate or the reduction of water at the cathode. Further still, the presence of a confining agent was necessary.
• Example 1 This example tested the feasibility of the inventive process. The experiment outlined in
• Figure 2 was performed. First, an aryl iodide was placed on the surface of an electrode array device (Combimatrix Corporation, Mukilteo, WA) coated with polysaccharide, and then the electrode array device was submerged in an electrolyte solution containing 1-pyrenemethyl acrylate, palladium acetate, triphenylphoshine ligand, and allyl methyl carbonate. Selected cathodes were used to reduce the palladium acetate to the desired Pd(O) catalyst.
• an electrode array device Combimatrix Corporation, Mukilteo, WA
• an electrolyte solution containing 1-pyrenemethyl acrylate, palladium acetate, triphenylphoshine ligand, and allyl methyl carbonate.
• Selected cathodes were used to reduce the palladium acetate to the desired Pd(O) catalyst.
• the Pd(O) catalyst generate would trigger a Heck reaction between the surface-bound aryl iodide the 1-pyrenemethyl acrylate, but only at those electrode sites whose electrodes were activated as a cathode.
• a successful Heck reaction would place the fluorescent pyrene moiety onto the surface of the electrode array device, but only in the region surrounding an electrode. This creates the ability to monitor the success of the reaction.
• the active Pd(O) catalyst was scavenged by the allyl methyl carbonate in order to generate a Pd(II) ⁇ -allyl complex and stop the catalytic process. Reformation of the Pd(O) catalyst at either a selected electrode site or another selected electrode site would require either reduction of more of the Pd(OAc) 2 reagent or reduction of the ⁇ -allyl Pd(II) complex (Hayakawa et al., Nucleosides Nucleotides, 17:441, 1988).
• Example 2 A series of solution phase Heck reactions were performed in order to determine reaction conditions that would allow for an electrochemically generated Heck reaction. Two key discoveries were made along these lines. First, a Heck reaction between methyl A- iodobenzoate and 1-pyrenemethyl acrylate proceeded slowly (18h/ 82% yield) with Pd(OAc) 2 in a 9: 1 DMF:H 2 O solution containing triethylamine and tetrabutylammonium bromide while the same reaction proceeded to completion in just 3h when a cathode was inserted and the Pd(OAc) 2 reduced electrocliemically.
• the Heck reaction did not proceed at all (0% after 18h) in the absence of the cathode when the DMF solvent was exchanged for acetonitrile.
• the corresponding electrochemical reaction proceeded to completion (76% yield) in 12 hours.
• using acetonitrile as the solvent for the reactions would assure that the Heck reaction would not spontaneously occur at sites on the electrode array device without a working cathode.
• Electrode array device-based experiments were initiated by depositing aryl iodide onto the electrode array device using the same methodology employed in the earlier Wacker oxidation experiment ( Figure 3) (Tesfu et al., J. Am. Chein. Soc. 126:6212, 2004). To this end, all of the electrodes on the electrode array device were utilized as cathodes in order to reduce vitamin Bj 2 . This effectively generated a base. The base served to catalyze an esterification reaction between the hydroxyl groups of the polysaccharide polymer coating the electrode array device and the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of 4-iodobenzoic acid. The effect of this process was to concentrate the aryl iodide substrate near the electrodes on the electrode array device. The Heck reaction was then performed by submerging the electrode array device in a
• Figure 1 shows an expanded view of 81 of the 1028 electrodes on the electrode array device.
• the bright spots in the figure are formed by pyrene on the electrode array device's surface and coincide perfectly with the selected or activated electrodes.
• the dark spots are electrodes that were not activated and block the background fluorescence of the electrode array device. Therefore, the confining or scavenging agent worked well and the Heck reaction was restricted to only the selected electrode regions.

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