WO2006066460A1 - A photoelectric detecting circuit for single photon counter - Google Patents

A photoelectric detecting circuit for single photon counter Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006066460A1
WO2006066460A1 PCT/CN2004/001509 CN2004001509W WO2006066460A1 WO 2006066460 A1 WO2006066460 A1 WO 2006066460A1 CN 2004001509 W CN2004001509 W CN 2004001509W WO 2006066460 A1 WO2006066460 A1 WO 2006066460A1
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output
photodetector
preamplifier
signal
single photon
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PCT/CN2004/001509
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French (fr)
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
Jinsheng Yu
Jiang Lan
Xiaodong Wu
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Beijing Yuande Bio-Medical Engineering Co., Ltd.
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Priority to PCT/CN2004/001509 priority Critical patent/WO2006066460A1/en
Publication of WO2006066460A1 publication Critical patent/WO2006066460A1/en

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
    • G01J1/42—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors
    • G01J1/44—Electric circuits

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a single photon counter, and in particular to a photodetection circuit for a single photon counter.
  • the single photon counter is a device that is matched with the corresponding detection reagent and detected by chemiluminescence. It uses a single photon counting method to quantitatively detect the very weak luminescence intensity of the treated sample.
  • single-photon counters are used in hospitals for the determination of various hormones, drugs, vitamins, tumors and infection-related shields. They have higher sensitivity, are simpler, faster and safer. .
  • Photodetector generally installed in a housing protected from light and electromagnetic shielding
  • a preamplifier for amplifying the weak signal output by the photodetector
  • a voltage comparator for removing a noise signal output from the amplifier and converting an analog electrical signal exceeding a certain threshold into an electrical pulse signal; 4.
  • the counter counts the output pulse of the voltage comparator and outputs the count value according to a certain time interval.
  • each photon of the sample to be inspected can be regarded as a random event independent of each other.
  • the photomultiplier tube is used as a photodetector.
  • each event causes the photomultiplier tube to output an electrical signal, so that the voltage comparator outputs a pulse.
  • the number of luminous events increases within a certain period of time. Therefore, the number of pulses output by the voltage comparator can be known for a certain period of time to know the luminous intensity of the sample to be inspected.
  • the time distribution of the electrical signal output by the photodetector is not uniform. In the event that the time interval is too close, the generated signal will fuse and form a wider pulse at the output of the voltage comparator. .
  • the pulse output from the voltage comparator becomes denser and denser, and more and more merges with each other, so that the increase of the pulse count value per unit time becomes more and more slow;
  • the output count value will decrease until it is "0" output, that is, the output will be "saturated”.
  • the count output value at this time cannot be used to correctly judge the luminous intensity of the sample to be tested. Saturation limits the scope of application of this technology.
  • the photodetection circuit for a single photon counter overcomes the above disadvantages. Summary of the invention
  • a photodetection circuit for a single photon counter includes: a photodetector for receiving photons and outputting an electrical signal;
  • a preamplifier for amplifying the electrical signal output by the photodetector; a voltage comparator for removing a noise signal output by the preamplifier and Converting an analog electrical signal that reaches a certain threshold or more into an electrical pulse signal;
  • a counter configured to count the electrical pulse output by the voltage comparator and output a count value according to a certain time interval
  • the photodetection circuit further includes:
  • a low pass filter for low pass filtering the electrical signal output by the preamplifier to output a DC signal
  • a DC amplifier for amplifying the DC signal outputted by the low pass filter and outputting a current average value.
  • the photodetector is a photomultiplier tube.
  • FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of a photodetection circuit in accordance with the present invention.
  • the photomultiplier tube 1 is composed of a photocathode K in a vacuum hood, a series of dynodes 0 1 ... 0 classroom and an anode P
  • the photocathode K When a photon hits the photocathode K, the photocathode K emits electrons due to the photoelectric effect, and these electrons are made up of another series of dynodes. Accelerate, producing more electrons on each dynode. Depending on the magnitude of the accelerating voltage and the number of dynodes, this cascading effect can produce 10 5 to 10 7 electrons from photons striking the first cathode.
  • an amplified electrical signal is output on the anode for measurement.
  • the anode P of the photomultiplier tube 1 is connected to the preamplifier 2.
  • Preamplifier 2 is used to amplify the electro-optical multiplier 1 output of the electrical signal.
  • the output of the preamplifier 2 is connected to a voltage comparator 3.
  • the voltage comparator 3 removes noise in the output signal of the preamplifier, and then converts an analog electrical signal reaching a certain threshold into an electrical pulse signal.
  • the output of voltage comparator 3 is connected to counter 4.
  • the counter 4 counts the electric pulse outputted by the voltage comparator at a certain time interval and outputs a count value.
  • the time distribution of the electrical signal outputted by the photomultiplier tube 1 is not uniform. In the event that the time interval is too close, the generated signal will be fused, forming a wider output at the output of the voltage comparator 3. Pulse. Obviously, as the luminous intensity of the sample to be tested increases, the pulse outputted by the voltage comparator 3 becomes denser and denser, and more and more merges with each other, so that the increase of the pulse count value per unit time becomes more and more slow; When the intensity exceeds a certain value, the output count value will decrease until it is "0" output, that is, the output is "saturated". Obviously, the count output value at this time cannot be used to correctly judge the luminous intensity of the sample to be tested.
  • the average value of the photomultiplier anode photocurrent output is detected.
  • the output of the preamplifier 2 is also connected to the low pass filter 5.
  • the low pass filter 5 low-pass filters the electrical signal output from the preamplifier 2 to output a direct current signal.
  • the DC signal is input to the DC amplifier 6.
  • the DC amplifier 6 amplifies the input DC signal and outputs a current average. According to the embodiment, before the detected light intensity increases until the single photon counter is saturated, the direct current average value of the anode photocurrent of the photomultiplier tube can be effectively detected; as the detected light intensity increases, the anode photocurrent value also corresponds Linear increase. It can be used to make up for the shortcomings of the single photon counting method in this range.

Abstract

A photoelectric detecting circuit for single photon counter includes a photoelectric detector, a preamplifier,a voltage comparator and a counter. Its characteristic lies in that said photoelectric detecting circuit comprises a low-pass filter and a direct current amplifier. The low-pass filter is used to filter the signal output by said preamplifier to produce a direct current signal. The direct current amplifier is used to amplify said direct current signal output by said low-pass filter and produces an average value of the current.

Description

用干单光子计数仪的光电检测电路 技术领域  Photoelectric detection circuit using dry single photon counter
本发明涉及单光子计数仪， 具体涉及用于单光子计数仪的光 电检测电路。  The present invention relates to a single photon counter, and in particular to a photodetection circuit for a single photon counter.
背景技水 Background technology
各类激素、 药物、 维生素、 肿瘤及感染相关物质的测定已成 为各医院常规检验工作之一。 但以往采用的放射免疫检测技术存 在半衰期短， 不利于储存， 易对操作人员及环境造成危害， 检测 灵敏度不足等问题。 20世纪 90年代， 出现了一种以化学发光为 代表的光生物学标记及检测技术， 不仅具有简便、 快速、 安全的 特点， 而且具有更高的灵敏度， 因而被迅速应用于临床诊断等方 面。  The determination of various hormones, drugs, vitamins, tumors and infection-related substances has become one of the routine inspections in hospitals. However, the radioimmunoassay technology used in the past has a short half-life, is not conducive to storage, is easy to cause harm to operators and the environment, and has insufficient detection sensitivity. In the 1990s, a photobiology marker and detection technology represented by chemiluminescence appeared, which was not only simple, fast, and safe, but also had higher sensitivity, so it was quickly applied to clinical diagnosis and the like.
单光子计数仪就是与相应的检测试剂配套， 用化学发光法进 行检测的设备。 它用单光子计数的方法对处理后的样本所发出的 极微弱的发光强度进行定量检测。  The single photon counter is a device that is matched with the corresponding detection reagent and detected by chemiluminescence. It uses a single photon counting method to quantitatively detect the very weak luminescence intensity of the treated sample.
与以往采用的放射免疫检测技术相比， 单光子计数仪用于医 院对各类激素、 药物、 维生素、 肿瘤及感染相关物盾的测定， 具 有更高的灵敏度， 更加简便、 快速和安全的优点。  Compared with previous radioimmunoassay technologies, single-photon counters are used in hospitals for the determination of various hormones, drugs, vitamins, tumors and infection-related shields. They have higher sensitivity, are simpler, faster and safer. .
现有技术的用于单光子计数仪的光电检测电路一般包括 4个 部分：  The prior art photodetection circuit for a single photon counter generally comprises four parts:
1、 光电检测器， 一般装在一个避光、 有电磁屏蔽作用的壳体 中；  1. Photodetector, generally installed in a housing protected from light and electromagnetic shielding;
2、前置放大器，用于对光电检测器输出的微弱信号进行放大； 2. A preamplifier for amplifying the weak signal output by the photodetector;
3、 电压比较器， 用于去除放大器输出的噪声信号并把超过一 定阈值的模拟电信号转换成电脉沖信号； 4、计数器，按照一定的时间间隔对电压比较器的输出脉冲进 行计数并输出计数值。 3. A voltage comparator for removing a noise signal output from the amplifier and converting an analog electrical signal exceeding a certain threshold into an electrical pulse signal; 4. The counter counts the output pulse of the voltage comparator and outputs the count value according to a certain time interval.
被检样品的每一个光子的产生都可以看成是互相独立的随机 事件。 以光电倍增管作为光电检测器， 在被检样品发光强度非常 微弱的时候， 每个事件都会引起光电倍增管输出一个电信号， 使 电压比较器相应输出一个脉冲。 随着发光强度的增大， 一定时间 内的发光事件数量随之增大， 所以数出一定时间内电压比较器输 出的脉冲数目就可以知道被检样品的发光强度。  The generation of each photon of the sample to be inspected can be regarded as a random event independent of each other. The photomultiplier tube is used as a photodetector. When the intensity of the detected sample is very weak, each event causes the photomultiplier tube to output an electrical signal, so that the voltage comparator outputs a pulse. As the luminous intensity increases, the number of luminous events increases within a certain period of time. Therefore, the number of pulses output by the voltage comparator can be known for a certain period of time to know the luminous intensity of the sample to be inspected.
由于每个发光事件的随机性， 光电检测器输出的电信号时间 分布并不均匀， 其中时间间隔过近的事件， 其产生的信号会融合 起来， 在电压比较器输出端形成一个较宽的脉沖。 显然， 随着被 检样品发光强度的增大， 电压比较器输出的脉冲会愈来愈密， 互 相融合的也愈来愈多， 从而使单位时间脉冲计数值的增加愈来愈 緩慢； 发光强度超过一定值后， 输出的计数值反而会减小直至呈 "0"输出， 即输出呈现"饱和"。显然此时的计数输出值无法用于正 确判断被检样品的发光强度。饱和现象限制了该技术的适用范围。  Due to the randomness of each illuminating event, the time distribution of the electrical signal output by the photodetector is not uniform. In the event that the time interval is too close, the generated signal will fuse and form a wider pulse at the output of the voltage comparator. . Obviously, as the luminous intensity of the sample to be tested increases, the pulse output from the voltage comparator becomes denser and denser, and more and more merges with each other, so that the increase of the pulse count value per unit time becomes more and more slow; When a certain value is exceeded, the output count value will decrease until it is "0" output, that is, the output will be "saturated". Obviously, the count output value at this time cannot be used to correctly judge the luminous intensity of the sample to be tested. Saturation limits the scope of application of this technology.
根据本发明的用于单光子计数仪的光电检测电路， 克服了上 述缺点。 发明内容  The photodetection circuit for a single photon counter according to the present invention overcomes the above disadvantages. Summary of the invention
本发明的目的是提供一种用于单光子计数仪的光电检测电 路， 在被测样品发光强度偏大， 计数输出呈现饱和时能保证准确 的数据输出， 避免误判。  It is an object of the present invention to provide a photodetection circuit for a single photon counter that ensures accurate data output and avoids false positives when the measured sample has a large luminous intensity and the count output is saturated.
根据本发明的用于单光子计数仪的光电检测电路包括： 光电检测器， 用于接收光子并输出一个电信号；  A photodetection circuit for a single photon counter according to the present invention includes: a photodetector for receiving photons and outputting an electrical signal;
前置放大器， 用于放大所述光电检测器输出的所述电信号； 电压比较器， 用于去除所述前置放大器输出的噪声信号并把 达到一定阈值以上的模拟电信号转换成电脉冲信号； 及 a preamplifier for amplifying the electrical signal output by the photodetector; a voltage comparator for removing a noise signal output by the preamplifier and Converting an analog electrical signal that reaches a certain threshold or more into an electrical pulse signal; and
计数器， 用于按照一定的时间间隔对所述电压比较器输出的 所述电脉冲进行计数并输出计数值，  a counter, configured to count the electrical pulse output by the voltage comparator and output a count value according to a certain time interval,
其特征在于， 所述光电检测电路还包括：  The photodetection circuit further includes:
低通滤波器， 用于对所述前置放大器输出的所述电信号进行 低通滤波， 以便输出一个直流信号； 及  a low pass filter for low pass filtering the electrical signal output by the preamplifier to output a DC signal;
直流放大器， 用于对所述低通滤波器输出的所述直流信号进 行放大， 并输出一个电流平均值。  And a DC amplifier for amplifying the DC signal outputted by the low pass filter and outputting a current average value.
根据本发明的一个方面， 其中所述光检测器是一个光电倍增 管。  According to an aspect of the invention, the photodetector is a photomultiplier tube.
电流平均值检测技术成熟， 电路简单， 成本增加很少， 而性 能扩展很多。 附图说明  The current average detection technique is mature, the circuit is simple, the cost is increased little, and the performance is expanded a lot. DRAWINGS
结合附图和下面实施例的详细说明， 本发明的目的和内容会体 现的更清楚，  The objects and contents of the present invention will be more apparent from the detailed description of the drawings and the embodiments below.
图 1示出根据本发明的光电检测电路的一个实施例。 具体实施方式  Figure 1 shows an embodiment of a photodetection circuit in accordance with the present invention. detailed description
如图 1所示， 根据本发明的实施例， 在该光电检测电路中， 光 电倍增管 1由真空罩中的光阴极 K、一系列打拿极 01...0„和一个阳 极 P构成。 当光子打到光阴极 K上时， 由于光电效应， 光阴极 K发 出电子， 这些电子由另外的一系列打拿极
Figure imgf000005_0001
加速， 在每个打拿 极上产生更多的电子。 根据加速电压的大小和打拿极的数量， 这种 级联效应可以使撞击第一阴极的光子产生出 105 到 107个电子。 最 后， 在阳极上输出一个放大的电信号用于测量。 光电光倍增管 1的 阳极 P与前置放大器 2相连。 前置放大器 2用于放大电光倍增管 1输出的所述电信号。 前置放大器 2的输出端与电压比较器 3相 连。 电压比较器 3去除所述前置放大器输出信号中的噪声， 然后， 把达到一定阀值的模拟电信号转换成电脉沖信号。 电压比较器 3 的输出端连接到计数器 4。 计数器 4按照一定的时间间隔对所述 电压比较器输出的所述电脉冲进行计数并输出计数值。 As shown in FIG. 1, according to an embodiment of the present invention, in the photodetecting circuit, the photomultiplier tube 1 is composed of a photocathode K in a vacuum hood, a series of dynodes 0 1 ... 0 „ and an anode P When a photon hits the photocathode K, the photocathode K emits electrons due to the photoelectric effect, and these electrons are made up of another series of dynodes.
Figure imgf000005_0001
Accelerate, producing more electrons on each dynode. Depending on the magnitude of the accelerating voltage and the number of dynodes, this cascading effect can produce 10 5 to 10 7 electrons from photons striking the first cathode. Finally, an amplified electrical signal is output on the anode for measurement. The anode P of the photomultiplier tube 1 is connected to the preamplifier 2. Preamplifier 2 is used to amplify the electro-optical multiplier 1 output of the electrical signal. The output of the preamplifier 2 is connected to a voltage comparator 3. The voltage comparator 3 removes noise in the output signal of the preamplifier, and then converts an analog electrical signal reaching a certain threshold into an electrical pulse signal. The output of voltage comparator 3 is connected to counter 4. The counter 4 counts the electric pulse outputted by the voltage comparator at a certain time interval and outputs a count value.
由于每个发光事件的随机性， 光电倍增管 1输出的电信号时 间分布并不均匀， 其中时间间隔过近的事件， 其产生的信号会融 合起来， 在电压比较器 3输出端形成一个较宽的脉冲。 显然， 随 着被检样品发光强度的增大， 电压比较器 3输出的脉冲会愈来愈 密， 互相融合的也愈来愈多， 从而使单位时间脉沖计数值的增加 愈来愈緩慢； 发光强度超过一定值后， 输出的计数值反而会减小 直至呈 "0"输出， 即输出呈现"饱和"。显然此时的计数输出值无法 用于正确判断被检样品的发光强度。  Due to the randomness of each illuminating event, the time distribution of the electrical signal outputted by the photomultiplier tube 1 is not uniform. In the event that the time interval is too close, the generated signal will be fused, forming a wider output at the output of the voltage comparator 3. Pulse. Obviously, as the luminous intensity of the sample to be tested increases, the pulse outputted by the voltage comparator 3 becomes denser and denser, and more and more merges with each other, so that the increase of the pulse count value per unit time becomes more and more slow; When the intensity exceeds a certain value, the output count value will decrease until it is "0" output, that is, the output is "saturated". Obviously, the count output value at this time cannot be used to correctly judge the luminous intensity of the sample to be tested.
为了解决所述问题， 要对光电倍增管阳极光电流输出平均值 进行检测。  In order to solve the problem, the average value of the photomultiplier anode photocurrent output is detected.
在图 1所示实施例中， 前置放大器 2的输出端还连接到低通 滤波器 5。 低通滤波器 5对所述前置放大器 2输出的所述电信号 进行低通滤波， 以便输出一个直流信号。 所述直流信号被输入到 直流放大器 6。 直流放大器 6对输入的所述直流信号进行放大， 并输出一个电流平均值。 根据本实施例， 在受检光强度增加至单 光子计数仪呈现饱和之前， 已能有效检出光电倍增管的阳极光电 流直流平均值； 随着受检光强度增加， 阳极光电流值亦相应线性 增加。 恰可用来弥补单光子计数法在此范围的不足。  In the embodiment shown in Fig. 1, the output of the preamplifier 2 is also connected to the low pass filter 5. The low pass filter 5 low-pass filters the electrical signal output from the preamplifier 2 to output a direct current signal. The DC signal is input to the DC amplifier 6. The DC amplifier 6 amplifies the input DC signal and outputs a current average. According to the embodiment, before the detected light intensity increases until the single photon counter is saturated, the direct current average value of the anode photocurrent of the photomultiplier tube can be effectively detected; as the detected light intensity increases, the anode photocurrent value also corresponds Linear increase. It can be used to make up for the shortcomings of the single photon counting method in this range.
以上描述了本发明的一个实施例， 提供了电路方框图。 本领域 中的技术人员知道， 也可以用具有类似功能的电路或器件代替本说 明书及附图中所描述的电路或器件， 例如， 可以用光电二极管或电 荷耦合器件（CCD )代替光电倍增管作为光电检测器 。 此外， 本领 域中的技术人员可以根据本发明的基本思想做出不同的变型， 而不 受所公开的实施例的限制， 这些变型都没有超出本发明的权利要求 书请求保护的范围。 One embodiment of the present invention has been described above, and a circuit block diagram is provided. Those skilled in the art will recognize that circuits or devices described in this specification and the drawings may be replaced by circuits or devices having similar functions. For example, photodiodes or charge coupled devices (CCDs) may be used instead of photomultiplier tubes. Photodetector. In addition, the ability A person skilled in the art can make various modifications in accordance with the basic idea of the invention, and is not limited by the disclosed embodiments, and these modifications are not beyond the scope of the claims of the invention.

Claims

1. 一种用于单光子计数仪的光电检测电路， 包括： 光电检测器， 用于接收光子并输出一个电信号； A photodetection circuit for a single photon counter, comprising: a photodetector for receiving photons and outputting an electrical signal;
前置放大器， 用于放大所述光电检测器输出的所述电信号； 电压比较器， 用于切除所述前置放大器输出的噪声信号并把 达到一定阔值以上的模拟电信号转换成电脉沖信号； 及  a preamplifier for amplifying the electrical signal output by the photodetector; a voltage comparator for cutting off a noise signal output by the preamplifier and converting an analog electrical signal above a certain threshold into an electrical pulse Signal; and
计数器， 用于按照一定的时间间隔对所述电压比较器输出的 所述电脉冲进行计数并输出计数值，  a counter, configured to count the electrical pulse output by the voltage comparator and output a count value according to a certain time interval,
其特征在于， 所述光电检测电路还包括：  The photodetection circuit further includes:
低通滤波器， 用于对所述前置放大器输出的所述电信号进行 低通滤波， 以便输出一个直流信号； 及  a low pass filter for low pass filtering the electrical signal output by the preamplifier to output a DC signal;
直流放大器， 用于对所述低通滤波器输出的所述直流信号进 行放大， 并输出一个电流平均值。  And a DC amplifier for amplifying the DC signal outputted by the low pass filter and outputting a current average value.
2. 根据权利要求 1 的光电检测电路， 其中所述光检测器是 光电倍增管。  2. A photodetection circuit according to claim 1 wherein said photodetector is a photomultiplier tube.
3. 根据权利要求 1 的光电检测电路， 其中所述光检测器是 光电二极管。  3. The photodetection circuit according to claim 1, wherein said photodetector is a photodiode.
4. 根据权利要求 1 的光电检测电路， 其中所述光检测器是 电荷耦合器件。  4. The photodetection circuit according to claim 1, wherein said photodetector is a charge coupled device.
PCT/CN2004/001509 2004-12-23 2004-12-23 A photoelectric detecting circuit for single photon counter WO2006066460A1 (en)

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