WO2005118610A2

WO2005118610A2 - Macrocyclic compounds and methods of making and using the same

Info

Publication number: WO2005118610A2
Application number: PCT/US2005/018733
Authority: WO
Inventors: Yi Chen; Jay J. Farmer; Joyce A. Sutcliffe; Ashoke Bhattacharjee
Original assignee: Rib-X Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Priority date: 2004-06-01
Filing date: 2005-05-27
Publication date: 2005-12-15
Also published as: WO2005118610A3

Abstract

The present invention provides macrocyclic compounds useful as therapeutic agents. More particularly, these compounds are useful as anti-infective, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, and prokinetic agents.

Description

MACROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING THE SAME

RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 60/575,949, filed June 1, 2004 and PCT International Patent Application PCT/US2005/006082, filed February 25, 2005, the entire disclosures of each of which are incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to the field of anti-infective, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, and prokinetic agents. More particularly, the invention relates to a family of macrocyclic compounds that are useful as such agents.

BACKGROUND Since the discovery of penicillin in the 1920s and streptomycin in the 1940s, many new compounds have been discovered or specifically designed for use as antibiotic agents. It was once believed that infectious diseases could be completely controlled or eradicated with the use of such therapeutic agents. However, such beliefs have been shaken because strains of cells or microorganisms resistant to currently effective therapeutic agents continue to evolve. In fact, virtually every antibiotic agent developed for clinical use has ultimately encountered problems with the emergence of resistant bacteria. For example, resistant strains of Gram-positive bacteria such as mefhicillin-resistant staphylocci, penicillin-resistant streptococci, and vancomycin- resistant enterococci have developed. These resistant bacteria can cause serious and even fatal results for patients infected with such resistant bacteria. Bacteria that are resistant to macrolide antibiotics have emerged. Also, resistant strains of Gram-negative bacteria such as H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis have been identified. See, e.g., F.D. Lowry, "Antimicrobial Resistance: The Example of Staphylococcus aureus," J. Clin. Invest., vol. 111, no. 9, pp. 1265-1273 (2003); and Gold, H.S. and Moellering, R.C., Jr., "Antimicrobial-Drug Resistance," N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 335, pp. 1445-53 (1996). The problem of resistance is not limited to the area of anti-infective agents, because resistance has also been encountered with anti-proliferative agents used in cancer chemotherapy. Therefore, the need exists for new anti-infective and anti-proliferative agents that are both effective against resistant bacteria and resistant strains of cancer cells. Despite the problem of increasing antibiotic resistance, no new major classes of antibiotics have been developed for clinical use since the approval in the United States in 2000 of the oxazolidinone ring-containing antibiotic, linezolid, which is sold under the tradename Zyvox^®. See, R.C. Moellering, Jr., "Linezolid: The First Oxazolidinone Antimicrobial," Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 138, no. 2, pp. 135-142 (2003). Linezolid was approved for use as an anti-bacterial agent active against Gram-positive organisms. However, linezolid-resistant strains of organisms are already being reported. See, Tsiodras et al, Lancet, vol. 358, p. 207 (2001); Gonzales et al, Lancet, vol 357, p. 1179 (2001); Zurenko et al, Proceedings Of The 39^th Annual Interscience Conference On Antibacterial Agents And Chemotherapy (ICAAC), San Francisco, CA, USA (September 26-29, 1999). Another class of antibiotics is the macrolides, so named for their characteristic 14- to 16- membered ring. The macrolides also often have one or more 6-membered sugar-derived rings attached to the main macrolide ring. The first macrolide antibiotic to be developed was erythromycin, which was isolated from a soil sample from the Philippines in 1952. Even though erythromycin has been one of the most widely prescribed antibiotics, its disadvantages are relatively low bioavailability, gastrointestinal side effects, and a limited spectrum of activity. Another macrolide is the compound, azithromycin, which is an azolide derivative of erythromycin incorporating a methyl-substituted nitrogen in the macrolide ring. Azithromycin is sold under the tradename Zithromax . A more recently introduced macrolide is telithromycin, which is sold under the tradename Ketek^®. Telithromycin is a semisynthetic macrolide in which a hydroxyl group of the macrolide ring has been oxidized to a ketone group. See Yong-Ji Wu, Highlights of Semi-synthetic Developments from Erythromycin A, Current Pharm. Design, vol. 6, pp. 181-223 (2000), and Yong-Ji Wu and Wei-uo Su, Recent Developments on Ketolides and Macrolides, Curr. Med. Chem., vol. 8, no. 14, pp. 1727-1758 (2001). In the search for new therapeutic agents, researchers have tried combining or linking various portions of antibiotic molecules to create multifunctional or hybrid compounds Other researches have tried making macrolide derivatives by adding further substituents to the large macrolide ring or associated sugar rings. However, this approach for making macrolide derivatives has also met with limited success. Notwithstanding the foregoing, there is an ongoing need for new anti-infective and anti- proliferative agents. Furthermore, because many anti-infective and anti-proliferative agents have utility as anti-inflammatory agents and prokinetic agents, there is also an ongoing need for new compounds useful as anti-inflammatory and prokinetic agents. The present invention provides compounds that meet these needs.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention provides compounds useful as anti-infective agents and/or anti- proliferative agents, for example, anti-biotic agents, anti-microbial agents, anti-bacterial agents, anti-fungal agents, anti-parasitic agents, anti-viral agents, and chemotherapeutic agents. The present invention also provides compounds useful as anti-inflammatory agents, and/or prokinetic (gastrointestinal modulatory) agents. The present invention also provides pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, N-oxides, or prodrugs thereof. The present invention provides compounds having the structure of formula I or II:

^{1 π} or a stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, N-oxide, or prodrug thereof. In the formula, variables T, D, E, F, G, R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ can be selected from the respective groups of chemical moieties later defined in the detailed description. In addition, the invention provides methods of synthesizing the foregoing compounds. Following synthesis, a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds may be formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for administration to a mammal, particularly humans, for use as an anti-cancer, anti-biotic, anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, anti- fungal, anti-parasitic or anti-viral agent, or to treat a proliferative disease, an inflammatory disease or a gastrointestinal motility disorder, or to suppress disease states or conditions caused or mediated by nonsense or missense mutations. Accordingly, the compounds or the formulations may be administered, for example, via oral, parenteral, or topical routes, to provide an effective amount of the compound to the mammal. The foregoing and other aspects and embodiments of the invention may be more fully understood by reference to the following detailed description and claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a family of compounds that can be used as anti- proliferative agents and/or anti-infective agents. The compounds may be used without limitation, for example, as anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-parasitic and/or anti-viral agents. Further, the present invention provides a family of compounds that can be used without limitation as anti-inflammatory agents, for example, for use in treating chronic inflammatory airway diseases, and/or as prokinetic agents, for example, for use in treating gastrointestinal motility disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastroparesis

(diabetic and post surgical), irritable bowel syndrome, and constipation. Further, the compounds can be used to treat or prevent a disease state in a mammal caused or mediated by a nonsense or missense mutation. The compounds described herein may have asymmetric centers. Compounds of the present invention containing an asymmetrically substituted atom may be isolated in optically active or racemic forms. It is well known in the art how to prepare optically active forms, such as by resolution of racemic forms or by synthesis from optically active starting materials. Many geometric isomers of olefins, C=N double bonds, and the like can also be present in the compounds described herein, and all such stable isomers are contemplated in the present invention. Cis and trans geometric isomers of the compounds of the present invention are described and may be isolated as a mixture of isomers or as separate isomeric forms. All chiral, diastereomeric, racemic, and geometric isomeric forms of a structure are intended, unless specific stereochemistry or isomeric form is specifically indicated. All processes used to prepare compounds of the present invention and intermediates made therein are considered to be part of the present invention. All tautomers of shown or described compounds are also considered to be part of the present invention.

1. Definitions The term "substituted," as used herein, means that any one or more hydrogens on the designated atom is replaced with a selection from the indicated group, provided that the designated atom's normal valency is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound. When a substituent is keto (i.e., =O), then 2 hydrogens on the atom are replaced. Ring double bonds, as used herein, are double bonds that are formed between two adjacent ring atoms (e.g., C=C, C=N, or N=N). The present invention is intended to include all isotopes of atoms occurring in the present compounds. Isotopes include those atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers. By way of general example and without limitation, isotopes of hydrogen include tritium and deuterium. Isotopes of carbon include C-13 and C-14. When any variable (e.g., R³) occurs more than one time in any constituent or formula for a compound, its definition at each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence. Thus, for example, if a group is shown to be substituted with one or more R³ moieties, then the group may optionally be substituted with one, two, three, four, five, or more R³ moieties, and R³ at each occurrence is selected independently from the definition of R³. Also, combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible, but only if such combinations result in stable compounds. A chemical structure showing a dotted line representation for a chemical bond indicates that the bond is optionally present. For example, a dotted line drawn next to a solid single bond indicates that the bond can be either a single bond or a double bond. When a bond to a substituent is shown to cross a bond connecting two atoms in a ring, then such substituent may be bonded to any atom on the ring. When a substituent is listed without indicating the atom via which such substituent is bonded to the rest of the compound of a given formula, then such substituent may be bonded via any atom in such substituent. Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible, but only if such combinations result in stable compounds. In cases wherein there are nitrogens in the compounds of the present invention, these can be converted to N-oxides by treatment with an oxidizing agent (e.g., MCPBA and/or hydrogen peroxides) to afford other compounds of the present invention. Thus, all shown and claimed nitrogens are considered to cover both the shown nitrogen and its N-oxide (N— »O) derivative. As used herein, the term "anomeric carbon" means the acetal carbon, i.e. the carbon that would otherwise be the carbonyl carbon, of a glycoside. As used herein, the term "glycoside" is a cyclic acetal. As used herein, "alkyl" is intended to include both branched and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having the specified number of carbon atoms. Cι_6 alkyl is intended to include Ci, C2, C3, C4, C5, and C6 alkyl groups. Cι_8 alkyl is intended to include Ci, C2, C3, C4, C5, Cβ, C7, and C8 alkyl groups. Examples of alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, and n-octyl. As used herein, "alkenyl" is intended to include hydrocarbon chains of either straight or branched configuration and one or more unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds that may occur in any stable point along the chain, such as ethenyl and propenyl. C₂-6 alkenyl is intended to include C2, C3, C₄, C5, and C alkenyl groups. C2-8 alkenyl is intended to include C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, and C_δ alkenyl groups. As used herein, "alkynyl" is intended to include hydrocarbon chains of either straight or branched configuration and one or more triple carbon-carbon bonds that may occur in any stable point along the chain, such as ethynyl and propynyl. C2-6 alkynyl is intended to include C2, C3, C4, C₅, and CO alkynyl groups. C2-₈ alkynyl is intended to include C2, C₃, C₄, C₅, Cβ, Cη, and C_δ alkynyl groups. Furthermore, "alkyl", "alkenyl", and "alkynyl" are intended to include moieties which are diradicals, i.e., having two points of attachment, an example of which in the present invention is when D is selected from these chemical groups. A nonlimiting example of such an alkyl moiety that is a diradical is -CH₂CH₂-, i.e., a C2 alkyl group that is covalently bonded via each terminal carbon atom to the remainder of the molecule. As used herein, the terms used to describe various carbon-containing moieties, including, for example, "alkyl," "alkenyl," "alkynyl," "phenyl," and any variations thereof, are intended to include univalent, bivalent, or multivalent species. For example, "Cι_6 alkyl-R³" is intended to represent a univalent C1.6 alkyl group substituted with a R group, and "O-Cι_6 alkyl-R " is intended to represent a bivalent

alkyl group, i.e., an "alkylene" group, substituted with an oxygen atom and a R³ group. As used herein, "cycloalkyl" is intended to include saturated ring groups, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, or cyclopentyl. C3_8 cycloalkyl is intended to include C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, and C cycloalkyl groups. As used herein, "halo" or "halogen" refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo. "Counterion" is used to represent a small, negatively charged species such as chloride, bromide, hydroxide, acetate, and sulfate. As used herein, "haloalkyl" is intended to include both branched and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having the specified number of carbon atoms, substituted with 1 or more halogen (for example -C_VF_W where v = 1 to 3 and w = 1 to (2v+l)). Examples of haloalkyl include, but are not limited to, trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, and pentachloroethyl. As used herein, "alkoxy" refers to an alkyl group as defined above with the indicated number of carbon atoms attached through an oxygen bridge. Cι_6 alkoxy, is intended to include Ci, C₂, C3, C₄, C5, and C alkoxy groups. Ci.s alkoxy, is intended to include Ci, C₂, C3, C₄, C5, CO, C7, and C_δ alkoxy groups. Examples of alkoxy include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, n-pentoxy, s-pentoxy, n-heptoxy, and n-octoxy. As used herein, "alkylthio" refers to an alkyl group as defined above with the indicated number of carbon atoms attached through a sulfur bridge. Ci.6 alkylthio, is intended to include Ci, C2, C3, C4, C₅, and C alkylthio groups. Cι_8 alkylthio, is intended to include C_\, C2, C3, C4, C5, CO, C₇, and Cs alkylthio groups. As used herein, "carbocycle" or "carbocyclic ring" is intended to mean, unless otherwise specified, any stable 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12-membered monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring, any of which may be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, recognizing that rings with certain numbers of members cannot be bicyclic or tricyclic, e.g., a 3 -membered ring can only be a monocyclic ring. Examples of such carbocycles include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptenyl, cycloheptyl, cycloheptenyl, adamantyl, cyclooctyl, cyclooctenyl, cyclooctadienyl, [3.3.0]bicyclooctane, [4.3.0]bicyclononane, [4.4.0]bicyclodecane, [2.2.2]bicyclooctane, fluorenyl, phenyl, naphthyl, indanyl, adamantyl, and tetrahydronaphthyl. As shown above, bridged rings are also included in the definition of carbocycle (e.g., [2.2.2]bicyclooctane). A bridged ring occurs when one or more carbon atoms connect two non-adjacent carbon atoms. Preferred bridges are one or two carbon atoms. It is noted that a bridge always converts a monocyclic ring into a tricyclic ring. When a ring is bridged, the substituents recited for the ring may also be present on the bridge. Fused (e.g., naphthyl and tetrahydronaphthyl) and spiro rings are also included. As used herein, the term "heterocycle" means, unless otherwise stated, a stable 3, 4, 5, 6,

7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12-membered monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring (recognizing that rings with certain numbers of members cannot be bicyclic or tricyclic, e.g., a 3-membered ring can only be a monocyclic ring), which is saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, and consists of carbon atoms and one or more ring heteroatoms, e.g., 1 or 1-2 or 1-3 or 1-4 or 1-5 or 1-6 heteroatoms, independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and including any bicyclic or tricyclic group in which any of the above-defined heterocyclic rings is fused to a second ring (e.g., a benzene ring). The nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized (i.e., N-→O and S(O)_p, where p = 1 or 2). When a nitrogen atom is included in the ring it is either N or NH, depending on whether or not it is attached to a double bond in the ring (i.e., a hydrogen is present if needed to maintain the tri-valency of the nitrogen atom). The nitrogen atom may be substituted or unsubstituted (i.e., N or NR wherein R is H or another substituent, as defined). The heterocyclic ring may be attached to its pendant group at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in a stable structure. The heterocyclic rings described herein may be substituted on carbon or on a nitrogen atom if the resulting compound is stable. A nitrogen in the heterocycle may optionally be quaternized. It is preferred that when the total number of S and O atoms in the heterocycle exceeds 1, then these heteroatoms are not adjacent to one another. It is preferred that the total number of S and O atoms in the heterocycle is not more than 1. Bridged rings are also included in the definition of heterocycle. A bridged ring occurs when one or more atoms (i.e., C, O, N, or S) connect two non-adjacent carbon or nitrogen atoms. Preferred bridges include, but are not limited to, one carbon atom, two carbon atoms, one nitrogen atom, two nitrogen atoms, and a carbon-nitrogen group. It is noted that a bridge always converts a monocyclic ring into a tricyclic ring. When a ring is bridged, the substituents recited for the ring may also be present on the bridge. Spiro and fused rings are also included. As used herein, the term "aromatic heterocycle" or "heteroaryl" is intended to mean a stable 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12-membered monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic ring (recognizing that rings with certain numbers of members cannot be a bicyclic aromatic, e.g., a 5-membered ring can only be a monocyclic aromatic ring),which consists of carbon atoms and one or more heteroatoms, e.g., 1 or 1-2 or 1-3 or 1-4 or 1-5 or 1-6 heteroatoms, independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In the case of bicyclic heterocyclic aromatic rings, only one of the two rings needs to be aromatic (e.g., 2,3-dihydroindole), though both may be (e.g., quinoline). The second ring can also be fused or bridged as defined above for heterocycles. The nitrogen atom may be substituted or unsubstituted (i.e., N or NR wherein R is H or another substituent, as defined). The nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized (i.e., N→O and S(O)_p, where p = 1 or 2). It is to be noted that total number of S and O atoms in the aromatic heterocycle is not more than 1. Examples of heterocycles include, but are not limited to, acridinyl, azocinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxazolinyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazolinyl, carbazolyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, cinnolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, 2H,6H-l,5,2-dithiazinyl, dihydrofuro[2,3-b]tetrahydrofuran, furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, lH-indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, 3Η-indolyl, isatinoyl, isobenzofuranyl, isochromanyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, mo holinyl, naphthyridinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1 ,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1 ,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxindolyl, pyrimidinyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxathinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, piperidonyl, 4-piperidonyl, piperonyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridooxazole, pyridoimidazole, pyridothiazole, pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrazolyl, 6H-l,2,5-thiadiazinyl, 1,2,3- thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1 ,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, thianthrenyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl, triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1 ,2,5-triazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl, and xanthenyl. As used herein, the phrase "pharmaceutically acceptable" refers to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. As used herein, "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" refer to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by making acid or base salts thereof. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and the like. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. For example, such conventional non-toxic salts include, but are not limited to, those derived from inorganic and organic acids selected from 2- acetoxybenzoic, 2-hydroxyethane sulfonic, acetic, ascorbic, benzene sulfonic, benzoic, bicarbonic, carbonic, citric, edetic, ethane disulfonic, ethane sulfonic, fumaric, glucoheptonic, gluconic, glutamic, glycolic, glycollyarsanilic, hexylresorcinic, hydrabamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, hydroiodide, hydroxymaleic, hydroxynaphthoic, isethionic, lactic, lactobionic, lauryl sulfonic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methane sulfonic, napsylic, nitric, oxalic, pamoic, pantothenic, phenylacetic, phosphoric, polygalacturonic, propionic, salicyclic, stearic, subacetic, succinic, sulfamic, sulfanilic, sulfuric, tannic, tartaric, and toluene sulfonic. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from the parent compound that contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, non-aqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred. Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA, USA, p. 1445 (1990). Since prodrugs are known to enhance numerous desirable qualities of pharmaceuticals (e.g., solubility, bioavailability, manufacturing, etc.) the compounds of the present invention may be delivered in prodrug form. Thus, the present invention is intended to cover prodrugs of the presently claimed compounds, methods of delivering the same and compositions containing the same. "Prodrugs" are intended to include any covalently bonded carriers that release an active parent drug of the present invention in vivo when such prodrug is administered to a mammalian subject. Prodrugs the present invention are prepared by modifying functional groups present in the compound in such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to the parent compound. Prodrugs include compounds of the present invention wherein a hydroxy, amino, or sulfhydryl group is bonded to any group that, when the prodrug of the present invention is administered to a mammalian subject, it cleaves to form a free hydroxyl, free amino, or free sulfhydryl group, respectively. Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, acetate, formate, and benzoate derivatives of alcohol and amine functional groups in the compounds of the present invention. "Stable compound" and "stable structure" are meant to indicate a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent. As used herein, "treating" or "treatment" means the treatment of a disease-state in a mammal, particularly in a human, and include: (a) preventing the disease-state from occurring in a mammal, in particular, when such mammal is predisposed to the disease-state but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (b) inhibiting the disease-state, i.e., arresting its development; and/or (c) relieving the disease-state, i.e., causing regression of the disease state. As used herein, "mammal" refers to human and non-human patients. As used herein, the term "therapeutically effective amount" refers to a compound, or a combination of compounds, of the present invention present in or on a recipient in an amount sufficient to elicit biological activity, for example, anti-microbrial activity, anti-fungal activity, anti-viral activity, anti-parasitic activity, and/or anti-proliferative activity. The combination of compounds is preferably a synergistic combination. Synergy, as described, for example, by Chou and Talalay, Adv. Enzyme Regul. vol. 22, pp. 27-55 (1984), occurs when the effect of the compounds when administered in combination is greater than the additive effect of the compounds when administered alone as a single agent. In general, a synergistic effect is most clearly demonstrated at sub-optimal concentrations of the compounds. Synergy can be in terms of lower cytotoxicity, increased anti-proliferative and/or anti-infective effect, or some other beneficial effect of the combination compared with the individual components. All percentages and ratios used herein, unless otherwise indicated, are by weight. Throughout the description, where compositions are described as having, including, or comprising specific components, or where processes are described as having, including, or comprising specific process steps, it is contemplated that compositions of the present invention also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited components, and that the processes of the present invention also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited processing steps. Further, it should be understood that the order of steps or order for performing certain actions are immaterial so long as the invention remains operable. Moreover, two or more steps or actions may be conducted simultaneously.

2. Compounds of the Invention In one aspect, the invention provides a compound having the formula:

¹ or » , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, N-oxide, or prodrug thereof, wherein T is a 16-membered macrolide connected via a macrocyclic ring carbon atom; R¹ and R³ independently are selected from the group consisting of: (a) H, (b) a Cι-₆ alkyl group, (c) a C_2-6 alkenyl group, (d) a C_2-6 alkynyl group, (e) -C(O)R⁶, (f) -C(O)OR⁶, (g) -C(O)-ΝR⁵R⁵R⁵R⁵, (h) -C(S)R⁶, (i) -C(S)OR⁶, (j) -C(O)SR⁶, or (k) -C(S)-NR⁵R⁵R⁵R⁵; R² and R⁴ at each occurrence independently are selected from hydrogen or -OR¹³; D is selected from the group consisting of: (a) a single bond, (b) a Cι_-8 alkyl group, (c) a C_2-8 alkenyl group; (d) a C_2-8 alkynyl group; (e) -C(O)-X- (f) -C(O)O-X- (g) -C(O)NR⁵R⁵-X- (h) -C(=NR⁵)-X- (i) -C(=NR⁵)O-X- (j) -C(=NR⁵)N-X- (k) -SO₂-X- (1) -C(NR⁵)NR⁵-X- (m) -C(S)-X-, (n) -C(S)NR⁵-X- (o) -C(NR⁵)S-X-, or (p) -C(O)S-X- wherein i) 0-2 carbon atoms in any of (b)-(d) of D immediately above optionally is replaced by a moiety selected from the group consisting of O, S(O)_p, and NR⁵, ii) each of the groups (b)-(d) immediately above optionally is substituted with one or more R⁶ groups, iii) alternatively when R⁶ is present as an optional substituent on (b)- (d), R³ and R⁶ can be taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a 3-7 membered ring, and iv) X is selected from the group consisting of (aa) a Cι_-6 alkyl group, (bb) a C_2-6 alkenyl group, or (cc) a C_2-6 alkynyl group, wherein each of groups (aa)-(cc) optionally is substituted with one or more R⁶ groups; F is selected from the group consisting of: (a) a single bond, (b) a Cj_-6 alkyl group, (c) a C_2-6 alkenyl group, (d) a C _-6 alkynyl group, wherein i) 0-2 carbon atoms in any of (b)-(d) of F immediately above optionally is replaced by a moiety selected from the group consisting of O, S(O)_p, and NR⁵, ii) any of (b)-(d) of F immediately above optionally is substituted with one or more R⁶ groups, and iii) any of (b)-(d) of F immediately above optionally is substituted with Cι_-6 alkyl-R⁶ groups; E is selected from the group consisting of: (a) a 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, (b) a 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, (c) a -W-[3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur], (d) a -W-[ 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle], (e) -C(O)-, (f) -C(O)O-, (g) -C(O)NR⁵-, (h) -C(=NR⁵)-, (i) -C(=NR⁵)O- (j) -C(=NR⁵)NR⁵-, (k) -OC(O)-, (1) -OC(O)O- (m) -OC(O)NR⁵-, (n) -NR⁵C(O)-, (o) -NR⁵C(O)O-, (p) -NR⁵C(O)NR⁵-, (q) -NR⁵C(=NR⁵)NR⁵-, (r) -S(O)_p- (s) -NR⁵S(O)₂- (t) -S(O)₂NR⁵-, (u) -C(N-OR⁵)-, (v) -CH₂- (w) -C(N-NR⁵R⁵)-, (x) -C(S)NR⁵-, (y) - NR⁵C(S)-, (z) -C(S)O- or (aa) -OC(S) -, wherein i) any of (a)-(d) immediately above optionally is substituted with one or more R⁶ groups; and ii) W is selected from the group consisting of: (aa) -OCO-, (bb) -OC(O)0-, (cc) -OC(O)NR⁵-, (dd) -NR⁵C(O)O-, (ee) -OCNOR⁵-, (ff) -NR⁵-C(O)O- (gg) -C(S)(NR⁵)-, (hh) -NR⁵-, (ii) -OC(S)O-, (jj) -OC(S)NR⁵-, (kk) -NR⁵C(S)O-, (11) - OC(S)NOR⁵-, (mm) -C(S)O-, (nn)-,OC(S)-, (oo) -C(O)-, (pp) - C(O)O-, (qq) -C(O)NR⁵-, (rr) -C(=NR⁵)-, (ss) -C(=NR⁵)O- (tt) -C(=NR⁵)NR⁵-, (uu) -OC(O)-, (w) - OC(O)O-, (ww) -OC(O)NR⁵-, (xx) -NR⁵C(O)-, (yy) - NR⁵C(O)O-, (zz) -NR⁵C(O)NR⁵-, (aaa) -NR⁵C(=NR⁵)NR⁵-, (bbb) -S(O)_p-, (ccc) -NR⁵S(O)₂-, (ddd) -S(O)₂NR⁵-, (eee) -C(N- OR⁵)-, (fff) -C(N-NR⁵R⁵)-, (ggg) -C(S)NR⁵-, or (hhh) - NR⁵C(S)-; G is selected from the group consisting of: (a) B' and (b) B'-Z-B", wherein i) each B' and B" is independently selected from the group consisting of (aa) an aryl group, (bb) a heteroaryl group, (cc) a biaryl group, (dd) a fused bicyclic or tricyclic saturated, unsaturated or aromatic ring system optionally containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, (ee) a 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, (ff) a 3-10 membered saturated, or unsaturated carbocycle, wherein each (aa)-(ff) optionally is substituted with one or more R groups; and ii) Z is selected from the group consisting of (aa) a single bond, (bb) a Cj_-2 alkyl group, (cc) a C₂ alkenyl group, (dd) a C₂ alkynyl group, (ee) -C(O)-, (ff) -C(O)O- (gg) - C(O)NR⁵-, (hh) -C(-NR⁵)-, (ii) -C(=NR⁵)O- (jj) -C(=NR⁵)NR⁵- , (kk) -S(O)_p- (11) -OC(θy ,(mm) -C(S)-, (nn) -C(S)NR⁵-, (oo) -C(NR⁵)S- (pp) -C(O)S- (qq) -O-, (rr) -NR⁵-, (ss) -NR⁵C(O)-, (tt) -OC(NR⁵)-, (uu) -NC(NR⁵)-, (w) -C(S)O- (ww) -SC(O)-, or (xx) -OC(S)-; R⁵, at each occurrence, independently is selected from the group consisting of: (a) H, (b) a Cι_-6 alkyl group, (c) a C_2-6 alkenyl group, (d) a C_2-6 alkynyl group, (e) a C₆._JO saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, (f) a 3-12 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, (g) -C(O)-C_1-6 alkyl, (h) -C(O)-C_2-6 alkenyl, (i) -C(O)-C_2-6 alkynyl, (j) -C(O>- C_6-ι₀ saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, (k) -C(O)-3-12 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, (1) -C(O)O-Cι_-6 alkyl, (m) -C(O)O-C_2-6 alkenyl, (n) -C(O)O-C_2-6 alkynyl, (o) -C(O)O-C_6-ιo saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, p) -C(O)O-3-12 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and q) -C(O)NR⁷R⁷, wherein any of (b)-(p) optionally is substituted with one or more R⁶ groups, alternatively, NR⁵R⁵ forms a 3-7 membered saturated, unsaturated or aromatic ring including the nitrogen atom to which the R⁵ groups are bonded, wherein said ring is optionally substituted at a position other than the nitrogen atom to which the R⁵ groups are bonded, with one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of O, S(O)_p, N, and NR⁹; R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of: (a) R⁸, (b) a Cj_-8 alkyl group, (c) a C_2-8 alkenyl group, (d) a C_2-8 alkynyl group, (e) a C_3-i₂ saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, and (f) a 3-12 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, or two R⁶ groups, when present on the same carbon atom can be taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a spiro 3-6 membered carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or more heteroatoms selected form the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; wherein any of (b)-(f) immediately above optionally is substituted with one or more R⁸ groups; R⁷, at each occurrence, independently is selected from the group consisting of: (a) H, (b) a Cj- alkyl group, (c) a C_2-6 alkenyl group, (d) a C_2-6 alkynyl group, (e) a C_3-ιo saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, and (f) a 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein any of (b)-(f) optionally is substituted with one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of: (aa) a carbonyl group, (bb) a formyl group, (cc) F, (dd) Cl, (ee) Br, (ff) I, (gg) CN, (hh) NO_2; (ii) -OR⁹, (jj) -S(O)_pR⁹, (kk) -C(O)R⁹, (11) -C(O)OR⁹, (mm) -OC(O)R⁹, (nn) -C(O)NR⁹R⁹, (oo) -OC(O)NR⁹R⁹, (pp) -C(=NR⁹)R⁹, (qq) -C(R⁹)(R⁹)OR⁹, (rr) -C(R⁹)₂OC(O)R⁹, (ss) -C(R⁹)(OR⁹)(CH₂)_rNR⁹R⁹, (tt) -NR⁹R⁹, (uu) -NR⁹OR⁹, (w) -NR⁹C(O)R⁹, (ww) -NR⁹C(O)OR⁹, (xx) -NR⁹C(O)NR⁹R⁹, (yy) -NR⁹S(O)_rR⁹, (zz) -C(OR⁹)(OR⁹)R⁹, (ab) -C(R⁹)₂NR⁹R⁹, (ac) =NR⁹, (ad) -C(S)NR⁹R⁹, (ae) -NR⁹C(S)R⁹, (af) -OC(S)NR⁹R⁹, (ag) -NR⁹C(S)OR⁹, (ah) -NR⁹C(S)NR⁹R⁹, (ai) -SC(O)R⁹, (aj) a Cι_-8 alkyl group, (ak) a C_2-8 alkenyl group, (al) a C_2-8 alkynyl group, (am) a Cj.₈ alkoxy group, (an) a Cj_-8 alkylthio group, (ao) a Cι_-8 acyl group, (ap) -CF₃, (aq) -SCF _> (ar) a C_3-ιo saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, and (as) a 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, 7 7 alternatively, NR R forms a 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated or aromatic ring including the nitrogen atom to which the R groups are attached wherein said ring is optionally substituted at a position other than the nitrogen atom to which the R⁷ groups are bonded, with one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of O, S(O)_p, N, and NR⁹; 7 7 alternatively, CR R forms a carbonyl group; R⁸, at each occurrence, is selected from the group consisting of: (a) H, (b) =O, (c) =CH₂, (d) =S, (e) =NOR⁷, (f) F, (g) Cl, (h) Br, (i) I, (j) -CF₃, (k) -CN, (1) -N₃ (m) -NO₂, (n) -NR⁷(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (o) -OR¹⁰, (p) - S(O)_pC(R⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (q) -C(O)(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (r) -OC(O)(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (s) - SC(O)(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (t) -C(O)O(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (u) -NR⁷C(O)(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (v) - C(O)NR⁷(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (w) -C(=NR⁷)(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (x) -C(=NNR⁷R⁷)(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (y) -C(=NNR⁷C(O)R⁷)(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (z) -C(=NOR¹⁰)(CR⁷R⁷)tR¹⁰, (aa) - NR⁷C(O)O(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (bb) -OC(O)NR⁷(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (cc) - NR⁷C(O)NR⁷(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (dd) -NR⁷S(O)_p(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (ee) - S(O)_pNR⁷(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (ff) -NR⁷S(O)_pNR⁷(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (gg) -NR⁷R⁷, (hh) - NR⁷(CR⁷R⁷), (ii) -OH, (jj) -NR⁷R⁷, (kk) -OCH₃, (11) -S(O)_pR⁷, (mm) -NC(O)R⁷, (nn) a C,_.6 alkyl group, (oo) a C_2.6 alkenyl group, (pp) a C_2.6 alkynyl group, (qq) - C_3-jo saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, and (rr) 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein any of (nn)-(rr) optionally is substituted with one or more R¹⁰ groups; alternatively, two R groups may form -O(CH₂)_uO-; R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of: (a) R⁶,(b) H, (c) a Cj_-6 alkyl group, (d) a C_2-6 alkenyl group, (e) a C_2.6 alkynyl group, (f) a C_3-ι₀ saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, (g) a 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, (h) -C(O)-Cι_-6 alkyl, (i) -C(O)-C,.₆ alkenyl, (j) -C(O)-Cι.₆ alkynyl, (k) -C(O)- C_3-i₀ saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, and (1) -C(O)-3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein any of (c)-(k) optionally is substituted with one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of : (aa) H, (bb) F, (cc) Cl, (dd) Br, (ee) I, (ff) CN, (gg) NO₂, (hh) OH, (ii) NH₂, (jj) NH(C_1-6 alkyl), (kk) N(Cj_-6 alkyl)₂, (11) a Cj_-6 alkoxy group, (mm) an aryl group, (nn) a substituted aryl group, (oo) a heteroaryl group, (pp) a substituted heteroaryl group, and qq) a Cι-₆ alkyl group optionally substituted with one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of an aryl group, a substituted aryl group, a heteroaryl group, a substituted heteroaryl group, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, CF₃, SCF₃, and OH; R¹⁰, at each occurrence, independently is selected from the group consisting of: (a) R¹ ', (b) a C,_₆ alkyl group, (c) a C_2.6 alkenyl group, (d) a C_{2 6} alkynyl group, e) a C_3-ιo saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, and f) a 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein any of (b)-(f) optionally is substituted with one or more R¹ ' groups; R¹¹, at each occurrence, independently is selected from the group consisting of: (a) H, (b) =O, (c) F, (d) Cl, (e) Br, (f) I, (g) -CF₃, (h) -CN, (i) -NO₂, (j) -NR⁷R⁷, (k) -OR⁷, (1) -S(O)_pR⁷, (m) -C(O)R⁷, (n) -C(O)OR⁷, (o) -OC(O)R⁷, (p) NR⁷C(O)R⁷, (q) -C(O)NR⁷R⁷, (r) -C(=NR⁷)R⁷, (s) -NR⁷C(O)NR⁷R⁷, (t) - NR⁷S(O)_pR⁷, (u) -S(O)_pNR⁷R⁷, (v) -NR⁷S(O)_pNR⁷R⁷, (w) a C,_.6 alkyl group, (x) a C_2.6 alkenyl group, (y) a C_2.6 alkynyl group, (z) a C_3-ι₀ saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, and (aa) a 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein any of (w)-(aa) optionally is substituted with one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of R⁷, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, - OR⁷, -NH₂, -NH(Ci_-6 alkyl), -N(Cι_-6 alkyl)₂, a C_)-6 alkoxy group, a Cj_-6 alkylthio group, and a Cι_-6 acyl group; R¹² at each occurrence, independently is selected from the group consisting of: (a) a carbonyl group, (b) a formyl group, (c) F, (d) Cl, (e) Br, (f) I, (g) CN, (h) NO₂, (i) OR⁹, (j) -S(O)_pR⁹, (k) -C(O)R⁹, (1) -C(O)OR⁹, (m) -OC(O)R⁹, (n) -C(O)NR⁹R⁹, (o) -OC(O)NR⁹R⁹, (p) -C(=NR⁹)R⁹, (q) -C(R⁹)(R⁹)OR⁹, (r) -C(R⁹)₂OC(O)R⁹, (s) -C(R⁹)(OR⁹)(CH₂)_rNR⁹R⁹, (t) -NR⁹R⁹, (u) -NR⁹OR⁹, (v) -NR⁹C(O)R⁹, (w) -NR⁹C(O)OR⁹, (x) -NR⁹C(O)NR⁹R⁹, (y) -NR⁹S(O)_rR⁹, (z) -C(OR⁹)(OR⁹)R⁹, (aa) -C(R⁹)₂NR⁹R⁹, (bb) =NR⁹, (cc) -C(S)NR⁹R⁹, (dd) - NR⁹C(S)R⁹, (ee) -OC(S)NR⁹R⁹, (ff) -NR⁹C(S)OR⁹, (gg) -NR⁹C(S)NR⁹R⁹, (hh) - SC(O)R⁹, (ii) a Cj_-8 alkyl group, (jj) a C_2-8 alkenyl group, (kk) a C_2-8 alkynyl group, (11) a Cι_-8 alkoxy group, (mm) a Cj.₈ alkylthio group, (nn) a Cj_-8 acyl group, (oo) a C_3-ιo saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, and (pp) a 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein (ii)-(kk) optionally are substitued with one or more R⁶ groups;

R¹³ is selected from the group consisting of: (a) H, (b) a Cι_-6 alkyl group, (c) a C_2-6 alkenyl group, (d) a C_2-6 alkynyl group, (e) -C(O)R⁶, (f) -C(O)OR⁶, (g) -C(O)-NR⁵R⁵R⁵R⁵, (h) -C(S)R⁶, (i) -C(S)OR⁶, (j) - C(O)SR⁶, (k) -C(S)-NR⁵R⁵R⁵R⁵, (1) a C_3-ι₀ saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, or (m) a 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, (n) a -(Cj.₆ alkyl) -C₃.ι₀ saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, or (o) a -(Cι_-6 alkyl)-3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein (a)-(d) and (l)-(o) optionally are substitued with one or more R groups; p at each occurrence is 0, 1, or 2; r at each occurrence is 0, 1, or 2; t at each occurrence is 0, 1, or 2; u at each occurrence is 1 , 2, 3, or 4; provided that i) -D-E- is not a glycoside attached via its anomeric carbon, ii) -D-E-F-G is not a Cj_-4 (alkyl), C_2-4(alkenyl), or C_2-4(alkynyl) chain bonded to a 5-10 membered monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyle or heterocycle or bonded to a 5 or 6 membered carbocycle or heterocycle further bonded to a 5 or 6 membered carbocycle or heterocycle, any of said carbocycles or heterocycles being optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of (aa) -OH, (bb) -F, (cc) -Cl, (dd) -I, and (ee) -NO₂, and iii) -D-E-F-G- is not a chemical moiety selected from the chemical moieties listed in Table B.

Table B

In certain embodiments, the compounds have the formula:

I or II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, N-oxide, or prodrug thereof wherein T, D, E, F, G, R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are as described hereinabove.

In certain other embodiments, the compounds have the formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, N-oxide, or prodrug thereof wherein T, D, E, F, G, R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are as described hereinabove.

In another embodiment, the compound has the formula:

II

In another embodiment, G is B'. B' can be selected from the group consisting of: (a) an aryl group, (b) a heteroaryl group, (c) a biaryl group, and (d) a fused bicyclic or tricyclic unsaturated or aromatic ring system optionally containing one or more carbonyl groups and one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, 1 oxygen, and sulfur, wherein each (a)-(d) optionally is substituted with one or more R groups. In another embodiment, E is (a) a 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, (b) a 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, (c) a -W-[3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur], (d) a -W-[ 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle], (e) -C(O)-, (f) -C(O)O-, (g) -C(O)ΝR⁵-, (h) -C(=NR⁵)-, (i) -C(=NR⁵)O-, (j) -C(=NR⁵)NR⁵-, (k) -OC(O)-, (1) -OC(O)O- (m) -OC(O)NR⁵-, (n) -NR⁵C(O)-, (o) -NR⁵C(O)O- (p) -NR⁵C(O)NR⁵-, (q) -NR⁵C(=NR⁵)NR⁵-, (r) -S(O)_p- (s) -NR⁵S(O)₂- (t) -S(O)₂NR⁵-, (u) -C(N-OR⁵)-, (v) -C(N-NR⁵R⁵)-, (w) -C(S)NR⁵-, (x) - NR⁵C(S) -, (y) -C(S)O- or (z) -OC(S) -, wherein i) any of (a)-(d) immediately above optionally is substituted with one or more R⁶ groups; and ii) W is selected from the group consisting of: (aa) -OCO-, (bb) -OC(O)O- (cc) -OC(O)NR⁵-, (dd) - NR⁵C(O)0-, (ee) -OCNOR⁵-, (ff) -NR⁵-C(O)O- (gg) - C(S)(NR⁵)-, (hh) -NR⁵-, (ii) -OC(S)O-, (jj) -OC(S)NR⁵-, (kk) - NR⁵C(S)O- (11) -OC(S)NOR⁵-, (mm) -C(S)O- (nn) -OC(S)-, (oo) -C(O)-, (pp) -C(O)O-, (qq) -C(O)NR⁵-, (rr) -C(=NR⁵)-, (ss) -C(=NR⁵)O-, (tt) -C(=NR⁵)NR⁵-, (uu) -OC(O)-, (w) - OC(O)O- (ww) -OC(O)NR⁵-, (xx) -NR⁵C(O)-, (yy) - NR⁵C(O)O- (zz) -NR⁵C(O)NR⁵-, (aaa) -NR⁵C(=NR⁵)NR⁵-, (bbb) -S(O)_p- (ccc) -NR⁵S(O)₂-, (ddd) -S(O)₂NR⁵-, (eee) -C(N- OR⁵ , (fff) -C(N-NR⁵R⁵)-, (ggg) -C(S)NR⁵-, or (hhh) - NR⁵C(S)-. In another embodiment, D is selected from the group consisting of (a) a Cι_-8 alkyl group, (b) a C₂.₈ alkenyl group, and (c) a C_2-8 alkynyl group, wherein i) 0-2 carbon atoms in any of (a)-(c) of D immediately above optionally is replaced by a moiety selected from the group consisting of O, S(O)_p, and NR⁵, ii) any of (a)-(c) of D immediately above optionally is substituted with one or more R⁶ groups; and F is selected from the group consisting of (a) a single bond, (b) a Cι_-6 alkyl group, (c) a C_2-6 alkenyl group, and (d) a C_2-6 alkynyl group, wherein i) 0-2 carbon atoms in any of (b)-(d) of F immediately above optionally is replaced by a moiety selected from the group consisting of O, S(O)_p, and NR⁵; ii) any of (b)-(d) of F immediately above optionally is substituted with one or more R⁶ groups; and iii) any of (b)-(d) of F immediately above optionally is substituted with C_1-6 alkyl-R⁶. In another embodiment, E is selected from the group consisting of: (a) a 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, (b) a 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, (c) a -W-[3- 10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur], (d) a -W-[ 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle], (e) -C(O)-, (f) -C(O)O-, (g) -C(O)NR⁵-, (h) -C(=NR⁵)-, (i) -C(=NR⁵)O-, (j) - C(=NR⁵)NR⁵-, (k) -OC(0)-, (1) -OC(O)O- (m) -OC(O)NR⁵-, (n) -NR⁵C(O)-, (o) -NR⁵C(O)O- (p) -NR⁵C(O)NR⁵-, (q) -NR⁵C(=NR⁵)NR⁵-, (r) -S(O)_p- (s) - NR⁵S(O)₂- (t) -S(O)₂NR⁵-, (u) -C(N-OR⁵)-, (v) -CH₂- (w) -C(N-NR⁵R⁵)-, (x) -C(S)NR⁵, (Y) -NR⁵C(S)-, (Z) -C(S)O- or (aa) -OC(S)-, wherein i) any of (a)-(d) immediately above optionally is substituted with one or more R⁶ groups; and ii) W is selected from the group consisting of: (aa) -OCO-, (bb) -OC(O)O-, (cc) -OC(O)NR⁵-, (dd) -NR⁵C(O)O-, (ee) -OCNOR⁵-, (ff) -NR⁵-C(O)O-, (gg) - C(S)(NR⁵)-, (hh) -NR⁵, (ii) -OC(S)O-, Gj) -OC(S)NR⁵-, (kk) - NR⁵C(S)O-, (11) -OC(S)NOR⁵-, (mm) -C(S)O- (nn)-OC(S), (oo) -C(O)-, (pp) -C(O)O-, (qq) -C(O)NR⁵-, (rr) -C(=NR⁵)-, (ss) - C(=NR⁵)O-, (tt) -C(=NR⁵)NR⁵-, (uu) -OC(O)-, (w) -OC(O)O-, (ww) -OC(O)NR⁵-, (xx) -NR⁵C(O)-, (yy) -NR⁵C(O)O- (zz) - NR⁵C(O)NR⁵-, (aaa) -NR⁵C(=NR⁵)NR⁵-, (bbb) -S(O)_p-, (ccc) - NR⁵S(O)₂- (ddd) -S(O)₂NR⁵-, (eee) -C(N-OR⁵)-, (fff) -C(N- NR⁵R⁵)-, (ggg) -C(S)NR⁵-, or (hhh)-NR⁵C(S)-.

In another embodiment, E is selected from the group consisting of: (a) a 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and (b) a 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, wherein (a) and (b) immediately above optionally is substituted with one more R groups. In another embodiment, E is selected from the group consisting of: (a) -C(O)-, (b) -C(O)O-, (c) -C(O)NR⁵-, (d) -C(=NR⁵)-, (e) -C(=NR⁵)O-, (f) -C(=NR⁵)NR⁵-, (g) -OC(O)-, (h) -OC(O)O-, (i) - OC(O)NR⁵-, (j) -NR⁵C(O)-, (k) -NR⁵C(O)O-, (1) -NR⁵C(O)NR⁵-, (m) - NR⁵C(=NR⁵)NR⁵-, (n) -S(O)_p- (o) -NR⁵S(O)₂-, (p) -S(O)₂NR⁵-, (q) -C(N- OR⁵)-, (r) -CH₂- (s) -C(N-NR⁵R⁵)-, (t), -C(S)NR⁵, (u) -NR⁵C(S)-, (v) -C(S)O, and (w) -OC(S)-.

In another embodiment, R² is OH or is selected from:

wherein R¹⁸ is H or -CO(Cι_-5 alkyl).

In another embodiment, R² is selected from OH and

In another embodiment, E is substituted with 0-2 R⁶ groups and is selected from: thiophene, furan, 4-oxo-2-imidazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4- isoxazolyl, 5-isoxazolyl, 1 -pyrazolyl, 3-pyrazolyl, 4-pyrazolyl, 5-pyrazolyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl, 4-oxo-2-oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl, 4,5,-dihydrooxazole, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,4- oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 3- isothiazole, 4-isothiazole, 5-isothiazole, 2-furanyl, 3-furanyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 1- pyrrolyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl, l,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl, 5-oxo-l,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl, l,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl, 1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl, 3-oxo-l,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl, l,3,4-thiadiazol-5-yl, 2-oxo-l,3,4-thiadiazol-5-yl, 1,2,3-triazol-l-yl, l,2,3-triazol-4-yl, l,2,3-triazol-5-yl, 1,2,4-triazol-l-yl, l,2,4-triazol-3-yl, 1 ,2,4-triazol-5-yl, l-tetrazol-5-yl, 2-tetrazol-5-yl, 3-isothiazolyl, 4-isothiazolyl and 5-isothiazolyl, 4-oxo-2-thiazolinyl, or 5- methyl-1 ,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl, thiazolidine-2,4-dione, oxazolidine-2,4-dione, imidazolidine-2,4-dione, oxazolidin-2-one, thiazolidin-2-one, 3H-oxazol-2-one, 1,3- dihydro-imidazol-2-one, 1 ,3-dihydro-imidazole-2-thione, 2-thioxo-imidazolidin-4-one, and 4-thioxo-imidazolidin-2-one.

In another embodiment, T is selected from:

wherein — is a carbon-carbon single bond or a carbon-carbon double bond;

T^A is selected from -CH₂-, -C(O)-, -C(O)-N(R¹⁴)-, -CH(NR¹⁴R¹⁵)-, -C(=NOR¹⁴)-, -C(=N-NR¹⁴R ¹⁵)-, -CH(-OR¹⁴)-, and

R is selected from H, Cι_-6 alkyl substituted with 0-2 R⁵ groups, C_2-6 alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R⁵ groups, C_2-6 alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R⁵ groups, C_6-ι₀ saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle substituted with 0-2 R⁵ groups, and 3-12 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms, and substituted with 0-2 R⁵ groups;

R¹⁵ is selected from H, Cj_-6 alkyl substituted with 0-4 R⁵ groups, C_2-6 alkenyl substituted with 0-4 R⁵ groups, and C_2-6 alkynyl substituted with 0-4 R⁵ groups; alternatively, NR¹⁴R¹⁵ comprises a 3-7 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing the nitrogen atom to which R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are attached and optionally containing one or more oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms;

T^B is selected from Cι_-6 alkyl substituted with 0-2 R¹⁶ groups, C_2-6 alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R¹⁶ groups, C_2-6 alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R¹⁶ groups, -CHO, -C=N-NR¹⁴R¹⁵, -C=N-OR¹⁴, -CH₂-NR¹⁴R¹⁵, -CH₂SR¹⁴, and -CH₂OR¹⁴;

R¹⁶ is selected from C_6-ιo saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle substituted with 0-2 R⁵ groups, and 3-12 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms, and substituted with 0-2 R⁵ groups; T^c is selected from H, OH, -OR¹⁴, and -OC(O)-C,_-5 alkyl substituted with 0-2 R¹⁶ groups;

T^D is selected from H, OH, -OR¹⁴, and -OC(O)-Cj_-5 alkyl substituted with 0-2 R¹⁶ groups; alternatively, T^c and T^D taken together are -O- and form an epoxide ring with the two carbons to which they are respectively attached;

T^E is selected from H, OH, R¹⁷, -Cj_-6 alkyl, -C_2-6 alkenyl, -C_2-6 alkynyl, -O-Cj_-6 alkyl, -O-C_2-6 alkynyl, -O-C_2-6 alkynyl, -C(O)-R¹⁴, -C(O)-C_1-6 alkylene-R¹⁴, -C(O)-C_2-6 alkenyl -R¹⁴, -C(O)-C_2-6 alkynyl-R¹⁴, -C_1-6 alkyl-Y-R¹⁴, -C_2-6 alkenyl- Y-R¹⁴, and -C_2-6 alkynyl-Y-R¹⁴; Y is selected from -OC(O)-, -OC(O)O-, -OC(O)NR¹⁴,-C(O)NR¹⁴-, -NR¹⁴C(O)-, -NR¹⁴C(O)O- -NR¹⁴C(O)NR¹⁵-, -NR^I4C(NH)NR¹⁵-, and -S(O)_p; 17

R is selected from

and,

T is selected from H, OH, -NR , 1'4Tl 15 , -C_!-6 alkyl substituted with 0-2 R 1'6° groups, -C_2-6 alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R¹⁶ groups, -C_2-6 alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R¹⁶ groups, -O-C(O)Cι_-5 alkyl, -O-R¹⁴, -O-C_1-6 alkyl substituted with 0-2 R¹⁶ groups, -O-C_2-6 alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R¹⁶ groups, and -O-C_2-6 alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R¹⁶ groups; provided that when T^F is attached to a double bond, it is H or -Cι_-6 alkyl substituted with 0-2 R¹⁶ groups. another embodiment, T is selected from:

wherein T^A, T^B, T^c, T^D, T^E and T^F are as described hereinabove.

In another embodiment, T is selected from:

wherein T , T and T are as described hereinabove. In another embodiment, the invention provides a compound having the structure corresponding to any one of the structures listed in Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, N-oxide, or prodrug thereof. In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the foregoing compounds and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method for treating a microbial infection, a bacterial infection, a fungal infection, a parasitic disease, a proliferative disease, a viral infection, an inflammatory disease, or a gastrointestinal motility disorder in a mammal by administering effective amounts of the compounds of the invention or pharmaceutical compounds of the invention. In embodiments of this aspect, the compounds are administered orally, parentally, or topically. In still another aspect, the invention provides a medical device, for example, a medical stent, which contains or is coated with one or more of the foregoing compounds. 3. Synthesis of the Compounds of the Invention The invention provides methods for making the compounds of the invention. The following schemes depict exemplary chemistries available for synthesizing the compounds of the invention. The compounds of the present invention can be prepared in a number of ways known to one skilled in the art of organic synthesis. The compounds of the present invention can be synthesized using the methods described below, together with synthetic methods known in the art of synthetic organic chemistry, or by variations thereon as appreciated by those skilled in the art. Preferred methods include, but are not limited to, those described below. The reactions are performed in a solvent appropriate to the reagents and materials employed and suitable for the transformations being effected. It will be understood by those skilled in the art of organic synthesis that the functionality present on the molecule should be consistent with the transformations proposed. This will sometimes require a judgment to modify the order of the synthetic steps or to select one particular process scheme over another in order to obtain a desired compound of the invention. It will also be recognized that another major consideration in the planning of any synthetic route in this field is the judicious choice of the protecting group used for protection of the reactive functional groups present in the compounds described in this invention. An authoritative account describing the many alternatives to the trained practitioner is Greene, T.W.; Wuts, P.G.M. Protective Groups In Organic Synthesis, Third Edition, 1999, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. All references cited herein are hereby incorporated in their entirety herein by reference for all purposes. Scheme 1 illustrates the synthesis of oxazolidinones substituted at C-5 with 1,2,3- triazolylmethyl derivatives. Isocyanates 14 can react with lithium bromide and glycidyl butyrate at elevated temperatures to produce oxazolidinone intermediates of type 15 (Gregory et al, J. Med. Chem., 1989, 32: 1673). Hydrolysis of the resulting butyrate ester of compound 15 produces alcohol 17. Alcohol 17 can also be synthesized from carbamates, such as the benzyl carbamate 16. The carbamate nitrogen of compound 16 is deprotonated and alkylated with glycidyl butyrate to produce (after in situ hydrolysis of the butyl ester) hydroxymethyl derivative 17. While the R enantiomer depicted throughout Scheme 1 generally is the most biologically useful derivative for antibacterial agents, compounds derived from either the R or the S enantiomer, or any mixture of R and S enantiomers, may be useful in the practice of the present invention and are included. Alcohols 17 can be converted to useful intermediates such as mesylate 18a (by treatment with methanesulfonyl chloride and triethylamine in an appropriate solvent) and azide 19 (by subsequent displacement of the mesylate by sodium azide in DMF). Azide 19 can also be produced from tosylate 18b (or a brosylate or nosylate) or an alkyl halide of type 18c (made from alcohol 17 via methods known to those skilled in the art). Azide 19 can be heated in the presence of substituted acetylenes 20 to produce C-5 substituted 1,2,3-triazolylmethyl oxazolidinone derivatives of type 21 and 22. Alternative chemical conditions could also be employed by those skilled in the art to effect this transformation. Scheme 1

Unsymmetrical acetylene derivatives can react to produce a mixture of regioisomeric cycloaddition products, represented by 21 and 22, and that the reaction conditions can be adjusted by processes known to those skilled in the art to produce more selectively one regioisomer or the other. For example, Scheme 2 depicts the reaction of mono-substituted acetylene 23 with azide 19 to produce two regioisomeric triazoles, 24 and 25. The major isomer is most often the anti isomer 24 since the reaction leading to this product proceeds at a faster rate. Under certain circumstances, the more sterically disfavored syn isomer is also formed, but at an appreciably diminished rate. The addition of copper(I)iodide is a useful additive for this reaction, and often leads to increased proportions of the major "anti" adduct 24 (Tornoe, C.W. et al, J. Org. Chem., 2002, 67: 3057). Increased proportions of the minor isomer 25 may be produced by minor modification of the reaction scheme. Azide 19 can react with trimethylsilyl substituted acetylene 26 to produce the anti isomer 27 and the syn isomer 28. Desilylation with tetrabutylammonium fluoride can produce triazole 24 and 25, with increased proportions of 25 obtainable from the more abundant precursor triazole 27. Scheme 2

anti isomer (major) syn isomer (minor)

anti isomer (major) syn isomer (minor) An alternate approach toward the synthesis of some of the compounds of the present invention is shown in Scheme 3. Aromatic halide 29, when activated, can react with the anion derived from treatment of carbamate 33 with an appropriate base to produce 3-aryl substituted oxazolidinone derivatives 31 via nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Suitable bases include, for example, n-BuLi, LiN(Si(CH )₃)₂, and NaH. Carbamate 33 can be synthesized by exposure of 32 to carbonyldiimidazole in DMF, followed by in situ silylation of the hydroxymethyl group of the initial product with an appropriate silyl chloride. Desilylation of derivatives of type 31 produces alcohols 17 that can be converted to the targets of the present invention by the processes described herein. Scheme 3

The 16-membered ring macrolide antibiotics are a diverse class of compounds. Many naturally occurring antibiotics in this class are known in the art and many more have been created by partial synthesis from those natural products. Most of these compounds share in common the feature of having the amino sugar mycaminose at the C-5 position of the macrolide ring. The mycaminose may be present by itself, or more commonly as part of a disaccharide connected through the 4' hydroxy group of the mycaminose. The chemistry demonstrated below involves substitution of the mycaminose sugar, either on the 3' nitrogen atom, or at the adjacent 4' hydroxy group. The examples illustrated below all proceed from the tylosin-derived semisynthetic compound desmycosin or a protected derivative thereof. Nonetheless, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that analogous chemistry can also be applied to the other members of the class of 16-membered macrolides with success. Tylosin comprises four cyclic fragments: three hexose sugars (mycinose, mycaminose, and mycarose) and a macrocylcic lactone (tylonolide). The positions on mycinose ring are denoted by triple prime numbers; those on the mycarose ring by double prime numbers; and the positions on the mycaminose ring by single prime numbers; while positions on the tylonolide ring are indicated by un-prime numbers. In the present invention, substitution takes place at the 3' or 4' position of the mycaminose moiety.

Mycinose Tylonolide Mycaminose Mycarose Tylosin can be treated under acidic conditions to selectively cleave the mycarose sugar. The resulting macrolide disaccharide is known as desmycosin. More strenuous acidic conditions additionally lead to the cleavage of the mycinose sugar giving the monosacharide macrolide 5'- O-mycaminosyltylonolide commonly abbreviated OMT (Scheme 4).

Scheme 4

"5-O-mycaminosyl tylonolide" (OMT)

16-membered macrolides can be mono-N-demethylated, using for example procedures disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,725,385. For instance, desmycosin may be protected as its 20- diethylacetal derivative followed by treatment with iodine in the presence of sodium acetate and sodium hydroxide in aqueous methanol to afford the N-desmethyl compound 38. The diethylacetal protecting group on 38 may then be cleaved under acidic conditions to give aldehyde 39.

Scheme 5

The resulting secondary amines can be alkylated with electrophiles comprised of an alkyne connected by a variable bond or connecting moiety to a carbon bearing a leaving group as, for example, a halide or sulfonate group such as 40 to produce alkynes of type 41. The substituted alkynes 41 thereby obtained can be used in cycloaddition reactions with azides to yield triazole containing compounds.

Scheme 6

Scheme 7 illustrates the synthesis of compounds of the present invention that contain extra keto groups in the alkyl moiety between the 5-membered heterocyclic ring and the macrolide moiety. Azides 19 can react with propiolate esters to produce the ester-substituted products. (Mixtures of regioisomeric cycloadducts may form in this reaction. However, only the anti adduct is depicted in Scheme 4b.) Hydrolysis of the ester yields the acid, which can be converted using known chemistry (Ramtohul et al, J. Org. Chem., 2000, 67, 3169) to the bromoacetyl triazole. Heating this bromoacetyl derivative with 39 (or a suitably protected version of 39) can yield products that contain a keto moiety with one methylene group between the ketone and the macrolide group. The bromoacetyl intermediate can be converted to an alcohol via lithio-dithiane chemistry, subsequent hydrolysis, and reduction. The tosylate (or halide) of this alcohol can be made, and this electrophile can be used to alkylate 39 to give products with two methylene groups between the ketone and the macrolide group.

Scheme 8 illustrates another method to synthesize regioisomeric triazole containing compounds of the present invention. Compounds of type 44 and 45 can be produced by first displacing a leaving group (for example, a sulfonate or a halide) from electrophiles 18a-c, with either lithium acetylide 41a or lithium trimethylsilylacetylide 41b to produce alkynes 42. The cycloaddition reaction of alkynes 42 with appropriate azides 43 can yield regioisomeric triazoles 44 and 45. (Alternative chemical conditions could also be employed to produce compounds 44 and 45, such as the use of copper(I)iodide instead of heat.)

Scheme 8

45a X = H

45b X = SiMe₃

A specific example of the utility of the chemistry expressed in Scheme 8 is shown in Scheme 9. N-desmethyl desmycosin derivative 39 (or a suitably protected derivative thereof) can be alkylated with a protected bromoalcohol, and the alcohol functionality of the product converted to a leaving group such as a tosylate. The tosylate can be displaced with sodium azide to yield azide 46. Cycloadditon of 46 and alkyne 42a can produce final targets of type 47. Alternative alkylsulfonates or halides can be used as the starting material for the synthesis of azide 46 (i.e., different leaving groups). Other desmethyl-mycaminose-containing macrolide entities can be used in place of the desmycosin derivative 39 to produce a variety of alternative products.

Scheme 9

Another method that can be used to synthesize compounds of type 47 is illustrated in

Scheme 10. Alkyne 42a can react with trimefhylsilylazide (or with sodium azide, ammonium chloride and copper(I)iodide, or other conditions known in the art) to produce two possible regioisomeric products, triazoles 48 and 49. Either of these (or the mixture) can be desilylated with n-Bi^NF to produce triazole 50. Desmethyl desmycosin derivative 39 (or an alternate desmethyl amino macrolide derivative) can be converted to tosylate 51 (or another sulfonate or halide electrophile), and then this electrophile can serve to alkylate triazole 50 to produce either the N-l substituted triazole 47, the N-2 substituted triazole 53, or a mixture of both. In the event that a mixture is produced, both compounds may be separated from one another. Other macrolides may also be transformed by the chemistry of Scheme 10 to produce other compounds of the present invention.

Scheme 10

Scheme 11 illustrates the synthesis of oxazolidinones substituted at C-5 with tetrazolylmethyl derivatives. Azides of type 19 can react with nitriles 54 to produce tetrazoles of type 55 and 56. In a similar fashion to the chemistry described in Scheme 1 , this reaction can yield regioisomeric cycloadducts, where the anti isomer often predominates. As an example, desmethyl desmycosin 39 can be alkylated with ω-halo or ω-sulfonate nitriles 57 to yield nitriles 58. These derivatives can react with azides of type 19 to produce target tetrazoles of type 59 and 60. The R' group of nitriles 54 may contain the macrolide moiety, or suitable substituted alkyl groups containing an alcohol or protected alcohol that could be converted to a leaving group prior to a final alkylation step with a macrolide. Thus, the tetrazoles 55 and 56 could be produced that have as their R' groups alkyl chains bearing a hydroxy group that can be converted into a sulfonate or halide leaving group prior to alkylation with amines similar to 39 to afford products of type 59 and 60.

Scheme 11

anti Isomer (major) syn isomer (minor)

Scheme 12 depicts another strategy to synthesize tetrazoles of type 59 and 60. Azides 19 could undergo cycloaddition with functionalized nitriles of type 57a to afford tetrazole intermediates 55a and 56a. If 55a and 56a contain an appropriate electrophilic group such as a halide or sulfonate, it can react directly with macrolides of type 39 (or a suitably protected derivative thereof) to yield targets of type 59 and 60. Alternatively, silyloxy-substituted nitriles 57a could be used during the cycloaddition reaction to afford intermediates of type 55a and 56a where X is a silyloxy group. The silylether protecting group could then be removed from 55a and 56a, and the resultant alcohol converted to an appropriate electrophile (such as a halide or sulfonate) that would then be suitable for alkylation of macrolides of type 39 to give the desired targets.

Scheme 12

Scheme 13 illustrates one method of synthesizing pyrazole derivatives of the present invention. Known trityl-protected organolithium derivative 61 (Elguero et al, Synthesis, 1997, 563) can be alkylated with electrophiles of type 18a-c to produce pyrazoles of type 62. Cleavage of the trityl group can be accomplished using a variety of acidic reagents, for example, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), to produce pyrazole 63. Alkylation of 63 with a bromoalcohol of appropriate length, followed by tosylation (or alternate sulfonation or halide formation) can produce electrophiles 64. Alkylation of 39 with 64 produces targets of type 65. The lithium anions derived from heterocycles such as 61 may optionally be converted to copper (or other metallic) derivatives to facilitate their displacement reactions with sulfonates and halides. These anions may also be allowed to react with suitably protected macrolides, such as the per-silylated derivative of 51. Scheme 13

Scheme 14 depicts another method of synthesizing pyrazoles of the present invention. Anions 61 can be alkylated with a bifunctional moiety of variable length, such as an alkyl halide containing a silyloxy derivative. Alternatively, an a, ω dihaloalkyl derivative or a mixed halo-sulfonate derivative can be used as the alkylating agent. The resulting substituted pyrazoles 66 can be converted to the free pyrazoles by TFA cleavage of the triphenylmethyl protecting group. The free pyrazoles can undergo direct alkylation with electrophiles 18a-c in a suitable solvent, for example, dimethylformamide, or can be first converted via deprotonation with a suitable base, for example, sodium hydride or n-butyllithium, to the corresponding anion, if a more reactive nucleophile is required. The resultant pyrazole derivatives 67 can be desilylated and converted to tosylates 68 (if a sulfonate strategy is employed), which can serve as electrophiles for subsequent reaction with macrolide desmethyl saccharides, for example, 39, to produce the resultant target 69. Another approach to intermediates of type 67 can start with alkylation of the known dianion 70 (Hahn et al, J. Het. Chem., 1991, 28: 1189) with an appropriate bifunctional moiety to produce compounds related to pyrazole 71, which can subsequently be alkylated (with or without prior deprotonation) with electrophiles 18a-c to produce intermediates 67. The n=l derivatives in this series can be synthesized by trapment of compound 61 with DMF to produce the corresponding aldehyde, and then reduction to the alcohol. Alternatively, methoxymethyl (MOM) chloride or bromide can serve as the alkylating reagent for 61, and hydrolysis of the trityl and MOM groups of the product would yield 4-hydroxymethyl-l,2-pyrazole. The dianion of this pyrazole can be alkylated on nitrogen to produce an alcohol that serves as the precursor for an n=l tosylate (or other leaving group). Scheme 14

70

Scheme 15 shows an alternate approach for synthesizing pyrazole derivatives of type 69. Alkylation of the anion of a β-dicarbonyl system with appropriate electrophiles similar to tosylate 51 can yield (in the specific example of β-dicarbonyl derivative 72a) products of type 73. Treatment of these intermediates with hydrazine can produce pyrazoles of type 74. Direct alkylation of 74 with electrophiles 18a-c can proceed to produce targets 69. Alternatively, the hydroxyl residues of 74 (and other sensitive functional groups of other macrolide derivatives such as intermediates 39 and 51) can be protected with suitable protecting groups (such as those highlighted in Greene, T.W. and Wuts, P.G.M. supra), and the hydrogen atom on the nitrogen atom of the pyrazole derivative deprotonated with a suitable base, for example, sodium hydride or n-butyllithium. The resulting anion can then be alkylated with electrophiles 18a-c, and the resulting product deprotected to produce target 69. The use of protecting groups well known to those skilled in the art for the macrolide portions of these intermediates may be required for many of the subsequent reactions shown in the schemes below that involve heteroaryl anion alkylations. Scheme 15

Scheme 16 exemplifies a synthesis of imidazoles of the present invention. The known dianion 75 (Katritzky et al, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans., 1989, 1, 1139) can react with electrophiles 18a-c to produce, after protic work-up, imidazoles of type 76. Direct alkylation of 76 by heating with electrophiles related to 51 in an appropriate organic solvent can yield 1 ,4- disubstituted imidazoles 77. Alternatively, the imidazole anion formed via deprotonation of the imidazole hydrogen atom of 76 with a suitable base and then alkylation with 51 can also produce 77.

Scheme 16

Scheme 17 illustrates another synthesis of imidazoles of the present invention. 4- Bromoimidazole can be deprotonated using, for example, sodium hydride or lithium diisopropylamide, or another suitable organic base, to give anion 78 (or the corresponding lithio derivative). Alkylation of 78 with 18a-c can yield bromoimidazole 79 which can then be subjected to metal-halogen exchange and alkylated with 51 (or a suitably protected derivative of 51) to produce isomeric 1 ,4-disubstituted imidazoles 80.

Scheme 17

Scheme 18 depicts chemistry suitable for the synthesis of other target imidazole derivatives. The silylethoxymethyl (SEM) protected imidazole can be lithiated at C-2 (Shapiro et al, Heterocycles, 1995, 41, 215) and can react with electrophiles 18a-c to produce imidazole intermediates 82. Lithiation of imidazole intermediates 82 at C-4 of the imidazole, followed by alkylation with electrophiles of type 51 (or a suitably protected version such as the per-silylated derivative), and then deprotection of the SEM can produce imidazoles 83.

Scheme 18

Scheme 19 shows how tosylmethyl isocyanide can be used to make imidazoles of the present invention (Vanelle et al, Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2000, 35, 157; Home et al, Heterocycles, 1994, 39, 139). Alcohols 17 can be oxidized to produce aldehydes 85 using an appropriate agent such as the Dess-Martin periodinane or oxalyl chloride/dimethylsulfoxide/triethylamine (Swern oxidation). A variety of chromium complexes can also be used for this oxidation, including, for example, pyridinium dichromate (PDC), pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC), chromium trioxide, and tetrapropyl ammonium perruthenate. Wittig homologation of 85 can provide aldehyde 86, which can then be converted by tosylmethyl isocyanide to produce intermediate 87. The reaction of 87 with 89 (formed via alkylation of amines 39 with bromoalkyl phthalimides 88 (followed by hydrazine cleavage) or reduction of azides 46) can produce imidazole 77.

Scheme 19

Scheme 20 delineates how 1,3 thiazole and 1,3 oxazole derivatives of the present invention can be synthesized. Known dibromo thiazoles and oxazoles 90a and 90b can be selectively metallated at C-2 and alkylated with electrophiles 18a-c to produce intermediates 91a and 91b (Pinkerton et al, J. Het. Chem., 1972, , 67). Transmetallation with zinc chloride can be employed in the case of the oxazole anion, if the anion displays any tendency to ring open prior to its reaction with certain electrophiles. The bromo azoles 91 can be metallated to form the corresponding anion that can undergo alkylation with sulfonates 51 (or the related halides) to produce the final targets 92. Reordering of the sequence of electrophiles in this process permits access to the isomeric thiazoles and oxazoles 93. Scheme 20

Scheme 21 shows the synthesis of 2,5 disubstituted furan and thiophene derivatives of the present invention. Commercially available dibromofuran 94a and dibromothiophene 94b can be monolithiated (Cherioux et al, Advanced Functional Materials, 2001, 11: 305) and alkylated with electrophiles 18a-c. The monobromo intermediates obtained from this reaction can be lithiated again and then alkylated with electrophiles of type 51 (or a protected version of 51) to produce the final targets 95.

Scheme 21

Scheme 22 depicts the synthesis of 2,4 disubstituted furan and thiophene derivatives of the present invention. Commercially available furan aldehyde 96a, and the known thiophene aldehyde 96b, can be reduced to the corresponding alcohols and the resulting alcohols converted to a leaving group such as tosylates 97. Alternate sulfonates and halides can be synthesized and used in this fashion. The tosylates 97 can alkylate alcohol 39 (or a protected version thereof), and the heteroaryl bromide can be converted to a suitable organometallic agent (by reagents such as n-BuLi, or i-Pr₂Mg/CuCN). This intermediate organometallic agent can be alkylated with electrophiles 18a-c to produce targets of type 98, where n=l . As the scheme shows, a reordering of steps can be employed involving reduction, silylation, lithiation, and then initial alkylation with 18a-c. Desilylation of the alkylation product, followed by tosylation of the alcohol, provides an intermediate that can then be alkylated with alcohol 39 to produce targets 98. Simple homologation protocols, using the reagents depicted in Scheme 22 or others known to those skilled in the art, can convert the aldehydes 96 to longer chain tosylates such as 99 and 100. The use of these tosylates in the alkylation with 39, and subsequent metal-halogen exchange and alkylation with 18a-c, can yield compounds of type 98 where n=2 or 3. Longer chain tosylates can also be produced using chemistries similar to that depicted in Scheme 22. In addition, other bifunctional moieties can be used to produce compounds of type 98.

Scheme 22

_98a x = o, n = 3 98b X = S, n = 3

Chemistries similar to that employed above in Scheme 22 can convert known thiophene aldehyde 101 (Eras et al, J. Het. Chem., 1984, 21, 215) to produce products of type 104 (Scheme 23). The known acid 102 (Wang et al, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 12137) can be converted to aldehyde 103 by reduction with, for example, borane or lithium aluminum hydride, followed by oxidation of the resultant hydroxymethyl intermediate with, for example, PDC, PCC, or another suitable reagent. Aldehyde 103 can then be converted to produce compounds of type 104. Scheme 23

102 103

Scheme 24 illustrates the synthesis of 2,5 disubstituted pyrroles of the present invention. The BOC-protected dibromopyrrole 105 can be lithiated and alkylated sequentially (Chen et al, Tetr. Lett. , 1987, 28: 6025; Chen et al. , Org. Synth. , 1992, 70, 151 ; and Martina et al. , Synthesis, 1991, 613), and allowed to react with electrophiles 18a-c and 51 (or a suitably protected analogue of 51) to produce, after final BOC deprotection with TFA, disubstituted pyrroles of type 106. Scheme 24

Scheme 25 shows the synthesis of 2,4 disubstituted pyrroles of the present invention. Commercially available pyrrole ester 107 can be protected with a suitable protecting group, for example, the BOC group, and the ester function hydrolyzed to the corresponding acid. The resulting acid can then be reduced to the alcohol using, for example, borane to yield an alcohol that can be converted to tosylate 108. Alcohol 39 (or a suitably protected version of 39, formed for example by silylation of the other hydroxyl groups with bis-trimethylsilylacetamide or another silylating reagent) can be alkylated with tosylate 108 to produce an intermediate bromopyrrole. The bromopyrrole can then be converted to an organometallic reagent that can then react with electrophiles 18a-c. The resulting product can then be deprotected with TFA to produce pyrroles 109. The alcohol formed after borane reduction of the acid derived from 107 can then be homologated to tosylates 110 and 111 by chemistries similar to that shown below in Scheme 27. The use of these tosylates in the alkylation strategy can produce target pyrroles of type 109 where n=2 or 3. Scheme 25

107 ) t-BuPh₂SιCI 112 1) n-Bu₄NF r 113 R = TBDPS 2) TsCI, pyr ¹¹⁴ = Tosyl

An alternative approach is to protect the alcohol functions prior to tosylation, and perform the alkylation of the organometallic derived from the halopyrrole with 18a-c first. For example, silyloxy derivative 112 can be produced from 107, and the organometallic derivative derived from it alkylated with 18a-c to yield silyl ethers 113. Subsequent desilylation and conversion to tosylates 114 provides an electrophile that can be used in the alkylation reaction with 39. A final BOC cleavage can then give pyrroles 109. The alcohol precursor of 112 can be homologated, using chemistries similar to that shown below in Scheme 27 and other schemes) to other alkanols that can be tosylated for further reactions with alcohol 39 (or related macrolides). Furthermore, the alcohol derived from silyl cleavage of 113 can serve as the starting material for this type of homologation effort to produce the alkyl tosylates (or halides) required for making targets 109 where n is variable. Scheme 26 shows the synthesis of isomeric 2,4 disubstituted pyrroles of the present invention. Commercially available pyrrole acid 115 can be protected as the BOC derivative, and the acid function reduced to an alcohol, which can then be protected to produce the silyl ether 116. Deprotonation of 116 with n-butyllithium can occur at the 5 position of the pyrrole ring, and this anion (or that derived from transmetallation with an appropriate metal) can be alkylated with electrophiles 18a-c to produce pyrrole 117. Desilylation of 117, followed by tosylation, alkylation with 39, and TFA deprotection of the BOC group can yield pyrroles 119.

Scheme 26

Scheme 27 illustrates the synthesis of longer chain tosylates of type 123 and 126 used to alkylate amines of type 39 to produce pyrroles 119. The alcohol 120 derived from protection of 115 followed by borane reduction can be oxidized to aldehyde 124. The Wittig reaction of aldehyde 124 with methoxymethyl triphenylphosphorane is followed by an acid hydrolysis step to produce the homologated aldehyde 121. Reduction and silyl protection can yield 122, which can then be deprotonated, alkylated, and then converted to tosylate 123. Aldehyde 124 can undergo a Wittig reaction with carbomethoxymethyl triphenylphosphorane. The Wittig product then is reduced to an alkanol that can then be silylated to produce 125. Conversion of 125 to pyrroles 119 can then occur using the same chemistry employed to provide 119 from 122.

Scheme 27

Scheme 28 shows the synthesis of 1,3 disubstituted pyrroles of the present invention. The BOC group of 116 can be cleaved to produce free pyrrole 127. Alkylation of 127 (in a suitable organic solvent such as DMF) with 18a-c can produce intermediate 128. The dianion of 3-hydroxymethylpyrrole can also be suitable for alkylation with 18a-c to produce the free hydroxy derivative of silyl ether 128. Conversion of the siloxy group to the corresponding tosylate, followed by alkylation with amines of type 39 can generate the target N-substituted pyrroles 129 (where n=l). In a similar fashion, the BOC pyrroles 122 and 125 can be converted to the tosylates 130 and 131. These tosylates can be used to produce pyrroles of type 129 (where n=2 or 3). Longer chain alkyl tosylates (and halides) can also be produced that can undergo this chemistry to produce pyrroles 129 where n is > 3.

Scheme 28

131 Scheme 29 illustrates the use of hydantoin-like groups as the 5-membered heterocyclic moiety between the G groups and the Rj moieties of the present invention. Electrophiles of type 18a-c can alkylate anions derived from hydantoins to produce compounds of the present invention. For example, 3-substituted hydantoins of type 132 can be purchased and treated with an appropriate base to generate the corresponding imide anion. The resulting anions can be alkylated with electrophiles similar (but not limited) to intermediates 18a-c to produce hydantoin derivatives 134. Alternatively, 1 -substituted hydantoins of type 133 can be purchased or prepared, and treated with base and electrophile to yield isomeric hydantoin derivatives 135. Such hydantoins can also have, for example, at optional locations, thiocarbonyl functionalities in place of the illustrated carbonyl groups. Such compounds can be prepared by treatment of the oxy-hydantoins with Lawesson's reagent, elemental sulfur, phosphorus pentasulfide, and other reagents commonly used in the art to perform this transformation. Alternatively, such thiohydantoins can be synthesized selectively by sequential synthetic steps known in the art. The R' group of 132 and 133 may represent a protecting group function, for example, benzyl, alkoxybenzyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, t-butoxycarbonyl, that is compatible with the alkylation step. Such a protecting group can subsequently be removed from products 134 and 135, yielding products where the R' group is a hydrogen atom. These intermediates can be used to produce various target molecules by their treatment with base and then subsequent exposure to appropriate electrophiles. Scheme 29

A more specific example of the synthesis of hydantoin derivatives of the present invention is depicted in Scheme 30. Hydantoin 136 can be treated with a mild organic base, for example, sodium hydride, potassium tertiary-butoxide, cesium, sodium, or potassium carbonate, to produce the N-1 substituted intermediate 137. Deprotonation of 137 with a base, for example, sodium hydride, n-butyllithium, lithium bis-trimefhylsilylamide, or lithium diisopropylamide, followed by alkylation with 51 (or a suitably protected derivative of 51) can yield hydantoin targets of type 138. The isomeric hydantoin derivatives of type 141 can be synthesized from 136 by initial p-methoxybenzyl (PMB) protection of the N-1 position, followed by alkylation at N-3 with 18a-c, and subsequent deprotection of the PMB group with either 2,3-dichloro-3,4-dicyano- benzoquinone (DDQ) or hydrogenation will yield hydantoin intermediates 140. Subsequent alkylation of 140 with 51 can give compounds 141. Another route to produce intermediates 140 is by formation of the dianion of hydantoin 136. One equivalent of a weak base can deprotonate the N-1 position of 136. The addition of another equivalent of a strong base, for example, n- butyllithium, to the initial anion can deprotonate it again, this time at N-3. Alkylation can occur at the more reactive position (N-3) to again produce hydantoins 140.

Scheme 30

In addition to the above-described compounds, the present invention includes compounds in which the 16-membered macrolide moiety is connected to an oxazolidinone or oxazolidinone fragment by connection through a heterocyclic moiety attached to the 4' hydroxy group of the mycaminose sugar. As shown in scheme 31 below, this position may be selectively alkylated with alkynes such as 40. To accomplish this, the reactive hydroxyl group at the 2' of mycaminose ring is first protected with an acid-stable protecting group prior to hydrolysis of the mycarose moiety from the 4' position (such as, for instance, benzoyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl, p- nitrobenzylcarbonate, etc.). The free 4' hydroxyl group thus produced is then able to be selectively alkylated due to the reaction-enhancing influence of the adjacent dimethyl amino group at C-3'. Alkylation may then be followed by removal of the protecting group at the 2' position, either before or after further synthetic manipulations as required.

Scheme 31

The substituted alkynes 145 thereby obtained can be used in cycloaddition reactions with azides to yield triazole compounds. Scheme 32 illustrates the synthesis of compounds of the present invention that contain extra keto groups in the alkyl moiety between the 5-membered heterocyclic ring and the macrolide moiety. Azides 19 can react with propiolate esters to produce the ester-substituted products. (Mixtures of regioisomeric cycloadducts may form in this reaction, however, only the anti adduct is depicted in Scheme 32.) Hydrolysis of the ester yields the acid, which can be converted using known chemistry (Ramtohul et al, J. Org. Chem., 2000, 67, 3169) to the bromoacetyl triazole. Heating this bromoacetyl derivative with 143 (or a suitably protected version of 143) can yield products that contain a keto moiety with one methylene group between the ketone and the macrolide group. The bromoacetyl intermediate can be converted via lithio-dithiane chemistry, subsequent hydrolysis, and reduction to an alcohol. The tosylate (or halide) of this alcohol can be made, and this electrophile can be used to alkylate 143 to give products with two methylene groups between the ketone and the macrolide group. Scheme 32

Numerous of the examples presented in schemes 1 to 30 above can also be adapted using a reactive alcohol of type 143 in place of the amine moiety shown in each example to afford numerous compounds of the general structure 148 shown below. 5-membered

Scheme 9 above illustrates another method to synthesize regioisomeric triazole compounds of the present invention. A specific example of the utility of the chemistry expressed in Scheme 9 above is shown in Scheme 33. Alcohol 143 (or a suitably protected derivative thereof) can be alkylated with a protected bromoalcohol, and the alcohol function of the product converted to a leaving group such as a tosylate. The tosylate can be displaced with sodium azide to yield azide 149. Cycloadditon of 149 and alkyne 42a followed by removal of the benzoate protecting group can produce final targets of type 150. Alternative alkylsulfonates or halides can be used as the starting material for the synthesis of azide 149 (i.e., different leaving groups). Other mycaminose-containing macrolide entities can be used in place of the desmycosin derivative 143 to produce a variety of alternative products.

Scheme 33

Another method that can be used to synthesize regioisomeric triazole derivatives of type 150 and 153 is illustrated in Scheme 34. Desmycosin derivative 143 (or an alternate mycamionose-containing macrolide derivative) can be converted to tosylate 151 (or another sulfonate or halide electrophile), and then the electrophile can serve to alkylate triazole 50 to produce either the N-1 substituted triazole 150, or the N-2 substituted triazole 153, or a mixture of both. In the event that a mixture is produced, both compounds may be separated from one another. Other macrolides may also be transformed by the chemistry of Scheme 34 to produce other compounds of interest. Scheme 34

Scheme 35 illustrates the synthesis of oxazolidinones substituted at C-5 with tetrazolylmethyl derivatives. Azides of type 19 can react with nitriles 54 to produce tetrazoles of type 55 and 56. In a similar fashion to the chemistry described in Scheme 1 , this reaction can yield regioisomeric cycloadducts, where the anti isomer often predominates. As an example, desmycosin derivative 143 can be alkylated with ω-halo or ω-sulfonate nitriles to yield nitriles 158. These derivatives can react with azides of type 19 to produce target tetrazoles of type 159 and 160. The R' group of nitriles 54 may contain the macrolide moiety, suitable substituted alkyl groups containing an alcohol, or protected alcohol that could be converted to a leaving group prior to a final alkylation step with a macrolide. Thus, the tetrazoles 55 and 56 could be produced that have as their R' groups alkyl chains bearing a hydroxy group that can be converted into a sulfonate or halide leaving group prior to alkylation with alcohols similar to 143 to afford products of type 159 and 160.

Scheme 35

Scheme 36 depicts another strategy to synthesize tetrazoles of type 159 and 160. If 55a and 56a contain an appropriate electrophilic group such as a halide or sulfonate, they can react directly with macrolides of type 143 (or a suitably protected derivative thereof) to yield targets of type 159 and 160. Alternatively, silyloxy-substituted nitriles 57a could be used during the cycloaddition reaction to afford intermediates of type 55a and 56a, where X is a silyloxy group. The silylether protecting group could then be removed from 55a and 56a, and the resultant alcohol converted to an appropriate electrophile (such as a halide or sulfonate) that would then be suitable for alkylation of macrolides of type 143 to give the desired targets.

Scheme 36

Scheme 37 illustrates one method of synthesizing pyrazole derivatives of the present invention. Alkylation of 143 with 64 produces targets of type 165. The lithium anions derived from heterocycles such as 61 may optionally be converted to copper (or other metallic) derivatives to facilitate their displacement reactions with sulfonates and halides. These anions may also be allowed to react with suitably protected macrolides, such as the per-silylated derivative of 151. Scheme 37 Li H S „N ^«~ »^► «- A ^Nv i /=N ^c-_s *-.^{H R}- A \ / /= _NN "^BΑ +^H■ v_Phj AAO_CPh] Λ,-" ²>™'"

Scheme 38 depicts another method of synthesizing pyrazoles of the present invention. The pyrazole derivatives 67 can be desilylated and converted to tosylates 68 (if a sulfonate strategy is employed), which can serve as electrophiles for subsequent reaction with macrolide alcohols, for example, 143, to produce the resultant target 169. Scheme 38

70 71 Another approach to intermediates of type 67 can start with alkylation of the known dianion 70 (Hahn et al, J. Het. Chem., 1991, 28, 1189) with an appropriate bifunctional moiety to produce compounds related to pyrazole 71, which can subsequently be alkylated (with or without prior deprotonation) with electrophiles 18a-c to produce intermediates 67. The n=l derivatives in this series can be synthesized by trapment of compound 61 with DMF to produce the corresponding aldehyde, and then reduction to the alcohol. Alternatively, methoxymethyl (MOM) chloride or bromide can serve as the alkylating reagent for 61, and hydrolysis of the trityl and MOM groups of the product would yield 4-hydroxymethyl-l,2-pyrazole. The dianion of this pyrazole can be alkylated on nitrogen to produce an alcohol that serves as the precursor for an n=l tosylate (or other leaving group). Scheme 39 shows an alternate approach for synthesizing pyrazole derivatives of type 169. Alkylation of the anion of a β-dicarbonyl system with appropriate electrophiles similar to tosylate 151 can yield (in the specific example of β-dicarbonyl derivative 72a) products of type 173. Treatment of these intermediates with hydrazine can produce pyrazoles of type 174. Direct alkylation of 174 with electrophiles 18a-c can proceed to produce targets 169. Alternatively, the hydroxyl residues of 174 (and other sensitive functional groups of other macrolide derivatives such as intermediates 143 and 151) can be protected with suitable protecting groups (such as those highlighted in Greene, T.W. and Wuts, P.G.M. supra), and the hydrogen atom on the nitrogen atom of the pyrazole derivative deprotonated with a suitable base, for example, sodium hydride or n-butyllithium. The resulting anion can then be alkylated with electrophiles 18a-c, and the resulting product deprotected to produce targets 169. The use of protecting groups well known to those skilled in the art for the macrolide portions of these intermediates may be required for many of the subsequent reactions shown in the schemes below that involve heteroaryl anion alkyl ations.

Scheme 39

Scheme 40 exemplifies a synthesis of imidazoles of the present invention. Direct alkylation of 76 by heating with electrophiles related to 151 in an appropriate organic solvent can yield 1 ,4-disubstituted imidazoles 177. Alternatively, the imidazole anion formed via deprotonation of the imidazole hydrogen atom of 76 with a suitable base and then alkylation with 151 can also produce 177.

Scheme 40

Scheme 41 illustrates another synthesis of imidazoles of the present invention. Alkylation of 78 with 18a-c can yield bromoimidazole 79 which can then be subjected to metal- halogen exchange and alkylated with 151 (or a suitably protected derivative of 151) to produce isomeric 1 ,4-disubstituted imidazoles 180.

Scheme 41

Scheme 42 depicts chemistry suitable for the synthesis of other target imidazole derivatives. Lithiation of imidazole intermediates 82 at C-4 of the imidazole, followed by alkylation with electrophiles of type 151 (or a suitably protected version such as the per-silylated derivative), and then deprotection of the SEM can produce imidazoles 183. A reordering of steps in this process allows access to isomeric imidazoles of type 184.

Scheme 42

Scheme 43 shows how tosylmethyl isocyanide can be used to make imidazoles of the present invention (Vanelle et al, Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2000, 35, 157; Home et al, Heterocycles, 1994, 39, 139). The reaction of 87 (see Scheme 19) with 189 (formed via alkylation of alcohols 143 with bromoalkyl phthalimides 88 (followed by hydrazine cleavage) or reduction of azides 146) can produce imidazoles 177.

Scheme 43

Scheme 44 delineates how 1,3 thiazole and 1,3 oxazole derivatives of the present invention can be synthesized. The bromo azoles 91 can be metallated to form the corresponding anion which can undergo alkylation with sulfonates 151 (or the related halides) to produce the final targets 192. Reordering of the sequence of electrophiles in this process permits access to the isomeric thiazoles and oxazoles 193.

Scheme 44

Scheme 45 shows the synthesis of 2,5 disubstituted furan and thiophene derivatives of the present invention. Commercially available dibromofuran 94a and dibromothiophene 94b can be monolithiated (Cherioux et al, Advanced Functional Materials, 2001, 11, 305) and alkylated with electrophiles 18a-c. The monobromo intermediates obtained from this reaction can be lithiated again and then alkylated with electrophiles of type 151 (or a protected version of 151) to produce the final targets 195.

Scheme 45

Scheme 46 depicts the synthesis of 2,4 disubstituted furan and thiophene derivatives of the present invention. The tosylates 97 (or alternate sulfonates or halides) can alkylate alcohol 143 (or a protected version thereof), and the heteroaryl bromide can be converted to a suitable organometallic agent (by reagents such as n-BuLi, or i-Pr₂Mg/CuCN). This intermediate organometallic agent can be alkylated with electrophiles 18a-c to produce targets of type 198 where n=l . As the scheme shows, a reordering of steps can be employed involving reduction, silylation, lithiation and then initial alkylation with 18a-c. Desilylation of the alkylation product, followed by tosylation of the alcohol, provides an intermediate that can then be alkylated with alcohol 143 to produce targets 198. Simple homologation protocols, using the reagents depicted in Scheme 46 or others known to those skilled in the art, can convert the aldehydes 96 to longer chain tosylates such as 99 and 100. The use of these tosylates in the alkylation with 143, and subsequent metal -halogen exchange and alkylation with 18a-c, can yield compounds of type 198 where n=2 and 3. Longer chain tosylates can also be produced using chemistries similar to that depicted in Scheme 46, and other bifunctional moieties can be used to produce compounds of type 198. Scheme 46

Chemistries similar to that employed above in Scheme 46 can convert known thiophene aldehyde 101 (Eras et al. (1984) J. Het. Chem. 21 : 215) to produce products of type 204 (Scheme 47). Aldehyde 103 can also be converted to produce compounds of type 204. Scheme 47

103 Scheme 48 illustrates the synthesis of 2,5 disubstituted pyrroles of the present invention.

The BOC-protected dibromopyrrole 105 can be lithiated and alkylated sequentially (as in

Scheme 24), and allowed to react with electrophiles 18a-c and 151 (or a suitably protected analogue of 151) to produce, after final BOC deprotection with TFA, disubstituted pyrroles of type 206. Scheme 48

Scheme 49 shows the synthesis of 2,4 disubstituted pyrroles of the present invention.

Alcohol 143 (or a suitably protected version of 143, formed for example by silylation of the other hydroxyl groups with bis-trimethylsilylacetamide or another silylating reagent) can be alkylated with tosylate 108 (see Scheme 28) to produce an intermediate bromopyrrole. The bromopyrrole can then be converted to an organometallic reagent that can then react with electrophiles 18a-c. The resulting product can then be deprotected with TFA to produce pyrroles 209. The alcohol formed after borane reduction of the acid derived from 107 can then be homologated to tosylates 110 and 111 by chemistries similar to that shown below in Scheme 51. The use of these tosylates in the alkylation strategy can produce target pyrroles of type 209 where n=2 and 3. Scheme 49

114 R = Tosyϊ An alternative approach is to protect the alcohol functions prior to tosylation, and perform the alkylation of the organometallic derived from the halopyrrole with 18a-c first to yield 114 (see Scheme 25). Tosylate 114 provides an electrophile that can be used in the alkylation reaction with 143. A final BOC cleavage can then give pyrroles 209. Longer chain versions of 114 can be produced for making targets 209 where n is variable. Scheme 50 shows the synthesis of isomeric 2,4 disubstituted pyrroles of the present invention. Alkylation of 143 (see Scheme 26), TFA deprotection of the BOC, and saponification of the benzoate group can yield pyrroles 219.

Scheme 50

Scheme 51 illustrates the synthesis of longer chain pyrroles of type 219 using tosylates of type 123 and 126 (see Scheme 27). Scheme : 51

126

Scheme 52 shows the synthesis of 1,3 disubstituted pyrroles of the present invention. Conversion of the siloxy group of 128 (see Scheme 28) to the corresponding tosylate, followed by alkylation with alcohols of type 143 can generate the target N-substituted pyrroles 229 (where n=l). In a similar fashion, tosylates 130 and 131 can be used to produce pyrroles of type 229 (where n=2 or 3). Longer chain alkyl tosylates (and halides) can also be produced that can undergo this chemistry to produce pyrroles 229 where n is > 3.

Scheme 52

131 Scheme 29 above illustrates the use of hydantoin-like groups as the 5-membered heterocyclic moiety. Another specific example of the synthesis of hydantoin derivatives of the present invention is depicted in Scheme 53. Deprotonation of 137 (see Scheme 30) with a base, for example, sodium hydride, n-butyllithium, lithium bis-trimethylsilylamide or lithium diisopropylamide, followed by alkylation with 151 (or a suitably protected derivative of 151) can yield hydantoin targets of type 238. The isomeric hydantoin derivatives of type 241 can be synthesized via alkylation of 140 (see Scheme 30) with 151.

Scheme 53

In addition to the foregoing, compounds disclosed in the following publications, patents, and patent applications are suitable intermediates for preparation of the compounds of this invention: Tucker, J.A. et al, J. Med. Chem., 1998, 41, 3727; Gregory, W.A. et al., J. Med. Chem., 1990, 33, 2569; Genin, M.J. et al, J. Med. Chem., 1998, 41, 5144; Brickner, S.J. et al, J. Med. Chem., 1996, 39, 673. Barbachyn, M.R. et al, J. Med. Chem., 1996, 39, 680; Barbachyn, M.R. et al, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1996, 6, 1003; Barbachyn, M.R. et al, Bioorg. Med.

Chem. Lett., 1996, 6, 1009; Grega, K.C. et al, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 5255; Park, C.-H. et al, J. Med. Chem., 1992, 35, 1156; Yu, D. et al, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2002, 12, 857; Weidner- Wells, M.A. et al, Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2002, 10, 2345; and Cacchi, S. et al, Org. Lett., 2001, 3, 2539; U.S. Patent Nos. 4,801,600; 4,948, 801; 5,736,545; 6,362,189; 5,523,403; 4,461,773; 6,365,751 ; 6,124,334; 6,239,152; 5,981,528; 6,194,441; 6,147,197; 6,034,069; 4,990,602; 6,124,269; and 6,271,383; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2001/0046992; International Publication Nos. WO 96/15130; WO 95/14684; WO 99/28317; WO 98/01447; WO 98/01446; WO 97/31917; WO 97/27188; WO 97/10223; WO 97/09328; WO 01/46164; WO 01/09107; WO 00/73301 ; WO 00/21960; WO 01/81350; WO 97/30995; WO 99/10342; WO 99/10343; WO 99/64416; WO 00/232917; and WO 99/64417; and European Patent Nos. EP 0312000 Bl; EP 0359418 Al; EP 0345627; EP 1132392; and EP 0738726 Al .

4. Characterization of Compounds of the Invention Compounds designed, selected and/or optimized by methods described above, once produced, may be characterized using a variety of assays known to those skilled in the art to determine whether the compounds have biological activity. For example, the molecules may be characterized by conventional assays, including but not limited to those assays described below, to determine whether they have a predicted activity, binding activity and/or binding specificity. Furthermore, high- throughput screening may be used to speed up analysis using such assays. As a result, it may be possible to rapidly screen the molecules described herein for activity, for example, as anti-cancer, anti -bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-parasitic or anti-viral agents. Also, it may be possible to assay how the compounds interact with a ribosome or ribosomal subunit and/or are effective as modulators (for example, inhibitors) of protein synthesis using techniques known in the art. General methodologies for performing high-throughput screening are described, for example, in Devlin (1998) High Throughput Screening. Marcel Dekker; and U.S. Patent No. 5,763,263. High-throughput assays can use one or more different assay techniques including, but not limited to, those described below. (1) Surface Binding Studies. A variety of binding assays may be useful in screening new molecules for their binding activity. One approach includes surface plasmon resonance (SPR) that can be used to evaluate the binding properties of molecules of interest with respect to a ribosome, ribosomal subunit or a fragment thereof. SPR methodologies measure the interaction between two or more macromolecules in real-time through the generation of a quantum-mechanical surface plasmon. One device, (BIAcore Biosensor RTM from Pharmacia Biosensor, Piscatawy, N.J.) provides a focused beam of polychromatic light to the interface between a gold film (provided as a disposable biosensor "chip") and a buffer compartment that can be regulated by the user. A 100 nm thick "hydrogel" composed of carboxylated dextran that provides a matrix for the covalent immobilization of analytes of interest is attached to the gold film. When the focused light interacts with the free electron cloud of the gold film, plasmon resonance is enhanced. The resulting reflected light is spectrally depleted in wavelengths that optimally evolved the resonance. By separating the reflected polychromatic light into its component wavelengths (by means of a prism), and determining the frequencies that are depleted, the BIAcore establishes an optical interface which accurately reports the behavior of the generated surface plasmon resonance. When designed as above, the plasmon resonance (and thus the depletion spectrum) is sensitive to mass in the evanescent field (which corresponds roughly to the thickness of the hydrogel). If one component of an interacting pair is immobilized to the hydrogel, and the interacting partner is provided through the buffer compartment, the interaction between the two components can be measured in real time based on the accumulation of mass in the evanescent field and its corresponding effects of the plasmon resonance as measured by the depletion spectrum. This system permits rapid and sensitive real-time measurement of the molecular interactions without the need to label either component. (2) Fluorescence Polarization. Fluorescence polarization (FP) is a measurement technique that can readily be applied to protein-protein, protein-ligand, or RNA-ligand interactions in order to derive IC₅₀s and Kds of the association reaction between two molecules. In this technique one of the molecules of interest is conjugated with a fluorophore. This is generally the smaller molecule in the system (in this case, the compound of interest). The sample mixture, containing both the ligand-probe conjugate and the ribosome, ribosomal subunit or fragment thereof, is excited with vertically polarized light. Light is absorbed by the probe fluorophores, and re-emitted a short time later. The degree of polarization of the emitted light is measured. Polarization of the emitted light is dependent on several factors, but most importantly on viscosity of the solution and on the apparent molecular weight of the fluorophore. With proper controls, changes in the degree of polarization of the emitted light depends only on changes in the apparent molecular weight of the fluorophore, which in-tum depends on whether the probe-ligand conjugate is free in solution, or is bound to a receptor. Binding assays based on FP have a number of important advantages, including the measurement of IC₅₀s and Kds under true homogenous equilibrium conditions, speed of analysis and amenity to automation, and ability to screen in cloudy suspensions and colored solutions. (3) Protein Synthesis. It is contemplated that, in addition to characterization by the foregoing biochemical assays, the compound of interest may also be characterized as a modulator (for example, an inhibitor of protein synthesis) of the functional activity of the ribosome or ribosomal subunit. Furthermore, more specific protein synthesis inhibition assays may be performed by administering the compound to a whole organism, tissue, organ, organelle, cell, a cellular or subcellular extract, or a purified ribosome preparation and observing its pharmacological and inhibitory properties by determining, for example, its inhibition constant (IC₅₀) for inhibiting protein synthesis. Incorporation of ³H leucine or ³⁵S methionine, or similar experiments can be performed to investigate protein synthesis activity. A change in the amount or the rate of protein synthesis in the cell in the presence of a molecule of interest indicates that the molecule is a modulator of protein synthesis. A decrease in the rate or the amount of protein synthesis indicates that the molecule is a inhibitor of protein synthesis. Furthermore, the compounds may be assayed for anti-proliferative or anti-infective properties on a cellular level. For example, where the target organism is a microorganism, the activity of compounds of interest may be assayed by growing the microorganisms of interest in media either containing or lacking the compound. Growth inhibition may be indicative that the molecule may be acting as a protein synthesis inhibitor. More specifically, the activity of the compounds of interest against bacterial pathogens may be demonstrated by the ability of the compound to inhibit growth of defined strains of human pathogens. For this purpose, a panel of bacterial strains can be assembled to include a variety of target pathogenic species, some containing resistance mechanisms that have been characterized. Use of such a panel of organisms permits the determination of structure-activity relationships not only in regards to potency and spectrum, but also with a view to obviating resistance mechanisms. The assays may be performed in microtiter trays according to conventional methodologies as published by The National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guidelines (NCCLS. M7-A5- Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard-Fifth Edition. NCCLS Document M100-S12/M7 (ISBN 1-56238-394-9)).

5. Formulation and Administration The compounds of the invention may be useful in the prevention or treatment of a variety of human or other animal, including mammalian and non mammalian, disorders, including for example, bacterial infection, fungal infections, viral infections, parasitic diseases, and cancer. It is contemplated that, once identified, the active molecules of the invention may be incorporated into any suitable carrier prior to use. The dose of active molecule, mode of administration and use of suitable carrier will depend upon the intended recipient and target organism. The formulations, both for veterinary and for human medical use, of compounds according to the present invention typically include such compounds in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The carrier(s) should be "acceptable" in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulations and not deleterious to the recipient. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, in this regard, are intended to include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, anti-bacterial and anti-fungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active compounds (identified or designed according to the invention and/or known in the art) also can be incorporated into the compositions. The formulations may conveniently be presented in dosage unit form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy/microbiology. In general, some formulations are prepared by bringing the compound into association with a liquid carrier or a finely divided solid carrier or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired formulation. A pharmaceutical composition of the invention should be formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration. Examples of routes of administration include oral or parenteral, for example, intravenous, intradermal, inhalation, transdermal (topical), transmucosal, and rectal administration. Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. Useful solutions for oral or parenteral administration can be prepared by any of the methods well known in the pharmaceutical art, described, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, (Gennaro, A., ed.), Mack Pub., (1990). Formulations for parenteral administration can also include glycocholate for buccal administration, methoxysalicylate for rectal administration, or citric acid for vaginal administration. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic. Suppositories for rectal administration also can be prepared by mixing the drug with a non- irritating excipient such as cocoa butter, other glycerides, or other compositions which are solid at room temperature and liquid at body temperatures. Formulations also can include, for example, polyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene glycol, oils of vegetable origin, and hydrogenated naphthalenes. Formulations for direct administration can include glycerol and other compositions of high viscosity. Other potentially useful parenteral carriers for these drugs include ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer particles, osmotic pumps, implantable infusion systems, and liposomes. Formulations for inhalation administration can contain as excipients, for example, lactose, or can be aqueous solutions containing, for example, polyoxyefhylene-9- lauryl ether, glycocholate and deoxycholate, or oily solutions for administration in the form of nasal drops, or as a gel to be applied intranasally. Retention enemas also can be used for rectal delivery. Formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be in the form of: discrete units such as capsules, gelatin capsules, sachets, tablets, troches, or lozenges, each containing a predetermined amount of the drug; a powder or granular composition; a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or non-aqueous liquid; or an oil-in-water emulsion or a water- in-oil emulsion. The drug may also be administered in the form of a bolus, electuary or paste. A tablet may be made by compressing or moulding the drug optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing, in a suitable machine, the drug in a free- flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed by a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, surface active or dispersing agent. Moulded tablets may be made by moulding, in a suitable machine, a mixture of the powdered drug and suitable carrier moistened with an inert liquid diluent. Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the active compound can be incoφorated with excipients. Oral compositions prepared using a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash include the compound in the fluid carrier and are applied orally and swished and expectorated or swallowed. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition. The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose; a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or com starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring. Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. For intravenous administration, suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor ELTM (BASF, Parsippany, NJ) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). It should be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and should be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyetheylene glycol), and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as manitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride in the composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin. Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filter sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incoφorating the active compound into a sterile vehicle which contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, methods of preparation include vacuum drying and freeze-drying which yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof. Formulations suitable for intra-articular administration may be in the form of a sterile aqueous preparation of the drug that may be in microcrystalline form, for example, in the form of an aqueous microcrystalline suspension. Liposomal formulations or biodegradable polymer systems may also be used to present the drug for both intra-articular and ophthalmic administration. Formulations suitable for topical administration, including eye treatment, include liquid or semi-liquid preparations such as liniments, lotions, gels, applicants, oil-in-water or water-in- oil emulsions such as creams, ointments or pastes; or solutions or suspensions such as drops. Formulations for topical administration to the skin surface can be prepared by dispersing the drug with a dermatologically acceptable carrier such as a lotion, cream, ointment or soap. Particularly useful are carriers capable of forming a film or layer over the skin to localize application and inhibit removal. For topical administration to internal tissue surfaces, the agent can be dispersed in a liquid tissue adhesive or other substance known to enhance adsoφtion to a tissue surface. For example, hydroxypropylcellulose or fibrinogen/thrombin solutions can be used to advantage. Alternatively, tissue-coating solutions, such as pectin-containing formulations can be used. For inhalation treatments, inhalation of powder (self-propelling or spray formulations) dispensed with a spray can, a nebulizer, or an atomizer can be used. Such formulations can be in the form of a fine powder for pulmonary administration from a powder inhalation device or self- propelling powder-dispensing formulations. In the case of self-propelling solution and spray formulations, the effect may be achieved either by choice of a valve having the desired spray characteristics (i.e., being capable of producing a spray having the desired particle size) or by incoφorating the active ingredient as a suspended powder in controlled particle size. For administration by inhalation, the compounds also can be delivered in the form of an aerosol spray from pressured container or dispenser which contains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer. Systemic administration also can be by transmucosal or transdermal means. For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants generally are known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration, detergents and bile salts. Transmucosal administration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories. For transdermal administration, the active compounds typically are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art. The active compounds may be prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Liposomal suspensions can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,522,811. Oral or parenteral compositions can be formulated in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on the unique characteristics of the active compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment of individuals. Furthermore, administration can be by periodic injections of a bolus, or can be made more continuous by intravenous, intramuscular or intraperitoneal administration from an external reservoir (e.g., an intrvenous bag). Where adhesion to a tissue surface is desired the composition can include the drug dispersed in a fibrinogen-thrombin composition or other bioadhesive. The compound then can be painted, sprayed or otherwise applied to the desired tissue surface. Alternatively, the drugs can be formulated for parenteral or oral administration to humans or other mammals, for example, in therapeutically effective amounts, e.g., amounts that provide appropriate concentrations of the drug to target tissue for a time sufficient to induce the desired effect. Where the active compound is to be used as part of a transplant procedure, it can be provided to the living tissue or organ to be transplanted prior to removal of tissue or organ from the donor. The compound can be provided to the donor host. Alternatively or, in addition, once removed from the donor, the organ or living tissue can be placed in a preservation solution containing the active compound. In all cases, the active compound can be administered directly to the desired tissue, as by injection to the tissue, or it can be provided systemically, either by oral or parenteral administration, using any of the methods and formulations described herein and/or known in the art. Where the drug comprises part of a tissue or organ preservation solution, any commercially available preservation solution can be used to advantage. For example, useful solutions known in the art include Collins solution, Wisconsin solution, Belzer solution, Eurocollins solution and lactated Ringer's solution. The compounds of the present invention can be administered directly to a tissue locus by applying the compound to a medical device that is placed in contact with the tissue. An example of a medical device is a stent, which contains or is coated with one or more of the compounds of the present invention. For example, an active compound may be applied to a stent at the site of vascular injury. Stents can be prepared by any of the methods well known in the pharmaceutical art. See, e.g., Fattori, R. and Piva, T., "Drug Eluting Stents in Vascular Intervention," Lancet, 2003, 361 , 247- 249; Morice, M. C, "A New Era in the Treatment of Coronary Disease?" European Heart Journal, 2003, 24, 209-211; and Toutouzas, K. et al., "Sirolimus-Eluting Stents: A Review of Experimental and Clinical Findings," Z. Kardiol., 2002, 91(3), 49-57. The stent may be fabricated from stainless steel or another bio-compatible metal, or it may be made of a biocompatible polymer. The active compound may be absorbed by, adsorbed on, reacted or linked to the stent surface, embedded and released from polymer materials coated on the stent, or surrounded by and released through a carrier which coats or spans the stent. The stent may be used to administer single or multiple active compounds to tissues adjacent to the stent. Active compound as identified or designed by the methods described herein can be administered to individuals to treat disorders (prophylactically or therapeutically). In conjunction with such treatment, pharmacogenomics (i.e., the study of the relationship between an individual's genotype and that individual's response to a foreign compound or drug) may be considered. Differences in metabolism of therapeutics can lead to severe toxicity or therapeutic failure by altering the relation between dose and blood concentration of the pharmacologically active drug. Thus, a physician or clinician may consider applying knowledge obtained in relevant pharmacogenomics studies in determining whether to administer a drug as well as tailoring the dosage and/or therapeutic regimen of treatment with the drug. In therapeutic use for treating, or combating, bacterial infections in mammals, the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions thereof will be administered orally, parenterally and/or topically at a dosage to obtain and maintain a concentration, that is, an amount, or blood- level or tissue level of active component in the animal undergoing treatment which will be anti- microbially effective. Generally, an effective amount of dosage of active component will be in the range of from about 0.1 to about 100, more preferably from about 1.0 to about 50 mg/kg of body weight/day. The amount administered will also likely depend on such variables as the type and extent of disease or indication to be treated, the overall health status of the particular patient, the relative biological efficacy of the compound delivered, the formulation of the drug, the presence and types of excipients in the formulation, and the route of administration. Also, it is to be understood that the initial dosage administered may be increased beyond the above upper level in order to rapidly achieve the desired blood-level or tissue level, or the initial dosage may be smaller than the optimum and the daily dosage may be progressively increased during the course of treatment depending on the particular situation. If desired, the daily dose may also be divided into multiple doses for administration, for example, two to four times per day. Various disease states or conditions in humans and other mammals are found to be caused by or mediated by nonsense or missense mutations. These mutations cause or mediate the disease state or condition by adversely affecting, for example, protein synthesis, folding, trafficking and/or function. Examples of disease states or conditions in which an appreciable percentage of the disease or condition is believed to result from nonsense or missense mutations include hemophilia (factor VIII gene), neurofibromatosis (NF1 and NF2 genes), retinitis pigmentosa (human USH2A gene), bullous skin diseases like Epidermolysis bullosa pruriginosa (COL7A1 gene), cystic fibrosis (cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator gene), breast and ovarian cancer (BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes), Duchenne muscular dystrophy (dystrophin gene), colon cancer (mismatch repair genes, predominantly in MLH1 and MSH2), and lysosomal storage disorders such as Neimann-Pick disease (acid sphingomyelinase gene). See Sanders CR, Myers JK. Disease-related misassembly of membrane proteins. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct. 2004;33:25-51; National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) Genes and disease Bethesda, MD : NCBI, NLM ID: 101138560 [Book]; and Raskό, Istvan; Downes, C S Genes in medicine : molecular biology and human genetic disorders 1 st ed. London ; New York : Chapman & Hall, 1995. NLM ID: 9502404 [Book]. The compounds of the present invention can be used to treat or prevent a disease state in a mammal caused or mediated by such nonsense or missense mutations by administering to a mammal in need thereof an effective amount of the present invention to suppress the nonsense or missense mutation involved in the disease, state.

6. Examples Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were obtained on a Bruker Avance 300 or

Avance 500 spectrometer, or in some cases a GE-Nicolet 300 spectrometer. Common reaction solvents were either high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade or American Chemical Society (ACS) grade, and anhydrous as obtained from the manufacturer unless otherwise noted. "Chromatography" or "purified by silica gel" refers to flash column chromatography using silica gel (EM Merck, Silica Gel 60, 230-400 mesh) unless otherwise noted. Compounds synthesized in accordance with the invention are listed in Table 1.

Table 1

EXAMPLE 1 - SYNTHESIS OF COMPOUNDS 242-244

Scheme 54 below depicts the synthesis of compounds 242-244 using the chemistries previously exemplified. Briefly, desmycosin was protected as its diethylacetal derivative 37. Demethylation under standard conditions (U.S. Patent No. 3,725,385) gave desmethyl derivative 38. This amine was alkylated with tosylates 40a-c to give alkynes 246a-c wherein n is 1 , 2, or 3 respectively. Alkynes 246a-c were reacted with azide intermediate 247 (Brickner, S.J. et al, J. Med. Chem., 1996, 39, 673) in the presence of Cul to produce compounds 248a-c. Subsequent hydrolysis of the diethylacetal protecting group afforded compounds 242, 243, and 244. Scheme 54

Synthesis of diethylacetal 37 To a solution of 1.00 g (1.30 mmol) of desmycosin in 10 mL of ethyl alcohol was added 0.260 g (1.36 mmol) ofp-toluenesulfonic acid at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 3 hours (h), diluted with 30 mL of saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, and extracted with EtOAc. The combined EtOAc extracts were washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, and concentrated to give 1.220 g of 37, which was used without further purification. Synthesis of desmethyl compound 38 To a mixture of 0.250 g (0.29 mmol) of 37 and 0.486 g (5.92 mmol) of NaOAc in 10 mL of MeOH/H₂O (80% MeOH) at 55°C was added 0.075 g (0.29 mmol) of solid iodine. The pH of the reaction mixture was maintained at 9 by addition of 1 N NaOH at time intervals of 10, 30, and 60 minutes after the addition of iodine. The reaction mixture was stirred at 55°C for 1 hour following the last addition of NaOH solution, then diluted with 25 mL of saturated NaHCO₃ and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 2). The combined EtOAc extracts were washed sequentially with 15 mL of 5% NaS₂O₄ and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to give 0.221 g of38.

Synthesis of toluene-4-sulfonic acid but-3-ynyl ester 40b 3-Butyn-l-ol (1.8 g, 25 mmol) was dissolved in methylene chloride (CH₂C1 ) (40 mL) and triethylamine (Et₃N) (4.18 mL, 30 mmol). The solution was stirred at 0°C followed by addition of p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (5.05 g, 26.25 mmol). The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature over a period of 1 hour and stirring was continued overnight. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis (hexanes/EtOAc 6:1) after 20 hours of reaction showed a complete consumption of 3-butyn-l-ol. The precipitated triethylamine hydrochloride was filtered off and the filtrate washed with water (30 mL) and brine (30 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solvent evaporated away to give a light-yellow oil (5.45 g, 97%). The crude oil was used without further purification; however, it could be purified on a silica gel column, first eluting with 8% EtOAc in hexanes followed by 40% EtOAc in hexanes.

Synthesis of toluene-4-sulfonic acid prop-2-ynyl ester 40a Tosylate 40a was made from propargyl alcohol and tosyl chloride as described for tosylate 40b above.

Synthesis of toluene-4-sulfonic acid pent-4-ynyI ester 40c Tosylate 40c was made from 3-pentyn-l-ol and tosyl chloride as described for tosylate

40b above. Synthesis of alkyne 246b A mixture of 0.200 g (0.24 mmol) of 38, 0.270 g (1.20 mmol) of 3-butyn-l-ol tosylate 40b, 0.311 g (2.41 mmol) of di-isopropylethylamine and 10 mg of dimethylaminopyridine in 5 mL of THF was allowed to stir at 55 °C for 48 hours. The mixture was diluted with 20 mL of saturated NaHCO₃, extracted with EtOAc (30 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to give 0.065 g of desired product 246b and 0.063 g of recovered starting material 38 after purification through flash column chromatography on silica gel.

Synthesis of alkyne 246a Alkyne 246a was made from tosylate 40a and desmethyl compound 38 as described for alkyne 246b above.

Synthesis of alkyne 246c Alkyne 246c was made from tosylate 40c and desmethyl compound 38 as described for alkyne 246c above.

Synthesis of Triazole 243 To a 5 mL THF solution of 0.065 g (0.074 mmol) of alkyne 246b, 0.047 g (0.15 mmol) of azide 247, and 0.28 g (2.21 mmol) of diisopropylethylamine was added 0.028 g (0.15 mmol) of Cul at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at 25°C for 10 hours, diluted with 50 mL of CH2CI₂, washed sequentially with saturated NH₄C1 (15 mL x 2), brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to give a white solid which was purified by silica gel chromatography to afford 0.080 g of compound 248b. This material was dissolved in 2 mL of 0.2 N HCl_(aq)/MeCN (1 :1) and stirred at 25°C for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with 60 mL of EtOAc, washed with brine, dried over MgSO , filtered and concentrated to give 0.041 g of the desired product triazole 243. (Partial Η NMR data in CDC1₃): 9.69 (s, 1 H), 7.58 (s, 1 H), 7.46 ~ 6.86 (series of multiple peaks, 5 H), 6.27(d, J= 17.3 Hz, 1 H), 5.91 (d, J= 9.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.01 (m, I H), 2.43 (s, 3 H). Synthesis of Triazole 242 Triazole 242 was made from alkyne 246a and azide 247 as described for triazole 243 above (50% yield). (Partial Η NMR data, 300 MHz, CDC1₃) δ 9.73 (s, 1 H), 7.55 (s, 1 H), 7.28 ~ 6.80 (series of multiple peaks, 5 H), 6.20(d, J= 15.0 Hz, 1 H), 5.91 (d, J= 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 5.00 (m, 1 H), 2.41 (s, 3 H).

Synthesis of Triazole 244 Triazole 244 was made from alkyne 246c and azide 247 as described for triazole 243 above (62% yield). (Partial Η NMR data, 300 MHz, CDC1₃) δ 9.69 (s, 1 H), 7.69 (s, 1 H), 7.54 ~ 6.89 (series of multiple peaks, 5 H), 6.26 (d, J= 15.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.92 (d, J= 9.7 Hz, 1 H), 5.03 (m, 1 H), 4.56 (d, J= 7.7 Hz, 1 H), 2.38 (s, 3 H).

EXAMPLE 2 - SYNTHESIS OF COMPOUND 245

The known compound, 5-O-myamarosyl-tylonolide (OMT), may be treated with chemistry analogous to that presented in Scheme 54 to afford new compounds such as 245. More specifically, as shown in Scheme 55, OMT may be protected as its diethylacetal derivative 250, and subsequent demethylation gives amine 251. Alkylation with propargyl bromide then provides alkyne 252. Reaction of alkyne 252 and azide 248 followed by deprotection of the aldehyde moiety provides triazole 245.

Scheme 55

Synthesis of Diacetyl 249 To a solution of 0.410 g (0.68 mmol) of OMT in 10 mL of ethyl alcohol was added 0.137 g (0.72 mmol) of jσ-toluenesulfonic acid at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 4 hours, diluted with 20 mL of saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, and extracted with EtOAc. The combined EtOAc layers were washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, and concentrated to give 0.470 g of the desired product 249.

Synthesis of Desmethyl Compound 250 To a mixture of 0.150 g (0.22 mmol) of 249 and 0.367 g (4.47 mmol) of NaOAc in 10 mL of MeOH/H₂O (80% MeOH) at 55°C was added 0.057 g (0.22 mmol) of solid iodine. The pH of the reaction mixture was maintained at about 9 through the addition of 1 N NaOH at the time intervals of 10, 30, and 60 minutes after the addition of iodine. The reaction mixture was stirred at 55°C for another hour following the last addition of NaOH solution, then diluted with 25 mL of saturated NaHCO₃, and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 2). The combined EtOAc layers were washed sequentially with 15 mL of 5% NaS O₄, brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to give 0.130 g of desired product 250. Synthesis of Alkyne 251 A mixture of 0.058 g (0.088 mmol) of 250, 0.012 g (0.097 mmol) of propargyl bromide, 0.342 g (2.65 mmol) of di-isopropylethylamine 5 mL of THF was stirred at 55°C for 24 hours. The mixture was diluted with 20 mL of saturated NaHCO₃, extracted with EtOAc (30 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to give 0.050 g of alkyne 251 after purification by silica gel flash column chromatography.

Synthesis of Triazole 245 To a 5mL THF solution of 0.050 g (0.072 mmol) of 251, 0.046 g (0.14 mmol) of azide 247, and 0.279 g (2.16 mmol) of di-iospropylethylamine was added 0.027 g (0.14 mmol) of Cul at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at 25°C for 4 hours, diluted with 50 mL of CH₂C1₂, washed sequentially with saturated NH₄C1 (15 mL x 2), brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated, and purified by silica gel flash column chromatography to give 0.067 g of a solid. This material was dissolved in 2 mL of 0.2 N HCl/MeCN (1 :1) and stirred at 25°C for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with 60 mL of EtOAc, washed with brine (20 mL), dried over MgSO , filtered and concentrated to give 0.019 g of triazole 245. (Partial Η NMR data in CDC1₃): 9.70 (s, 1 H), 7.74 (s, 1 H), 7.36 ~ 6.89 (series of multiple peaks), 6.28(d, J = 15.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.95 (d, J = 10.34 Hz, 1 H), 5.05(m, 1 H), 2.38 (s, 3 H).

EXAMPLE 3 - SYNTHESIS OF COMPOUNDS 625 and 626 Scheme 56 below depicts the synthesis of compounds 625 and 626 using the chemistries previously exemplified. Briefly, desmycosin was protected as its diethylacetal derivative 92 (compound 37 in Scheme 54). Demethylation under standard conditions (U.S. Patent No. 3,725,385) gave desmethyl amine derivative 93 (compound 38 in Scheme 54). This amine was alkylated with the tosylate of 3-butyn-l -ol 11 to give alkyne 94 (tosylate 11 is commercially available or can be prepared by tosylation of 3-butyn-l -ol). Alkyne 94 is reacted with azide intermediate 14ez (Brickner, S.J. et al, J. Med. Chem., 1996, 39, 673) in the presence of Cul to produce compound 625. Subsequent hydrolysis of the diethylacetal protecting group of 625 afforded compound 626. Scheme 56

Synthesis of compound 92 To a solution of 1.00 g (1.30 mmol) of desmycocin in 10 ml of ethyl alcohol was added 0.260 g (1.36 mmol) of/?-toluenesulfonic acid at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 3 hours, then diluted with 30 mL of saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, and extracted with EtOAc. The combined ethyl acetate extracts were washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, and concentrated to give 1.220 g of 92 which was used without further purification. Synthesis of compound 93 To a mixture of 0.250 g (0.29 mmol) of 92 and 0.486 g (5.92 mmol) of NaOAc in 10 mL of MeOH/H₂O (80% MeOH) at 55 °C was added 0.075 g (0.29 mmol) of solid iodine. The pH value of the reaction mixture was maintained at 9 by addition of 1 N NaOH at time intervals of 10, 30, and 60 minutes after the addition of iodine. The reaction mixture was stirred at 55 °C for 1 hour following the last addition of NaOH solution, then diluted with 25 mL of saturated NaHCO₃ and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 2). The combined EtOAc extracts were washed equentially with 15 ml of 5% NaS₂O₄ and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to give 0.221 g of 93.

Synthesis of alkyne 94 A mixture of 0.200 g (0.24 mmol) of 93, 0.270 g (1.20 mmol) of tosylate 11, 0.31 1 g (2.41 mmol) of di-isopropylethylamine and 10 mg of dimethylaminopyridine in 5 ml of THF was allowed to stir at 55 °C for 48 hours. The mixture was diluted with 20 ml of saturated NaHCO , extracted with EtOAc (30 mL x 3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to give 0.065 g of desired product 94 and

0.063 g of recovered starting material 93 after purification through flash column chromatography on silica gel.

Synthesis of tosylate 11 To a solution of 3.000 g (42.85 mmol) of 3-butan-l-ol and 9.800 g (51.43 mmol) of TsCI in 50 ml of CH₂C1₂ was added 17.92 ml (128.57 mmol) of Et₃N at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and allowed to stir until TLC showed the reaction was complete. The reaction mixture was diluted with NaHCO , extracted with EtOAc, combined EtOAc layers were washed with brine, dried, concentrated and purified through silica gel column chromatography to give 8.600 g of tosylate 11.

Synthesis of compound 625 A solution of 0.300 g (0.03 mmol) of alkyne 94, 0.018 g (0.06 mmol) of azide 14ez and 0.006 g (0.03 mmol) of Cul in 3.0 ml of THF was degassed, then put under argon. To the mixture was added 4 drops of Hunig's base. The reaction was stirred at 25 °C for 6 h. To it was added 20 mL of 10% NH₄OH, stirred for 10 min, extracted with CH₂C1₂ (30 mL x 3), combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried, concentrated, purified through preparative TLC to give 0.020 g of the final product. MS (ESI) m/e 1 145 (M + H)⁺.

Synthesis of azide 14ez The follow synthetic scheme was used for the preparation of azide 14ez.

3-aminopropanol

14ez

A solution of 3-aminopropanol (0.48 ml, 6.2 mmol) in MeOH (30 mL), Et N (2.6 mL, 18.6 mmol) and water (10 mL) was treated with triflic azide [freshly prepared according to literature procedure, Cavender, C. J.; Shiner, Jr. V. J.; J. Org. Chem., 1972, 37, 3567] (approximately 18.6 mmol) in CH₂C1₂ (20 mL) at room temperature overnight. CH₂CI2 (40 mL) and water (20 mL) were added, the two layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂C1₂ (20 mL). The combined organic layer was washed in succession with IN HCl (25 mL), saturated NaHCO (30 mL) and dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvent was evaporated off to give 3-azidopropanol as clear volatile oil (0.60g, 96 %, Rf = 0.19, EtOAc/Hexanes 1 :4). To a mixture of 3-azidopropanol (0.28g, 1.44 mmol), thiadiazole phenol (0.12g, 1.2 mmol) and PPh₃ (0.41g, 1.56 mmol) in anhydrous THF (10 mL) was added DIAD (0.30 mL, 1.44 mmol) drop wise at 0°C. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirring continued for 20h. Solvent was evaporated off and the crude was purified by preparative TLC, eluting with EtOAc/Hexanes 1 :3. The product was eluted off silica with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (2N NH ) 18:1 to give azide 14ez as light-yellow oil that solidified to white solid upon standing (0.28g, 89%). M+H⁺ 261.9. Synthesis of compound 626 A solution of 0.015 g (0.013 mmol) of compound 625 in 1.0 ml of 0.2 N HCl and 1.0 mL of acetonitrile was stirred at 25 °C for 4 hours. To it was added 15 mL of saturated aqueous ΝaHCO₃ solution, the aqueous layer was then extracted with CH₂C1₂ (40 mL x 3), combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried, and concentrated to give 0.003 g of pure 626. MS (ESI) /e l l72 (M + H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 4 - SYNTHESIS OF COMPOUNDS 623 and 624 These compounds were synthesized from intermediate 94 and azide 14w using the procedures described above for compounds 625 and 626. 623 MS (ESI) m/e 1076 (M + H)⁺. 624 MS (ESI) m/e 1003 (M + H)⁺.

Synthesis of azide 14

A solution of 3.000 g (13.0 mmol) of 4-nitrophenethyl bromide and 1.270 g (19.6 mmol) of NaN3 in 20 ml of DMF was heated up to 70 oC for 10 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with H2O (20 ml), extracted with ethyl ether (50 ml x 3), combined ethyl ether layers were washed with brine (40 ml), dried (MgSO4), and concentrated to give 2.600 g of the azide 14 .

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE The entire disclosure of each of the patent documents and scientific articles referred to herein is incoφorated by reference for all puφoses.

EQUIVALENTS The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The foregoing embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects illustrative rather than limiting on the invention described herein. Scope of the invention is thus indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are intented to be embraced therein.

Claims

What is claimed is: 1. A compound having the formula:

I or II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, N-oxide, or prodrug thereof, wherein T is a 16-membered macrolide connected via a macrocyclic ring carbon atom; R¹ and R³ independently are selected from the group consisting of: (a) H, (b) a Cj_-6 alkyl group, (c) a C_2-6 alkenyl group, (d) a C_2-6 alkynyl group, (e) -C(O)R⁶, (f) -C(O)OR⁶, (g) -C(O)-ΝR⁵R⁵R⁵R⁵, (h) -C(S)R⁶, (i) -C(S)OR⁶, (j) -C(O)SR⁶, or (k) -C(S)-NR⁵R⁵R⁵R⁵; R² and R⁴ at each occurrence independently are selected from hydrogen or -OR¹³; D is selected from the group consisting of: (a) a single bond, (b) a Cι_-8 alkyl group, (c) a C_2-8 alkenyl group; (d) a C_2-8 alkynyl group; (e) -C(O)-X- (f) -C(O)O-X- (g) -C(O)NR⁵R⁵-X- (h) -C(=NR⁵)-X- (i) -C(=NR⁵)0-X- (j) -C(=NR⁵)N-X- (k) -SO₂-X-, (1) -C(NR⁵)NR⁵-X- (m) -C(S)-X-, (n) -C(S)NR⁵-X- (o) -C(NR⁵)S-X- or (p) -C(O)S-X-, wherein i) 0-2 carbon atoms in any of (b)-(d) of D immediately above optionally is replaced by a moiety selected from the group consisting of O, S(O)_p, and NR⁵, ii) each of the groups (b)-(d) immediately above optionally is substituted with one or more R⁶ groups, iii) alternatively when R⁶ is present as an optional substituent on (b)- (d), R³ and R⁶ can be taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a 3-7 membered ring, and iv) X is selected from the group consisting of (aa) a Cι_-6 alkyl group, (bb) a C_2-6 alkenyl group, or (cc) a C_2-6 alkynyl group, wherein each of groups (aa)-(cc) optionally is substituted with one or more R⁶ groups; F is selected from the group consisting of: (a) a single bond, (b) a Cι_-6 alkyl group, (c) a C_2-6 alkenyl group, (d) a C_2-6 alkynyl group, wherein i) 0-2 carbon atoms in any of (b)-(d) of F immediately above optionally is replaced by a moiety selected from the group consisting of O, S(O)_p, and NR⁵, ii) any of (b)-(d) of F immediately above optionally is substituted with one or more R⁶ groups, and iii) any of (b)-(d) of F immediately above optionally is substituted with Cj.₆ alkyl-R⁶ groups; E is selected from the group consisting of: (a) a 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, (b) a 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, (c) a -W-[3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur], (d) a -W-[ 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle], (e) -C(θy, (f) -C(O)O- (g) -C(O)NR⁵-, (h) -C(=NR⁵)-, (i) -C(=NR⁵)O-, (j) -C(=NR⁵)NR⁵-, (k) -OC(O)-, (1) -OC(O)O-, (m) -OC(O)NR⁵-, (n) -NR⁵C(O)-, (o) -NR⁵C(O)O- (p) -NR⁵C(O)NR⁵-, (q) -NR⁵C(=NR⁵)NR⁵-, (r) -S(O)_p- (s) -NR⁵S(O)₂- (t) -S(O)₂NR⁵-, (u) -C(N-OR⁵)-, (v) -CH₂- (w) -C(N-NR⁵R⁵)-, (x) -C(S)NR⁵-, (y) - NR⁵C(S)-, (z) -C(S)O- or (aa) -OC(S) -, wherein i) any of (a)-(d) immediately above optionally is substituted with one or more R⁶ groups; and ii) W is selected from the group consisting of: (aa) -OCO-, (bb) -OC(O)O-, (cc) -OC(O)NR⁵-, (dd) -NR⁵C(O)O-, (ee) -OCNOR⁵-, (ff) -NR⁵-C(O)O-, (gg) -C(S)(NR⁵)-, (hh) -NR⁵-, (ii) -OC(S)O- (jj) -OC(S)NR⁵-, (kk) -NR⁵C(S)O-, (11) - OC(S)NOR⁵-, (mm) -C(S)O- (nn)-,OC(S)-, (oo) -C(O)-, (pp) - C(O)O-, (qq) -C(O)NR⁵-, (rr) -C(=NR⁵)-, (ss) -C(=NR⁵)0-, (tt) -C(=NR⁵)NR⁵-, (uu) -OC(O)-, (w) - OC(O)O-, (ww) -OC(O)NR⁵-, (xx) -NR⁵C(O)-, (yy) - NR⁵C(O)O- (zz) -NR⁵C(O)NR⁵-, (aaa) -NR⁵C(=NR⁵)NR⁵-, (bbb) -S(O)_p- (ccc) -NR⁵S(O)₂- (ddd) -S(O)₂NR⁵-, (eee) -C(N- OR⁵)-, (fff) -C(N-NR⁵R⁵)-, (ggg) -C(S)NR⁵-, or (hhh) - NR⁵C(S)-; G is selected from the group consisting of: (a) B' and (b) B'-Z-B", wherein i) each B' and B" is independently selected from the group consisting of (aa) an aryl group, (bb) a heteroaryl group, (cc) a biaryl group, (dd) a fused bicyclic or tricyclic saturated, unsaturated or aromatic ring system optionally containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, (ee) a 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, (ff) a 3-10 membered saturated, or unsaturated carbocycle, wherein each (aa)-(ff) optionally is substituted with one or more R¹² groups; and ii) Z is selected from the group consisting of (aa) a single bond, (bb) a Cj_-2 alkyl group, (cc) a C₂ alkenyl group, (dd) a C₂ alkynyl group, (ee) -C(O)-, (ff) -C(O)O- (gg) - C(O)NR⁵-, (hh) -C(=NR⁵)-, (ii) -C(=NR⁵)O- (jj) -C(=NR⁵)NR⁵- , (kk) -S(O)p- (11) -OC(θy ,(mm) -C(S)-, (nn) -C(S)NR⁵-, (oo) -C(NR⁵)S- (pp) -C(O)S- (qq) -O-, (rr) -NR⁵-, (ss) -NR⁵C(O)-, (tt) -OC(NR⁵)-, (uu) -NC(NR⁵)-, (w) -C(S)O- (ww) -SC(O)-, or (xx) -OC(S)-; 89 R⁵, at each occurrence, independently is selected from the group consisting of: 90 (a) H, (b) a Cι-₆ alkyl group, (c) a C_2-6 alkenyl group, (d) a C_2-6 alkynyl group, (e) 91 a C_6-i₀ saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, (f) a 3-12 membered 92 saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more 93 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, 94 (g) -C(O>-C_1-6 alkyl, (h) -C(O)-C_2-6 alkenyl, (i) -C(O)-C_2-6 alkynyl, (j) -C(O)- 95 C_6-ιo saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, (k) -C(O)-3-12 membered 96 saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more 97 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, 98 (1) -C(O)O-C_1-6 alkyl, (m) -C(O)O-C_2-6 alkenyl, (n) -C(O)O-C_2-6 alkynyl, 99 (o) -C(O)O-C_6-ιo saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, p) -C(O)O-3-12

100 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more

101 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur,

102 and q) -C(O)NR⁷R⁷,

103 wherein any of (b)-(p) optionally is substituted with one or more R⁶

104 groups,

105 alternatively, NR⁵R forms a 3-7 membered saturated, unsaturated or aromatic

106 ring including the nitrogen atom to which the R⁵ groups are bonded, wherein said ring is

107 optionally substituted at a position other than the nitrogen atom to which the R⁵ groups

108 are bonded, with one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of O, S(O)_p, N,

109 and NR⁹;

110 R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of:

111 (a) R⁸, (b) a Cj_-8 alkyl group, (c) a C_2-8 alkenyl group, (d) a C_2-8 alkynyl group, (e)

112 a C_3-i₂ saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, and (f) a 3-12 membered

113 saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more

114 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, or

115 two R⁶ groups, when present on the same carbon atom can be taken together with

116 the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a spiro 3-6 membered

117 carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring containing one or more heteroatoms selected

118 form the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;

119 wherein any of (b)-(f) immediately above optionally is substituted with

120 one or more R⁸ groups; 121 R⁷, at each occurrence, independently is selected from the group consisting of:

122 (a) H, (b) a Cι_-6 alkyl group, (c) a C_2-6 alkenyl group, (d) a C_2-6 alkynyl group, (e)

123 a C_3-i₀ saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, and (f) a 3-10 membered

124 saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more

125 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur,

126 wherein any of (b)-(f) optionally is substituted with one or more moieties

127 selected from the group consisting of:

128 (aa) a carbonyl group, (bb) a formyl group, (cc) F, (dd) Cl, (ee) Br,

129 (ff) I, (gg) CN, (hh) NO_2> (ii) -OR⁹,

130 (jj) -S(O)_pR⁹, (kk) -C(O)R⁹, (11) -C(O)OR⁹,

131 (mm) -OC(O)R⁹, (nn) -C(O)NR⁹R⁹,

132 (oo) -OC(O)NR⁹R⁹, (pp) -C(=NR⁹)R⁹,

133 (qq) -C(R⁹)(R⁹)OR⁹, (rr) -C(R⁹)₂OC(O)R⁹,

134 (ss) -C(R⁹)(OR⁹)(CH₂)_rNR⁹R⁹, (tt) -NR⁹R⁹, 135 (uu) -NR⁹OR⁹, (w) -NR⁹C(O)R⁹,

136 (ww) -NR⁹C(O)OR⁹, (xx) -NR⁹C(O)NR⁹R⁹,

137 (yy) -NR⁹S(O)_rR⁹, (zz) -C(OR⁹)(OR⁹)R⁹, 138 (ab) -C(R⁹)₂NR⁹R⁹, (ac) =NR⁹,

139 (ad) -C(S)NR⁹R⁹, (ae) -NR⁹C(S)R⁹,

140 (af) -OC(S)NR⁹R⁹, (ag) -NR⁹C(S)OR⁹,

141 (ah) -NR⁹C(S)NR⁹R⁹, (ai) -SC(O)R⁹,

142 (aj) a Cι_-8 alkyl group, (ak) a C_2-8 alkenyl group, (al) a C₂.₈ alkynyl

143 group, (am) a Cι_-8 alkoxy group, (an) a Cι_-8 alkylthio group, (ao) a

144 Cι_-8 acyl group, (ap) -CF₃,

145 (aq) -SCF _, (ar) a C_3-ιo saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic

146 carbocycle, and (as) a 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or

147 aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected

148 from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur,

149 alternatively, NR⁷R⁷ forms a 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated or aromatic

150 ring including the nitrogen atom to which the R⁷ groups are attached wherein said ring is

151 optionally substituted at a position other than the nitrogen atom to which the R⁷ groups 152 are bonded, with one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of O, S(O)_p, N,

153 and NR⁹;

154 alternatively, CR⁷R⁷ forms a carbonyl group;

155 R⁸, at each occurrence, is selected from the group consisting of:

156 (a) H, (b) =O, (c) =CH₂, (d) =S, (e) =NOR⁷, (f) F, (g) Cl, (h) Br, (i) I, 0) -CF₃,

157 (k) -CN, (1) -N₃ (m) -NO₂, (n) -NR⁷(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (o) -OR¹⁰, (p) -

158 S(O)pC(R⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (q) -C(O)(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (r) -OC(O)(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (s) -

159 SC(O)(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (t) -C(O)O(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (u) -NR⁷C(O)(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (v) -

160 C(O)NR⁷(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (w) -C(=NR⁷)(CR⁷R⁷) R¹⁰, (x) -C(=NNR⁷R⁷)(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰,

161 (y) -C(=NNR⁷C(O)R⁷)(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (z) -C(=NOR¹⁰)(CR⁷R⁷)tR¹⁰, (aa) -

162 NR⁷C(O)O(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (bb) -OC(O)NR⁷(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (cc) -

163 NR⁷C(O)NR⁷(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (dd) -NR⁷S(O)_p(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (ee) -

164 S(O)_pNR⁷(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (ff) -NR⁷S(O)pNR⁷(CR⁷R⁷)_tR¹⁰, (gg) -NR⁷R⁷, (hh) -

165 NR⁷(CR⁷R⁷), (ii) -OH, (jj) -NR⁷R⁷, (kk) -OCH₃, (11) -S(O)_pR⁷, (mm) -NC(O)R⁷,

166 (nn) a C,_₆ alkyl group, (oo) a C₂_₆ alkenyl group, (pp) a C_2.6 alkynyl group, (qq) -

167 C₃_ιo saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, and (rr) 3-10 membered

168 saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more

169 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur,

170 wherein any of (nn)-(rr) optionally is substituted with one or more R¹⁰

171 groups;

172 alternatively, two R⁸ groups may form -O(CH₂)_uO-;

173 R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of:

174 (a) R⁶,(b) H, (c) a Cj_-6 alkyl group, (d) a C_2-6 alkenyl group, (e) a C_2.6 alkynyl

175 group, (f) a C -ι₀ saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, (g) a 3-10

176 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more

177 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur,

178 (h) -C(O)-C,_-6 alkyl, (i) -C(O)-C,_-6 alkenyl, (j) -C(O)-C,,₆ alkynyl, (k) -C(O)-

179 C_3-ιo saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, and (1) -C(O)-3-10

180 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more

181 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, 182 wherein any of (c)-(k) optionally is substituted with one or more moieties

183 selected from the group consisting of : (aa) H, (bb) F, (cc) Cl, (dd) Br, (ee)

184 I, (ff) CN, (gg) NO₂, (hh) OH, (ii) NH₂, (jj) NH(C_1-6 alkyl), (kk)

185 N(Ci_₆ alkyl)2, (11) a Cj_-6 alkoxy group, (mm) an aryl group, (nn) a

186 substituted aryl group, (oo) a heteroaryl group, (pp) a substituted

187 heteroaryl group, and qq) a Cι_-6 alkyl group optionally substituted with

188 one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of an aryl group,

189 a substituted aryl group, a heteroaryl group, a substituted heteroaryl group,

190 F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, CF₃, SCF₃, and OH;

191 R¹⁰, at each occurrence, independently is selected from the group consisting of:

192 (a) R¹¹, (b) a C,_₆ alkyl group, (c) a C_2.6 alkenyl group, (d) a C_2.6 alkynyl group, e)

193 a C_3-ιo saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, and f) a 3-10 membered

194 saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more

195 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur,

196 wherein any of (b)-(f) optionally is substituted with one or more R¹ '

197 groups;

198 R¹¹, at each occurrence, independently is selected from the group consisting of:

1 9 (a) H, (b) =O, (c) F, (d) Cl, (e) Br, (f) I, (g) -CF₃, (h) -CN, (i) -NO₂, (j) -NR⁷R⁷,

200 (k) -OR⁷, (1) -S(O)_pR⁷, (m) -C(O)R⁷, (n) -C(O)OR⁷, (o) -OC(O)R⁷, (p)

201 NR⁷C(O)R⁷, (q) -C(O)NR⁷R⁷, (r) -C(=NR⁷)R⁷, (s) -NR⁷C(O)NR⁷R⁷, (t) -

202 NR⁷S(O)_pR⁷, (u) -S(O)_pNR⁷R⁷, (v) -NR⁷S(O)_pNR⁷R⁷, (w) a C,_.6 alkyl group,

203 (x) a C₂_₆ alkenyl group, (y) a C₂_₆ alkynyl group, (z) a C_3-ι₀ saturated,

204 unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, and (aa) a 3-10 membered saturated,

205 unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected

206 from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur,

207 wherein any of (w)-(aa) optionally is substituted with one or more

208 moieties selected from the group consisting of R⁷, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, -

209 OR⁷, -NH₂, -NH(Cι_-6 alkyl), -N(C,.₆ alkyl)₂, a Cj_-6 alkoxy group, a

210 Cj-₆ alkylthio group, and a Cι_-6 acyl group;

211 R¹² at each occurrence, independently is selected from the group consisting of:

212 (a) a carbonyl group, (b) a formyl group, (c) F, (d) Cl, (e) Br, (f) I, (g) CN, (h)

213 NO₂, (i) OR⁹, (j) -S(O)_pR⁹, (k) -C(O)R⁹, (1) -C(O)OR⁹, 214 (m) -OC(O)R⁹, (n) -C(O)NR⁹R⁹, (o) -OC(O)NR⁹R⁹,

215 (p) -C(=NR⁹)R⁹, (q) -C(R⁹)(R⁹)OR⁹, (r) -C(R⁹)₂OC(O)R⁹,

216 (s) -C(R⁹)(OR⁹)(CH₂)_rNR⁹R⁹, (t) -NR⁹R⁹, (u) -NR⁹OR⁹,

217 (v) -NR⁹C(O)R⁹, (w) -NR⁹C(O)OR⁹, (x) -NR⁹C(O)NR⁹R⁹, (y) -NR⁹S(O)_rR⁹, (z)

218 -C(OR⁹)(OR⁹)R⁹, (aa) -C(R⁹)₂NR⁹R⁹, (bb) =NR⁹, (cc) -C(S)NR⁹R⁹, (dd) -

219 NR⁹C(S)R⁹, (ee) -OC(S)NR⁹R⁹, (ff) -NR⁹C(S)OR⁹, (gg) -NR⁹C(S)NR⁹R⁹, (hh) -

220 SC(O)R⁹, (ii) a Cι_-8 alkyl group, (jj) a C_2-8 alkenyl group, (kk) a C_2-8 alkynyl

221 group, (11) a Cι_-8 alkoxy group, (mm) a Cι_₈ alkylthio group, (nn) a Cj_-8 acyl

222 group, (oo) a C_3-j₀ saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, and (pp) a 3-10

223 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more

224 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur,

225 wherein (ii)-(kk) optionally are substitued with one or more R⁶ groups;

226 R is selected from the group consisting of:

227 (a) H, (b) a Cj-₆ alkyl group, (c) a C_2-6 alkenyl group, (d) a C₂.₆ alkynyl group, (e)

228 -C(O)R⁶, (f) -C(O)OR⁶, (g) -C(O)-NR⁵R⁵R⁵R⁵, (h) -C(S)R⁶, (i) -C(S)OR⁶, (j) -

229 C(O)SR⁶, (k) -C(S)-NR⁵R⁵R⁵R⁵, (1) a C₃.j₀ saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic

230 carbocycle, or (m) a 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic

231 heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group

232 consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, (n) a -(C|_-6 alkyl) -C_3-j₀ saturated,

233 unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, or (o) a -(Cj_-6 alkyl)-3- 10 membered

234 saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more

235 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur,

236 wherein (a)-(d) and (l)-(⁰) optionally are substitued with one or more R⁶

237 groups;

238 p at each occurrence is 0, 1, or 2;

239 r at each occurrence is 0, 1 , or 2;

240 t at each occurrence is 0, 1 , or 2;

241 u at each occurrence is 1 , 2, 3, or 4;

242 provided that

243

244 i) -D-E- is not a glycoside attached via its anomeric carbon,

245 ii) -D-E-F-G is not a C (alkyl), C_2-4(alkenyl), or C_2- (alkynyl)

246 chain bonded to a 5-10 membered monocyclic or bicyclic 247 carbocyle or heterocycle or bonded to a 5 or 6 membered 248 carbocycle or heterocycle further bonded to a 5 or 6 membered 249 carbocycle or heterocycle, any of said carbocycles or heterocycles 250 being optionally substituted with one or more groups selected 251 from the group consisting of (aa) -OH, (bb) -F, (cc) -Cl, (dd) -I, 252 and (ee) -NO_2ι and 253 iii) -D-E-F-G- is not a chemical moiety selected from the chemical 254 moieties listed in Table B. 255 Table B

256 1 2. A compound according to claim 1 , having the formula:

2 or II 3 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, N-oxide, or prodrug thereof wherein T, D, E, 4 F, G, R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are as described in claim 1.

A compound according to claim 1 or 2 having the formula:

I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, N-oxide, or prodrug thereof wherein T, D, E, F, G, R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are as described in claim 1.

4. A compound according to claim 1 or 2 having the formula:

II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, N-oxide, or prodrug thereof wherein T, D, E, F, G, R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are as described in claim 1.

5. A compound according to any one of claims 1 -4, wherein G is B'.

6. A compound according to claim 5 wherein B' is selected from the group consisting of: (a) an aryl group, (b) a heteroaryl group, (c) a biaryl group, and (d) a fused bicyclic or tricyclic unsaturated or aromatic ring system optionally containing one or more carbonyl groups and one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, 1 oxygen, and sulfur, wherein each (a)-(d) optionally is substituted with one or more R groups.

7. A compound according to claim 5, wherein E is (a) a 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, (b) a 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, (c) a -W-[3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur], (d) a -W-[ 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle], (e) -C(θy, (f) -C(O)O- (g) -C(O)ΝR⁵- (h) -C(=NR⁵)-, (i) -C(=NR⁵)O-, (j) -C(=NR⁵)NR⁵-, (k) -OC(O)-, (1) -OC(O)O-, (m) -OC(O)NR⁵-, (n) -NR⁵C(O)-, (o) -NR⁵C(O)O-, (p) -NR⁵C(O)NR⁵-, (q) -NR⁵C(=NR⁵)NR⁵-, (r) -S(O)_p- (s) -NR⁵S(O)₂-, (t) -S(O)₂NR⁵-, (u) -C(N-OR⁵)-, (v) -C(N-NR⁵R⁵)-, (w) -C(S)NR⁵-, (x) - NR⁵C(S) -, (y) -C(S)O- or (z) -OC(S) -, wherein i) any of (a)-(d) immediately above optionally is substituted with one or more R⁶ groups; and ii) W is selected from the group consisting of: (aa) -OCO-, (bb) -OC(O)O-, (cc) -OC(O)NR⁵-, (dd) - NR⁵C(O)O-, (ee) -OCNOR⁵-, (ff) -NR⁵-C(O)O-, (gg) - C(S)(NR⁵)-, (hh) -NR⁵-, (ii) -OC(S)O-, (jj) -OC(S)NR⁵-, (kk) - NR⁵C(S)O-, (11) -OC(S)NOR⁵-, (mm) -C(S)O-, (nn) -OC(S)-, (oo) -C(θy, (pp) -C(O)O-, (qq) -C(O)NR⁵-, (rr) -C(=NR⁵)-, (ss) -C(=NR⁵)O-, (tt) -C(=NR⁵)NR⁵-, (uu) -OC(O)-, (w) - OC(O)O- (ww) -OC(O)NR⁵-, (xx) -NR⁵C(O)-, (yy) - NR⁵C(O)O- (zz) -NR⁵C(O)NR⁵-, (aaa) -NR⁵C(=NR⁵)NR⁵-, (bbb) -S(O)_p- (ccc) -NR⁵S(O)₂-, (ddd) -S(O)₂NR⁵-, (eee) -C(N- OR⁵)-, (fff) -C(N-NR⁵R⁵)-, (ggg) -C(S)NR⁵-, or (hhh) - NR⁵C(S)-.

A compound according to any one of claims 1-7, wherein D is selected from the group consisting of (a) a Cj_-8 alkyl group, (b) a C₂-₈ alkenyl group, and (c) a C_2-8 alkynyl group, wherein i) 0-2 carbon atoms in any of (a)-(c) of D immediately above optionally is replaced by a moiety selected from the group consisting of O, S(O)_p, and NR⁵, ii) any of (a)-(c) of D immediately above optionally is substituted with one or more R⁶ groups; and F is selected from the group consisting of (a) a single bond, (b) a Cι-₆ alkyl group, (c) a C_2-6 alkenyl group, and (d) a C_2-6 alkynyl group, wherein i) 0-2 carbon atoms in any of (b)-(d) of F immediately above optionally is replaced by a moiety selected from the group consisting of O, S(O)_p, and NR⁵ ; ii) any of (b)-(d) of F immediately above optionally is substituted with one or more R⁶ groups; and iii) any of (b)-(d) of F immediately above optionally is substituted with Cι-₆ alkyl-R⁶.

A compound according to claim 8, wherein E is selected from the group consisting of: (a) a 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, (b) a 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, (c) a -W-[3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur], (d) a -W-[ 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle], (e) -C(O)-, (f) -C(O)O- (g) -C(O)NR⁵-, (h) -C(=NR⁵)-, (i) -C(=NR⁵)O-, (j) - C(=NR⁵)NR⁵-, (k) -OC(O)-, (1) -OC(O)O-, (m) -OC(O)NR⁵-, (n) -NR⁵C(O)-, (o) -NR⁵C(O)O- (p) -NR⁵C(O)NR⁵-, (q) -NR⁵C(=NR⁵)NR⁵-, (r) -S(O)_p- (s) - NR⁵S(O)₂- (t) -S(O)₂NR⁵-, (u) -C(N-OR⁵)-, (v) -CH₂- (w) -C(N-NR⁵R⁵)-, (x) -C(S)NR⁵, (Y) -NR⁵C(S)-, (Z) -C(S)O-, or (aa) -OC(S)-, wherein i) any of (a)-(d) immediately above optionally is substituted with one or more R⁶ groups; and ii) W is selected from the group consisting of: (aa) -OCO-, (bb) -OC(O)O- (cc) -OC(O)NR⁵- (dd) -NR⁵C(O)0-, (ee) -OCNOR⁵-, (ff) -NR⁵-C(O)0-, (gg) - C(S)(NR⁵)-, (hh) -NR⁵, (ii) -OC(S)O-, (jj) -OC(S)NR⁵-, (kk) - NR⁵C(S)O- (11) -OC(S)NOR⁵-, (mm) -C(S)O- (nn)-OC(S), (oo) -C(O)-, (pp) -C(O)O-, (qq) -C(O)NR⁵-, (rr) -C(=NR⁵)-, (ss) - C(=NR⁵)O-, (tt) -C(=NR⁵)NR⁵-, (uu) -OC(O)-, (w) -OC(O)O- (ww) -OC(O)NR⁵-, (xx) -NR⁵C(O)-, (yy) -NR⁵C(O)O- (zz) - NR⁵C(O)NR⁵-, (aaa) -NR⁵C(=NR⁵)NR⁵-, (bbb) -S(O)_p-, (ccc) - NR⁵S(O)₂- (ddd) -S(O)₂NR⁵-, (eee) -C(N-OR⁵)-, (fff) -C(N- NR⁵R⁵)-, (ggg) -C(S)NR⁵-, or (hhh)-NR⁵C(S)-.

10. A compound according to claim 9, wherein E is selected from the group consisting of: (a) a 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and (b) a 3-10 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle, wherein (a) and (b) immediately above optionally is substituted with one more R⁶ groups.

11. A compound according to claim 9, wherein E is selected from the group consisting of: (a) -C(O)-, (b) -C(O)O-, (c) -C(O)NR⁵-, (d) -C(=NR⁵)-, (e) -C(=NR⁵)O- (f) -C(=NR⁵)NR⁵-, (g) -OC(O)-, (h) -OC(O)O-, (i) - OC(O)NR⁵-, (j) -NR⁵C(O)-, (k) -NR⁵C(O)O- (1) -NR⁵C(O)NR⁵-, (m) - NR⁵C(=NR⁵)NR⁵-, (n) -S(O)_p- (o) -NR⁵S(O)₂- (p) -S(O)₂NR⁵-, (q) -C(N- OR⁵)-, (r) -CH₂- (s) -C(N-NR⁵R⁵)-, (t), -C(S)NR⁵, (u) -NR⁵C(S)-, (v) -C(S)O, and (w) -OC(S)-.

12. A compound according to any one of Claims 1-11 wherein R is OH or is selected from:

wherein R¹⁸ is H or -CO(Cι_-5 alkyl).

13. A compound according to any one of Claims 1-12 wherein R² is selected from OH and:

14. A compound according to any one of claims 1-13 wherein E is substituted with 0-2 R⁶ groups and is selected from: thiophene, furan, 4-oxo-2- imidazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl, 5-isoxazolyl, 1 -pyrazolyl, 3-pyrazolyl, 4-pyrazolyl, 5-pyrazolyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl, 4-oxo- 2-oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl, 4,5,-dihydrooxazole, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1 ,2,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 3- isothiazole, 4-isothiazole, 5-isothiazole, 2-furanyl, 3-furanyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 1 -pyrrolyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl, l,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl, 5- oxo-1, 2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl, l,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl, 1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl, 3-oxo-l,2,4- thiadiazol-5-yl, l,3,4-thiadiazol-5-yl, 2-oxo-l,3,4-thiadiazol-5-yl, 1,2,3-triazol-l- yl, l,2,3-triazol-4-yl, l,2,3-triazol-5-yl, 1,2,4-triazol-l-yl, l,2,4-triazol-3-yl, 1,2,4- triazol-5-yl, l-tetrazol-5-yl, 2-tetrazol-5-yl, 3-isothiazolyl, 4-isothiazolyl and 5- isothiazolyl, 4-oxo-2-thiazolinyl, or 5-methyl-l ,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl, thiazolidine- 2,4-dione, oxazolidine-2,4-dione, imidazolidine-2,4-dione, oxazolidin-2-one, thiazolidin-2-one, 3H-oxazol-2-one, l,3-dihydro-imidazol-2-one, 1,3-dihydro- imidazole-2-thione, 2-thioxo-imidazolidin-4-one, and 4-thioxo-imidazolidin-2- one.

15. A compound according to any one of according to any one of claims 1-14, wherein T is selected from:

wherein — is a carbon-carbon single bond or a carbon-carbon double bond;

R¹⁴ is selected from H, Cj- alkyl substituted with 0-2 R⁵ groups, C_2-6 alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R⁵ groups, C_2-6 alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R⁵ groups, C_6-ι₀ saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle substituted with 0-2 R⁵ groups, and 3-12 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms, and substituted with 0-2 R⁵ groups;

R¹⁵ is selected from H, Cι_-6 alkyl substituted with 0-4 R⁵ groups, C_2-6 alkenyl substituted with 0-4 R⁵ groups, and C_2-6 alkynyl substituted with 0-4 R⁵ groups; alternatively, NR¹⁴R¹⁵ comprises a 3-7 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing the nitrogen atom to which R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are attached and optionally containing one or more oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms;

T is selected from Cι_-6 alkyl substituted with 0-2 R groups, C₂-₆ alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R¹⁶ groups, C_2-6 alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R¹⁶ groups, -CHO, -C=N-NR¹⁴R¹⁵, -C=N-OR¹⁴, -CH₂-NR¹⁴R¹⁵, -CH₂SR¹⁴, and -CH₂OR 1'4.

R . 16 is selected from C_6-ιo saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic carbocycle substituted with 0-2 R⁵ groups, and 3-12 membered saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocycle containing one or more oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms, and substituted with 0-2 R⁵ groups; T^c is selected from H, OH, -OR¹⁴, and -OC(O)-Cι_-5 alkyl substituted with 0-2 R¹⁶ groups; T^D is selected from H, OH, -OR¹⁴, and -OC(O)-Cj_-5 alkyl substituted with 0-2 R¹⁶ groups; alternatively, T and T taken together are -O- and form an epoxide ring with the two carbons to which they are respectively attached; T^E is selected from H, OH, R¹⁷, -Cι_-6 alkyl, -C_2-6 alkenyl, -C_2-6 alkynyl, -O-C,_-6 alkyl, -O-C_2-6 alkynyl, -O-C₂-₆ alkynyl, -C(O)-R¹⁴, -C(O)-Cι_-6 alkylene-R¹⁴, -C(O)-C_2-6 alkenyl-R¹⁴, -C(O)-C_2-6 alkynyl-R¹⁴, -C,.₆ alkyl-Y-R¹⁴, -C_2-6 alkenyl-Y-R¹⁴, and -C_2-6 alkynyl-Y-R¹⁴; Y is selected from -OC(O)-, -OC(O)O-, -OC(O)NR¹⁴,-C(O)NR¹⁴-, -NR¹⁴C(O)-, -NR¹⁴C(O)O-, -NR¹⁴C(O)NR¹⁵-, -NR¹⁴C(NH)NR¹⁵-, and -S(O)_p; R¹⁷ is selected from:

and, T^F is selected from H, OH, -NR¹⁴R¹⁵, -Cj.₆ alkyl substituted with 0-2 R¹⁶ groups, -C_2-6 alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R¹⁶ groups, -C_2-6 alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R¹⁶ groups, -O-C(O)Cj_-5 alkyl, -O-R¹⁴, -O-Cι_-6 alkyl substituted with 0-2 R¹⁶ groups, -O-C_2-6 alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R¹⁶ groups, and -O-C_2-6 alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R¹⁶ groups; provided that when T^F is attached to a double bond, it is H or -Cj_-6 alkyl substituted with 0-2 R¹⁶ groups.

16. A compound according to any one of claims 1-15 wherein T is selected from:

wherein T^Λ, T^B, T^c, T^D, T^E and T^F are as described in claim 15.

17. A compound according to any of claims 1-16 wherein T is selected from:

wherein T^A, T^E and T^F are as described in claim 15.

18. A compound having the structure corresponding to any one of the structures listed in Table 1 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, N-oxide, or prodrug thereof.

19. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any one of claims 1- 18 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

20. A method for treating or preventing a disease state in a mammal comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1-18.

21. A method of treating a microbial infection in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal an effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1-18.

22. A method of treating a fungal infection in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal an effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1-18.

23. A method of treating a parasitic disease in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal an effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1-18.

24. A method of treating a proliferative disease in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal an effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1-18.

25. A method of treating a viral infection in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal an effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1-18.

26. A method of treating an inflammatory disease in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal an effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1-18.

27. A method of treating a gastrointestinal motility disorder in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal an effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1-18.

28. A method of treating or preventing a disease state in a mammal caused or mediated by a nonsense or missense mutation comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound according to any one of claims 1 - 18 to suppress expression of the nonsense or missense mutation.

29. The method according to any one of claims 20-28 wherein the compound is administered orally, parentally, or topically.

30. A method of synthesizing a compound according to any of claims 1-18.

31. A medical device containing a compound according to any one of claims 1-18.

32. The medical device according to claim 31 , wherein the device is a stent.