WO2005124428A1 - Substrate-guided optical device with a wide aperture - Google Patents
Substrate-guided optical device with a wide aperture Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005124428A1 WO2005124428A1 PCT/IL2005/000637 IL2005000637W WO2005124428A1 WO 2005124428 A1 WO2005124428 A1 WO 2005124428A1 IL 2005000637 W IL2005000637 W IL 2005000637W WO 2005124428 A1 WO2005124428 A1 WO 2005124428A1
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- optical device
- substrate
- reflecting surface
- light
- optical
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/0081—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 with means for altering, e.g. enlarging, the entrance or exit pupil
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/01—Head-up displays
- G02B27/017—Head mounted
- G02B27/0172—Head mounted characterised by optical features
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/28—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for polarising
- G02B27/283—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for polarising used for beam splitting or combining
- G02B27/285—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for polarising used for beam splitting or combining comprising arrays of elements, e.g. microprisms
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/01—Head-up displays
- G02B27/0101—Head-up displays characterised by optical features
- G02B2027/0118—Head-up displays characterised by optical features comprising devices for improving the contrast of the display / brillance control visibility
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/01—Head-up displays
- G02B27/0101—Head-up displays characterised by optical features
- G02B2027/0132—Head-up displays characterised by optical features comprising binocular systems
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/01—Head-up displays
- G02B27/017—Head mounted
- G02B2027/0178—Eyeglass type
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/30—Polarising elements
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
Definitions
- the present invention relates to substrate-guided optical devices, in general, and to devices which include a plurality of reflecting surfaces carried by common light-transmissive substrates, in particular, also referred to as light-guides.
- the invention can be implemented to advantage in a large number of imaging applications, such as head-mounted and head-up displays, and cellular phones.
- HMD head- mounted displays
- an optical module serves as both an imaging lens and a combiner, whereby a two-dimensional display is imaged, to infinity and reflected into the eye of an observer.
- the display can be obtained directly from either a spatial light modulator (SLM) such as a cathode ray tube (CRT), a liquid crystal display (LCD), an organic light emitting diode array (OLED), a scanning source or similar devices, or indirectly, by means of a relay lens or an optical fiber bundle.
- SLM spatial light modulator
- CTR cathode ray tube
- LCD liquid crystal display
- OLED organic light emitting diode array
- scanning source or similar devices
- the display comprises an array of elements (pixels) imaged to infinity by a collimating lens and transmitted into the eye of the viewer by means of a reflecting, or partially reflecting, surface acting as a combiner for non-see-through or see-through applications, respectively.
- a conventional, free-space optical module is used for this purpose.
- FOV field-of-view
- the present invention facilitates the design and fabrication of very compact light-guide optical elements (LOEs) for, among other applications, HMDs and allows relatively wide FOVs, together with relatively large EMB sizes.
- LOEs light-guide optical elements
- the resulting optical system offers a large, high-quality image, which also accommodates large movements of the eye..
- the optical system offered by the present invention is particularly advantageous as it is significantly more compact than state-of-the-art implementations, and yet, can be readily incorporated even into optical systems having specialized configurations.
- the invention also enables the construction of improved head-up displays (HUDs). Since the inception of such displays more than three decades ago, there has been significant progress in the field. Indeed, HUDs have become popular, and they now play an important role, not only in most modern combat aircraft, but also in civilian aircraft in which HUD systems have become a key component for low- visibility landing operation. Furthermore, there have recently been numerous proposals and designs for HUDs in automotive applications in which they can potentially assist the driver in driving and navigation tasks. State-of-the-art HUDs, nevertheless, suffer several significant drawbacks. All HUDs of the current designs require a display source that must be located a significant distance away from the combiner, in order to ensure that the source illuminates the entire combiner surface.
- the combiner-projector HUD system is necessarily, bulky and large, thus requiring considerable installation space. This renders installation inconvenient, and its use, even unsafe at times.
- the large optical apertures in conventional HUDs also pose a significant optical design challenge, whereby cost is high or performance is compromised.
- the chromatic dispersion of high-quality holographic HUDs is of particular concern.
- the combiner is illuminated with a compact display source that can be attached to the substrate.
- the overall system is very compact and can be readily installed in a variety of configurations for a wide range of applications.
- the chromatic dispersion of the display is negligible and, as such, can operate with wide spectral sources, including conventional white-light.
- the present invention expands the image such that the active area of the combiner is much larger than the area actually illuminated by the light source.
- a further application of the present invention is to provide a compact display with a wide FON for mobile, hand-held application such as cellular phones.
- a compact display with a wide FON for mobile, hand-held application such as cellular phones.
- the limiting factor remains the quality of the display achieved in the device of the end-user.
- the mobility requirement restricts the physical size of the displays and the result is the direct-display demonstrating poor image viewing quality.
- the present invention enables a physically very compact display with a very large virtual image. This is a key feature in mobile communications, especially for mobile Internet access, solving one of the main limitations for its practical implementation.
- the present invention thereby enables the viewing of the digital content of a full format Internet page within a small, hand-held device, such as a cellular phone.
- the invention therefore provides an optical device, comprising a light- transmitting substrate having at least two major surfaces parallel to each other and edges; optical means for coupling light into said substrate by internal reflection, and at least one reflecting surface located in said substrate which is non-parallel to said major surfaces of the substrate, characterized in that said optical means for coupling light into said substrate is a partially reflecting surface, wherein part of the light coupled into the substrate passes through the partially reflecting surface out of said substrate and part of said light is reflected into the substrate.
- Fig. 1 is a side view of a prior art folding optical device
- Fig. 2 is a side view of an exemplary light-guide optical element, in accordance with the present invention
- Figs.3A and 3B illustrate the desired reflectance and transmittance characteristics of selectively reflecting surfaces used in the present invention, for two ranges of incident angles
- Fig. 4 illustrates the reflectance curves as a function of wavelength for an exemplary dichroic coating for P-polarization
- Fig. 5 illustrates a reflectance curve as a function of wavelength for an exemplary dichroic coating for S-polarization
- Fig. 6 illustrates the reflectance curves as a function of incident angle for an exemplary dichroic coating
- Fig. 1 is a side view of a prior art folding optical device
- Fig. 2 is a side view of an exemplary light-guide optical element, in accordance with the present invention
- Figs.3A and 3B illustrate the desired reflectance and transmittance characteristics of selectively reflecting surfaces used in the present invention
- FIG. 7 is a schematic sectional-view of a reflective surface, according to the present invention
- Figs. 8 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary configuration of a light-guide optical element, in accordance with the present invention
- Fig. 9 is a diagram illustrating another configuration of a light-guide optical element, in accordance with the present invention
- Fig. 10 is a diagram illustrating detailed sectional views of another configuration of an
- FIG. 11 illustrates detailed sectional views of the reflectance from an exemplary array of selectively reflective surfaces, for three different viewing angles;
- FIG. 12 is another diagram illustrating detailed sectional views of a symmetrical LOE configuration;
- Fig. 13 is a diagram illustrating detailed sectional views of a symmetrical LOE configuration having a collimating lens with a reduced exit pupil;
- Fig. 14 is a diagram illustrating a symmetrical LOE embodiment constructed of two identical parts;
- Fig. 15 is a diagram illustrating a ' symmetrical LOE embodiment constructed of two different parts;
- Fig. 16 is a diagram illustrating a method to expand a beam along two axes utilizing a double LOE configuration;
- Fig. 11 illustrates detailed sectional views of the reflectance from an exemplary array of selectively reflective surfaces, for three different viewing angles;
- Fig. 12 is another diagram illustrating detailed sectional views of a symmetrical LOE configuration;
- Fig. 13 is a diagram illustrating detailed sectional
- FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating another method to expand a beam along two axes utilizing a double LOE configuration
- Fig. 18 is a diagram illustrating a further method to expand a beam along two axes utilizing a double LOE configuration
- Fig 19 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention utilized in a cellular phone
- Fig. 20 is a diagram illustrating a still further method to expand a beam along two axes utilizing a double LOE configuration
- Fig. 21 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the present invention embedded in a standard eyeglasses frame
- Fig. 22 illustrates an exemplary HUD system, in accordance with the present invention
- Fig. 1 illustrates a conventional prior art folding optics arrangement, wherein the substrate 2 is illuminated by a display source 4.
- the display is collimated by a collimating optics 6, e.g., a lens.
- the light from the display source 4 is coupled into substrate 2 by a first reflecting surface 8, in such a way that the main ray 10 is parallel to the substrate plane.
- a second reflecting surface 12 couples the light out of the substrate and into the eye of a viewer 14.
- FOV field-ray
- / is the distance between reflecting surfaces 8 and 12.
- v is the refractive index of the substrate.
- the refractive index values lie in the range of 1.5-1.6.
- the diameter of the eye pupil is 2-6 mm.
- the distance between the optical axis of the eye and the side of the head, / is typically between 40 and 80mm. Consequently, even for a small FOV of 8°, the desired substrate thickness would be of the order of 12 mm.
- Methods have been proposed to overcome the above problem, including utilizing a magnifying telescope inside the substrate and non-parallel coupling directions. Even with these solutions, however, and even if only one reflecting surface is considered, the system thickness remains limited to a similar value.
- the FOV is limited by the diameter of the projection of the reflective surface 12 on the substrate plane. Mathematically, the maximum achievable FOV, due to this limitation, is expressed as:
- sur is the angle between the reflecting surface and the normal to the substrate plane
- R eye is the distance between the eye of the viewer and the substrate (typically, about 30-40mm).
- the required substrate thickness here is of the order of 7 mm, which is an improvement on the previous limit.
- the substrate thickness increases rapidly. For instance, for desired FOVs of 15° and 30° the substrate limiting thickness is 18 mm and 25 mm, respectively.
- the present invention utilizes an array of selectively reflecting surfaces, fabricated within a light-guide optical element (LOE).
- Fig. 2 illustrates a sectional view of an LOE according to the present invention.
- the first reflecting surface 16 is illuminated by a collimated display 18 emanating from a light source (not shown) located behind the device.
- the reflecting surface 16 reflects the incident light from the source such that the light is trapped inside a planar substrate 20 by total internal reflection.
- the trapped waves reach an array of selectively reflecting surfaces 22, which couple the light out of the substrate into the eye 24 of a viewer.
- the central wave of the source is coupled out of the substrate 20 in a direction normal to the substrate surface 26, and the off-axis angle of the coupled wave inside the substrate 20 is in , then the angle ⁇ sur2 between the reflecting surfaces and the substrate plane is:
- the trapped rays arrive at the reflecting surfaces from two distinct directions 28, 30.
- the trapped rays arrive at the reflecting surface from one of these directions 28 after an even number of reflections from the substrate surfaces 26, wherein the incident angle ⁇ ref between the trapped ray and the normal to the reflecting surface is:
- FIGs. 3 A and 3B illustrate the desired reflectance behavior of selectively reflecting surfaces. While the ray 32 (Fig. 3A), having an off-axis angle of ⁇ re ⁇ 25°, is partially reflected and coupled out of the substrate 34, the ray 36 (Fig. 3B), which arrives at an off-axis angle of ⁇ ' re ⁇ 75° to the reflecting surface (which is equivalent to ⁇ ' e / ⁇ 105°), is transmitted through the reflecting surface 34 without any notable reflection.
- Figs. 4 and 5 show the reflectance curves of a dichroic coating designed to achieve the above reflectance characteristics for four different incident angles: 20°, 25°, 30° and 75°, with P-polarized and S-polarized light, respectively. While the reflectance of the high-angle ray is negligible over the entire relevant spectrum, the rays at off-axis angles of 20°, 25° and 30° obtain almost constant reflectance of 26%, 29% and 32% respectively for P-polarized light, and 32%, 28% and 25% respectively for S-polarized light, over the same spectrum. Evidently, reflectance decreases with the obliquity of the incident rays for P-polarized light and increases for S-polarized light.
- the applications based on the LOE technology can serve in both see-through and non-see-through systems.
- the LOE is semi-transparent to enable the viewing of the external scene through the LOE.
- opaque layers are located in front of the LOE. It is not necessary to occlude the entire LOE, typically only the active area where the display is visible, needs to be blocked.
- the device can ensure that the peripheral vision of the user is maintained, replicating the viewing experience of a computer or a television screen, in which such peripheral vision serves an important cognitive function.
- a variable filter can be placed in front of the system in such a way that the viewer can control the brightness of the light emerging from the external scene.
- This variable filter could either be a mechanically controlled device such as a folding filter, two rotating polarizers, an electronically controlled device, or even an automatic device whereby the transmittance of the filter is determined by the brightness of the external background.
- One method to achieve the required variable transmittance filter is to use electrochromic materials in order to provide electrical control of optical transmittance, wherein materials with electrically controllable optical properties are incorporated into laminated structures.
- the reflectance of the first reflecting surface 16 should be as high as possible, so as to couple as much light as possible from the display source into the substrate.
- the solutions for surl and ⁇ ' Jur in the above example are 25° and 65°, respectively.
- Fig. 7 presents a sectional view of the reflective surface 16, which is embedded inside the substrate 20 and couples light 38 from a display source (not shown) and traps it inside the substrate 20 by total internal reflection.
- the projection S ⁇ of the reflecting surface on the substrate surface 40 is:
- One method to achieve the required aperture is to couple all light from the source into the substrate using a totally reflecting surface 16 and then couple the light out using other three partially reflecting surface.
- Fig. 8 is a detailed sectional view of an array of selectively reflective surfaces which couple light into a substrate, and then out into the eye of a viewer.
- a ray 38 from the light source 4 impinges on the first partially reflective surface.
- Part of the ray 40 continues with the original direction and is coupled out of the substrate.
- the other part of the ray 42 is coupled into the substrate by total internal reflection.
- the trapped ray is gradually coupled out from the substrate by the other two partially reflecting surfaces 22 at the points 44.
- the coating characteristics of the first reflecting surface 16 should not necessarily be similar to that of the other reflecting surfaces 22, 46. This coating can be a simpler beam-splitter, either metallic, dichroic or hybrid metallic-dichroic.
- the last reflecting surface 46 can be a simple mirror.
- Fig. 9 is a detailed sectional view of an array of reflective surfaces wherein the last surface 46 is a total reflecting mirror. It is true that the extreme left part of the last reflecting surface 46 cannot be optically active in such a case, and the marginal rays 48 cannot be coupled out from the substrate. Hence, the output aperture of the device will be slightly smaller. However, the optical efficiency can be much higher and fabrication process of the LOE can be much simpler.
- Fig. 8 describes a system having two reflective surfaces for coupling the light out of the substrate, however, any number of reflective surfaces can be used according to the required output aperture of the optical system and the thickness of the substrate. Naturally, there are cases where only one coupling-out surface is required. In that case the output aperture will essentially be twice the size of the input aperture of the system.
- the only required reflecting surfaces for the last configuration are simple beam-splitters and mirrors.
- Fig. 10 illustrates a method to combine two identical substrates, to produce a symmetric optical module.
- part of the light from the display source 4 passes directly through the partially reflecting surfaces out of the substrate.
- the other parts of the light are coupled into the right side of the substrate 20R and into the left side of the substrate 20L, by the partially reflecting surfaces 16R and 16L, respectively.
- the trapped light is then gradually coupled out by the reflecting surfaces 22R and 22L, respectively.
- the output aperture is three times the size of the input aperture of the system, the same magnification as described in Fig. 8.
- the system here is symmetric about the cemented surface 50 of the right and left substrates.
- Fig. 11 which is a sectional view of a compact LOE display system based on the configuration of Fig. 10, illustrates this phenomenon.
- a single plane wave 54 representing a particular viewing angle 56, emerges from the EMB 60 and illuminates only a part of the overall array of partially reflecting surfaces 22, as indicated by the double-headed arrows.
- a nominal viewing angle is defined, and the required reflectance can be designed according to this angle.
- Fig. 12 illustrates how these viewing angles analysis can simplify the optical design of a symmetric LOE.
- the input plane wave 62 which emerges from the right side of the display source, it can be seen that only the right part of the wave 62R, which is partially coupled into the right LOE 20R, arrives at the EMB 60 of the system.
- the left part of the wave 62L which is partially coupled into the left LOE 20L, does not arrive at the EMB 60.
- only the left part 64L of the wave 64 which is emerges from the left side of the display source arrives at the EMB, whereas the right side of the wave 64R does not.
- the first outcome is related to the structure of the LOE. Assuming that the required FOV angle inside the substrate is FO y. Hence, for an asymmetrical LOE, as illustrated in Fig. 2, the maximal and the minimal angles of the trapped waves inside the LOE are ⁇ 0 + a FO ⁇ l2 and ⁇ 0 - a FO vl2 respectively. Therefore, the LOE should be designed to couple this angular range in and out. However, for the symmetric LOE illustrated in Fig. 12 it can be seen that for the right LOE 20R only the right part of the FOV is coupled into the EMB 60 of the system, while the left part of the FOV is coupled out of the EMB 60 and is not exploited by the viewer.
- both parts of the LOE are identical elements that have to couple waves having a FOV of a FO yl2 in and out.
- the design and the fabrication procedures of these two parts are much easier than that for a single LOE, as illustrated in Fig. 2.
- a similar consequence is related to the collimating lens 6.
- the right LOE 20R and the left LOE 20L of the LOE 20 are joined together by cementing the two parts along the cementing surface 74.
- the easiest method for this fabrication process is to create two identical parts wherein the cementing plane is normal to the major surfaces of the LOE 20. There are some difficulties, however, with this fabrication method.
- the width of the undesired reflected beam is
- B a and B eye are the actual brightness and the brightness seen by the eye of a viewer, respectively.
- ⁇ v ind will be minimal.
- the ratio R gh between the brightness of a ghost image and that of the primary image will be smaller than 0.02.
- the ghost image is R gh 0.02 over the entire FOV of ⁇ 12° inside the substrate (or FOV ⁇ 18° in air), while for 2° ⁇ ⁇ 0 ⁇ 8°, there is even a ghost image of R gh > 0.04 for both polarizations.
- Fig. 15 A possible method to overcome the ghost image problem is illustrated in Fig. 15.
- the LOE is assembled of two different parts, 82R and 82L, where the interface plane 84 between the part facets is inclined at an angle a cem to the normal of the major surfaces of the LOE.
- the input ray 86 is reflected by the surface 84 into a direction 88, which is not contained in the FOV of the image.
- the ray is coupled out of the EMB of the system and is not seen by the viewer. Still, there are some difficulties with this solution.
- both the manufacturing of the two facets and the assembly process are much more complicated than with the symmetric structure shown in Fig. 14.
- An alternative method to solve the ghost image problem is to fabricate an LOE where the refractive index of the optical material of the substrate is very close to that of the optical cement used. This can be achieved by using an optical material having a similar refractive index to that of the optical cement NOA-61. Possible candidates are Schott N-BALF5 or N-PSK3 (among others) having refractive indices of 1.547 and 1.552, respectively. Alternatively, an optical cement having a diffractive index similar to that of BK7 can be used. A possible candidate for that is the cement NOA-65, which has a refractive index of 1.524. In the later case of using BK7 with NOA-65, the ghost image is R gh ⁇ 0.02 over the entire FOV of ⁇ 12° inside the substrate (or FOV ⁇ 18° in the air) for both polarizations.
- the FOV along the ⁇ axis is not dependent upon the size or the number of the selectively reflecting surfaces, but rather on the lateral dimension along the ⁇ axis of the input waves coupled into the substrate.
- the maximum achievable FOV along the ⁇ axis is:
- Fig. 16 illustrates an alternative method to expand the beam along two axes utilizing a double LOE configuration.
- the input wave 90 is coupled into the first LOE 20a, which has an asymmetrical structure similar to that illustrated in Fig. 2, by the first reflecting surface 16a and then propagates along the ⁇ axis.
- the partially reflecting surfaces 22a couple the light out of 20a and then the light is coupled into the second asymmetrical LOE 20b by the reflecting surface 16b.
- the light then propagates along the ⁇ axis and is then coupled out by the selectively reflecting surfaces 22b.
- the original beam 90 is expanded along both axes, where the overall expansion is determined by the ratio between the lateral dimensions of the elements 16a and 22b.
- the configuration given in Fig. 16 is just an example of a double-LOE setup. Other configurations in which two or more LOEs are combined together to form complicated optical systems are also possible.
- the area where the light is coupled into the second LOE 20 by the surface 16b cannot be transparent to the external light and is not part of the see- through region.
- the first LOE 20b need not be transparent itself.
- the second LOE 20b has an asymmetrical structure and it enables the user to see the external scene.
- part of the input beam 90 continues along the original direction 92 into the coupling-in mirror 16b of the second LOE 20b, while the other part 94 is coupled into the first LOE 20a by the reflecting surfaces 16a, propagates along the ⁇ axis and is then coupled into the second LOE 20b by the selectively reflecting surfaces 22a. Both parts are then coupled into the second asymmetrical LOE 20b by the reflecting surface 16b, propagate along the ⁇ axis, and are then coupled out by the selectively reflecting surfaces 22b.
- both LOEs may have a symmetrical structure, as can be seen in Fig. 18.
- part of the input beam 90 continues along the original direction 92 into the partially reflecting surfaces 16b of the second LOE 20b, while the other part 94 is coupled into the first LOE 20a by the partially reflecting surfaces 16a, propagates along the ⁇ axis and then impinges on the second LOE 20b at the area of the selectively reflecting surfaces 22a.
- Part of the light impinging on the second LOE 20b continues along its original direction 96 and is coupled out from the LOE 20b.
- the other part 98 is coupled into the second symmetrical LOE 20b by the reflecting surfaces 16b, propagates along the ⁇ axis, and is then coupled out by the selectively reflecting surfaces 22b.
- Figs. 17 and 18 illustrate optical embodiments for see-through and non see- through systems respectively.
- intermediate applications where only part of the system aperture should have see-through capability.
- An example of such an application is a hand-held device for mobile application, such as for example, a cellular phone.
- These devices are expected to perform operations requiring the solution of a large screen, including videophone, Internet connection, access to electronic mail, and even the transmission of high-quality television satellite broadcasting.
- a small display could be embedded inside the phone, however, at present, such a display can project either video data of poor quality only, or a few lines of Internet or e-mail data directly into the eye.
- Fig. 19 illustrates an alternative method, based on the present invention, which eliminates the current compromise between the small size of mobile devices and the desire to view digital content on a full format display, by projecting high quality images directly into the eye of the user.
- An optical module including the display source 4, the folding and collimating optics 6 and the substrate 20 is integrated into the body of a cellular phone 100, where the substrate 20 replaces the existing protective cover-window of the phone.
- the volume of the support components including source 4 and optics 6 is sufficiently small to fit inside the acceptable volume for modern cellular devices.
- the user positions the window in front of his eye 24, to conveniently view the image with high FOV, a large EMB and a comfortable eye-relief.
- the optical module can operate in see-through configuration, a dual operation of the device is possible, namely, it is optionally possible to maintain the conventional cellular LCD 102 intact.
- the standard, low-resolution display can be viewed through the LOE 20 when the display source 4 is shut-off.
- the conventional LCD 102 is shut-off while the display source 6 projects the required wide FOV image into the viewer's eye through the LOE 20.
- the embodiment described in Fig. 19 is only an example, illustrating that applications other than HMDs can be materialized.
- Other possible hand-carried arrangements include palm computers, small displays embedded into wristwatches, a pocket-carried display having the size and weight reminiscent of a credit card, and many more.
- part of the input beam 90 continues along the original direction 92 into the partially reflecting surface 16b of the second LOE 20b while the other part 94 is coupled into the first LOE 20a by the partially reflecting surfaces 16a, propagates along the ⁇ axis and then impinges on the second LOE 20b at the area of the selectively reflecting surface 22a.
- Part of the light, which impinges on the second LOE 20b continues along its original direction 96 and is coupled out of the LOE 20b.
- the other part 98 is coupled into the second asymmetrical LOE 20b by the reflecting surface 16b, propagates along the ⁇ axis, and is then coupled out by the selectively reflecting surfaces 22b.
- Fig. 21 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention in which the LOEs 20a and 20b are embedded in an eyeglasses frame 107.
- the display source 4, and the folding and the collimating optics 6 are assembled inside the arm portions 112 of the eyeglasses frame, just next to LOE 20a, which is located at the edge of the LOE 20b.
- the display source is an electronic element, such as a small CRT, LCD, or OLED
- the driving electronics 114 for the display source might be assembled inside the back portion of the arm 112.
- a power supply and data interface 116 is connectable to arm 112 by a lead 118 or other communication means including radio or optical transmission.
- a battery and miniature data link electronics can be integrated in the eye-glasses frame.
- the embodiment described in Fig. 21 is only an example.
- Other possible head-mounted displays arrangements can be constructed, including assemblies where the display source is mounted parallel to the LOE plane, or in the upper part of the LOE.
- the propagation directions of the central rays inside the LOEs 20a and 20b are oriented normal to each other. This is important when the polarization of the display source is considered.
- an unpolarized display source such as a CRT or an OLED
- a polarized display source such as an LCD
- the coatings for one LOE will be determined for the S-polarized light and those for the second LOE would be determined for the other polarization.
- the decision, according to which polarization each LOE will be determined may be made according to the specific requirements of each system.
- the embodiment described above is a mono-ocular optical system, that is, the image is projected onto a single eye.
- applications such as HUDs, wherein it is desired to project an image onto both eyes.
- HUD systems have been used mainly in advanced combat fields and civilian aircraft.
- the existing systems are very expensive, large, heavy, and bulky, and too cumbersome for installation in a small aircraft let alone a car.
- LOE-based HUD potentially provides the possibilities for a very compact, self-contained HUD, that can be readily installed in confined spaces. It also simplifies the construction and manufacturing of the optical systems related to the HUD and therefore is a potentially suitable for both improving on aerospace HUD's, as well as introducing a compact, inexpensive, consumer version for the automotive industry.
- Fig. 22 illustrates a method of materializing an HUD system based on the present invention.
- the light from a display source 4 is collimated by optics 6 to infinity and coupled by the first reflecting surface 16 into substrate 20. After reflection at a second reflecting array (not shown), the optical waves impinge on a third reflecting surfaces 22, which couples the light out into the eyes 24 of the viewer.
- the overall system can be very compact and lightweight, of the size of a large postcard having a thickness of a few millimeters.
- the display source having a volume of a few cubic centimeters, can be attached to one of the corners of the substrate in an embodiment similar to that illustrated in Fig. 16, or to one of the sides of the substrate in an embodiment similar to that of Fig.
- a transparent inert part 26 should be inserted between the couple-in reflecting surface 16b and the coupling-out reflecting surfaces 22b, as illustrated for example in Fig. 17.
- each substrate is transparent with respect to the other two colors.
- Such a system can be useful for applications in which a combination of three different monochromatic display-sources is required in order to create the final image.
- the input display source can be located very close to the substrate, so that the overall optical system is very compact and lightweight, offering an unparalleled form-factor.
- the present invention offers flexibility as to location of the input display source relative to the eyepiece. This flexibility, combined with the ability to locate the source close to the expanding substrate, alleviates the need to use an off-axis optical configuration that is common to other display systems.
- the input aperture of the LOE is much smaller than the active area of the output aperture, the numerical aperture of the collimating optics is much smaller than required for a comparable conventional imaging system. Consequently a significantly more convenient optical system can be implemented and the many difficulties associated with off-axis optics and high numerical-aperture lenses, such as field or chromatic aberrations can be compensated for relatively easily and efficiently.
- the reflectance coefficients of the selectively reflective surfaces in the present invention are essentially identical over the entire relevant spectrum. Hence, both monochromatic and polychromatic, light sources may be used as display sources.
- the LOE has a negligible wavelength-dependence ensuring high- quality color displays with high resolutions.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
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EP05751849.0A EP1756648B1 (en) | 2004-06-17 | 2005-06-16 | Substrate-guided optical device with a wide aperture |
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IL162573 | 2004-06-17 | ||
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Also Published As
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US20080198471A1 (en) | 2008-08-21 |
IL162573A (en) | 2013-05-30 |
EP1756648A1 (en) | 2007-02-28 |
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WO2005124428B1 (en) | 2006-02-09 |
IL162573A0 (en) | 2005-11-20 |
US7643214B2 (en) | 2010-01-05 |
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