WO2006004426A1 - System for delivery of a tracer in fluid transport systems and use thereof - Google Patents
System for delivery of a tracer in fluid transport systems and use thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2006004426A1 WO2006004426A1 PCT/NO2005/000245 NO2005000245W WO2006004426A1 WO 2006004426 A1 WO2006004426 A1 WO 2006004426A1 NO 2005000245 W NO2005000245 W NO 2005000245W WO 2006004426 A1 WO2006004426 A1 WO 2006004426A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- tracer
- mfr
- tracers
- delivery
- water
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000700 radioactive tracer Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 63
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- GWIAAIUASRVOIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C(N)=CC=C21 GWIAAIUASRVOIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- PSZYNBSKGUBXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=CC2=C1 PSZYNBSKGUBXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 150000001558 benzoic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 17
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 7
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000008398 formation water Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004848 polyfunctional curative Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 3
- JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N melamine Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 3
- GNBHRKFJIUUOQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorescein Chemical class O1C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2C21C1=CC=C(O)C=C1OC1=CC(O)=CC=C21 GNBHRKFJIUUOQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical group COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920001807 Urea-formaldehyde Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- GZCGUPFRVQAUEE-SLPGGIOYSA-N aldehydo-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C=O GZCGUPFRVQAUEE-SLPGGIOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001559 benzoic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013626 chemical specie Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003673 groundwater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N methanone Chemical compound O=[14CH2] WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/10—Locating fluid leaks, intrusions or movements
- E21B47/11—Locating fluid leaks, intrusions or movements using tracers; using radioactivity
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/03—Specific additives for general use in well-drilling compositions
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a specific tracer delivery system composed of a melamine formaldehyde resin (MFR) doped with various tracer materials.
- MFR/tracer mixture is used as part of a monitoring system where tracer is delivered from the MFR/tracer mixture at a specific location upstream and detected at some location downstream, thereby verifying fluid flow from that specific location upstream.
- the system is intended for long-term monitoring of fluid inflow in production wells in oil reservoirs .
- Tracers are used to follow fluid flow in various systems such as oil reservoirs, process flow lines, ground water leakage studies etc. Tracers are released up-stream and detected downstream. Analysing tracer concentration downstream may give information about flow rates, dilution volumes, communication, fluid mixing, mass residence time distribution etc. Tracers may be injected into the system by a variety of methods, however the most common being either as a sharp pulse (Dirac pulse) or at a constant concentration rate.
- Dirac pulse sharp pulse
- non-radioactive tracers examples include salts of naphthalenesulfonic acids, salts of amino naphthalenesulfonic acids, fluorescein and fluorinated benzoic acids. 3 H-labelled or 14 C-labelled tracers of the same kind of components may also be applied.
- the system should therefore be able to deliver tracers that are detectable in sub ppb concentrations. This is easily achieved with radioactive tracers (mainly pure beta-emitters) . In many systems, however, this should be avoided and the radioactive tracers should be replaced with non-radioactive chemical species .
- Optimal oil production from the reservoir depends upon reliable knowledge of the reservoir characteristics.
- Traditional methods for reservoir monitoring include seismic log interpretation, well pressure testing, production fluid analysis, production history matching and interwell tracer techniques. Due to the complexity of the reservoir all information available is valuable in order to give the operator the best possible knowledge about the dynamics in the reservoir.
- One common secondary oil recovery process is water injection in dedicated injection wells. The water may travel in different layers and sweep different area in the reservoir. Monitoring of the production of this water in different zones in the well is important to design a production program that improves the sweep efficiency and thereby increased the oil recovery.
- Mixing of injection water and formation water originally present in the reservoir may cause supersaturated solutions leading to precipitation of particles (scale) in either the reservoir near-well zone or in the production tubing. By knowing which zones contribute to water production, action can be taken to reduce the effect of scaling and thereby maintain productivity.
- the present application proposes a specific tracer delivery system that has been tested.
- the claimed system is composed of melamine formaldehyde resin (MFR) doped with various tracer materials.
- MFR melamine formaldehyde resin
- the MFR is used to slowly release tracer compounds into a liquid system.
- the MFR/tracer mixture is applied as part of a monitoring system where tracer is delivered from the MFR/tracer mixture at a specific location up-stream and detected at some location downstream, thereby verifying fluid flow from that specific location up-stream.
- the MFR can be doped with different types of tracers, thereby allowing placement of different tracers at several different positions upstream. Production from the various labelled zones can be verified through the analysis of one sample downstream.
- Figure 1 is a simple flow chart depicting the experimental set-up for the tracer release experiment.
- Figure 2 is a graph, which shows the amount of tracer leached per day from the 64 cm 3 cube of MFR resin with 10% tracer expressed as per milie of total available amount at the start of the experiment as function of time.
- Figure 3 is a simple flow chart depicting the experimental set-up for tracer release from MFR with formation water flowing through a hole in the resin.
- Figure 4 is a graph, which shows the release rate of tracer from MFR during flow-trough experiment.
- tracers may be added either as a pulse or at a constant delivery rate.
- the MFR system is developed to work as a stable delivery system at remote sites. The system will in many situations be a cost efficient method for tracer delivery. Once installed, no further maintenance or work is needed to deliver the tracer.
- the MFR system may work as a delivery system for many years.
- the MFR tracer delivery system has been developed to enhance the possibilities for using tracers as a tool to measure fluid flow parameters in a large variety of mass transfer systems.
- the MFR works as a release system for the tracer compound under high temperature and high pressure conditions.
- the MFR can be doped with different types of tracers in different concentrations.
- the application of MFR includes, but is not limited to, the delivery of water or oil tracers in oil production wells.
- the MFR system can be placed in a production well in the oil reservoir.
- the MFR can be placed in the toe, along the production line or in the heel of the production well. Different tracers can be applied at different locations.
- the system may be placed together with production liner, during workover.
- the MFR can be an integrated part of production tubing or placed as separate objects.
- the MFR can be placed in the gravel pack or in a rat hole.
- the tracer is mixed into a MFR condensate solution before hardening with a suitable hardener.
- the condensate solution is commercially available from suppliers such as Dynea ASA, Norway, and is a reaction mixture of melamine, formaldehyde, methanol and water. It may also contain additives such as stabilizers, fillers, plasticizers and/or colorants.
- the original content before condensation is 25- 40% melamine, 25-35% formaldehyde and 1-10% methanol.
- the hardener can be formic acid or other products from the supplier.
- One possible product is Prefere 4720 with addition of 10% (w/w) of the hardener Prefere 5020 from
- the condensate solution can also be prepared by mixing dried powder of the condensate with water.
- the dried powder is available from Dynea ASA or other suppliers and is made by spray drying of a condensate solution with the same original composition of ingredients as listed above.
- One possible resin powder product is Dynomel M-765 from Dynea ASA.
- the tracer is mixed into the condensate solution using a mechanical blender before the hardener is mixed in.
- tracers such as amino naphthalene sulfonic acids and fluorescein will react with formaldehyde and melamine in the condensate solution. The chemical reaction may be enhanced by applying heat. These tracers will be incorporated into the polymer structure after hardening. Tracers may be mechanically distributed as salt crystals in the polymer matrix, be chemically incorporated or a combination of both cases may be possible. The chemically bound tracers may be released through hydrolyses either as the tracer itself or as derivatives of the tracer when the polymer is exposed to water at high temperature. Tracers that are chemically bound will be released at a slower rate than when the tracer is present as salt particles only, something which will extend the lifetime of the tracer source. In cases where a long release period is desirable, this type of chemically bound tracer matrixes may be preferable to others.
- Urea formaldehyde resin was also tested as carrier for the water tracers. This resin type was discarded because it was much less stable to water at elevated temperatures.
- the tracers applied can be radioactive or non radioactive.
- the tracer release rate from this MFR/tracer system will depend on the surface and geometry of the MFR exposed to the fluid.
- the release rate of tracer will further be influenced by parameters such as temperature, fluid composition and pressure.
- the MFR will tolerate a large fraction (in %) of tracer compound and still maintain acceptable mechanical properties. Typical tracer loading will be 5-20 weight%.
- a standard temperature/pressure range where the MFR system according to the present invention may be used will be up to 120 0 C and 600 bar.
- the MFR release system may be shaped to adapt into different geometries suitable for the actual application. This may be rods, cubes, surfaces or direct adaptation to a predefined form. To reinforce the polymer different armouring techniques can be applied.
- a MFR cube with a side length of 4 cm has been prepared containing 10% by weight of chemical tracer compound.
- This experiment has been carried out at a temperature of 90 "C.
- the MFR in this experiment was made from Dynomel M-765.
- the cube was placed in a pressure container as shown in Figure 1.
- saline water comparable to what can be expected in an oil reservoir, has been used as the flowing phase.
- the system allows testing at different temperatures, pressure and flow rates.
- Figure 2 provides an example of the measured release rates.
- the release rate measured was about 0.3 %/day of the total tracer amount in the actual cube.
- the release rate will depend upon the geometry and accessible surface of the MFR system.
- the obtained release rate shows that the polymer can last for about one year releasing tracer at rates suitable for detection downstream using state-of-the-art analytical methods.
- a hole of 3 mm diameter was drilled through a cube of MFR made from Dynomel M-765 with size 20x20x7 mm containing 10% chemical tracer.
- One length of stainless steel tubing was inserted into the hole from each side of the cube so that only a length of 5 mm of the hole in the resin was exposed to the formation water that was flowing through.
- the tracer source was placed in a heating oven at 90 0 C and the flow rate of formation water was set at 0.5 ml per minute. The measured release rate is shown in Figure 4.
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Geophysics (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
- Flow Control (AREA)
- Phenolic Resins Or Amino Resins (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Non-Biological Materials By The Use Of Chemical Means (AREA)
- Instructional Devices (AREA)
- Infusion, Injection, And Reservoir Apparatuses (AREA)
- Paper (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (10)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EA200700153A EA200700153A1 (en) | 2004-06-30 | 2005-06-30 | INDICATOR DELIVERY SYSTEM IN THE SYSTEM OF TRANSPORTATION OF FLUID MEDIA AND APPLICATION OF SUCH DELIVERY SYSTEM |
JP2007519142A JP2008505259A (en) | 2004-06-30 | 2005-06-30 | Tracer delivery system in fluid transport system and use thereof |
DE602005004792T DE602005004792T2 (en) | 2004-06-30 | 2005-06-30 | SYSTEM FOR INTRODUCING A TRACER IN FLUID TRANSPORT SYSTEMS AND USE THEREOF |
US11/628,599 US7560690B2 (en) | 2004-06-30 | 2005-06-30 | System for delivery of a tracer in fluid transport systems and use thereof |
CA2569090A CA2569090C (en) | 2004-06-30 | 2005-06-30 | System for delivery of a tracer in fluid transport systems and use thereof |
DK05761348T DK1774137T3 (en) | 2004-06-30 | 2005-06-30 | A system for delivering a marker in liquid transport systems and their use |
BRPI0512819-6A BRPI0512819A (en) | 2004-06-30 | 2005-06-30 | system for providing a tracker in fluid transport systems, and use thereof |
AU2005260220A AU2005260220A1 (en) | 2004-06-30 | 2005-06-30 | System for delivery of a tracer in fluid transport systems and use thereof |
MXPA06014225A MXPA06014225A (en) | 2004-06-30 | 2005-06-30 | System for delivery of a tracer in fluid transport systems and use thereof. |
EP05761348A EP1774137B1 (en) | 2004-06-30 | 2005-06-30 | System for delivery of a tracer in fluid transport systems and use thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
NO20042763 | 2004-06-30 | ||
NO20042763A NO321768B1 (en) | 2004-06-30 | 2004-06-30 | Tracer release system in a fluid stream |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2006004426A1 true WO2006004426A1 (en) | 2006-01-12 |
Family
ID=35005982
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/NO2005/000245 WO2006004426A1 (en) | 2004-06-30 | 2005-06-30 | System for delivery of a tracer in fluid transport systems and use thereof |
Country Status (14)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7560690B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1774137B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2008505259A (en) |
AT (1) | ATE386190T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2005260220A1 (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0512819A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2569090C (en) |
DE (1) | DE602005004792T2 (en) |
DK (1) | DK1774137T3 (en) |
EA (1) | EA200700153A1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2302210T3 (en) |
MX (1) | MXPA06014225A (en) |
NO (1) | NO321768B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2006004426A1 (en) |
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WO2007148981A1 (en) * | 2006-06-20 | 2007-12-27 | Institutt For Energiteknikk | The use of biphenyl, terphenyl, and fluorene sulphonic acid based tracers for monitoring streams of fluids |
WO2011153636A1 (en) * | 2010-06-11 | 2011-12-15 | Absolute Completion Technologies Ltd. | Wellbore screen with tracer for fluid detection |
WO2012057634A1 (en) * | 2010-10-29 | 2012-05-03 | Resman As | Method for using tracer flowback for estimating influx volumes of fluids from different influx zones |
US8393395B2 (en) | 2009-06-03 | 2013-03-12 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Use of encapsulated chemical during fracturing |
US8567497B2 (en) | 2009-07-10 | 2013-10-29 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Apparatus and methods for inserting and removing tracer materials in downhole screens |
US9212540B2 (en) | 2010-06-11 | 2015-12-15 | Absolute Completion Technologies Ltd. | Wellbore fluid treatment and method |
US9290689B2 (en) | 2009-06-03 | 2016-03-22 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Use of encapsulated tracers |
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US9988883B2 (en) | 2012-07-04 | 2018-06-05 | Absolute Completion Technologies Ltd. | Wellbore screen |
US10954428B2 (en) | 2015-02-06 | 2021-03-23 | Restrack As | Alkoxyphenyl carboxylic acid tracers |
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US8230731B2 (en) | 2010-03-31 | 2012-07-31 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | System and method for determining incursion of water in a well |
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US10156658B1 (en) * | 2017-06-06 | 2018-12-18 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Detecting a tracer in a hydrocarbon reservoir |
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- 2005-06-30 JP JP2007519142A patent/JP2008505259A/en active Pending
- 2005-06-30 DE DE602005004792T patent/DE602005004792T2/en active Active
- 2005-06-30 CA CA2569090A patent/CA2569090C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-06-30 BR BRPI0512819-6A patent/BRPI0512819A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-06-30 ES ES05761348T patent/ES2302210T3/en active Active
- 2005-06-30 EA EA200700153A patent/EA200700153A1/en unknown
- 2005-06-30 WO PCT/NO2005/000245 patent/WO2006004426A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2005-06-30 EP EP05761348A patent/EP1774137B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2005-06-30 AT AT05761348T patent/ATE386190T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-06-30 US US11/628,599 patent/US7560690B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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US8895484B2 (en) | 2006-06-20 | 2014-11-25 | Restrack As | Use of biphenyl, terphenyl, and fluorene sulphonic acid based tracers for monitoring streams of fluids |
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US9803454B2 (en) | 2014-12-11 | 2017-10-31 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | Sand control device and methods for identifying erosion |
US10954428B2 (en) | 2015-02-06 | 2021-03-23 | Restrack As | Alkoxyphenyl carboxylic acid tracers |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1774137B1 (en) | 2008-02-13 |
US20070241277A1 (en) | 2007-10-18 |
NO20042763D0 (en) | 2004-06-30 |
US7560690B2 (en) | 2009-07-14 |
MXPA06014225A (en) | 2007-05-04 |
ES2302210T3 (en) | 2008-07-01 |
CA2569090A1 (en) | 2006-01-12 |
DK1774137T3 (en) | 2008-05-19 |
CA2569090C (en) | 2014-06-10 |
BRPI0512819A (en) | 2008-04-08 |
ATE386190T1 (en) | 2008-03-15 |
DE602005004792T2 (en) | 2009-03-26 |
EA200700153A1 (en) | 2007-12-28 |
DE602005004792D1 (en) | 2008-03-27 |
NO20042763L (en) | 2006-01-02 |
EP1774137A1 (en) | 2007-04-18 |
JP2008505259A (en) | 2008-02-21 |
AU2005260220A1 (en) | 2006-01-12 |
NO321768B1 (en) | 2006-07-03 |
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