WO2006005798A1 - Methods, system, program modules and computer program product for restoration of color components in an image model - Google Patents
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- G06T5/00—Image enhancement or restoration
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/80—Camera processing pipelines; Components thereof
- H04N23/84—Camera processing pipelines; Components thereof for processing colour signals
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- G06T5/20—Image enhancement or restoration by the use of local operators
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- H04N2209/04—Picture signal generators
- H04N2209/041—Picture signal generators using solid-state devices
- H04N2209/042—Picture signal generators using solid-state devices having a single pick-up sensor
- H04N2209/045—Picture signal generators using solid-state devices having a single pick-up sensor using mosaic colour filter
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- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/60—Control of cameras or camera modules
- H04N23/66—Remote control of cameras or camera parts, e.g. by remote control devices
- H04N23/661—Transmitting camera control signals through networks, e.g. control via the Internet
Definitions
- This invention relates to image processing and particularly to a restoration of colour components in a system for storage or acquisition of digital images.
- Blurring or degradation of an image can be caused by various factors, e.g. out-of-focus optics, or any other aberrations that result from the use of a wide- angle lens, or the combination of inadequate aperture value, focal length and lens positioning.
- out-of-focus optics or any other aberrations that result from the use of a wide- angle lens, or the combination of inadequate aperture value, focal length and lens positioning.
- the movement of the camera, or the imaged subject can 5 result in motion blurring of the picture.
- the number of photons being captured is reduced, this results in high noise levels, as well as poor contrast in the captured image.
- Defect block in the image can be replaced with the average of some of all of the surrounding blocks.
- One example is to use three blocks that are situated above the defect.
- spatial error concealment techniques attempt to hide a defect by forming a good reconstruction of the missing or corrupted pixels.
- One of the methods is to find a mean of the pixels in an area surrounding the defect and to replace the defect with the mean pixel value.
- a requirement for the variance of the reconstruction can be added to equal the variance of the area around the defect.
- Different interpolation methods can also be used in the image reconstruction process. For example a bilinear interpolation can be applied to pixels on four corners of the defect rectangle. This makes a linear, smooth transition of pixel values across the defect area. Bilinear interpolation is defined by the pixel value being reconstructed, pixels at corners of the reconstructed pixel and a horizontal and vertical distance from the reconstructed pixel to the corner pixels.
- Another method is edge-sensitive nonlinear filtering, which interpolates missing samples in an image.
- the purpose of image restoration is to remove those degradations so that the restored images look as close as possible to the original scene.
- the restored image can be obtained as the inverse process of the degradation.
- Several methods to solve for this inverse mathematical problem are known from the prior art. However, most of these techniques do not consider the image reconstruction process in the modelling of the problem, and assume simplistic linear models. Typically, the solutions in implementations are quite complicated and computationally demanding.
- Image restoration generally involves two important steps, the deblurring and noise filtering steps.
- Some approaches for deblurring are known from related art. These approaches can be categorized into non-iterative and iterative techniques.
- the solution is obtained through a one pass processing algorithm, e.g. Laplacian high pass filtering, unsharp masking, or frequency domain inverse filtering.
- the iterative methods the result is refined during several processing passes.
- the de-blurring process is controlled by a cost function that sets the criteria for the refining process, e.g. Least Squares method or adaptive Landweber algorithm. Usually, after a few iterations, there is not much improvement between adjacent steps.
- the methods from the related art are typically designed as a post-processing operation, which means that the restoration is applied to the image, after it has been acquired and stored.
- each colour component has a different point spread function that is an important criteria that can be used to evaluate the performance of imaging systems.
- the restoration is applied as post-processing, the information about the different blurring in each colour component is not relevant anymore.
- the exact modelling of the image acquisition process is more difficult and (in most cases) is not linear. So the "inverse" solution is less precise. Most often, the output of the digital cameras is compressed to .jpeg-format. If the restoration is applied after the compression (which is typically lossy), the result can amplify unwanted blocking artefacts.
- the aim of this invention is to provide an improved way to restore images. This can be achieved by a method, a model, use of a model, a de-blurring method, a device, a module, a system, program modules and computer program products.
- an imaging module comprising at least imaging optics and an image sensor, where the image is formed through the imaging optics, said image consisting of at least one colour component, wherein degradation information of each colour component is found, an image degradation function is obtained and said each colour component is restored by said degradation function.
- the model for improving image quality of a digital image is provided, said model being obtainable by a claimed method.
- the present invention also use of the model is provided.
- the method for improving image quality of a digital image captured with an imaging module comprising at least imaging optics and an image sensor where the image is formed through the imaging optics, said image consisting at least of one colour component, wherein degradation information of each colour component of the image is found, a degradation function is obtained according to the degradation information and said each colour component is restored by said degradation function.
- a method for restoration of an image wherein the restoration is implemented by an iterative restoration function where at each iteration a de-blurring method with regularization is implemented.
- a system for determining a model for improving image quality of a digital image with an imaging module comprising at least imaging optics and an image sensor, where the image is formed through the imaging optics, said image consisting of at least one colour component, wherein the system comprises first means for finding degradation information of each colour component of the image, second means for obtaining a degradation function according to the degradation information, and third means for restoring said each colour component by said degradation function.
- the imaging module comprising imaging optics and an image sensor for forming an image through the imaging optics onto the light sensitive image sensor wherein a model for improving image quality is related to said imaging module.
- a device comprising an imaging module is provided.
- the program module for improving an image quality in a device comprising an imaging module, said program module comprising means for finding degradation information of each colour component of the image, obtaining a degradation function according to the degradation information, and restoring said each colour component by said degradation function.
- other program module for a restoration of an image comprising means for implementing a de-blurring with regularization at each iteration of an iterative restoration.
- the computer program product comprising instructions for finding degradation information of each colour component of the image, obtaining a degradation function according to the degradation information, and restoring said each colour component by said degradation function.
- a computer program product for a restoration of an image comprising computer readable instruction for implementing a de-blurring with regularization at each iteration of an iterative restoration.
- first image model corresponds to such an image, which is already captured with an image sensor, such as a CCD (Charged Coupled Device) or CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor), but not processed in any way.
- the first image model is raw image data.
- the second image model is the one for which a degradation information has been determined. It will be appreciated that other sensor types, other than CMOS or CCD can be used with the invention.
- the first image model is used for determining the blurring of the image, and the second image model is restored according to the invention.
- the restoration can also be regulated according to the invention. After these steps have been done, other image reconstruction functions can be applied to it. If considering the whole image reconstruction chain, the idea of the invention is to apply the restoration as a pre-processing operation, whereby the following image reconstruction operations will benefit from the restoration. Applying the restoration as a pre-processing operation means that the restoration algorithm is targeted directly to the raw colour image data and in such a manner, that each colour component is handled separately.
- the blurring caused by optics can be reduced significantly.
- the procedure is particularly effective if fixed focal length optics is used.
- the invention is also applicable to varying focal length systems, in which case the processing considers several deblurring functions from a look-up table depending on the focal position of the lenses.
- the deblurring function can also be obtained through interpolation from look-up tables.
- One possibility to define the deblurring function is to use continuous calculation, in which focal length is used as a parameter to deblurring function.
- the resulting images are sharper and have better spatial resolution. It is worth mentioning that the proposed processing is different from traditional sharpening algorithms, which can also result in sharper images with amplified high frequencies.
- this invention presents a method to revert the degradation process and to minimize blurring, which is caused e.g. by optic, whereas the sharpening algorithms use generic high-pass filters to add artefacts to an image in order to make it look sharper.
- the model according to the invention is more viable for different types of sensors that can be applied in future products (because of better fidelity to the linear image formation model).
- the following steps and algorithms of the image reconstruction chain benefit from the increased resolution and contrast of solution.
- Applying the image restoration as a pre-processing operation may minimize non-linearities that are accumulated in the image capturing process.
- the invention also may prevent over-amplification of colour information.
- the data restoration sharpens the image by iterative inverse filtering.
- This inverse filtering can be controlled by a controlling method that is also provided by the invention. Due to the controlling method the iteration is stopped when the image is sharp enough.
- the controlling method provides a mechanism to process differently the pixels that are at different locations into the image.
- the overshooting in the restored image can be reduced thus giving a better visual quality of the final image.
- pixels that are located at edges in the observed image are restored different than the pixels that are located on smooth areas.
- the controlling method can address the problem of spatial varying point spread function. For example if point spread function of the optical system is different for different pixel coordinates, restoration of the image using independent processing of the pixels can solve this problem. Further, the controlling method can be implemented with several de-blurring algorithms in order to improve their performances.
- the invention can also be applied for restoration of video.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an example of the system according to the invention
- FIG. 2 illustrates another example of the system according to the invention
- Figure 3 illustrates an example of a device according to the invention
- Figure 4 illustrates an example of an arrangement according to the invention
- Figure 5 illustrates an example of an iterative restoration method and a controlling method according to the invention.
- This invention relates to a method for improving image quality of a digital image captured with an imaging module comprising at least imaging optics and an image sensor, where the image is formed through the imaging optics, the image consisting of at least one colour component.
- the degradation information of each colour component of the image is found and is used for improving image quality.
- the degradation information of each colour component is specified by a point-spread function.
- Each colour component is restored by said degradation function.
- the image can be unprocessed image data.
- the invention also relates to several alternatives for implementing the restoration, and for controlling and regularizing the inverse process.
- the description of the restoration of images according to the invention can be targeted to three main points, wherein at first the blur degradation function is determined, e.g. by measuring a point-spread function (PSF) for at least one raw colour component. Secondly, a restoration algorithm is designed for at least one raw colour component. Thirdly, a regularization mechanism can be integrated to moderate the effect of high pass filtering.
- the optics in mobile devices are used as an example, because they may generally be limited to a wide focus range. It will, however, be apparent to the man skilled in the art, that the mobile devices are not the only suitable devices.
- the invention can be utilized by digital cameras, web cameras or similar devices, as well as by high-end applications. The aim of this algorithm is to undo or attenuate a degradation process (blurring) resulting from the optics. Due to the algorithm the resulting images becomes sharper and have an improved resolution.
- colour component relates to various colour systems.
- the example in this invention is RGB-system (red, green, blue), but a person skilled in the art will appreciate other systems such as HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value), YUV (Luminance, chrominance) or CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black) etc.
- HSV Human, Saturation, Value
- YUV Luminance, chrominance
- CMYK Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black
- the image model in the spatial domain can be described as:
- g,- is a measured colour component image
- f,- is an original colour component
- ft,- is a corresponding linear blurring in the colour component
- /7 / is an additive noise term.
- g h f h n,- are defined over an array of pixels (m, n) spanning the image area, whereas h; is defined on the pixels (u, v) spanning blurring (point-spread function) support.
- the index / ⁇ 1,2,3,4 ⁇ denotes respectively the data concerning colour components, such as red, greeni , blue and green2 colour components.
- the procedure for estimating the degradation ( Figure 1 , 110) in the image that has been captured by an optical element (100) is described next.
- the degradation can be estimated by means of the point- spread function 210 corresponding to the blur in three colour channels (in this example R, G, B) (raw data).
- the point-spread functions are used to show different characteristics for each colour channel.
- the point-spread function is an important criterion that can be used to evaluate the performance of imaging systems.
- the point-spread function changes as a function of the wavelength and the position in the camera field of view. Because of that, finding a good point- spread function may be difficult. In the description an out-of-focus close range imaging and a space invariant blurring are assumed.
- the practical procedure for estimating the point-spread function (hi) that is associated with each colour component, can also be used as stand-alone application to help in the evaluation process of camera systems.
- the four outer corner points are located manually, and first a rough estimate of the corner positions is determined. The exact locations (at subpixel accuracy) are recalculated again by refining the search within a square window of e.g. 10x10 pixels. Using those corner points, an approximation for the original grid image fi can be reconstructed by averaging the central parts of each square and by asserting a constant luminance value to those squares.
- the point-spread function is assumed to be space invariant, whereby the blur can be calculated through a pseudo-inverse filtering method (e.g. in Fourier domain).
- a frequency low-pass filter can be used to limit the noise and the procedure can be applied with several images to obtain an average estimate of the point- spread function.
- the normalized cut-off frequency of the mentioned low pass filter is around 0.6, but at least any value from 0.4 to 0.9 may be applicable).
- S pS f describes the extent of the blurring.
- the data concerning colour components is measured by a sensor 120 e.g. by Bayer sensor 220 (in figure 2), like a CMOS or CCD sensor.
- the colour component can be red (R), greeni (G1 ) blue (B) and green2 (G2) colour components as illustrated in figure 2.
- R red
- G1 greeni
- B green
- G2 green2
- the second image model is provided for to be restored (130 ; 250).
- the images are arranged lexicographically into vectors, and the point-spread function h,- is arranged into a block-Toeplitz circulant matrix H 1 .
- the second image model is then expressed as:
- ? max is the largest eigenvalue of the matrix H 7 H. The iteration continues until the normalized change in energy becomes quite small.
- the image sensor electronics such as CCD and CMOS sensors
- the image sensor electronics may introduce non-linearities to the image, of which the saturation is one of the most serious. Due to non-linearities unaccounted for in the image formation model, the separate processing of the colour channels might result in serious false colouring around the edges.
- the invention introduces an improved regularization mechanism (figure 2; 240) to be applied to restoration.
- the pixel areas being saturated or under-exposed are used to devise a smoothly varying coefficient that moderates the effect of high-pass filtering in the surrounding areas.
- the formulation of the image acquisition process is invariably assumed to be a linear one (1 ). Due to the sensitivity difference of the three colour channels, and fuzzy exposure controls, pixel saturation can happen incoherently in each of the colour channels.
- ⁇ is the global step-size as discussed earlier, and ⁇ sat is the local saturation control that modulates the step size.
- ⁇ sat is obtained using the following algorithm:
- ⁇ sat varies between 0 and 1 depending on the number of saturated pixels in any of the colour channels.
- the previous data restoration sharpens the image by iterative inverse filtering.
- This inverse filtering can be controlled by a controlling method whereby the iteration is stopped when the image is sharp enough.
- a basic idea of this controlling method is illustrated in figure 5 as a block chart.
- the image is initialized equal with the observed image, and the parameters of the de-blurring algorithm are set up (510).
- the de- blurring algorithm is applied to the observed image.
- This can be any of the existing one pass algorithms such as unsharp masking method, blur domain de-blurring, differential filtering, etc. (520).
- the de-blurring is meaningful at every iteration, because if the de-blurring does not have good performances the overall performance of the system will not be that good.
- pixels from the de-blurred image can be checked to detect the overshooting such as over-amplified edges.
- the restored image is updated. If a pixel location in the de-blurred image corresponds to an overshoot edge, it is not any further updated in the iterative process. Otherwise, the pixels from the restored image are normally updated. Also, the pixels that correspond to overshooting are marked such that in the next iterations the corresponding restored pixels are unchanged (for those pixels the restoration process is terminated at this point).
- the intermediate output image is scanned and the pixels that still contain overshooting are detected. If persistent overshooting is detected (560) the global iterative process is stopped and the restored image is returned.
- the algorithm disclosed here prevents the restored image form overshooting that appears due to over-amplification of edges. This is done in two different ways. First, at each iteration, the pixels are updated separately such that the ones that are degraded are not updated into the restored image. Second, the whole de-blurring process is stopped if there is a pixel in the restored image that is too much degraded. Detailed description of implementation of the de-blurring method is discussed next.
- the image is initialized equal with the observed image, and the parameters of the deblurring algorithm are set up.
- the input observed image is denoted here by I and the final restored image is denoted by Ir.
- the parameters of the de-blurring method are also initialized. For instance, if the unsharp masking method is used for de-blurring the number of blurred images used and their parameters are chosen. If another algorithm is implemented, its parameters will be set up at this point.
- a matrix of size equal with the size of the image and with unity elements is initialized. The matrix is denoted by mask.
- the de-blurring algorithm is applied to the observed image and the de-blurred image ldb is obtained.
- every pixel from the deblurred image is checked to detect the overshooting such as over-amplified edges.
- the pixels from the de-blurred image ldb are scanned and the horizontal and vertical differences between adjacent pixels can be computed as follows:
- dhXx ,y) ⁇ ⁇ x, y) - ⁇ (x, y-l)
- dh4(x ,y) ⁇ (x, y) - 1 (x, y+1)
- the local shape of the de-blurred image is compared with the local shape of the observed image. This is done by comparing the signs of the corresponding differences from the two images in horizo ntal and also in vertical direction. When a difference in the shape of the two images is found (whether in horizontal or vertical direction), this means that the corresponding pixel from the de-blurred image might be too much emphasized.
- a threshold a threshold
- the corresponding pixel is marked as distorted (the value of the mask is made equal to zero).
- the threshold (th1) is defined as percents from the maximum value of the pixels from the observed image (the value MAX is the maximum value of I). Choosing this kind of threshold computation we ensure that the value of the threshold (th1 ) is adapted to the image range.
- the restored image is updated.
- the pixels that form the restored image are simply updated with the pixels from the de-blurred image that were not marked as distorted. This step can be implemented as follows:
- the intermediate output image is scanned and the pixels that still contain overshooting are detected.
- the horizontal and vertical differences between adjacent pixels can be computed as follows:
- V(x 5 y) min(abs(dh5(x,y)),abs(dh6(x,y))); end
- step 560 the overshooting is checked. If the maximum overshooting is larger than a predefined step, the restoration procedure is stopped and the restored image Ir is returned at the output. If there is no pixel in the restored image that has overshooting larger than the threshold the parameters of the de-blurring method are changed and the procedure continue from step 520.
- This step can be implemented as follows:
- the threshold th2 for overshooting detection is defined as percents from the maximum pixel value of the original image I.
- the regularization method (530, 550 and 560 from figure 5) can also be combined with the above described iterative restoration algorithm from equation (6).
- Other non-iterative restoration algorithms such as high pass filtering can be implemented in iterative manner following the above method with local and global regularization.
- the local and global regularizations defined above can be applied together or separately also to some other iterative restoration techniques.
- the system according to the invention can be arranged into a device such as a mobile terminal, a web cam, a digital camera or other digital device for imaging.
- the system can be a part of digital signal processing in camera module to be installed into one of said devices.
- One example of the device is an imaging mobile terminal as illustrated as a simplified block chart in figure 3.
- the device 300 comprises optics 310 or a similar device for capturing images that can operatively communicate with the optics or a digital camera for capturing images.
- the device 300 can also comprise a communication means 320 having a transmitter 321 and a receiver 322.
- the first communicating means 320 can be adapted for telecommunication and the other communicating means 380 can be a kind of short-range communicating means, such as a BluetoothTM system, a WLAN system (Wireless Local Area Network) or other system which suits local use and for communicating with another device.
- the device 300 according to the figure 3 also comprises a display 340 for displaying visual information.
- the device 300 comprises a keypad 350 for inputting data, for controlling the image capturing process etc.
- the device 300 can also comprise audio means 360, such as an earphone 361 and a microphone 362 and optionally a codec for coding (and decoding, if needed) the audio information.
- the device 300 also comprises a control unit 330 for controlling functions in the device 300, such as the restoration algorithm according to the invention.
- the control unit 330 may comprise one or more processors (CPU, DSP).
- the device further comprises memory 370 for storing data, programs etc.
- the imaging module comprises imaging optics and image sensor and means for finding degradation information of each colour component and using said degradation information for determining a degradation function, and further means for restoring said each colour component by said degradation function.
- This imaging module can be arranged into the device being described previously.
- the imaging module can be also arranged into a stand-alone device 410, as illustrated in figure 4, communicating with an imaging device 400 and with a displaying device, which displaying device can be also said imaging device 400 or some other device, like a personal computer.
- Said stand-alone device 410 comprises a restoration module 411 and optionally other imaging module 412 and it can be used for image reconstruction independently.
- the communication between the imaging device 400 and the stand-alone device 410 can be handled by a wired or wireless network. Examples of such networks are Internet, WLAN, Bluetooth, etc.
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Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP05701756A EP1766569A1 (en) | 2004-07-09 | 2005-01-04 | Methods, system, program modules and computer program product for restoration of color components in an image model |
JP2007519821A JP4571670B2 (en) | 2004-07-09 | 2005-01-04 | Method, system, program module and computer program product for restoration of color components in an image model |
US11/632,093 US20090046944A1 (en) | 2004-07-09 | 2005-01-04 | Restoration of Color Components in an Image Model |
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US10/888,534 US7728844B2 (en) | 2004-07-09 | 2004-07-09 | Restoration of color components in an image model |
US10/888,534 | 2004-07-09 |
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EP (1) | EP1766569A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4571670B2 (en) |
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US7728844B2 (en) | 2010-06-01 |
KR100911890B1 (en) | 2009-08-11 |
EP1766569A1 (en) | 2007-03-28 |
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JP2008506174A (en) | 2008-02-28 |
US20090046944A1 (en) | 2009-02-19 |
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US20060013479A1 (en) | 2006-01-19 |
JP4571670B2 (en) | 2010-10-27 |
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