WO2006043876A1 - Encoding of rfid - Google Patents
Encoding of rfid Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2006043876A1 WO2006043876A1 PCT/SE2005/001527 SE2005001527W WO2006043876A1 WO 2006043876 A1 WO2006043876 A1 WO 2006043876A1 SE 2005001527 W SE2005001527 W SE 2005001527W WO 2006043876 A1 WO2006043876 A1 WO 2006043876A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- signals
- signal
- child
- mother
- further step
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000010363 phase shift Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008034 disappearance Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
- G06K19/0672—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with resonating marks
- G06K19/0675—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with resonating marks the resonating marks being of the surface acoustic wave [SAW] kind
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
- G01S13/74—Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems
- G01S13/75—Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems using transponders powered from received waves, e.g. using passive transponders, or using passive reflectors
- G01S13/751—Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems using transponders powered from received waves, e.g. using passive transponders, or using passive reflectors wherein the responder or reflector radiates a coded signal
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for generation of an encoded waveform and more precisely to a simplified method for producing radio frequency identification (RFID) tags.
- RFID radio frequency identification
- Bar codes are commonly used for identifying objects in shops and supermarkets.
- An application of magnetic strips is the credit card.
- the main reason for the popularity of barcodes and magnetic strips is that they are inexpensive.
- One drawback of barcodes and magnetic strips is the distance range in which they can be used.
- the reader has to have a physical contact or has to be very close, say a few centimetres. If there is no physical contact, then the space between the code and the reader should not have any obstruction. In addition, the reader and the code have to be properly aligned for correct readability. This demands concentration from the part of the human operator and therefore is inconvenient.
- RFID (radio frequency identification) tag is another technology used for identifying the identity of an object.
- the interrogator or the reader and the tag can be separated by a larger distance compared to that of the magnetic strip technology or the bar-code technology.
- RFID-tags will return an encoded radio signal that contains the identity of the object.
- RFID-tag devices can be broadly divided based on the criteria weather they contain an integrated memory chip or not. Those that contain a memory chip, e.g. US Patent No. 5,874,902, in general have more memory capacity than those of chip-less tags, e.g. US Patent No. 6,708,881. However, chip based tags have a significantly higher cost compared to that of the chip-less tags.
- RFID-tags can also be divided based on the criteria weather they contain a battery or not, active and passive tags.
- active tags which are the most commonly available tags in market today, have a larger operational distance range when compared to the passive tags, e.g. US Patent No. 6,621,417.
- the invention relates to the method of generating a RF waveform containing a code at a remote point but not encoded using a memory chip.
- the underlying assumption in the above method is that there is the availability of a set of finite duration RF waveforms of different frequencies. These waveforms can be generated prior locally or can be made available through antennas wirelessly at the remote point. These finite duration signal bursts can be conveniently called hereafter as the mother signals.
- the mother signals are processed in time, frequency, phase and amplitude domain, whereby a set of child signals are produced and further processing of child signals or the mother signals are directly manipulated in time, frequency, phase and amplitude domain.
- the processing steps are achieved by means of RF passive devices such as time delays, phase shifters attenuators, power combiners and power dividers.
- the main difference in characteristics between the mother signals and child signals are their power and spectral characteristics.
- One of the main application area of the above method is in the RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) arena for generation of the tags.
- RFID Radio Frequency Identification
- the duration and shape of the finite duration signals are chosen such that the final encoded waveform will obey the power and bandwidth criteria imposed by the regulatory bodies.
- FIG. 1 is an example of a finite duration mother signal
- FIG. 2 illustrates generation of a child signal from a mother signal
- FIG. 3 illustrates generation of an encoded PSK or ASK or PPM modulated signal string from a child signal
- FIG. 4 illustrates generation of an encoded FSK signal string from two different child signals
- FIG. 5 illustrates an alternative realization of the generation of ASK or PPM signal from a mother signal
- FIG. 6 illustrates an alternative realization of the generation of ASK or PPM signal from a mother signal.
- the invention relates to the generation of further K signals, Sf referred to as child signals with duration T) , 1 ⁇ j ⁇ K. using RF time-delays, phase shifters power dividers and power combiners.
- Fig. 2 is an example of generating one child signal from a mother signal of one particular frequency and type shown in Fig. 1.
- a two way power divider see Fig. 2, block A
- splits the mother signal Si M into two branches with equal power and are subsequently passed through two unequal delays TDi and TD 2 see Fig. 2, blocks B).
- phase shifter of angle ⁇ ° see Fig.
- the appearance of the tail is marked by a gap in time of [TM - ⁇ TD2 - TDi ] ) from the disappearance of child signal. It is to be noted that the delays and the duration of the mother signal are selected such that the encoded waveform is produced according to the operations described as follows.
- Each child signal from a particular mother signal can be multiplied or cloned into several child signals of same shape by means of a power divider.
- a power divider By subjecting each such child signal to time-delays and (or) phase shifting and (or) attenuation and then combining, we can produce a signal string having the properties of an encoded RF signal.
- we demonstrate this idea by generating an encoded signal string containing an JV bit data.
- Fig. 3 shows a general block diagram showing the generation of a signal string from a single child signal produced from a mother signal of one particular frequency containing an N bit data having the properties of either PSK (phase shift keying), ASK (amplitude shift keying) or PPM (pulse position modulation).
- Fig. 3 consists of an JV way power divider (see Fig. 3, block A), N time-delays (see Fig. 3, blocks B), JV phase shifters (see Fig. 3, blocks C), JV attenuators (see Fig. 3, blocks D) and an JV way power combiner (see Fig. 3, block E).
- PSK signal string Choose attenuators (see Fig.
- blocks D to be either absent or attenuation values to be zero.
- Tc the duration of child signal Si c at the input of the power divider (see Fig 3, block A).
- Tc is the duration of child signal Si c at the input of the power divider (see Fig 3, block A).
- ASK signal string Choose phase shifting to be zero for the phase shifters (see Fig. 3, blocks C) or phase- shifters to be excluded.
- the signal string Si MOD resembles an ASK waveform encoded with N bits of data, bi, b2....bN.
- PPM signal string Choose phase shifting to be zero for the phase shifters (see Fig. 3, block C) or phase shifters to be excluded.
- the signal string Si M0D resembles a PPM waveform encoded with N-I bits of data, bi, b2....bn-i-
- FSK signal string A FSK signal string is formed using a different method compared to that of Fig. 3 because of the requirement of two different child signals from different mothers having different frequencies.
- a FSK signal string will result when the delayed versions of the child signals are combined using an iV-way divider, (see Fig. 4, block E).
- S 2 C we can derive S 2 C from & c .
- certain modulated signal string formats can be generated by not explicitly generating a child signal and dividing the child signal, as shown in Fig. 3. This idea can be explained with respect to Fig. 5.
- the mother signal of one particular frequency Si M is directly divided by means- of iV-way power divider where N is an even number, (see Fig. 5 block A).
- the operations of time delays, phase shifting and attenuation, which the signals undergo in each branch is such that when the signals pairwise meet they are 180 degree out of phase.
- the signal pairs JSO degree out of phase are u ⁇ , Ui2, where 1 ⁇ i ⁇ M.
- the modulated signal format Si MOD generated in this embodiment are amplitude modulated or ASK and position modulated or PPM signals.
- FIG. 6 the reciprocity property of RF power dividers, attenuators, time delays and phase shifters will be used to exclude the need of power combiner in Fig. 5.
- each branch following the divider/ combiner (block A in Fig. 6) is terminated with an open circuit, where the incident signals will get reflected.
- the reflected signals from each branch therefore will pass through the reciprocal delays, phase shifters and attenuators in the reverse direction and finally through block A, which acts like a combiner in the reverse direction.
- An example of block A in Fig. 6 is the Wilkinson's divider/ combiner.
- the delayed signal reflected out at the point where the signal enters at block A will have same property as in Si M0D of Fig.5 if the values of the delays, attenuation and phase shifting in Fig. 6 are half that of Fig. 5. Therefore the embodiment described in Fig. 6 will have same functionality as that of Fig. 5 with the additional advantage of reduced size.
- the method described above can be used to construct an RFID-tag and a reader to decode the encoded RF waveform emitted by the RFID-tag.
- RFID-tag can be considered as an interconnection of the following building blocks.
- An antenna to receive mother signals from the reader or the mother signals is generated locally using an oscillator.
- the DC power to the oscillator can be derived using rectification of RF power from the reader or via a battery.
- Optional building blocks such as amplifiers are used for increasing the power of the encoded waveform.
- An antenna is used to transmit the data encoded RF waveform.
- the reader is designed in such a way to decode the above encoded waveform.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Artificial Intelligence (AREA)
- Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition (AREA)
- Near-Field Transmission Systems (AREA)
- Digital Transmission Methods That Use Modulated Carrier Waves (AREA)
- Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)
- Transmission Systems Not Characterized By The Medium Used For Transmission (AREA)
- Reduction Or Emphasis Of Bandwidth Of Signals (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT05792425T ATE494596T1 (en) | 2004-10-22 | 2005-10-13 | CODING OF RFID |
EP05792425A EP1805904B1 (en) | 2004-10-22 | 2005-10-13 | Encoding of rfid |
DE602005025792T DE602005025792D1 (en) | 2004-10-22 | 2005-10-13 | CODING OF RFID |
US11/665,832 US8045641B2 (en) | 2004-10-22 | 2005-10-13 | Encoding of RFID |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
SE0402571A SE526510C2 (en) | 2004-10-22 | 2004-10-22 | RFID encoding |
SE0402571-4 | 2004-10-22 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2006043876A1 true WO2006043876A1 (en) | 2006-04-27 |
Family
ID=33448694
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/SE2005/001527 WO2006043876A1 (en) | 2004-10-22 | 2005-10-13 | Encoding of rfid |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8045641B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1805904B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE494596T1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE602005025792D1 (en) |
SE (1) | SE526510C2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2006043876A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2009072936A1 (en) | 2007-12-05 | 2009-06-11 | Wavelogics Ab | Data carrier device |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8208885B1 (en) * | 2009-03-18 | 2012-06-26 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Variable time, phase, and amplitude control device |
FR2954551B1 (en) * | 2009-12-21 | 2012-08-17 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | SECURE NON-CONTACT DATA EXCHANGE DEVICE BETWEEN A READER AND A CARD |
ES2641048T3 (en) * | 2013-06-17 | 2017-11-07 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Optically variable, transparent interference pigments with electrically semiconductor properties |
US10465302B2 (en) * | 2014-08-07 | 2019-11-05 | Marathon Systems, Inc. | Modular gaseous electrolysis apparatus with actively-cooled header module, co-disposed heat exchanger module and gas manifold modules therefor |
KR102432876B1 (en) * | 2020-08-04 | 2022-08-16 | 연세대학교 산학협력단 | Low Loss Continuous True Time Delay Circuit with Delay Summing |
CN112085134B (en) * | 2020-09-09 | 2021-03-23 | 华清科盛(北京)信息技术有限公司 | Airport luggage identification system and method based on radio frequency identification |
US11303347B1 (en) * | 2020-11-24 | 2022-04-12 | At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P. | Low-power, self-referenced receiver |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2165423A (en) | 1984-10-09 | 1986-04-09 | X Cyte Inc | System for interrogating a passive transponder carrying phase-encoded information |
US5539775A (en) * | 1993-03-17 | 1996-07-23 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Modulated spread spectrum in RF identification systems method |
US20010001758A1 (en) * | 1998-09-03 | 2001-05-24 | Roy Greeff | Communication system, interrogators and communication methods |
US6621417B2 (en) | 2001-08-09 | 2003-09-16 | Edgar Alan Duncan | Passive RFID transponder/reader system and method for hidden obstacle detection and avoidance |
US20040027240A1 (en) * | 1999-03-09 | 2004-02-12 | Roy Greeff | Interrogators, methods of operating a coherent interrogator, backscatter communication methods, interrogation methods, and signal processing methods |
Family Cites Families (10)
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US3588727A (en) * | 1968-12-13 | 1971-06-28 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Imaged impedance through frequency conversion |
US5966048A (en) * | 1997-11-25 | 1999-10-12 | Hughes Electronics Corporation | Low IMD amplification method and apparatus |
US7133480B2 (en) * | 2001-03-09 | 2006-11-07 | Leica Geosystems Inc. | Method and apparatus for processing digitally sampled signals at a resolution finer than that of a sampling clock |
ES2319433T3 (en) * | 2001-04-24 | 2009-05-07 | Nokia Corporation | PROCEDURES FOR CHANGING THE SIZE OF A TEMPORARY STORAGE MEMORY OF FLUCTUATION AND FOR TEMPORARY ALIGNMENT, COMMUNICATION SYSTEM, END OF RECEPTION AND TRANSCODER. |
US20050159187A1 (en) * | 2002-03-18 | 2005-07-21 | Greg Mendolia | Antenna system and method |
US6944437B2 (en) * | 2003-11-10 | 2005-09-13 | Northrop Grumman Corporation | Electronically programmable multimode circuit |
US7432814B2 (en) * | 2004-04-13 | 2008-10-07 | Impinj, Inc. | Reconstructing RFID waveform shape for reuse in individual channel |
US20070025420A1 (en) * | 2005-05-16 | 2007-02-01 | University Of Victoria Innovation And Development Corporation | Transmission and detection in ultrawide band communications |
US7773695B2 (en) * | 2005-08-19 | 2010-08-10 | Dominic Kotab | Amplitude modulator |
US7518053B1 (en) * | 2005-09-01 | 2009-04-14 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Beat matching for portable audio |
-
2004
- 2004-10-22 SE SE0402571A patent/SE526510C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2005
- 2005-10-13 WO PCT/SE2005/001527 patent/WO2006043876A1/en active Application Filing
- 2005-10-13 US US11/665,832 patent/US8045641B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-10-13 EP EP05792425A patent/EP1805904B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2005-10-13 AT AT05792425T patent/ATE494596T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-10-13 DE DE602005025792T patent/DE602005025792D1/en active Active
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2165423A (en) | 1984-10-09 | 1986-04-09 | X Cyte Inc | System for interrogating a passive transponder carrying phase-encoded information |
US5539775A (en) * | 1993-03-17 | 1996-07-23 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Modulated spread spectrum in RF identification systems method |
US20010001758A1 (en) * | 1998-09-03 | 2001-05-24 | Roy Greeff | Communication system, interrogators and communication methods |
US20040027240A1 (en) * | 1999-03-09 | 2004-02-12 | Roy Greeff | Interrogators, methods of operating a coherent interrogator, backscatter communication methods, interrogation methods, and signal processing methods |
US6621417B2 (en) | 2001-08-09 | 2003-09-16 | Edgar Alan Duncan | Passive RFID transponder/reader system and method for hidden obstacle detection and avoidance |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2009072936A1 (en) | 2007-12-05 | 2009-06-11 | Wavelogics Ab | Data carrier device |
CN101939758B (en) * | 2007-12-05 | 2013-05-08 | 韦夫逻辑公司 | Data carrier device |
US8608088B2 (en) | 2007-12-05 | 2013-12-17 | Wavelogics Ab | Data carrier device |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20080001750A1 (en) | 2008-01-03 |
DE602005025792D1 (en) | 2011-02-17 |
US8045641B2 (en) | 2011-10-25 |
SE0402571D0 (en) | 2004-10-22 |
ATE494596T1 (en) | 2011-01-15 |
SE0402571L (en) | 2005-09-27 |
SE526510C2 (en) | 2005-09-27 |
EP1805904A1 (en) | 2007-07-11 |
EP1805904B1 (en) | 2011-01-05 |
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