WO2005113799A1 - Moyens diagnostiques et therapeutiques pour maladies associees a la kinase 5 des recepteurs couples aux proteines g (grk5) - Google Patents
Moyens diagnostiques et therapeutiques pour maladies associees a la kinase 5 des recepteurs couples aux proteines g (grk5) Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005113799A1 WO2005113799A1 PCT/EP2005/004899 EP2005004899W WO2005113799A1 WO 2005113799 A1 WO2005113799 A1 WO 2005113799A1 EP 2005004899 W EP2005004899 W EP 2005004899W WO 2005113799 A1 WO2005113799 A1 WO 2005113799A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- diseases
- grk5
- polypeptide
- cancer
- activity
- Prior art date
Links
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 title claims abstract description 212
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 title claims abstract description 145
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 title claims description 19
- 108010056586 G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 5 Proteins 0.000 title description 375
- 102000004192 G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 5 Human genes 0.000 title description 374
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 145
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 118
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 93
- 101000829476 Homo sapiens G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 201000011510 cancer Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- 208000030159 metabolic disease Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 206010061218 Inflammation Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 230000004054 inflammatory process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 208000024172 Cardiovascular disease Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 210000003205 muscle Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 208000014951 hematologic disease Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 230000002124 endocrine Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 208000014001 urinary system disease Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 208000012902 Nervous system disease Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 208000023504 respiratory system disease Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 208000025966 Neurological disease Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 208000012931 Urologic disease Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 102100023685 G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 Human genes 0.000 claims abstract 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 170
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 claims description 134
- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 claims description 99
- 102000040430 polynucleotide Human genes 0.000 claims description 84
- 108091033319 polynucleotide Proteins 0.000 claims description 84
- 239000002157 polynucleotide Substances 0.000 claims description 84
- 102000004196 processed proteins & peptides Human genes 0.000 claims description 77
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 77
- 229920001184 polypeptide Polymers 0.000 claims description 69
- 150000007523 nucleic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 63
- 102000039446 nucleic acids Human genes 0.000 claims description 52
- 108020004707 nucleic acids Proteins 0.000 claims description 52
- 230000027455 binding Effects 0.000 claims description 50
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 claims description 26
- 108091034117 Oligonucleotide Proteins 0.000 claims description 25
- 108091032973 (ribonucleotides)n+m Proteins 0.000 claims description 23
- 108090000994 Catalytic RNA Proteins 0.000 claims description 20
- 102000053642 Catalytic RNA Human genes 0.000 claims description 20
- 108091092562 ribozyme Proteins 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 208000035474 group of disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000074 antisense oligonucleotide Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000012230 antisense oligonucleotides Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 208000024891 symptom Diseases 0.000 claims description 9
- 229940124597 therapeutic agent Drugs 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003937 drug carrier Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 210000004671 cell-free system Anatomy 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 abstract description 54
- 102000050643 human GRK5 Human genes 0.000 abstract description 51
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 118
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 118
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 87
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 87
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 80
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 79
- 108091000080 Phosphotransferase Proteins 0.000 description 70
- 102000020233 phosphotransferase Human genes 0.000 description 68
- 208000035475 disorder Diseases 0.000 description 61
- 239000013615 primer Substances 0.000 description 50
- 125000003729 nucleotide group Chemical group 0.000 description 48
- 239000002773 nucleotide Substances 0.000 description 47
- 108020004999 messenger RNA Proteins 0.000 description 44
- 238000003752 polymerase chain reaction Methods 0.000 description 42
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 40
- 108091028043 Nucleic acid sequence Proteins 0.000 description 36
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 34
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 34
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 33
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 32
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 30
- 238000009396 hybridization Methods 0.000 description 29
- 239000013598 vector Substances 0.000 description 28
- 108020004414 DNA Proteins 0.000 description 27
- 229940088597 hormone Drugs 0.000 description 27
- 239000005556 hormone Substances 0.000 description 27
- 108020001507 fusion proteins Proteins 0.000 description 25
- 102000037865 fusion proteins Human genes 0.000 description 25
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 25
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 24
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 24
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 21
- 210000001685 thyroid gland Anatomy 0.000 description 21
- 235000001014 amino acid Nutrition 0.000 description 20
- NOESYZHRGYRDHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N insulin Chemical compound N1C(=O)C(NC(=O)C(CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)CN)C(C)CC)CSSCC(C(NC(CO)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(CC=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)C(=O)NC(CCC(N)=O)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(CCC(O)=O)C(=O)NC(CC(N)=O)C(=O)NC(CC=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)C(=O)NC(CSSCC(NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)C(CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC=2NC=NC=2)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)CNC2=O)C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(CCC(O)=O)C(=O)NC(CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(CC=3C=CC=CC=3)C(=O)NC(CC=3C=CC=CC=3)C(=O)NC(CC=3C=CC(O)=CC=3)C(=O)NC(C(C)O)C(=O)N3C(CCC3)C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(=O)NC(C)C(O)=O)C(=O)NC(CC(N)=O)C(O)=O)=O)NC(=O)C(C(C)CC)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(C(C)O)NC(=O)C1CSSCC2NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(CC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(N)CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(C)C)CC1=CN=CN1 NOESYZHRGYRDHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 241000282414 Homo sapiens Species 0.000 description 18
- 229940024606 amino acid Drugs 0.000 description 18
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 18
- 239000013604 expression vector Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 18
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 16
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 16
- 102000001253 Protein Kinase Human genes 0.000 description 16
- 210000004100 adrenal gland Anatomy 0.000 description 16
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 16
- 229940088598 enzyme Drugs 0.000 description 16
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 16
- 125000003275 alpha amino acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 15
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 15
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 15
- 108060006633 protein kinase Proteins 0.000 description 15
- 238000007423 screening assay Methods 0.000 description 15
- 208000002193 Pain Diseases 0.000 description 14
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 14
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 14
- 230000019491 signal transduction Effects 0.000 description 14
- 210000002356 skeleton Anatomy 0.000 description 14
- JLCPHMBAVCMARE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-3-[[5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-3-hydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methyl [5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl] hydrogen phosphate Polymers Cc1cn(C2CC(OP(O)(=O)OCC3OC(CC3OP(O)(=O)OCC3OC(CC3O)n3cnc4c3nc(N)[nH]c4=O)n3cnc4c3nc(N)[nH]c4=O)C(COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3CO)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cc(C)c(=O)[nH]c3=O)n3cc(C)c(=O)[nH]c3=O)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3cc(C)c(=O)[nH]c3=O)n3cnc4c3nc(N)[nH]c4=O)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)O2)c(=O)[nH]c1=O JLCPHMBAVCMARE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 13
- 102000005962 receptors Human genes 0.000 description 13
- 108020003175 receptors Proteins 0.000 description 13
- 206010062767 Hypophysitis Diseases 0.000 description 12
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 12
- 210000004185 liver Anatomy 0.000 description 12
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 12
- 230000026731 phosphorylation Effects 0.000 description 12
- 238000006366 phosphorylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
- 210000003635 pituitary gland Anatomy 0.000 description 12
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000014616 translation Effects 0.000 description 12
- -1 tyrosine amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 239000000556 agonist Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000005557 antagonist Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 11
- 230000002255 enzymatic effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000013519 translation Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 11
- 102000004877 Insulin Human genes 0.000 description 10
- 108090001061 Insulin Proteins 0.000 description 10
- 208000019425 cirrhosis of liver Diseases 0.000 description 10
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- RWSXRVCMGQZWBV-WDSKDSINSA-N glutathione Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)NCC(O)=O RWSXRVCMGQZWBV-WDSKDSINSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000003102 growth factor Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229940125396 insulin Drugs 0.000 description 10
- 210000000496 pancreas Anatomy 0.000 description 10
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 10
- 210000000278 spinal cord Anatomy 0.000 description 10
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000013518 transcription Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000035897 transcription Effects 0.000 description 10
- 108010070675 Glutathione transferase Proteins 0.000 description 9
- 102000005720 Glutathione transferase Human genes 0.000 description 9
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 9
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 9
- HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-DPAQBDIFSA-N cholesterol group Chemical group [C@@H]1(CC[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC=C4C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@H]3CC[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-DPAQBDIFSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 210000002216 heart Anatomy 0.000 description 9
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 208000011580 syndromic disease Diseases 0.000 description 9
- 239000005495 thyroid hormone Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229940036555 thyroid hormone Drugs 0.000 description 9
- ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Adenosine triphosphate Natural products C1=NC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1C1OC(COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)C(O)C1O ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 101710163270 Nuclease Proteins 0.000 description 8
- 108091023040 Transcription factor Proteins 0.000 description 8
- 102000040945 Transcription factor Human genes 0.000 description 8
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 8
- 210000004556 brain Anatomy 0.000 description 8
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 208000015114 central nervous system disease Diseases 0.000 description 8
- 230000001684 chronic effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000002299 complementary DNA Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000002068 genetic effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000001404 mediated effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 210000004379 membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 8
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000013612 plasmid Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 8
- 108020000948 Antisense Oligonucleotides Proteins 0.000 description 7
- 101100215673 Arabidopsis thaliana AGL11 gene Proteins 0.000 description 7
- 201000001320 Atherosclerosis Diseases 0.000 description 7
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 7
- 101000878540 Homo sapiens Protein-tyrosine kinase 2-beta Proteins 0.000 description 7
- 206010020772 Hypertension Diseases 0.000 description 7
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 7
- 102100037787 Protein-tyrosine kinase 2-beta Human genes 0.000 description 7
- 108020004511 Recombinant DNA Proteins 0.000 description 7
- 101150073911 STK gene Proteins 0.000 description 7
- AUYYCJSJGJYCDS-LBPRGKRZSA-N Thyrolar Chemical class IC1=CC(C[C@H](N)C(O)=O)=CC(I)=C1OC1=CC=C(O)C(I)=C1 AUYYCJSJGJYCDS-LBPRGKRZSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000004071 biological effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 7
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 7
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 description 7
- 230000009918 complex formation Effects 0.000 description 7
- 206010012601 diabetes mellitus Diseases 0.000 description 7
- 239000003623 enhancer Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 208000003532 hypothyroidism Diseases 0.000 description 7
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000035772 mutation Effects 0.000 description 7
- 210000000440 neutrophil Anatomy 0.000 description 7
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 7
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 7
- 230000001817 pituitary effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000002987 primer (paints) Substances 0.000 description 7
- 210000002784 stomach Anatomy 0.000 description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 206010012289 Dementia Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 238000002965 ELISA Methods 0.000 description 6
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 208000031226 Hyperlipidaemia Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 206010025323 Lymphomas Diseases 0.000 description 6
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 208000024770 Thyroid neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 208000006673 asthma Diseases 0.000 description 6
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 210000001185 bone marrow Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 210000003372 endocrine gland Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 210000000750 endocrine system Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 230000002989 hypothyroidism Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000003834 intracellular effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 210000003734 kidney Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 230000003902 lesion Effects 0.000 description 6
- 208000019423 liver disease Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 230000003211 malignant effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 6
- 208000010125 myocardial infarction Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 238000012163 sequencing technique Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000011664 signaling Effects 0.000 description 6
- 210000003491 skin Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 210000000952 spleen Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000003612 virological effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 108020004705 Codon Proteins 0.000 description 5
- IVOMOUWHDPKRLL-KQYNXXCUSA-N Cyclic adenosine monophosphate Chemical compound C([C@H]1O2)OP(O)(=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H]2N1C(N=CN=C2N)=C2N=C1 IVOMOUWHDPKRLL-KQYNXXCUSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000004568 DNA-binding Effects 0.000 description 5
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 108010024636 Glutathione Proteins 0.000 description 5
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 101150033606 Grk5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 208000030836 Hashimoto thyroiditis Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 108091054455 MAP kinase family Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 102000043136 MAP kinase family Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 208000001132 Osteoporosis Diseases 0.000 description 5
- IVOMOUWHDPKRLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N UNPD107823 Natural products O1C2COP(O)(=O)OC2C(O)C1N1C(N=CN=C2N)=C2N=C1 IVOMOUWHDPKRLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000005856 abnormality Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000035508 accumulation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000002671 adjuvant Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000427 antigen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000890 antigenic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 108091007433 antigens Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 102000036639 antigens Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 210000000481 breast Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 238000010367 cloning Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000021615 conjugation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 210000004351 coronary vessel Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 229940095074 cyclic amp Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 239000002158 endotoxin Substances 0.000 description 5
- 210000004700 fetal blood Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 229960003180 glutathione Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 230000000984 immunochemical effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 208000027866 inflammatory disease Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 208000017169 kidney disease Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 238000002372 labelling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229920006008 lipopolysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 210000001672 ovary Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 230000007170 pathology Effects 0.000 description 5
- 210000005259 peripheral blood Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 239000011886 peripheral blood Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000159 protein binding assay Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000003127 radioimmunoassay Methods 0.000 description 5
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 5
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 5
- 125000001493 tyrosinyl group Chemical group [H]OC1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])C([H])(N([H])[H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 5
- YBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHSA-N (+)-Biotin Chemical compound N1C(=O)N[C@@H]2[C@H](CCCCC(=O)O)SC[C@@H]21 YBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 102100036009 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2 Human genes 0.000 description 4
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 4
- 208000027796 Blood pressure disease Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 108091026890 Coding region Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 102000003903 Cyclin-dependent kinases Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108090000266 Cyclin-dependent kinases Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 206010011953 Decreased activity Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 208000032928 Dyslipidaemia Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 206010016654 Fibrosis Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 201000011240 Frontotemporal dementia Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 description 4
- 101000783681 Homo sapiens 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2 Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 101000691614 Homo sapiens Serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK3 Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 206010020751 Hypersensitivity Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 206010020850 Hyperthyroidism Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 208000001953 Hypotension Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 108060003951 Immunoglobulin Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 208000017170 Lipid metabolism disease Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 108060001084 Luciferase Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 239000005089 Luciferase Substances 0.000 description 4
- 241000699666 Mus <mouse, genus> Species 0.000 description 4
- 108010038807 Oligopeptides Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 102000015636 Oligopeptides Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 241000283973 Oryctolagus cuniculus Species 0.000 description 4
- 238000012408 PCR amplification Methods 0.000 description 4
- MJNIWUJSIGSWKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Riboflavine 2',3',4',5'-tetrabutanoate Chemical compound CCCC(=O)OCC(OC(=O)CCC)C(OC(=O)CCC)C(OC(=O)CCC)CN1C2=CC(C)=C(C)C=C2N=C2C1=NC(=O)NC2=O MJNIWUJSIGSWKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 description 4
- 235000014680 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Serine Natural products OCC(N)C(O)=O MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 102100026209 Serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK3 Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108091081024 Start codon Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 208000006011 Stroke Diseases 0.000 description 4
- AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Threonine Natural products CC(O)C(N)C(O)=O AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004473 Threonine Substances 0.000 description 4
- 206010067584 Type 1 diabetes mellitus Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 102100026383 Vasopressin-neurophysin 2-copeptin Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108010004977 Vasopressins Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 102000002852 Vasopressins Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 208000009956 adenocarcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 238000001042 affinity chromatography Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000692 anti-sense effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- KBZOIRJILGZLEJ-LGYYRGKSSA-N argipressin Chemical compound C([C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CSSC[C@@H](C(N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)C(=O)N1)=O)N)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CCC1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCN=C(N)N)C(=O)NCC(N)=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 KBZOIRJILGZLEJ-LGYYRGKSSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 210000003719 b-lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 210000002808 connective tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000034994 death Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 201000010064 diabetes insipidus Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 238000003745 diagnosis Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003366 endpoint assay Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 230000001605 fetal effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 201000000052 gastrinoma Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 4
- 210000000688 human artificial chromosome Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 4
- 230000036543 hypotension Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000003018 immunoassay Methods 0.000 description 4
- 102000018358 immunoglobulin Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000002757 inflammatory effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 208000032839 leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 201000001119 neuropathy Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 230000007823 neuropathy Effects 0.000 description 4
- 201000008968 osteosarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 125000002467 phosphate group Chemical group [H]OP(=O)(O[H])O[*] 0.000 description 4
- 201000009395 primary hyperaldosteronism Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 108091008146 restriction endonucleases Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 230000028327 secretion Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 210000001550 testis Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 208000013076 thyroid tumor Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 230000002103 transcriptional effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 210000002229 urogenital system Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 208000019553 vascular disease Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 229960003726 vasopressin Drugs 0.000 description 4
- MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-REOHCLBHSA-N (2S)-2-Amino-3-hydroxypropansäure Chemical compound OC[C@H](N)C(O)=O MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 3
- FWMNVWWHGCHHJJ-SKKKGAJSSA-N 4-amino-1-[(2r)-6-amino-2-[[(2r)-2-[[(2r)-2-[[(2r)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]piperidine-4-carboxylic acid Chemical compound C([C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N1CCC(N)(CC1)C(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](N)CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 FWMNVWWHGCHHJJ-SKKKGAJSSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 206010003210 Arteriosclerosis Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 208000008035 Back Pain Diseases 0.000 description 3
- WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzyl alcohol Chemical compound OCC1=CC=CC=C1 WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 206010006811 Bursitis Diseases 0.000 description 3
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 108020004635 Complementary DNA Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 208000011231 Crohn disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 102000004127 Cytokines Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108090000695 Cytokines Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 230000004544 DNA amplification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 108090000626 DNA-directed RNA polymerases Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 102000004163 DNA-directed RNA polymerases Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108010013369 Enteropeptidase Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 102100029727 Enteropeptidase Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 102000006575 G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108010008959 G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 206010061968 Gastric neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 206010019233 Headaches Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 3
- 108010001336 Horseradish Peroxidase Proteins 0.000 description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 206010021024 Hypolipidaemia Diseases 0.000 description 3
- AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-GBXIJSLDSA-N L-threonine Chemical compound C[C@@H](O)[C@H](N)C(O)=O AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-GBXIJSLDSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 208000018737 Parkinson disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 102000006877 Pituitary Hormones Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108010047386 Pituitary Hormones Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 206010035226 Plasma cell myeloma Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 101710182846 Polyhedrin Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 108090000412 Protein-Tyrosine Kinases Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 102000004022 Protein-Tyrosine Kinases Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 201000004681 Psoriasis Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 241000700159 Rattus Species 0.000 description 3
- 208000015634 Rectal Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 108700008625 Reporter Genes Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 206010039710 Scleroderma Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 241000700584 Simplexvirus Species 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 108010090804 Streptavidin Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 210000001744 T-lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 102100036407 Thioredoxin Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 102000011923 Thyrotropin Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108010061174 Thyrotropin Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 241000723873 Tobacco mosaic virus Species 0.000 description 3
- 206010044242 Toxic nodular goitre Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 208000030886 Traumatic Brain injury Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000004102 animal cell Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 210000004960 anterior grey column Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000003242 anti bacterial agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003302 anti-idiotype Effects 0.000 description 3
- 208000011775 arteriosclerosis disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 230000003143 atherosclerotic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 210000001124 body fluid Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000010839 body fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000000423 cell based assay Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000022131 cell cycle Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 210000000349 chromosome Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 208000037976 chronic inflammation Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 230000007882 cirrhosis Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000001072 colon Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012217 deletion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000037430 deletion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000586 desensitisation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 208000016097 disease of metabolism Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 239000002612 dispersion medium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000000981 epithelium Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010195 expression analysis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000001943 fluorescence-activated cell sorting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 210000002683 foot Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 208000015419 gastrin-producing neuroendocrine tumor Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 210000001035 gastrointestinal tract Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 238000001502 gel electrophoresis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 102000034356 gene-regulatory proteins Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108091006104 gene-regulatory proteins Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 210000004907 gland Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 208000007345 glycogen storage disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 230000013595 glycosylation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006206 glycosylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 210000000224 granular leucocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 231100000869 headache Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 210000004408 hybridoma Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000000960 hypophysis hormone Substances 0.000 description 3
- 210000003016 hypothalamus Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 210000000987 immune system Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000002163 immunogen Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001976 improved effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 208000014674 injury Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 206010022498 insulinoma Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000002502 liposome Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 3
- 208000020816 lung neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 208000037841 lung tumor Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 206010061289 metastatic neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 3
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001823 molecular biology technique Methods 0.000 description 3
- 210000005036 nerve Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 210000000653 nervous system Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 208000004296 neuralgia Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 208000021255 pancreatic insulinoma Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002823 phage display Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000004481 post-translational protein modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000037452 priming Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 210000002307 prostate Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 238000011002 quantification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 210000000664 rectum Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000010076 replication Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000002345 respiratory system Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000009870 specific binding Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000004936 stimulating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002198 surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003826 tablet Substances 0.000 description 3
- 108060008226 thioredoxin Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 201000002510 thyroid cancer Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 206010043778 thyroiditis Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 210000003932 urinary bladder Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 210000004291 uterus Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000002792 vascular Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001262 western blot Methods 0.000 description 3
- YMXHPSHLTSZXKH-RVBZMBCESA-N (2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) 5-[(3as,4s,6ar)-2-oxo-1,3,3a,4,6,6a-hexahydrothieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoate Chemical compound C([C@H]1[C@H]2NC(=O)N[C@H]2CS1)CCCC(=O)ON1C(=O)CCC1=O YMXHPSHLTSZXKH-RVBZMBCESA-N 0.000 description 2
- PHIQHXFUZVPYII-ZCFIWIBFSA-N (R)-carnitine Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)C[C@H](O)CC([O-])=O PHIQHXFUZVPYII-ZCFIWIBFSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102000040650 (ribonucleotides)n+m Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 206010000599 Acromegaly Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000030090 Acute Disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000026872 Addison Disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000003200 Adenoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000024827 Alzheimer disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010003130 Arrhythmia supraventricular Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000006096 Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000023328 Basedow disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010060999 Benign neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 102100021738 Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- BPYKTIZUTYGOLE-IFADSCNNSA-N Bilirubin Chemical compound N1C(=O)C(C)=C(C=C)\C1=C\C1=C(C)C(CCC(O)=O)=C(CC2=C(C(C)=C(\C=C/3C(=C(C=C)C(=O)N\3)C)N2)CCC(O)=O)N1 BPYKTIZUTYGOLE-IFADSCNNSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 description 2
- 206010006458 Bronchitis chronic Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 101710085496 C-X-C motif chemokine 2 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108010003764 Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 1 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102100033086 Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type 1 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 241000282472 Canis lupus familiaris Species 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 201000009030 Carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000031229 Cardiomyopathies Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 102000014914 Carrier Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 241000282693 Cercopithecidae Species 0.000 description 2
- 102000009410 Chemokine receptor Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108050000299 Chemokine receptor Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108010035563 Chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 201000005262 Chondroma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000005243 Chondrosarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000017667 Chronic Disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000000094 Chronic Pain Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000000668 Chronic Pancreatitis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 108700010070 Codon Usage Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 208000013586 Complex regional pain syndrome type 1 Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000016998 Conn syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010010774 Constipation Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000011990 Corticobasal Degeneration Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000014311 Cushing syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 108050006400 Cyclin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000016736 Cyclin Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 102000053602 DNA Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 208000019505 Deglutition disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010014561 Emphysema Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 241000283086 Equidae Species 0.000 description 2
- 208000000289 Esophageal Achalasia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010015549 Euthyroid sick syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000006168 Ewing Sarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 108010074860 Factor Xa Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000282326 Felis catus Species 0.000 description 2
- 208000001640 Fibromyalgia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 201000008808 Fibrosarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 2
- 102100023686 G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 102000003688 G-Protein-Coupled Receptors Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108090000045 G-Protein-Coupled Receptors Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 208000001287 Galactorrhea Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010017600 Galactorrhoea Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 102100039556 Galectin-4 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 102400000921 Gastrin Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010052343 Gastrins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 208000007882 Gastritis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000018522 Gastrointestinal disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 208000032612 Glial tumor Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010018338 Glioma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010018364 Glomerulonephritis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 102400000321 Glucagon Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108060003199 Glucagon Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 206010018404 Glucagonoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 102000053187 Glucuronidase Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010060309 Glucuronidase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 229920002527 Glycogen Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 208000015023 Graves' disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 108010043121 Green Fluorescent Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000004144 Green Fluorescent Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010051696 Growth Hormone Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 206010019280 Heart failures Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 101710154606 Hemagglutinin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102100031573 Hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 208000032759 Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 101000751445 Homo sapiens Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101000777663 Homo sapiens Hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101000669447 Homo sapiens Toll-like receptor 4 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101000835093 Homo sapiens Transferrin receptor protein 1 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 208000023105 Huntington disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010020571 Hyperaldosteronism Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000001021 Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000000563 Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000013016 Hypoglycemia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010021639 Incontinence Diseases 0.000 description 2
- SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Indole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC=CC2=C1 SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102000000589 Interleukin-1 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010002352 Interleukin-1 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108091092195 Intron Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 208000008930 Low Back Pain Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 229940124647 MEK inhibitor Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 101710175625 Maltose/maltodextrin-binding periplasmic protein Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 206010054949 Metaplasia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010027476 Metastases Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000034578 Multiple myelomas Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000023178 Musculoskeletal disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- NQTADLQHYWFPDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Hydroxysuccinimide Chemical compound ON1C(=O)CCC1=O NQTADLQHYWFPDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 208000015914 Non-Hodgkin lymphomas Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000008589 Obesity Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010030136 Oesophageal achalasia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 108020005187 Oligonucleotide Probes Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 208000010191 Osteitis Deformans Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000000035 Osteochondroma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 101710093908 Outer capsid protein VP4 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101710135467 Outer capsid protein sigma-1 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 206010061535 Ovarian neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010061902 Pancreatic neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010033649 Pancreatitis chronic Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000030831 Peripheral arterial occlusive disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000018262 Peripheral vascular disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 208000000609 Pick Disease of the Brain Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000021738 Plummer disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000007048 Polymyalgia Rheumatica Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000004550 Postoperative Pain Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000032236 Predisposition to disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 102100024819 Prolactin Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010057464 Prolactin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101710176177 Protein A56 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108010076504 Protein Sorting Signals Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108020004518 RNA Probes Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 239000003391 RNA probe Substances 0.000 description 2
- 208000012322 Raynaud phenomenon Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 201000001947 Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 108091028664 Ribonucleotide Proteins 0.000 description 2
- PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-LMVFSUKVSA-N Ribose Natural products OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)C=O PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-LMVFSUKVSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108010003581 Ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000714474 Rous sarcoma virus Species 0.000 description 2
- 229920002684 Sepharose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 102100038803 Somatotropin Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 241000256251 Spodoptera frugiperda Species 0.000 description 2
- 102000001435 Synapsin Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108050009621 Synapsin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- MUMGGOZAMZWBJJ-DYKIIFRCSA-N Testostosterone Chemical compound O=C1CC[C@]2(C)[C@H]3CC[C@](C)([C@H](CC4)O)[C@@H]4[C@@H]3CCC2=C1 MUMGGOZAMZWBJJ-DYKIIFRCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102100039360 Toll-like receptor 4 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 102100026144 Transferrin receptor protein 1 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 241000255985 Trichoplusia Species 0.000 description 2
- 108060008682 Tumor Necrosis Factor Proteins 0.000 description 2
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010047115 Vasculitis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 102100038138 WD repeat-containing protein 26 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 208000027418 Wounds and injury Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000001594 aberrant effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000021736 acetylation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006640 acetylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 201000000621 achalasia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 210000001361 achilles tendon Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000010933 acylation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005917 acylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000000577 adipose tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- UCTWMZQNUQWSLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N adrenaline Chemical compound CNCC(O)C1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 UCTWMZQNUQWSLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000005600 alkyl phosphonate group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- HMFHBZSHGGEWLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-D-Furanose-Ribose Natural products OCC1OC(O)C(O)C1O HMFHBZSHGGEWLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000539 amino acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 206010002022 amyloidosis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 210000003484 anatomy Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 208000007502 anemia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 238000010171 animal model Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940121375 antifungal agent Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000003429 antifungal agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- YZXBAPSDXZZRGB-DOFZRALJSA-N arachidonic acid Chemical compound CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCC(O)=O YZXBAPSDXZZRGB-DOFZRALJSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010003119 arrhythmia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000006793 arrhythmia Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000010323 ascorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229960005070 ascorbic acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000011668 ascorbic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001746 atrial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 108010005774 beta-Galactosidase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000005936 beta-Galactosidase Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 239000012472 biological sample Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960002685 biotin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 235000020958 biotin Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011616 biotin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006287 biotinylation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007413 biotinylation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000001772 blood platelet Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000036772 blood pressure Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000004204 blood vessel Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 108091005948 blue fluorescent proteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 208000016738 bone Paget disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 210000002798 bone marrow cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 210000005013 brain tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 206010006451 bronchitis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 238000005251 capillar electrophoresis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 2
- 230000021523 carboxylation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006473 carboxylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 208000002458 carcinoid tumor Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 229960004203 carnitine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000000845 cartilage Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 150000003943 catecholamines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000004113 cell culture Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000032823 cell division Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004663 cell proliferation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000036755 cellular response Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004715 cellular signal transduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000003169 central nervous system Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 210000001638 cerebellum Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 208000026106 cerebrovascular disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 210000003679 cervix uteri Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- AOXOCDRNSPFDPE-UKEONUMOSA-N chembl413654 Chemical compound C([C@H](C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@H](CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)C(=O)N[C@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@H](CC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)NC(=O)[C@H]1N(CCC1)C(=O)CNC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(O)=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 AOXOCDRNSPFDPE-UKEONUMOSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OSASVXMJTNOKOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)(O)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl OSASVXMJTNOKOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000012000 cholesterol Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 208000007451 chronic bronchitis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000006020 chronic inflammation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000025302 chronic primary adrenal insufficiency Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 235000019504 cigarettes Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002860 competitive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003184 complementary RNA Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005094 computer simulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 208000018631 connective tissue disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000029078 coronary artery disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003246 corticosteroid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960001334 corticosteroids Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 201000001981 dermatomyositis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000008121 dextrose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001982 diacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000004069 differentiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- LOKCTEFSRHRXRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-I dipotassium trisodium dihydrogen phosphate hydrogen phosphate dichloride Chemical compound P(=O)(O)(O)[O-].[K+].P(=O)(O)([O-])[O-].[Na+].[Na+].[Cl-].[K+].[Cl-].[Na+] LOKCTEFSRHRXRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 2
- 210000001198 duodenum Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000004064 dysfunction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002526 effect on cardiovascular system Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002616 endonucleolytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000003238 esophagus Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 210000003527 eukaryotic cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004761 fibrosis Effects 0.000 description 2
- GNBHRKFJIUUOQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorescein Chemical compound O1C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2C21C1=CC=C(O)C=C1OC1=CC(O)=CC=C21 GNBHRKFJIUUOQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007850 fluorescent dye Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002509 fluorescent in situ hybridization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002496 gastric effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000001156 gastric mucosa Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- MASNOZXLGMXCHN-ZLPAWPGGSA-N glucagon Chemical compound C([C@@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(O)=O)C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(N)=N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(N)=N)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC=1C=CC(O)=CC=1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC=1C=CC(O)=CC=1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC=1NC=NC=1)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)O)C1=CC=CC=C1 MASNOZXLGMXCHN-ZLPAWPGGSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960004666 glucagon Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229940096919 glycogen Drugs 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000005090 green fluorescent protein Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000122 growth hormone Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000002837 heart atrium Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000000185 hemagglutinin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 208000006454 hepatitis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N histidine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CN=CN1 HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000487 histidyl group Chemical group [H]N([H])C(C(=O)O*)C([H])([H])C1=C([H])N([H])C([H])=N1 0.000 description 2
- 210000005260 human cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- JYGXADMDTFJGBT-VWUMJDOOSA-N hydrocortisone Chemical compound O=C1CC[C@]2(C)[C@H]3[C@@H](O)C[C@](C)([C@@](CC4)(O)C(=O)CO)[C@@H]4[C@@H]3CCC2=C1 JYGXADMDTFJGBT-VWUMJDOOSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 208000020346 hyperlipoproteinemia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000001631 hypertensive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000026621 hypolipoproteinemia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 210000003405 ileum Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000003100 immobilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000028993 immune response Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001114 immunoprecipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005462 in vivo assay Methods 0.000 description 2
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 210000004969 inflammatory cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000004968 inflammatory condition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 210000002660 insulin-secreting cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000000968 intestinal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000001024 intrahepatic cholestasis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000007872 intrahepatic cholestasis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001990 intravenous administration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009545 invasion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000002551 irritable bowel syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000023589 ischemic disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 210000004153 islets of langerhan Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 108010045069 keyhole-limpet hemocyanin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 210000000867 larynx Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 210000003041 ligament Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000029226 lipidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000005228 liver tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 210000001165 lymph node Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium stearate Chemical compound [Mg+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 230000007257 malfunction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000004962 mammalian cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 206010027175 memory impairment Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000002503 metabolic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000037353 metabolic pathway Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015689 metaplastic ossification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009401 metastasis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006510 metastatic growth Effects 0.000 description 2
- OSWPMRLSEDHDFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl salicylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O OSWPMRLSEDHDFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002493 microarray Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000013336 milk Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000004080 milk Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 210000004400 mucous membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 201000006417 multiple sclerosis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 210000002346 musculoskeletal system Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 201000005962 mycosis fungoides Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000009826 neoplastic cell growth Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002858 neurotransmitter agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001668 nucleic acid synthesis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000004940 nucleus Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 235000020824 obesity Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000002674 ointment Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002751 oligonucleotide probe Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 201000002528 pancreatic cancer Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000000849 parathyroid Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000002990 parathyroid gland Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000000816 peptidomimetic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000033808 peripheral neuropathy Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000000546 pharmaceutical excipient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002953 phosphate buffered saline Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000865 phosphorylative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004962 physiological condition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 208000005987 polymyositis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000002980 postoperative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001323 posttranslational effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 208000013846 primary aldosteronism Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000001236 prokaryotic cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229940097325 prolactin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000004952 protein activity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009822 protein phosphorylation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004445 quantitative analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003753 real-time PCR Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000005084 renal tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000007894 restriction fragment length polymorphism technique Methods 0.000 description 2
- 206010039073 rheumatoid arthritis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000002336 ribonucleotide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000002652 ribonucleotide group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 210000003079 salivary gland Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 208000037921 secondary disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000003248 secreting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000002483 sella turcica Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000002741 site-directed mutagenesis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000000813 small intestine Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000000391 smoking effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000000329 smooth muscle myocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 206010041823 squamous cell carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 2
- 231100000240 steatosis hepatitis Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007920 subcutaneous administration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 201000000596 systemic lupus erythematosus Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 210000002435 tendon Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 210000001103 thalamus Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 description 2
- 229940094937 thioredoxin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 125000000341 threoninyl group Chemical group [H]OC([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])(N([H])[H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 2
- 230000003582 thrombocytopenic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001732 thrombotic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000003371 toe Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 210000002105 tongue Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001890 transfection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000844 transformation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009529 traumatic brain injury Effects 0.000 description 2
- 102000003390 tumor necrosis factor Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 230000007306 turnover Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000001072 type 2 diabetes mellitus Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 241000701161 unidentified adenovirus Species 0.000 description 2
- 206010047302 ventricular tachycardia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 238000002424 x-ray crystallography Methods 0.000 description 2
- ASWBNKHCZGQVJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N (3-hexadecanoyloxy-2-hydroxypropyl) 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(O)COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C ASWBNKHCZGQVJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CABVTRNMFUVUDM-VRHQGPGLSA-N (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OCC(C)(C)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC(=O)NCCSC(=O)C[C@@](O)(CC(O)=O)C)O[C@H]1N1C2=NC=NC(N)=C2N=C1 CABVTRNMFUVUDM-VRHQGPGLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UCTWMZQNUQWSLP-VIFPVBQESA-N (R)-adrenaline Chemical compound CNC[C@H](O)C1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 UCTWMZQNUQWSLP-VIFPVBQESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930182837 (R)-adrenaline Natural products 0.000 description 1
- IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCC IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFBJCMHMOXMLKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4-dinitrophenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O UFBJCMHMOXMLKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RNAMYOYQYRYFQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(4,4-difluoropiperidin-1-yl)-6-methoxy-n-(1-propan-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl)-7-(3-pyrrolidin-1-ylpropoxy)quinazolin-4-amine Chemical compound N1=C(N2CCC(F)(F)CC2)N=C2C=C(OCCCN3CCCC3)C(OC)=CC2=C1NC1CCN(C(C)C)CC1 RNAMYOYQYRYFQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOOGRGPOEVQQDX-UUOKFMHZSA-N 3',5'-cyclic GMP Chemical compound C([C@H]1O2)OP(O)(=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H]2N1C(N=C(NC2=O)N)=C2N=C1 ZOOGRGPOEVQQDX-UUOKFMHZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FWBHETKCLVMNFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4',6-Diamino-2-phenylindol Chemical compound C1=CC(C(=N)N)=CC=C1C1=CC2=CC=C(C(N)=N)C=C2N1 FWBHETKCLVMNFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003143 4-hydroxybenzyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C1=C([H])C([H])=C(O[H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000030507 AIDS Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108010011376 AMP-Activated Protein Kinases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000014156 AMP-Activated Protein Kinases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-J ATP(4-) Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-J 0.000 description 1
- DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetamide Chemical compound CC(N)=O DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000000452 Acetyl-CoA carboxylase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010016219 Acetyl-CoA carboxylase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000009304 Acute Kidney Injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000024893 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000014697 Acute lymphocytic leukaemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108700016155 Acyl transferases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000057234 Acyl transferases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100029457 Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010024223 Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010001233 Adenoma benign Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000005676 Adrenogenital syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920000936 Agarose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 208000000884 Airway Obstruction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- PQSUYGKTWSAVDQ-ZVIOFETBSA-N Aldosterone Chemical compound C([C@@]1([C@@H](C(=O)CO)CC[C@H]1[C@@H]1CC2)C=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1[C@]1(C)C2=CC(=O)CC1 PQSUYGKTWSAVDQ-ZVIOFETBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PQSUYGKTWSAVDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aldosterone Natural products C1CC2C3CCC(C(=O)CO)C3(C=O)CC(O)C2C2(C)C1=CC(=O)CC2 PQSUYGKTWSAVDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000002260 Alkaline Phosphatase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108020004774 Alkaline Phosphatase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010002065 Anaemia megaloblastic Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010002388 Angina unstable Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000028185 Angioedema Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010002556 Ankylosing Spondylitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108020004491 Antisense DNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108020005544 Antisense RNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000032467 Aplastic anaemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010003178 Arterial thrombosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010003445 Ascites Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000416162 Astragalus gummifer Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010003591 Ataxia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010003594 Ataxia telangiectasia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000012657 Atopic disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010003658 Atrial Fibrillation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010003662 Atrial flutter Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000006808 Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010003694 Atrophy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241001203868 Autographa californica Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000023275 Autoimmune disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000010839 B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102100024222 B-lymphocyte antigen CD19 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 208000032791 BCR-ABL1 positive chronic myelogenous leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000012904 Bartter disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000010062 Bartter syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010004272 Benign hydatidiform mole Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102100022548 Beta-hexosaminidase subunit alpha Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 208000008439 Biliary Liver Cirrhosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000033222 Biliary cirrhosis primary Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010004663 Biliary colic Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108010018763 Biotin carboxylase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000008720 Bone Marrow Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000006386 Bone Resorption Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010005940 Bone and joint infections Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010005949 Bone cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101000800130 Bos taurus Thyroglobulin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091003079 Bovine Serum Albumin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 201000006474 Brain Ischemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010006482 Bronchospasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000007257 Budd-Chiari syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000011691 Burkitt lymphomas Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241001260012 Bursa Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000013830 Calcium-Sensing Receptors Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010050543 Calcium-Sensing Receptors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000000584 Calmodulin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010041952 Calmodulin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010058019 Cancer Pain Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101710132601 Capsid protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010007270 Carcinoid syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000000274 Carcinosarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010007559 Cardiac failure congestive Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010065929 Cardiovascular insufficiency Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000014882 Carotid artery disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108010078791 Carrier Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000701489 Cauliflower mosaic virus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000700199 Cavia porcellus Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000000844 Cell Surface Receptors Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010001857 Cell Surface Receptors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000015879 Cerebellar disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010008120 Cerebral ischaemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000005496 Chlorsulfuron Substances 0.000 description 1
- 206010008609 Cholangitis sclerosing Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010008690 Chondrocalcinosis pyrophosphate Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000010126 Chondromatosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000019591 Chondromyxoid fibroma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010008909 Chronic Hepatitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000010833 Chronic myeloid leukaemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010009094 Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010009208 Cirrhosis alcoholic Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000006561 Cluster Headache Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101710094648 Coat protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010009900 Colitis ulcerative Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102000008186 Collagen Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010035532 Collagen Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010047041 Complementarity Determining Regions Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108020004394 Complementary RNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010010744 Conjunctivitis allergic Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010010904 Convulsion Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010010947 Coordination abnormal Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920002261 Corn starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- BQOHYSXSASDCEA-KEOHHSTQSA-N Cyclic ADP-Ribose Chemical compound C([C@@H]1[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O1)N1C=2N=CN3C(C=2N=C1)=N)O)O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]3O1 BQOHYSXSASDCEA-KEOHHSTQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000005636 Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010045171 Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000008130 Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010049894 Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010079245 Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000012605 Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 201000003883 Cystic fibrosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IGXWBGJHJZYPQS-SSDOTTSWSA-N D-Luciferin Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H]1CSC(C=2SC3=CC=C(O)C=C3N=2)=N1 IGXWBGJHJZYPQS-SSDOTTSWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N D-Mannitol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N D-glucitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HMFHBZSHGGEWLO-SOOFDHNKSA-N D-ribofuranose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O HMFHBZSHGGEWLO-SOOFDHNKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101150074155 DHFR gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- CYCGRDQQIOGCKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dehydro-luciferin Natural products OC(=O)C1=CSC(C=2SC3=CC(O)=CC=C3N=2)=N1 CYCGRDQQIOGCKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010067889 Dementia with Lewy bodies Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920002307 Dextran Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 208000032131 Diabetic Neuropathies Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010012735 Diarrhoea Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000005872 Diffuse Esophageal Spasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000006926 Discoid Lupus Erythematosus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010061818 Disease progression Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101100408813 Drosophila melanogaster polo gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100031480 Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710146526 Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100023266 Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710146529 Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100021238 Dynamin-2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 208000005171 Dysmenorrhea Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010013935 Dysmenorrhoea Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010058314 Dysplasia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000000059 Dyspnea Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010013975 Dyspnoeas Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000012286 ELISA Assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 206010014513 Embolism arterial Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010014567 Empty Sella Syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102100031780 Endonuclease Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000792859 Enema Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010014950 Eosinophilia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000027004 Eosinophilic disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000010228 Erectile Dysfunction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000588724 Escherichia coli Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000701959 Escherichia virus Lambda Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000010201 Exanthema Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108060002716 Exonuclease Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010037362 Extracellular Matrix Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000010834 Extracellular Matrix Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 208000024720 Fabry Disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000005741 Failed Back Surgery Syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000026019 Fanconi renotubular syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000004930 Fatty Liver Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000724791 Filamentous phage Species 0.000 description 1
- BJGNCJDXODQBOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fivefly Luciferin Natural products OC(=O)C1CSC(C=2SC3=CC(O)=CC=C3N=2)=N1 BJGNCJDXODQBOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010016970 Foot fracture Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229930091371 Fructose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000005715 Fructose Substances 0.000 description 1
- RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N Fructose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@](O)(CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010040540 G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000027472 Galactosemias Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108010001515 Galectin 4 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000009796 Gangliosidoses Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000015872 Gaucher disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000007569 Giant Cell Tumors Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000007465 Giant cell arteritis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000018779 Globus Sensation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000022461 Glomerular disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108010021582 Glucokinase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000030595 Glucokinase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 206010053250 Glycogen storage disease type III Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010018498 Goitre Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102100021181 Golgi phosphoprotein 3 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 208000024869 Goodpasture syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000005569 Gout Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010072579 Granulomatosis with polyangiitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000024815 Granulomatous liver disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000003807 Graves Disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000035895 Guillain-Barré syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000032843 Hemorrhage Diseases 0.000 description 1
- HTTJABKRGRZYRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Heparin Chemical compound OC1C(NC(=O)C)C(O)OC(COS(O)(=O)=O)C1OC1C(OS(O)(=O)=O)C(O)C(OC2C(C(OS(O)(=O)=O)C(OC3C(C(O)C(O)C(O3)C(O)=O)OS(O)(=O)=O)C(CO)O2)NS(O)(=O)=O)C(C(O)=O)O1 HTTJABKRGRZYRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010062506 Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010019708 Hepatic steatosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010019728 Hepatitis alcoholic Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010019799 Hepatitis viral Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000002972 Hepatolenticular Degeneration Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010019842 Hepatomegaly Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010019860 Hereditary angioedema Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000028782 Hereditary disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102000005548 Hexokinase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108700040460 Hexokinases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000017604 Hodgkin disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000010747 Hodgkins lymphoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101000980825 Homo sapiens B-lymphocyte antigen CD19 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000817607 Homo sapiens Dynamin-2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000829473 Homo sapiens G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000608765 Homo sapiens Galectin-4 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000584177 Homo sapiens Myosin light chain kinase 3 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000595751 Homo sapiens Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001059454 Homo sapiens Serine/threonine-protein kinase MARK2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000003839 Human Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000144 Human Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000006937 Hydatidiform mole Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010020575 Hyperammonaemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010048643 Hypereosinophilic syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010020844 Hyperthermia malignant Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000029663 Hypophosphatemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010021067 Hypopituitarism Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108010054477 Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000001706 Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010067060 Immunoglobulin Variable Region Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000017727 Immunoglobulin Variable Region Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 208000001019 Inborn Errors Metabolism Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010061216 Infarction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000004575 Infectious Arthritis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108020005350 Initiator Codon Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010022491 Insulin resistant diabetes Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000005045 Interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108090000862 Ion Channels Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004310 Ion Channels Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 208000015710 Iron-Deficiency Anemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000009164 Islet Cell Adenoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010023126 Jaundice Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000012659 Joint disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000007766 Kaposi sarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000008839 Kidney Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N L-aspartic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(O)=O CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 1
- AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-WHFBIAKZSA-N L-isoleucine Chemical compound CC[C@H](C)[C@H](N)C(O)=O AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-WHFBIAKZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-YFKPBYRVSA-N L-leucine Chemical compound CC(C)C[C@H](N)C(O)=O ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-YFKPBYRVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBOZXECLQNJBKD-ZDUSSCGKSA-N L-methotrexate Chemical compound C=1N=C2N=C(N)N=C(N)C2=NC=1CN(C)C1=CC=C(C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C=C1 FBOZXECLQNJBKD-ZDUSSCGKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-VIFPVBQESA-N L-tryptophane Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C[C@H](N)C(O)=O)=CNC2=C1 QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-VIFPVBQESA-N 0.000 description 1
- KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-valine Chemical compound CC(C)[C@H](N)C(O)=O KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N Lactose Natural products OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010069698 Langerhans' cell histiocytosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108091026898 Leader sequence (mRNA) Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000009625 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Leucine Natural products CC(C)CC(N)C(O)=O ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 201000002832 Lewy body dementia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000026709 Liddle syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010024453 Ligament sprain Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000010557 Lipid storage disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000000501 Lipidoses Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010024585 Lipidosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102100024640 Low-density lipoprotein receptor Human genes 0.000 description 1
- DDWFXDSYGUXRAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Luciferin Natural products CCc1c(C)c(CC2NC(=O)C(=C2C=C)C)[nH]c1Cc3[nH]c4C(=C5/NC(CC(=O)O)C(C)C5CC(=O)O)CC(=O)c4c3C DDWFXDSYGUXRAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010058467 Lung neoplasm malignant Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000005777 Lupus Nephritis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000031422 Lymphocytic Chronic B-Cell Leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010025327 Lymphopenia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000033868 Lysosomal disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000015439 Lysosomal storage disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102000007651 Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010046938 Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000009571 Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010009474 Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101710125418 Major capsid protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000006644 Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000018717 Malignant hyperthermia of anesthesia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229930195725 Mannitol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 208000007054 Medullary Carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000000682 Megaloblastic Anemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 244000246386 Mentha pulegium Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000016257 Mentha pulegium Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000004357 Mentha x piperita Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 208000029725 Metabolic bone disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101100261636 Methanothermobacter marburgensis (strain ATCC BAA-927 / DSM 2133 / JCM 14651 / NBRC 100331 / OCM 82 / Marburg) trpB2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920000168 Microcrystalline cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 108091092878 Microsatellite Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000019695 Migraine disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000000060 Migraine with aura Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010049567 Miller Fisher syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108091092919 Minisatellite Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 201000002169 Mitochondrial myopathy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000003250 Mixed connective tissue disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000026072 Motor neurone disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000002678 Mucopolysaccharidoses Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010073148 Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241001529936 Murinae Species 0.000 description 1
- 101100366881 Mus musculus Stat3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000010428 Muscle Weakness Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010028372 Muscular weakness Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000003793 Myelodysplastic syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000033761 Myelogenous Chronic BCR-ABL Positive Leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000014767 Myeloproliferative disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000030858 Myofascial Pain Syndromes Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010028629 Myoglobinuria Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102100030783 Myosin light chain kinase 3 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 206010061533 Myotonia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010068871 Myotonic dystrophy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010028665 Myxoedema Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010028692 Nail discolouration Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000013625 Nelson syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229930193140 Neomycin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 206010029155 Nephropathy toxic Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000028389 Nerve injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000009905 Neurofibromatoses Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000000693 Neurogenic Urinary Bladder Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010029279 Neurogenic bladder Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010029326 Neuropathic arthropathy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000007125 Neurotoxicity Syndromes Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000014060 Niemann-Pick disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108020004711 Nucleic Acid Probes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091005461 Nucleic proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108700020497 Nucleopolyhedrovirus polyhedrin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101710141454 Nucleoprotein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000036576 Obstructive uropathy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010030247 Oestrogen deficiency Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000010195 Onychomycosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010031243 Osteogenesis imperfecta Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010031252 Osteomyelitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010031264 Osteonecrosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010049088 Osteopenia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000027868 Paget disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000027067 Paget disease of bone Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000008900 Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010033645 Pancreatitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010033647 Pancreatitis acute Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010033799 Paralysis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000027089 Parkinsonian disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010034010 Parkinsonism Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241001494479 Pecora Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000000450 Pelvic Pain Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000721454 Pemphigus Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000008469 Peptic Ulcer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108010033276 Peptide Fragments Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000007079 Peptide Fragments Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010067902 Peptide Library Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000031845 Pernicious anaemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102100036052 Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102000001105 Phosphofructokinases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010069341 Phosphofructokinases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000045595 Phosphoprotein Phosphatases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108700019535 Phosphoprotein Phosphatases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000014750 Phosphorylase Kinase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010064071 Phosphorylase Kinase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100124346 Photorhabdus laumondii subsp. laumondii (strain DSM 15139 / CIP 105565 / TT01) hisCD gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010063985 Phytosterolaemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000007913 Pituitary Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000013544 Platelet disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920002732 Polyanhydride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 206010065159 Polychondritis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010036040 Polychromasia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000008601 Polycythemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000954 Polyglycolide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 208000011185 Polyneuropathy in malignant disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920001710 Polyorthoester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 208000037062 Polyps Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000004880 Polyuria Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000016838 Pomo dAdamo Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000003138 Pomo dAdamo Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010057239 Post laminectomy syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000006664 Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000002500 Primary Ovarian Insufficiency Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000012654 Primary biliary cholangitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101710083689 Probable capsid protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010036790 Productive cough Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010036832 Prolactinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108010029485 Protein Isoforms Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000001708 Protein Isoforms Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102000052575 Proto-Oncogene Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108700020978 Proto-Oncogene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 201000001263 Psoriatic Arthritis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000036824 Psoriatic arthropathy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010037211 Psychomotor hyperactivity Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000028017 Psychotic disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010037596 Pyelonephritis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-M Pyruvate Chemical compound CC(=O)C([O-])=O LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 108010065868 RNA polymerase SP6 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010092799 RNA-directed DNA polymerase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100015818 Rattus norvegicus Grk5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000003782 Raynaud disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108091005682 Receptor kinases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000007056 Recombinant Fusion Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010008281 Recombinant Fusion Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000005587 Refsum Disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000033464 Reiter syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000004531 Renal Artery Obstruction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010038378 Renal artery stenosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010038419 Renal colic Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000033626 Renal failure acute Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000002200 Respiratory Hypersensitivity Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000007981 Reye syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000025747 Rheumatic disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010039085 Rhinitis allergic Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108010083644 Ribonucleases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000006382 Ribonucleases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000283984 Rodentia Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010039491 Sarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000008765 Sciatica Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010039808 Secondary aldosteronism Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010053260 Secondary hyperthyroidism Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010039984 Senile osteoporosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102100028904 Serine/threonine-protein kinase MARK2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 208000020967 Sever disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000001880 Sexual dysfunction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000002227 Sitosterolemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000000453 Skin Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- DWAQJAXMDSEUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bisulfite Chemical compound [Na+].OS([O-])=O DWAQJAXMDSEUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 208000010346 Sphingolipidoses Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000001307 Sphingolipidosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000007718 Stable Angina Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 206010041969 Steatorrhoea Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229930182558 Sterol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 102100036325 Sterol 26-hydroxylase, mitochondrial Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 208000007107 Stomach Ulcer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010066218 Stress Urinary Incontinence Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000005350 Sulfatidosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000009594 Systemic Scleroderma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010042953 Systemic sclerosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000031673 T-Cell Cutaneous Lymphoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101710137500 T7 RNA polymerase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010006785 Taq Polymerase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000022292 Tay-Sachs disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000000491 Tendinopathy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010043255 Tendonitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000004760 Tenosynovitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000008548 Tension-Type Headache Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000002903 Thalassemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- RYYWUUFWQRZTIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophosphoric acid Chemical class OP(O)(S)=O RYYWUUFWQRZTIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010043458 Thirst Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108091036066 Three prime untranslated region Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108090000190 Thrombin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000005485 Thrombocytosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102000006601 Thymidine Kinase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108020004440 Thymidine kinase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000009843 Thyroglobulin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 201000002015 Thyroid Crisis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000009453 Thyroid Nodule Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000024799 Thyroid disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010043786 Thyrotoxic crisis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- MZZINWWGSYUHGU-UHFFFAOYSA-J ToTo-1 Chemical compound [I-].[I-].[I-].[I-].C12=CC=CC=C2C(C=C2N(C3=CC=CC=C3S2)C)=CC=[N+]1CCC[N+](C)(C)CCC[N+](C)(C)CCC[N+](C1=CC=CC=C11)=CC=C1C=C1N(C)C2=CC=CC=C2S1 MZZINWWGSYUHGU-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 206010044074 Torticollis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000035317 Total hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase deficiency Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010044221 Toxic encephalopathy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 231100000076 Toxic encephalopathy Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229920001615 Tragacanth Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 108700009124 Transcription Initiation Site Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108700029229 Transcriptional Regulatory Elements Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010052779 Transplant rejections Diseases 0.000 description 1
- QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tryptophan Natural products C1=CC=C2C(CC(N)C(O)=O)=CNC2=C1 QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000026911 Tuberous sclerosis complex Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010060749 Type I hyperlipidaemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010045254 Type II hyperlipidaemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010045261 Type IIa hyperlipidaemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010060753 Type IV hyperlipidaemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010060755 Type V hyperlipidaemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108091000117 Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000048218 Tyrosine 3-monooxygenases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 201000006704 Ulcerative Colitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000007814 Unstable Angina Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 206010046477 Urethral syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000000921 Urge Urinary Incontinence Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010046543 Urinary incontinence Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000009311 VIPoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000700618 Vaccinia virus Species 0.000 description 1
- KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Valine Natural products CC(C)C(N)C(O)=O KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000009443 Vascular Malformations Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000004810 Vascular dementia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- GXBMIBRIOWHPDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vasopressin Natural products N1C(=O)C(CC=2C=C(O)C=CC=2)NC(=O)C(N)CSSCC(C(=O)N2C(CCC2)C(=O)NC(CCCN=C(N)N)C(=O)NCC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(CC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)C1CC1=CC=CC=C1 GXBMIBRIOWHPDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000008131 Ventricular Flutter Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010047281 Ventricular arrhythmia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010047486 Virilism Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000003728 Vulvodynia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010069055 Vulvovaginal pain Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000013058 Weber syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010047924 Wheezing Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000018839 Wilson disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000026589 Wolman disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- GRRMZXFOOGQMFA-UHFFFAOYSA-J YoYo-1 Chemical compound [I-].[I-].[I-].[I-].C12=CC=CC=C2C(C=C2N(C3=CC=CC=C3O2)C)=CC=[N+]1CCC[N+](C)(C)CCC[N+](C)(C)CCC[N+](C1=CC=CC=C11)=CC=C1C=C1N(C)C2=CC=CC=C2O1 GRRMZXFOOGQMFA-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 201000008629 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- MMWCIQZXVOZEGG-HOZKJCLWSA-N [(1S,2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-2,3,5-trihydroxy-4,6-diphosphonooxycyclohexyl] dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1OP(O)(O)=O MMWCIQZXVOZEGG-HOZKJCLWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 108020002494 acetyltransferase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000005421 acetyltransferase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 208000037919 acquired disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000017733 acquired polycythemia vera Diseases 0.000 description 1
- DPKHZNPWBDQZCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N acridine orange free base Chemical compound C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC2=NC3=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C3C=C21 DPKHZNPWBDQZCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000011040 acute kidney failure Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000005298 acute pain Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000003229 acute pancreatitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000012998 acute renal failure Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102000030621 adenylate cyclase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108060000200 adenylate cyclase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 210000004404 adrenal cortex Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000003470 adrenal cortex hormone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000001943 adrenal medulla Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000017515 adrenocortical insufficiency Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000030597 adult Refsum disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001261 affinity purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007000 age related cognitive decline Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010085 airway hyperresponsiveness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000037883 airway inflammation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000002353 alcoholic hepatitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000010002 alcoholic liver cirrhosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229960002478 aldosterone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000783 alginic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229960001126 alginic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000004781 alginic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 208000002205 allergic conjunctivitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000026935 allergic disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000030961 allergic reaction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000010105 allergic rhinitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3] WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000037354 amino acid metabolism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229940126575 aminoglycoside Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052921 ammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011130 ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 206010002026 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000003098 androgen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001548 androgenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940030486 androgens Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000010208 anthocyanin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229930002877 anthocyanin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000004410 anthocyanin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004636 anthocyanins Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002391 anti-complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000340 anti-metabolite Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002788 anti-peptide Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009830 antibody antigen interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 108010008730 anticomplement Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 210000000612 antigen-presenting cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229940100197 antimetabolite Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002256 antimetabolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000006708 antioxidants Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003816 antisense DNA Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000000709 aorta Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-WDCZJNDASA-N arabinose Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)C=O PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-WDCZJNDASA-N 0.000 description 1
- PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N arabinose Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C=O PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940114079 arachidonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000021342 arachidonic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 208000037849 arterial hypertension Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000001367 artery Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000001106 artificial yeast chromosome Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229940009098 aspartate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 208000024998 atopic conjunctivitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010003668 atrial tachycardia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000037444 atrophy Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000052616 bacterial pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000003385 bacteriostatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003651 basophil Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000000227 basophil cell of anterior lobe of hypophysis Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000017529 benign neoplasm of pituitary gland Diseases 0.000 description 1
- DZBUGLKDJFMEHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoquinolinylidene Natural products C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 DZBUGLKDJFMEHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019445 benzyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N beta-D-Pyranose-Lyxose Natural products OC1COC(O)C(O)C1O SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003833 bile salt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940093761 bile salts Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 108091008324 binding proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000004166 bioassay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008238 biochemical pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003851 biochemical process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003115 biocidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000249 biocompatible polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000013060 biological fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001222 biopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000001574 biopsy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000017531 blood circulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036765 blood level Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036770 blood supply Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009045 body homeostasis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000006491 bone marrow cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000024279 bone resorption Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940098773 bovine serum albumin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000059 bradycardiac effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000029028 brain injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000007293 brain stem infarction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000000424 bronchial epithelial cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000003678 bronchial smooth muscle cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000007885 bronchoconstriction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007975 buffered saline Substances 0.000 description 1
- DQXBYHZEEUGOBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-3-enoic acid;ethene Chemical compound C=C.OC(=O)CC=C DQXBYHZEEUGOBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000004899 c-terminal region Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011010 calcium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004657 carbamic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000034149 carbohydrate storage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000025938 carbohydrate utilization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002057 carboxymethyl group Chemical group [H]OC(=O)C([H])([H])[*] 0.000 description 1
- 230000022900 cardiac muscle contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000012820 cell cycle checkpoint Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000033077 cellular process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004637 cellular stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010008118 cerebral infarction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000001088 cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000002738 chelating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960004926 chlorobutanol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- VJYIFXVZLXQVHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorsulfuron Chemical compound COC1=NC(C)=NC(NC(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C=2C(=CC=CC=2)Cl)=N1 VJYIFXVZLXQVHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 201000005217 chondroblastoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000002849 chondrocalcinosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- ZYVSOIYQKUDENJ-WKSBCEQHSA-N chromomycin A3 Chemical compound O([C@@H]1C[C@@H](O[C@H](C)[C@@H]1OC(C)=O)OC=1C=C2C=C3C[C@H]([C@@H](C(=O)C3=C(O)C2=C(O)C=1C)O[C@@H]1O[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]2O[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]3O[C@@H](C)[C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@@](C)(O)C3)C2)C1)[C@H](OC)C(=O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H]1C[C@@H](O)[C@@H](OC)[C@@H](C)O1 ZYVSOIYQKUDENJ-WKSBCEQHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002759 chromosomal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000015864 chronic erosive gastritis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037893 chronic inflammatory disorder Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000020832 chronic kidney disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000032852 chronic lymphocytic leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000008576 chronic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000022831 chronic renal failure syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000004087 circulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001860 citric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 208000029664 classic familial adenomatous polyposis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000018912 cluster headache syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940110456 cocoa butter Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019868 cocoa butter Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 208000010877 cognitive disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000001149 cognitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001436 collagen Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940075614 colloidal silicon dioxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000004737 colorimetric analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 201000011050 comedo carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012875 competitive assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009137 competitive binding Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013068 control sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013270 controlled release Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008120 corn starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001893 coumarin derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 208000012790 cranial neuralgia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000006071 cream Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012258 culturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 201000007241 cutaneous T cell lymphoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000004921 cutaneous lupus erythematosus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- ZOOGRGPOEVQQDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclic GMP Natural products O1C2COP(O)(=O)OC2C(O)C1N1C=NC2=C1NC(N)=NC2=O ZOOGRGPOEVQQDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000002445 cystadenocarcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000003146 cystitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000007850 degeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002716 delivery method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003210 demyelinating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005547 deoxyribonucleotide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002637 deoxyribonucleotide group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000030609 dephosphorylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006209 dephosphorylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002074 deregulated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001212 derivatisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004427 diamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000003205 diastolic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102000038379 digestive enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108091007734 digestive enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- UGMCXQCYOVCMTB-UHFFFAOYSA-K dihydroxy(stearato)aluminium Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O[Al](O)O UGMCXQCYOVCMTB-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000539 dimer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005750 disease progression Effects 0.000 description 1
- NAGJZTKCGNOGPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N dithiophosphoric acid Chemical class OP(O)(S)=S NAGJZTKCGNOGPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007783 downstream signaling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940000406 drug candidate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000009509 drug development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007876 drug discovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007877 drug screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003596 drug target Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000000718 duodenal ulcer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000006549 dyspepsia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000003981 ectoderm Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000012636 effector Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001962 electrophoresis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004520 electroporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003511 endothelial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000284 endotoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002346 endotoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007920 enema Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940079360 enema for constipation Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000001976 enzyme digestion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003979 eosinophil Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000003401 eosinophilic granuloma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010015037 epilepsy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229960005139 epinephrine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000001667 episodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002919 epithelial cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000003743 erythrocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000010437 erythropoiesis Effects 0.000 description 1
- ZMMJGEGLRURXTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethidium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].C12=CC(N)=CC=C2C2=CC=C(N)C=C2[N+](CC)=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZMMJGEGLRURXTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960005542 ethidium bromide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000005038 ethylene vinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000005884 exanthem Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003499 exocrine gland Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000003020 exocrine pancreas Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 102000013165 exonuclease Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 210000002744 extracellular matrix Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 201000001386 familial hypercholesterolemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000010706 fatty liver disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000002950 fibroblast Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009969 flowable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002189 fluorescence spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007478 fluorogenic assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003325 follicular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013355 food flavoring agent Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000003599 food sweetener Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005194 fractionation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006062 fragmentation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002825 functional assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- IECPWNUMDGFDKC-MZJAQBGESA-N fusidic acid Chemical class O[C@@H]([C@@H]12)C[C@H]3\C(=C(/CCC=C(C)C)C(O)=O)[C@@H](OC(C)=O)C[C@]3(C)[C@@]2(C)CC[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)CC[C@@H](O)[C@H]2C IECPWNUMDGFDKC-MZJAQBGESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930182830 galactose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000006585 gastric adenocarcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000021302 gastroesophageal reflux disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000007903 gelatin capsule Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012252 genetic analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037442 genomic alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000007116 gestational trophoblastic neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000006589 gland dysfunction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000762 glandular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930195712 glutamate Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 125000005456 glyceride group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002795 guanidino group Chemical group C(N)(=N)N* 0.000 description 1
- 210000001983 hard palate Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 201000000615 hard palate cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000004217 heart function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001308 heart ventricle Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000025750 heavy chain disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000007427 heel spur Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 244000000013 helminth Species 0.000 description 1
- 210000005096 hematological system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000031169 hemorrhagic disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229960002897 heparin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920000669 heparin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 208000007386 hepatic encephalopathy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 231100000843 hepatic granuloma Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 208000017694 hepatic granuloma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000010224 hepatic metabolism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003494 hepatocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000002363 herbicidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004009 herbicide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000009200 high fat diet Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000013537 high throughput screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 101150113423 hisD gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 210000003630 histaminocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000001744 histochemical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000013632 homeostatic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003054 hormonal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000001050 hortel pimenta Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000020256 human milk Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000004251 human milk Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229960000890 hydrocortisone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 208000000522 hyperlipoproteinemia type IV Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002727 hyperosmolar Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009610 hypersensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002218 hypoglycaemic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000024364 idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000000916 idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000008384 ileus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002883 imidazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000001900 immune effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000026278 immune system disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000036039 immunity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010166 immunofluorescence Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940072221 immunoglobulins Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002055 immunohistochemical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003364 immunohistochemistry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012133 immunoprecipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007943 implant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000001881 impotence Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007901 in situ hybridization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000099 in vitro assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000016245 inborn errors of metabolism Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000016290 incoordination Diseases 0.000 description 1
- PZOUSPYUWWUPPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N indole Natural products CC1=CC=CC2=C1C=CN2 PZOUSPYUWWUPPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RKJUIXBNRJVNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N indolenine Natural products C1=CC=C2CC=NC2=C1 RKJUIXBNRJVNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003701 inert diluent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007574 infarction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010022000 influenza Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000018592 inherited blood coagulation disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000015978 inherited metabolic disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007972 injectable composition Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002608 insulinlike Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012482 interaction analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000004332 intermediate coronary syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000031146 intracellular signal transduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000010985 invasive ductal carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000007852 inverse PCR Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004255 ion exchange chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000028867 ischemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229960000310 isoleucine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoleucine Natural products CCC(C)C(N)C(O)=O AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007951 isotonicity adjuster Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000006370 kidney failure Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000000021 kinase assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 101150066555 lacZ gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000006651 lactation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008101 lactose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 201000003723 learning disability Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000000787 lecithin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010445 lecithin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940067606 lecithin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 208000036546 leukodystrophy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000002364 leukopenia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 231100001022 leukopenia Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 208000002741 leukoplakia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000088 lip Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000006372 lipid accumulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000037356 lipid metabolism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003520 lipogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010024627 liposarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- DLBFLQKQABVKGT-UHFFFAOYSA-L lucifer yellow dye Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C1=CC(C(N(C(=O)NN)C2=O)=O)=C3C2=CC(S([O-])(=O)=O)=CC3=C1N DLBFLQKQABVKGT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 210000002751 lymph Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000004698 lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000003563 lymphoid tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000014416 lysosomal lipid storage disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000019359 magnesium stearate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000006249 magnetic particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036210 malignancy Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000007004 malignant hyperthermia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000027202 mammary Paget disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000005075 mammary gland Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000007726 management method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000594 mannitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010355 mannitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000013507 mapping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010297 mechanical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010534 mechanism of action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000023356 medullary thyroid gland carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000004840 megacolon Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 231100001016 megaloblastic anemia Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003975 mesenteric artery Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000037323 metabolic rate Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002207 metabolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001394 metastastic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001360 methionine group Chemical group N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)* 0.000 description 1
- 229960000485 methotrexate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- STZCRXQWRGQSJD-GEEYTBSJSA-M methyl orange Chemical compound [Na+].C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C1\N=N\C1=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C1 STZCRXQWRGQSJD-GEEYTBSJSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940012189 methyl orange Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010270 methyl p-hydroxybenzoate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960001047 methyl salicylate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019813 microcrystalline cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008108 microcrystalline cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940016286 microcrystalline cellulose Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000000520 microinjection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000027939 micturition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010052787 migraine without aura Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000027061 mild cognitive impairment Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000003278 mimic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002395 mineralocorticoid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000394 mitotic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- ZAHQPTJLOCWVPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N mitoxantrone dihydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.Cl.O=C1C2=C(O)C=CC(O)=C2C(=O)C2=C1C(NCCNCCO)=CC=C2NCCNCCO ZAHQPTJLOCWVPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000329 molecular dynamics simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003068 molecular probe Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000001616 monocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000004899 motility Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000005264 motor neuron disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000002324 mouth wash Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940051866 mouthwash Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 206010028093 mucopolysaccharidosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000000690 mucopolysaccharidosis VI Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000003097 mucus Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000003843 mucus production Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000021332 multicellular organism growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010051747 multiple endocrine neoplasia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000006938 muscular dystrophy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000029372 muscular lipidosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000000869 mutational effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010028417 myasthenia gravis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010028537 myelofibrosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000000050 myeloid neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002107 myocardial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000009340 myotonic dystrophy type 1 Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000003786 myxedema Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000024755 nail discoloration Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000007922 nasal spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006218 nasal suppository Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006199 nebulizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960004927 neomycin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 201000008383 nephritis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 231100000417 nephrotoxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000008764 nerve damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000944 nerve tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000001537 neural effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000004931 neurofibromatosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000001272 neurogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002569 neuron Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000002981 neuropathic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000021722 neuropathic pain Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000004235 neutropenia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000002547 new drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000002445 nipple Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 201000008492 nontoxic goiter Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000000346 nonvolatile oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010606 normalization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002853 nucleic acid probe Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001821 nucleic acid purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000269 nucleophilic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001009 nucleus accumben Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000031787 nutrient reservoir activity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000414 obstructive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006548 oncogenic transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004789 organ system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 201000008482 osteoarthritis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000003388 osteoid osteoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000008798 osteoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000005368 osteomalacia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000002865 osteopetrosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000024449 overflow incontinence Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000020477 pH reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008058 pain sensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000021090 palsy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000022102 pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000005989 paraneoplastic polyneuropathy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000012111 paraneoplastic syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000001002 parasympathetic nervous system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000001152 parietal lobe Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000007777 paroxysmal Hemicrania Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000001717 pathogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001991 pathophysiological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013610 patient sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006320 pegylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003899 penis Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000010647 peptide synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010412 perfusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003516 pericardium Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000000578 peripheral nerve Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000001428 peripheral nervous system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000008177 pharmaceutical agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000144 pharmacologic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960003742 phenol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 208000028591 pheochromocytoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 150000003905 phosphatidylinositols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004713 phosphodiesters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000008298 phosphoramidates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003014 phosphoric acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006461 physiological response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002504 physiological saline solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- INAAIJLSXJJHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pibenzimol Chemical compound C1CN(C)CCN1C1=CC=C(N=C(N2)C=3C=C4NC(=NC4=CC=3)C=3C=CC(O)=CC=3)C2=C1 INAAIJLSXJJHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006187 pill Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000010916 pituitary tumor Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229940037129 plain mineralocorticoids for systemic use Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 101150100677 polo gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920001983 poloxamer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001200 poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000747 poly(lactic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000447 polyanionic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 201000006292 polyarteritis nodosa Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037244 polycythemia vera Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010036067 polydipsia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000008389 polyethoxylated castor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004633 polyglycolic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004626 polylactic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000054765 polymorphisms of proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 208000007232 portal hypertension Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000001685 postmenopausal osteoporosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002953 preparative HPLC Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000025638 primary cutaneous T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000009862 primary prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000000742 primary sclerosing cholangitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000006259 progesterone secretion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000770 proinflammatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000030153 prolactin-producing pituitary gland adenoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000035755 proliferation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000069 prophylactic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011321 prophylaxis Methods 0.000 description 1
- XJMOSONTPMZWPB-UHFFFAOYSA-M propidium iodide Chemical compound [I-].[I-].C12=CC(N)=CC=C2C2=CC=C(N)C=C2[N+](CCC[N+](C)(CC)CC)=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 XJMOSONTPMZWPB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 201000001514 prostate carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000001475 prostate lymphoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000004224 protection Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001742 protein purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001243 protein synthesis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000012743 protein tagging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004850 protein–protein interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003456 pulmonary alveoli Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000002685 pulmonary effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004144 purine metabolism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002637 putamen Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000001959 radiotherapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 206010037844 rash Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000002574 reactive arthritis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000011897 real-time detection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008707 rearrangement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007115 recruitment Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000011514 reflex Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004346 regulation of heart rate Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000028503 regulation of lipid metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000016487 regulation of smooth muscle contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000009169 relapsing polychondritis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000007634 remodeling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001850 reproductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000241 respiratory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000029058 respiratory gaseous exchange Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000029922 reticulum cell sarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000003757 reverse transcription PCR Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000552 rheumatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003705 ribosome Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 125000000548 ribosyl group Chemical group C1([C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O1)CO)* 0.000 description 1
- CVHZOJJKTDOEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N saccharin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C2=C1 CVHZOJJKTDOEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940081974 saccharin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019204 saccharin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000901 saccharin and its Na,K and Ca salt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000000306 sarcoidosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000000980 schizophrenia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000003345 scintillation counting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000010157 sclerosing cholangitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000011571 secondary malignant neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000009863 secondary prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006152 selective media Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000001223 septic arthritis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000002966 serum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 231100000872 sexual dysfunction Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 208000013220 shortness of breath Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000001542 size-exclusion chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002027 skeletal muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000004927 skin cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000002460 smooth muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000010267 sodium hydrogen sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000020431 spinal cord injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007480 spreading Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010473 stable expression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 208000001162 steatorrhea Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000007863 steatosis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003431 steroids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003432 sterols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000003702 sterols Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 208000022170 stress incontinence Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000007497 subacute thyroiditis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000003319 supportive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000829 suppository Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002511 suppository base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035900 sweating Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003765 sweetening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000002820 sympathetic nervous system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000005062 synaptic transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010042863 synovial sarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000009897 systematic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007910 systemic administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009885 systemic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008685 targeting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010043207 temporal arteritis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000004415 tendinitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229960003604 testosterone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000542 thalamic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 description 1
- RTKIYNMVFMVABJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L thimerosal Chemical compound [Na+].CC[Hg]SC1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O RTKIYNMVFMVABJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940033663 thimerosal Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000003161 three-hybrid assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960004072 thrombin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 206010043554 thrombocytopenia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002885 thrombogenetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960002175 thyroglobulin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 208000030829 thyroid gland adenocarcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000030901 thyroid gland follicular carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000005882 tinea unguium Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000012090 tissue culture technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000699 topical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000006594 toxic diffuse goiter Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 210000003437 trachea Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000010361 transduction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000026683 transduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008733 trauma Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011269 treatment regimen Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 206010044652 trigeminal neuralgia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001226 triphosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101150081616 trpB gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150111232 trpB-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000009999 tuberous sclerosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000004881 tumor cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000003160 two-hybrid assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010396 two-hybrid screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- OUYCCCASQSFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N tyrosine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 OUYCCCASQSFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010798 ubiquitination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000034512 ubiquitination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 241000701447 unidentified baculovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001515965 unidentified phage Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001430294 unidentified retrovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 210000000626 ureter Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 206010046494 urge incontinence Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000002327 urinary tract obstruction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000002700 urine Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- VBEQCZHXXJYVRD-GACYYNSASA-N uroanthelone Chemical compound C([C@@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC(O)=CC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(O)=O)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC=1NC=NC=1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](CC=1C=CC(O)=CC=1)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC=1C=CC(O)=CC=1)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H]1N(CCC1)C(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H]1N(CCC1)C(=O)[C@H](CC=1C=CC(O)=CC=1)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(N)=O)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 VBEQCZHXXJYVRD-GACYYNSASA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010046766 uterine cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009777 vacuum freeze-drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004474 valine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000037820 vascular cognitive impairment Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 231100000216 vascular lesion Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 210000004509 vascular smooth muscle cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000003156 vasculitic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003462 vein Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000037997 venous disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000003663 ventricular fibrillation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000001862 viral hepatitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000009935 visceral pain Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000002670 vitamin B12 deficiency Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000006542 von Hippel-Lindau disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000008215 water for injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001086 yeast two-hybrid system Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/74—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving hormones or other non-cytokine intercellular protein regulatory factors such as growth factors, including receptors to hormones and growth factors
- G01N33/76—Human chorionic gonadotropin including luteinising hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone or their receptors
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
- G01N2333/435—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans
- G01N2333/705—Assays involving receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
- G01N2333/72—Assays involving receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants for hormones
- G01N2333/726—G protein coupled receptor, e.g. TSHR-thyrotropin-receptor, LH/hCG receptor, FSH
Definitions
- G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 5 GRK5
- the present invention is in the field of molecular biology, more particularly, the present invention relates to nucleic acid sequences and amino acid sequences of a human GRK5 and its regulation for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrinological diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, muscle skeleton diseases, neurological diseases and urological diseases in mammals.
- GRK5 is a member ofthe enzyme group of kinases [[Haribabu and Snyderman (1993)], [Fan and
- Kinases are enzymes, which catalyse the transfer of a phosphate group (phosphorylation) from a donor (mainly ATP) onto an acceptor molecule's nucleophilic functional group, such as hydroxy-, carboxy-, guanidino-, thiol-, or imidazole- groups.
- a phosphate group phosphorylation
- acceptor molecule's nucleophilic functional group such as hydroxy-, carboxy-, guanidino-, thiol-, or imidazole- groups.
- Kinases can act on on a variety of molecules like small metabolites, or proteins (protein kinases) .
- kinases that phosphorylate small organic molecules often play important roles in metabolic pathways such as glycolosis (e.g. hexokinase, glucokinase, or phosphofructokinase), or in anabolic pathways.
- glycolosis e.g. hexokinase, glucokinase, or phosphofructokinase
- Protein kinases play critical roles in cellular signal transduction.
- Cellular signal transduction is a fundamental mechanism whereby extracellular stimuli are relayed to the interior of cells and subsequently regulate diverse cellular processes.
- One of the key biochemical mechanisms of signal transduction involves the reversible phosphorylation of proteins. Phosphorylation of polypeptides regulates the activity of mature proteins by altering their structure and function. Phosphate most often resides on the hydroxyl moiety (—OH) of serine, threonine, or tyrosine amino acids in proteins.
- kinases regulate many different cell proliferation, differentiation, and signaling processes by adding phosphate groups to proteins. Uncontrolled signaling has been implicated in a variety of disease conditions including inflammation, cancer, arteriosclerosis, and psoriasis. Reversible protein phosphorylation is the main strategy for controlling activities of eukaryotic cells.
- the high energy phosphate which drives activation, is generally transferred from adenosine triphosphate molecules (ATP) to a particular protein by protein kinases and removed from that protein by protein phosphatases.
- ATP adenosine triphosphate molecules
- Phosphorylation occurs in response to extracellular signals (hormones, neurotransmitters, growth and differentiation factors, etc), cell cycle checkpoints, and environmental or nutritional stresses and is roughly analogous to turning on a molecular switch. When the switch goes on, the appropriate protein kinase activates a metabolic enzyme, regulatory protein, receptor, cytoskeletal protein, ion channel or pump, or transcription factor.
- the kinases comprise the largest known protein group, a superfamily of enzymes with widely varied functions and specificities. They are usually named after their substrate, their regulatory molecules, or some aspect of a mutant phenotype. With regard to substrates, the protein kinases may be roughly ' divided into two groups; those that phosphorylate tyrosine residues (protein tyrosine kinases, PTK) and those that phosphorylate serine or threonine residues (serine/threonine kinases, STK). A few protein kinases have dual specificity and phosphorylate threonine and tyrosine residues. Almost all kinases contain a similar 250-300 amino acid catalytic domain.
- the N-terminal domain which contains subdomains I-IV, generally folds into a two-lobed structure, which binds and orients the ATP (or GTP) donor molecule.
- the larger C terminal lobe which contains subdomains VI-XI, binds the protein substrate and carries out the transfer of the gamma phosphate from ATP to the hydroxyl group of a serine, threonine, or tyrosine residue.
- Subdomain V spans the two lobes.
- the kinases may be categorized into families by the different amino acid sequences (generally between 5 and 100 residues) located on either side of, or inserted into loops of, the kinase domain. These added amino acid sequences allow the regulation of each kinase as it recognizes and interacts with its target protein.
- the primary structure of the kinase domains is conserved and can be further subdivided into 11 subdomains. Each of the 11 subdomains contains specific residues and motifs or patterns of amino acids that are characteristic of that subdomain and are highly conserved [Hardie, G. and Hanks, S. (1995)].
- the second messenger dependent protein kinases primarily mediate the effects of second messengers such as cyclic AMP (cAMP), cyclic GMP, inositol triphosphate, phosphatidylinositol, 3,4,5-triphosphate, cyclic-ADPribose, arachidonic acid, diacylglycerol and calcium-calmodulin.
- cyclic AMP cyclic AMP
- GMP cyclic GMP
- inositol triphosphate phosphatidylinositol
- cyclic-ADPribose cyclic-ADPribose
- arachidonic acid diacylglycerol
- calcium-calmodulin calcium-calmodulin.
- the cyclic-AMP dependent protein kinases (PKA) are important members of the STK family. Cyclic-AMP is an intracellular mediator of hormone action in all prokaryotic and animal cells that have been studied.
- Such hormone-induced cellular responses include thyroid hormone secretion, cortisol secretion, progesterone secretion, glycogen breakdown, bone resorption, and regulation of heart rate and force of heart muscle contraction.
- PKA is found in all animal cells and is thought to account for the effects of cyclic-AMP in most of these cells. Altered PKA expression is implicated in a variety of disorders and diseases including cancer, thyroid disorders, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease [Isselbacher, K. J. et al. (1994)].
- CaM dependent protein kinases are also members of STK family. Calmodulin is a calcium receptor that mediates many calcium regulated processes by binding to target proteins in response to the binding of calcium. The principle target protein in these processes is CaM dependent protein kinases. CaM-kinases are involved in regulation of smooth muscle contraction (MLC kinase), glycogen breakdown (phosphorylase kinase), and neurotrans- mission (CaM kinase I and CaM kinase H).
- MLC kinase smooth muscle contraction
- phosphorylase kinase glycogen breakdown
- CaM kinase I and CaM kinase H neurotrans- mission
- CaM kinase I phosphorylates a variety of substrates including the neurotransmitter related proteins synapsin I and U., the gene transcription regulator, CREB, and the cystic fibrosis conductance regulator protein, CFTR [Haribabu, B. et al. (1995)].
- CaM II kinase also phosphorylates synapsin at different sites, and controls the synthesis of catecholamines in the brain through phosphorylation and activation of tyrosine hydroxylase. Many of the CaM kinases are activated by phosphorylation in addition to binding to CaM. The kinase may autophosphorylate itself, or be phosphorylated by another kinase as part of a "kinase cascade".
- AMPK 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase
- Mammalian AMPK is a regulator of fatty acid and sterol synthesis through phosphorylation of the enzymes acetyl-CoA carboxylase and hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reducetase and mediates responses of these pathways to cellular stresses such as heat shock and depletion of glucose and ATP.
- AMPK is a heterotrimeric complex comprised of a catalytic alpha subunit and two non-catalytic beta and gamma subunits that are believed to regulate the activity of the alpha subunit.
- Subunits of AMPK have a much wider distribution in non-lipogenic tissues such as brain, heart, spleen, and lung than expected. This distribution suggests that its role may extend beyond regulation of lipid metabolism alone.
- MAP kinases are also members of the STK family. MAP kinases also regulate intracellular signaling pathways. They mediate signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus via phosphorylation cascades. Several subgroups have been identified, and each manifests different substrate specificities and responds to distinct extracellular stimuli [Egan, S. E. and Weinberg, R. A. (1993)]. MAP kinase signaling pathways are present in mammalian cells as well as in yeast.
- the extracellular stimuli that activate mammalian pathways include epidermal growth factor (EGF), ultraviolet light, hyperosmolar medium, heat shock, endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1).
- EGF epidermal growth factor
- LPS endotoxic lipopolysaccharide
- cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1).
- PRK proliferation-related kinase
- PRK is a serum/cytokine inducible STK that is involved in regulation of the cell cycle and cell proliferation in human megakaroytic cells [Li, B. et al. (1996)].
- PRK is related to the polo (derived from humans polo gene) family of STKs implicated in cell division.
- PRK is downregulated in lung tumor tissue and may be a proto-oncogene whose deregulated expression in normal tissue leads to oncogenic transformation.
- Altered MAP kinase expression is implicated in a variety of disease conditions including cancer, inflammation, immune disorders, and disorders affecting growth and development.
- CDKs The cyclin-dependent protein kinases
- Cyclins are small regulatory proteins that act by binding to and activating CDKs that then trigger various phases of the cell cycle by phosphorylating and activating selected proteins involved in the mitotic process.
- CDKs are unique in that they require multiple inputs to become activated. In addition to the binding of cyclin, CDK activation requires the phosphorylation of a specific threonine residue and the dephosphorylation of a specific tyrosine residue.
- Protein tyrosine kinases specifically phosphorylate tyrosine residues on their target proteins and may be divided into transmembrane, receptor PTKs and nontransmembrane, non- receptor PTKs.
- Transmembrane protein-tyrosine kinases are receptors for most growth factors. Binding of growth factor to the receptor activates the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to selected tyrosine side chains of the receptor and other specific proteins.
- Growth factors (GF) associated with receptor PTKs include; epidermal GF, platelet-derived GF, fibroblast GF, hepatocyte GF, insulin and insulin-like GFs, nerve GF, vascular endothelial GF, and macrophage colony stimulating factor.
- Non-receptor PTKs lack transmembrane regions and, instead, form complexes with the intracellular regions of cell surface receptors.
- Such receptors that function through non-receptor PTKs include those for cytokines, hormones (growth hormone and prolactin) and antigen-specific receptors on T and B lymphocytes.
- TaqMan is a recently developed technique, in which the release of a fluorescent reporter dye from a hybridisation probe in real-time during a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is proportional to the accumulation of the PCR product. Quantification is based on the early, linear part of the reaction, and by deteirnining the threshold cycle (CT), at which fluorescence above background is first' detected.
- CT threshold cycle
- Gene expression technologies may be useful in several areas of drug discovery and development, such as target identification, lead optimization, and identification of mechanisms of action.
- the TaqMan technology can be used to compare differences between expression profiles of normal tissue and diseased tissue.
- Expression profiling has been used in identifying genes, which are up- or downregulated in a variety of diseases.
- An interesting application of expression profiling is temporal monitoring of changes in gene expression during disease progression and drug treatment or in patients versus healthy individuals.
- the premise in this approach is that changes in pattern of gene expression in response to physiological or environmental stimuli (e.g., drags) may serve as indirect clues about disease-causing genes or drug targets.
- the effects of drugs with established efficacy on global gene expression patterns may provide a guidepost, or a genetic signature, against which a new drug candidate can be compared.
- nucleotide sequence of GRK5 is accessible in the databases by the accession number NM_005308 and is given in SEQ ID NO: 1.
- G protein-coupled receptor kinases play an important role in phosphorylating and regulating the activity of a variety of G protein-coupled receptors.
- Haribabu and Snyderman By PCR on neutrophil cDNA using primers based on sequences of known receptor kinases, Haribabu and Snyderman [Haribabu and Snyderman (1993)] identified GPRK5 and GPRK6 sequences.
- Fan and Malik [Fan and Malik (2003)] noted that desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors regulates the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), as well as their motility and ability to stop upon contact with pathogens or target cells, and this desensitization is mediated by GRKs. They found that MIP2 induces GRK2 and GRK5 expression in PMNs through PI3KG
- LPS lipopolysaccharide
- GRK5 is published in patent US 6500938, WO0224947 and US 6255069.
- the invention relates to novel disease associations of GRK5 polypeptides and polynucleotides.
- the invention also relates to novel methods of screening for therapeutic agents for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrinological diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, muscle skeleton diseases, neurological diseases and urological diseases in a mammal.
- the invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrinological diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, muscle skeleton diseases, neurological diseases and urological diseases in a mammal comprising a GRK5 polypeptide, a GRK5 polynucleotide, or regulators of GRK5 or modulators of GRK5 activity.
- the invention further comprises methods of diagnosing cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrinological diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, muscle skeleton diseases, neurological diseases and urological diseases in a mammal.
- Fig. 1 shows the nucleotide sequence of a GRK5 polynucleotide (SEQ ID NO:l).
- Fig. 2 shows the amino acid sequence of a GRK5 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:2).
- Fig. 3 shows the nucleotide sequence of a primer useful for the invention (SEQ ID NO:3).
- Fig. 4 shows the nucleotide sequence of a primer useful for the invention (SEQ ID NO:4).
- Fig. 5 shows a nucleotide sequence useful as a probe to detect proteins of the invention (SEQ ID NO:5).
- oligonucleotide is a stretch of nucleotide residues which has a sufficient number of bases to be used as an oligomer, amplimer or probe in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Oligonucleotides are prepared from genomic or cDNA sequence and are used to amplify, reveal, or confirm the presence of a similar DNA or RNA in a particular cell or tissue. Oligonucleotides or oligomers comprise portions of a DNA sequence having at least about 10 nucleotides and as many as about 35 nucleotides, preferably about 25 nucleotides.
- Probes may be derived from naturally occurring or recombinant single- or double-stranded nucleic acids or may be chemically synthesized. They are useful in detecting the presence of identical or similar sequences. Such probes may be labeled with reporter molecules using nick translation, Klenow fill-in reaction, PCR or other methods well known in the art. Nucleic acid probes may be used in southern, northern or in situ hybridizations to determine whether DNA or RNA encoding a certain protein is present in a cell type, tissue, or organ.
- a “fragment of a polynucleotide” is a nucleic acid that comprises all or any part of a given nucleotide molecule, the fragment having fewer nucleotides than about 6 kb, preferably fewer than about 1 kb.
- Reporter molecules are radionuclides, enzymes, fluorescent, chemiluminescent, or chromogenic agents which associate with a particular nucleotide or amino acid sequence, thereby establishing the presence ofa certain sequence, or allowing for the quantification ofa certain sequence.
- Chimeric molecules may be constructed by introducing all or part of the nucleotide sequence of this invention into a vector containing additional nucleic acid sequence which might be expected to change any one or several of the following GRK5 characteristics: cellular location, distribution, ligand-binding affinities, interchain affinities, degradation/turnover rate, signaling, etc.
- GRK5 polypeptide refers to those forms, fragments, or domains of a GRK5 polypeptide which retain the biological and/or antigenic activity of a GRK5 polypeptide.
- Non- occurring GRK5 polypeptide refers to a polypeptide produced by cells which have not been genetically engineered and specifically contemplates various polypeptides arising from post- translational modifications of the polypeptide including but not limited to acetylation, carboxylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, lipidation and acylation.
- Derivative refers to polypeptides which have been chemically modified by techniques such as ubiquitination, labeling (see above), pegylation (derivatization with polyethylene glycol), and chemical insertion or substitution of amino acids such as oraithine which do not normally occur in human proteins.
- Constant amino acid substitutions result from replacing one amino acid with another having similar structural and/or chemical properties, such as the replacement of a leucine with an isoleucine or valine, an aspartate with a glutamate, or a threonine with a serine.
- “Insertions” or “deletions” are typically in the range of about 1 to 5 amino acids. The variation allowed may be experimentally determined by producing the peptide synthetically while systematically making insertions, deletions, or substitutions of nucleotides in the sequence using recombinant DNA techniques.
- a “signal sequence” or “leader sequence” can be used, when desired, to direct the polypeptide through a membrane of a cell.
- Such a sequence may be naturally present on the polypeptides of the present invention or provided from heterologous sources by recombinant DNA techniques.
- Oligopeptide is a short stretch of amino acid residues and may be expressed from an oligonucleotide. Oligopeptides comprise a stretch of amino acid residues of at least 3, 5, 10 amino acids and at most 10, 15, 25 amino acids, typically of at least 9 to 13 amino acids, and of sufficient length to display biological and/or antigenic activity.
- inhibitor is any substance which retards or prevents a chemical or physiological reaction or response. Common inhibitors include but are not limited to antisense molecules, antibodies, and antagonists.
- Standard expression is a quantitative or qualitative measurement for comparison. It is based on a statistically appropriate number of normal samples and is created to use as a basis of comparison when performing diagnostic assays, running clinical trials, or following patient treatment profiles.
- Animal as used herein may be defined to include human, domestic (e.g., cats, dogs, etc.), agricultural (e.g., cows, horses, sheep, etc.) or test species (e.g., mouse, rat, rabbit, etc.).
- domestic e.g., cats, dogs, etc.
- agricultural e.g., cows, horses, sheep, etc.
- test species e.g., mouse, rat, rabbit, etc.
- GLK5 polynucleotide within the meaning of the invention, shall be understood as being a nucleic acid molecule selected from a group consisting of
- nucleic acid molecules encoding a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2,
- nucleic acid molecules comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 ,
- nucleic acid molecules having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 (iii) nucleic acid molecules having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 , (iv) nucleic acid molecules the complementary strand of which hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii), or (iii); and
- nucleic acid molecules the sequence of which differs from the sequence of a nucleic acid molecule of (iii) due to the degeneracy ofthe genetic code;
- polypeptide encoded by said nucleic acid molecule has GRK5 activity.
- GLK5 polypeptide within the meaning of the invention, shall be understood as being a polypeptide selected from a group consisting of
- polypeptides which show at least 99%, 98%, 95%, 90%, or 80% homology with a polypeptide of (i), (ii), or (iii);
- polypeptide has GRK5 activity.
- nucleotide sequences encoding a GRK5 have numerous applications in techniques known to those skilled in the art of molecular biology. These techniques include use as hybridization probes, use in the construction of oligomers for PCR, use for chromosome and gene mapping, use in the recombinant production of GRK5, and use in generation of antisense DNA or RNA, their chemical analogs and the like. Uses of nucleotides encoding a GRK5 disclosed herein are exemplary of known techniques and are not intended to limit their use in any technique known to a person of ordinary skill in the art.
- nucleotide sequences disclosed herein may be used in molecular biology techniques that have not yet been developed, provided the new techniques rely on properties of nucleotide sequences that are currently known, e.g., the triplet genetic code, specific base pair interactions, etc.
- GRK5 - encoding nucleotide sequences may be produced. Some of these will only bear minimal homology to the nucleotide sequence of the known and naturally occurring GRK5.
- the invention has specifically contemplated each and every possible variation of nucleotide sequence that could be made by selecting combinations based on possible codon choices. These combinations are made in accordance with the standard triplet genetic code as applied to the nucleotide sequence of naturally occurring GRK5, and all such variations are to be considered as being specifically disclosed.
- nucleotide sequences which encode a GRK5, its derivatives or its variants are preferably capable of hybridizing to the nucleotide sequence of the naturally occurring GRK5 polynucleotide under stringent conditions, it may be advantageous to produce nucleotide sequences encoding GRK5 polypeptides or its derivatives possessing a substantially different codon usage. Codons can be selected to increase the rate at which expression ofthe peptide occurs in a particular prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression host in accordance with the frequency with which particular codons are utilized by the host.
- RNA transcripts having more desirable properties such as a greater half-life, than transcripts produced from the naturally occurring sequence.
- Nucleotide sequences encoding a GRK5 polypeptide may be joined to a variety of other nucleotide sequences by means of well established recombinant DNA techniques.
- Useful nucleotide sequences for joining to GRK5 polynucleotides include an assortment of cloning vectors such as plasmids, cosmids, lambda phage derivatives, phagemids, and the like.
- Vectors of interest include expression vectors, replication vectors, probe generation vectors, sequencing vectors, etc. In general, vectors of interest may contain an origin of replication functional in at least one organism, convenient restriction endonuclease sensitive sites, and selectable markers for one or more host cell systems.
- Another aspect of the subject invention is to provide for GRK5-specific hybridization probes capable of hybridizing with naturally occurring nucleotide sequences encoding GRK5. Such probes may also be used for the detection of similar kinase encoding sequences and should preferably show at least 40% nucleotide identity to GRK5 polynucleotides.
- the hybridization probes of the subject invention may be derived from the nucleotide sequence presented as SEQ ID NO: 1 or from genomic sequences including promoter, enhancers or introns of the native gene. Hybridization probes may be labelled by a variety of reporter molecules using techniques well known in the art.
- the invention relates to nucleic acid sequences that hybridize with such GRK5 encoding nucleic acid sequences under stringent conditions.
- Stringent conditions refers to conditions that allow for the hybridization of substantially related nucleic acid sequences. For instance, such conditions will generally allow hybridization of sequence with at least about 85% sequence identity, preferably with at least about 90% sequence identity, more preferably with at least about 95% sequence identity.
- Hybridization conditions and probes can be adjusted in well-characterized ways to achieve selective hybridization of human- derived probes.
- Stringent conditions within the meaning of the invention are 65°C in a buffer containing 1 mM EDTA, 0.5 M NaHPO 4 (pH 7.2), 7 % (w/v) SDS.
- Nucleic acid molecules that will hybridize to GRK5 polynucleotides under stringent conditions can be identified functionally.
- examples of the uses for hybridization probes include: histochemical uses such as identifying tissues that express GRK5; measuring mRNA levels, for instance to identify a sample's tissue type or to identify cells that express abnormal levels of GRK5; and detecting polymorphisms of GRK5.
- PCR provides additional uses for oligonucleotides based upon the nucleotide sequence which encodes GRK5.
- probes used in PCR may be of recombinant origin, chemically synthesized, or a mixture of both.
- Oligomers may comprise discrete nucleotide sequences employed under optimized conditions for identification of GRK5 in specific tissues or diagnostic use. The same two oligomers, a nested set of oligomers, or even a degenerate pool of oligomers may be employed under less stringent conditions for identification of closely related DNAs or RNAs.
- PCR primers i.e., preparations of primers that are heterogeneous at given sequence locations, can be designed to amplify nucleic acid sequences that are highly homologous to, but not identical with GRK5.
- Strategies are now available that allow for only one of the primers to be required to specifically hybridize with a known sequence.
- appropriate nucleic acid primers can be ligated to the nucleic acid sought to be amplified to provide the hybridization partner for one of the primers. In this way, only one of the primers need be based on the sequence ofthe nucleic acid sought to be amplified.
- PCR methods for amplifying nucleic acid will utilize at least two primers.
- One of these primers will be capable of hybridizing to a first strand of the nucleic acid to be amplified and of priming enzyme-driven nucleic acid synthesis in a first direction.
- the other will be capable of hybridizing the reciprocal sequence of the first strand (if the sequence to be amplified is single stranded, this sequence will initially be hypothetical, but will be synthesized in the first amplification cycle) and of priming nucleic acid synthesis from that strand in the direction opposite the first direction and towards the site of hybridization for the first primer.
- Conditions for conducting such amplifications particularly under preferred stringent hybridization conditions, are well known.
- RNA polymerase as T7 or SP6 RNA polymerase and the appropriate reporter molecules.
- nucleic acid sequence can be inserted into any of the many available DNA vectors and their respective host cells using techniques which are well known in the art.
- synthetic chemistry may be used to introduce mutations into the nucleotide sequence. Alternately, a portion of sequence in which a mutation is desired can be synthesized and recombined with longer portion of an existing genomic or recombinant sequence.
- GRK5 polynucleotides may be used to produce a purified oligo-or polypeptide using well known methods of recombinant DNA technology.
- the oligopeptide may be expressed in a variety of host cells, either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Host cells may be from the same species from which the nucleotide sequence was derived or from a different species. Advantages of producing an oligonucleotide by recombinant DNA technology include obtaining adequate amounts of the protein for purification and the availability of simplified purification procedures.
- Chromosome-based techniques such as comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) facilitate efforts to cytogenetically localize genomic regions that are altered in tumor cells. Regions of genomic alteration can be narrowed further using loss of heterozygosity analysis (LOH), in which disease DNA is analyzed and compared with normal DNA for the loss of a heterozygous polymorphic marker.
- LH loss of heterozygosity analysis
- RFLPs restriction fragment length polymorphisms [Johnson, (1989)]
- hypervariable minisatellite DNA Barnes, 2000].
- a gene sequence contained in all samples at relatively constant quantity is typically utilized for sample amplification efficiency normalization.
- This approach suffers from several drawbacks.
- the method requires that each sample has equal input amounts ofthe nucleic acid and that the amplification efficiency between samples is identical until the time of analysis.
- QC-PCR quantitative competitive PCR
- An internal control competitor in each reaction [Piatak, (1993), BioTechniques].
- the efficiency of each reaction is normalized to the internal competitor.
- a known amount of internal competitor is typically added to each sample.
- the unknown target PCR product is compared with the known competitor PCR product to obtain relative quantitation.
- a difficulty with this general approach lies in developing an internal control that amplifies with the same efficiency than the target molecule.
- Fluorogenic nuclease assays are a real time quantitation method that uses a probe to monitor formation of amplification product.
- the basis for this method of monitoring the formation of amplification product is to measure continuously PCR product accumulation using a dual-labelled fluorogenic oligonucleotide probe, an approach frequently referred to in the literature simply as the "TaqMan method” [Piatak,(1993), Science; Heid, (1996); Gibson, (1996); Holland. (1991)].
- the probe used in such assays is typically a short (about 20-25 bases) oligonucleotide that is labeled with two different fluorescent dyes.
- the 5' terminus ofthe probe is attached to a reporter dye and the 3' terminus is attached to a quenching dye, although the dyes could be attached at other locations on the probe as well.
- the probe is designed to have at least substantial sequence complementarity with the probe binding site. Upstream and downstream PCR primers which bind to flanking regions ofthe locus are added to the reaction mixture. When the probe is intact, energy transfer between the two fluorophors occurs and the quencher quenches emission from the reporter.
- the probe is cleaved by the 5' nuclease activity of a nucleic acid polymerase such as Taq polymerase, thereby releasing the reporter from the oligonucleotide-quencher and resulting in an increase of reporter emission intensity which can be measured by an appropriate detector.
- a nucleic acid polymerase such as Taq polymerase
- One detector which is specifically adapted for measuring fluorescence emissions such as those created during a fluorogenic assay is the ABI 7700 or 4700 HT manufactured by Applied
- the ABI 7700 uses fiber optics connected with each well in a 96-or 384 well PCR tube arrangement.
- the instrument includes a laser for exciting the labels and is capable of measuring the fluorescence spectra intensity from each tube with continuous monitoring during PCR amplification. Each tube is re-examined every 8.5 seconds.
- Computer software provided with the instrument is capable of recording the fluorescence intensity of reporter and quencher over the course of the amplification. The recorded values will then be used to calculate the increase in normalized reporter emission intensity on a continuous basis. The increase in emission intensity is plotted versus time, i.e., the number of amplification cycles, to produce a continuous measure of amplification.
- the amplification plot is examined at a point during the log phase of product accumulation. This is accomplished by assigning a fluorescence threshold intensity above background and determining the point at which each amplification plot crosses the threshold (defined as the threshold cycle number or Ct). Differences in threshold cycle number are used to quantify the relative amount of PCR target contained within each tube. Assuming that each reaction functions at 100% PCR efficiency, a difference of one Ct represents a two-fold difference in the amount of starting template.
- the fluorescence value can be used in conjunction with a standard curve to determine the amount of amplification product present.
- a variety of options are available for measuring the amplification products as they are formed.
- One method utilizes labels, such as dyes, which only bind to double stranded DNA.
- amplification product which is double stranded
- dyes it is possible to distinguish between dye molecules free in solution and dye molecules bound to amplification product.
- certain dyes fluoresce only when bound to amplification product. Examples of dyes which can be used in methods of this general type include, but are not limited to, Syber Green.TM. and Pico Green from Molecular Probes, Inc.
- These detection methods involve some alteration to the structure or conformation of a probe hybridized to the locus between the amplification primer pair.
- the alteration is caused by the template-dependent extension catalyzed by a nucleic acid polymerase during the amplification process.
- the alteration generates a detectable signal which is an indirect measure of the amount of amplification product formed.
- some methods involve the degradation or digestion ofthe probe during the extension reaction. These methods are a consequence of the 5 -3' nuclease activity associated with some nucleic acid polymerases. Polymerases having this activity cleave mononucleotides or small oligonucleotides from an oligonucleotide probe annealed to its complementary sequence located within the locus.
- the 3' end of the upstream primer provides the initial binding site for the nucleic acid polymerase.
- the nucleic acid polymerase displaces a portion of the 5' end of the probe and through its nuclease activity cleaves mononucleotides or oligonucleotides from the probe.
- the upstream primer and the probe can be designed such that they anneal to the complementary strand in close proximity to one another. In fact, the 3' end ofthe upstream primer and the 5' end of the probe may abut one another. In this situation, extension of the upstream primer is not necessary in order for the nucleic acid polymerase to begin cleaving the probe. In the case in which intervening nucleotides separate the upstream primer and the probe, extension ofthe primer is necessary before the nucleic acid polymerase encounters the 5' end of the probe.
- the 5 -3' exonuclease activity of the nucleic acid polymerase begins cleaving mononucleotides or oligonucleotides from the 5' end of the probe. Digestion of the probe continues until the remaining portion of the probe dissociates from the complementary strand.
- the two end sections can hybridize with each other to form a hairpin loop.
- the reporter and quencher dye are in sufficiently close proximity that fluorescence from the reporter dye is effectively quenched by the quencher dye.
- Hybridized probe in contrast, results in a linearized conformation in which the extent of quenching is decreased.
- the labeled probe is selected so that its sequence is substantially complementary to a segment of the test locus or a reference locus. As indicated above, the nucleic acid site to which the probe binds should be located between the primer binding sites for the upstream and downstream amplification primers.
- the primers used in the amplification are selected so as to be capable of hybridizing to sequences at flanking regions of the locus being amplified.
- the primers are chosen to have at least substantial complementarity with the different strands ofthe nucleic acid being amplified.
- the primers are selected in such that they flank the probe, i.e. are located upstream and downstream ofthe probe.
- the primer must have sufficient length so that it is capable of priming the synthesis of extension products in the presence of an agent for polymerization.
- the length and composition of the primer depends on many parameters, including, for example, the temperature at which the annealing reaction is conducted, proximity of the probe binding site to that of the primer, relative concentrations of the primer and probe and the particular nucleic acid composition of the probe.
- the primer typically includes 15-30 nucleotides.
- the length of the primer may be more or less depending on the complexity ofthe primer binding site and the factors listed above.
- the labels used for labeling the probes or primers of the current invention and which can provide the signal corresponding to the quantity of amplification product can take a variety of forms.
- a fluorescent signal is one signal which can be measured.
- measurements may also be made, for example, by monitoring radioactivity, colorimetry, absorption, magnetic parameters, or enzymatic activity.
- labels which can be employed include, but are not limited to, fluorophors, chromophores, radioactive isotopes, electron dense reagents, enzymes, and ligands having specific binding partners (e.g., biotin-avidin).
- a number of labels useful for attachment to probes or primers are commercially available including fluorescein and various fluorescein derivatives such as FAM, HEX, TET and JOE (all which are available from Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.); lucifer yellow, and coumarin derivatives.
- Labels may be attached to the probe or primer using a variety of techniques and can be attached at the 5' end, and/or the 3' end and/or at an internal nucleotide.
- the label can also be attached to spacer arms of various sizes which are attached to the probe or primer. These spacer arms are useful for obtaining a desired distance between multiple labels attached to the probe or primer.
- a single label may be utilized; whereas, in other instances, such as with the 5' fluorogenic nuclease assays for example, two or more labels are attached to the probe.
- the probe includes multiple labels, it is generally advisable to maintain spacing between the labels which is sufficient to permit separation of the labels during digestion of the probe through the 5'-3' nuclease activity ofthe nucleic acid polymerase.
- a number of diseases are associated with changes in the copy number of a certain gene.
- the real-time PCR method can be used to determine if the patient has copy number alterations which are known to be linked with diseases that are associated with the symptoms the patient has.
- Fusion proteins are useful for generating antibodies against GRK5 polypeptides and for use in various assay systems. For example, fusion proteins can be used to identify proteins which interact with portions of GRK5 polypeptides. Protein affinity chromatography or library-based assays for protein-protein interactions, such as the yeast two-hybrid or phage display systems, can be used for this purpose. Such methods are well known in the art and also can be used as drug screens.
- a GRK5 fusion protein comprises two polypeptide segments fused together by means of a peptide bond.
- the first polypeptide segment can comprise at least 54, 75, 100, 125, 139, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325 or 350 contiguous amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 2 or of a biologically active variant, such as those described above.
- the first polypeptide segment also can comprise full- length GRK5.
- the second polypeptide segment can be a full-length protein or a protein fragment.
- Proteins commonly used in fusion protein construction include, but are not limited to ⁇ galactosidase, ⁇ - glucuronidase, green fluorescent protein (GFP), autofluorescent proteins, including blue fluorescent protein (BFP), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), luciferase, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT).
- epitope tags are used in fusion protein constructions, including histidine (His) tags, FLAG tags, influenza hemagglutinin (HA) tags, Myc tags, VSV-G tags, and thioredoxin (Trx) tags.
- fusion constructions can include maltose binding protein (MBP), S-tag, Lex a DNA binding domain (DBD) fusions, GAL4 DNA binding domain fusions, and herpes simplex virus (HSV) BP16 protein fusions.
- MBP maltose binding protein
- S-tag S-tag
- DBD Lex a DNA binding domain
- GAL4 GAL4 DNA binding domain
- HSV herpes simplex virus
- a naturally occurring GRK5 polynucleotide can be isolated free of other cellular components such as membrane components, proteins, and lipids.
- Polynucleotides can be made by a cell and isolated using standard nucleic acid purification techniques, or synthesized using an amplification technique, such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or by using an automatic synthesizer.
- PCR polymerase chain reaction
- Methods for isolating polynucleotides are routine and are known in the art. Any such technique for obtaining a polynucleotide can be used to obtain isolated GRK5 polynucleotides. For example, restriction enzymes and probes can be used to isolate polynucleotide fragments which comprise GRK5 nucleotide sequences. Isolated polynucleotides are in preparations which are free or at least 70, 80, or 90% free of other molecules.
- GRK5 cDNA molecules can be made with standard molecular biology techniques, using GRK5 mRNA as a template. GRK5 cDNA molecules can thereafter be replicated using molecular biology techniques known in the art. An amplification technique, such as PCR, can be used to obtain additional copies of polynucleotides of the invention, using either human genomic DNA or cDNA as a template.
- GRK5 polynucleotides can be synthesized using synthetic chemistry techniques to synthesizes GRK5 polynucleotides.
- the degeneracy of the genetic code allows alternate nucleotide sequences to be synthesized which will encode GRK5 having, for example, an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ED NO: 2 or a biologically active variant thereof.
- PCR-based methods can be used to extend nucleic acid sequences encoding human GRK5, for example to detect upstream sequences of GRK5 gene such as promoters and regulatory elements.
- restriction-site PCR uses universal primers to retrieve unknown sequence adjacent to a known locus. Genomic DNA is first amplified in the presence of a primer to a linker sequence and a primer specific to the known region. The amplified sequences are then subjected to a second round of PCR with the same linker primer and another specific primer internal to the first one. Products of each round of PCR are transcribed with an appropriate RNA polymerase and sequenced using reverse transcriptase.
- Inverse PCR also can be used to amplify or extend sequences using divergent primers based on a known region.
- Primers can be designed using commercially available software, such as OLIGO 4.06 Primer Analysis software (National Biosciences Inc., Madison, Minn.), to be 22-30 nucleotides in length, to have a GC content of 50% or more, and to anneal to the target sequence at temperatures about 68-72°C.
- the method uses several restriction enzymes to generate a suitable fragment in the known region of a gene. The fragment is then circularized by intramolecular ligation and used as a PCR template.
- capture PCR which involves PCR amplification of DNA fragments adjacent to a known sequence in human and yeast artificial chromosome DNA.
- multiple restriction enzyme digestions and ligations also can be used to place an engineered double-stranded sequence into an unknown fragment of the DNA molecule before performing PCR.
- Randomly-primed libraries are preferable, in that they will contain more sequences which contain the 5' regions of genes. Use of a randomly primed library may be especially preferable for situations in which an oligo d(T) library does not yield a full-length cDNA. Genomic libraries can be useful for extension of sequence into 5' non-transcribed regulatory regions.
- capillary electrophoresis systems can be used to analyze the size or confirm the nucleotide sequence of PCR or sequencing products.
- capillary sequencing can employ flowable polymers for electrophoretic separation, four different fluorescent dyes (one for each nucleotide) which are laser activated, and detection ofthe emitted wavelengths by a charge coupled device camera.
- Output/light intensity can be converted to electrical signal using appropriate equipment and software (e.g., GENOTYPER and Sequence NAVIGATOR,
- GRK5 can be obtained, for example, by purification from human cells, by expression of GRK5 polynucleotides, or by direct chemical synthesis.
- GRK5 can be purified from any human cell which expresses the enzyme, including those which have been transfected with expression constructs which express GRK5.
- a purified GRK5 is separated from other compounds which normally associate with GRK5 in the cell, such as certain proteins, carbohydrates, or lipids, using methods well-known in the art. Such methods include, but are not limited to, size exclusion chromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, and preparative gel electrophoresis.
- GRK5 polynucleotides can be inserted into an expression vector which contains the necessary elements for the transcription and translation of the inserted coding sequence.
- Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art can be used to construct expression vectors containing sequences encoding GRK5 and appropriate transcriptional and translational control elements. These methods include in vitro recombinant DNA techniques, synthetic techniques, and in vivo genetic recombination.
- a variety of expression vector/host systems can be utilized to contain and express sequences encoding GRK5. These include, but are not limited to, microorganisms, such as bacteria transformed with recombinant bacteriophage, plasmid, or cosmid DNA expression vectors; yeast transformed with yeast expression vectors, insect cell systems infected with virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus), plant cell systems transformed with virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV; tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or with bacterial expression vectors (e.g., Ti or pBR322 plasmids), or animal cell systems.
- microorganisms such as bacteria transformed with recombinant bacteriophage, plasmid, or cosmid DNA expression vectors
- yeast transformed with yeast expression vectors insect cell systems infected with virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus)
- plant cell systems transformed with virus expression vectors e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV; tobacco mosaic
- control elements or regulatory sequences are those non-translated regions of the vector - enhancers, promoters, 5' and 3' untranslated regions — which interact with host cellular proteins to carry out transcription and translation. Such elements can vary in their strength and specificity. Depending on the vector system and host utilized, any number of suitable transcription and translation elements, including constitutive and inducible promoters, can be used. For example, when cloning in bacterial systems, inducible promoters such as the hybrid lacZ promoter of the
- BLUESCRIPT phagemid (Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif.) or pSPORTl plasmid (Life Technologies) and the like can be used.
- the baculovirus polyhedrin promoter can be used in insect cells. Promoters or enhancers derived from the genomes of plant cells (e.g., heat shock, RUBISCO, and storage protein genes) or from plant viruses (e.g., viral promoters or leader sequences) can be cloned into the vector. In mammalian cell systems, promoters from mammalian genes or from mammalian viruses are preferable. If it is necessary to generate a cell line that contains multiple copies of a nucleotide sequence encoding GRK5, vectors based on SV40 or EBV can be used with an appropriate selectable marker.
- a number of expression vectors can be selected.
- vectors which direct high level expression of fusion proteins that are readily purified can be used.
- Such vectors include, but are not limited to, multifunctional E. coli cloning and expression vectors such as BLUESCRIPT (Stratagene).
- BLUESCRIPT a sequence encoding GRK5 can be ligated into the vector in frame with sequences for the amino-terminal Met and the subsequent 7 residues of ⁇ - galactosidase so that a hybrid protein is produced.
- pESf vectors or pGEX vectors also can be used to express foreign polypeptides as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST).
- GST glutathione S-transferase
- fusion proteins are soluble and can easily be purified from lysed cells by adsorption to glutathione-agarose beads followed by elution in the presence of free glutathione.
- Proteins made in such systems can be designed to include heparin, thrombin, or factor Xa protease cleavage sites so that the cloned polypeptide of interest can be released from the GST moiety at will.
- sequences encoding GRK5 can be driven by any of a number of promoters.
- viral promoters such as the 35S and 19S promoters of CaMV can be used alone or in combination with the omega leader sequence from TMV.
- plant promoters such as the small subunit of RUBISCO or heat shock promoters can be used. These constructs can be introduced into plant cells by direct DNA transformation or by pathogen-mediated transfection.
- An insect system also can be used to express GRK5.
- Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis viras (AcNPV) is used as a vector to express foreign genes in Spodoptera frugiperda cells or in Trichoplusia larvae.
- Sequences encoding GRK5 can be cloned into a non-essential region of the viras, such as the polyhedrin gene, and placed under control of the polyhedrin promoter.
- Successful insertion of GRK5 will render the polyhedrin gene inactive and produce recombinant viras lacking coat protein.
- the recombinant viruses can then be used to infect S. frugiperda cells or Trichoplusia larvae in which GRK5 can be expressed.
- a number of viral-based expression systems can be used to express GRK5 in mammalian host cells.
- sequences encoding GRK5 can be ligated into an adenovirus transcription/translation complex comprising the late promoter and tripartite leader sequence. Insertion in a non-essential El or E3 region ofthe viral genome can be used to obtain a viable viras which is capable of expressing GRK5 in infected host cells [Engelhard, 1994)].
- transcription enhancers such as the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) enhancer, can be used to increase expression in mammalian host cells.
- RSV Rous sarcoma virus
- HACs Human artificial chromosomes
- HACs also can be used to deliver larger fragments of DNA than can be contained and expressed in a plasmid.
- HACs of 6M to 10M are constructed and delivered to cells via conventional delivery methods (e.g., liposomes, polycationic amino polymers, or vesicles).
- Specific initiation signals also can be used to achieve more efficient translation of sequences encoding GRK5. Such signals include the ATG initiation codon and adjacent sequences. In cases where sequences encoding GRK5, its initiation codon, and upstream sequences are inserted into the appropriate expression vector, no additional transcriptional or translational control signals may be needed.
- exogenous translational control signals including the ATG initiation codon
- the initiation codon should be in the correct reading frame to ensure translation of the entire insert.
- Exogenous translational elements and initiation codons can be of various origins, both natural and synthetic.
- a host cell strain can be chosen for its ability to modulate the expression ofthe inserted sequences or to process the expressed GRK5 in the desired fashion.
- modifications of the polypeptide include, but are not limited to, acetylation, carboxylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, lipidation, and acylation.
- Post-translational processing which cleaves a "prepro" form of the polypeptide also can be used to facilitate correct insertion, folding and/or function.
- Different host cells which have specific cellular machinery and characteristic mechanisms for post-translational activities (e.g., CHO, HeLa, MDCK, HEK293, and WI38), are available from the American Type
- cell lines which stably express GRK5 can be transformed using expression vectors which can contain viral origins of replication and/or endogenous expression elements and a selectable marker gene on the same or on a separate vector. Following the introduction of the vector, cells can be allowed to grow for 1-2 days in an enriched medium before they are switched to a selective medium.
- the purpose ofthe selectable marker is to confer resistance to selection, and its presence allows growth and recovery of cells which successfully express the introduced GRK5 sequences.
- Resistant clones of stably transformed cells can be proliferated using tissue culture techniques appropriate to the cell type. Any number of selection systems can be used to recover transformed cell lines. These include, but are not limited to, the he ⁇ es simplex virus thymidine kinase [Logan,
- dhfr confers resistance to methotrexate [Lowy, (1980)]
- npt confers resistance to the aminoglycosides, neomycin and G-418 [Wigler, (1980)]
- als and pat confer resistance to chlorsulfuron and phosphinotricin acetyltransferase, respectively [Colbere-
- trpB allows cells to utilize indole in place of tryptophan, or hisD, which allows cells to utilize histinol in place of histidine.
- Visible markers such as anthocyanins, ⁇ -glucuronidase and its substrate GUS, and luciferase and its substrate luciferin, can be used to identify transformants and to quantify the amount of transient or stable protein expression attributable to a specific vector system
- marker gene expression suggests that a GRK5 polynucleotide is also present, its presence and expression may need to be confirmed. For example, if a sequence encoding GRK5 is inserted within a marker gene sequence, transformed cells containing sequences which encode GRK5 can be identified by the absence of marker gene function. Alternatively, a marker gene can be placed in tandem with a sequence encoding GRK5 under the control of a single promoter. Expression of the marker gene in response to induction or selection usually indicates expression of GRK5 polynucleotide.
- host cells which contain a GRK5 polynucleotide and which express GRK5 can be identified by a variety of procedures known to those of skill in the art. These procedures include, but are not limited to, DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridizations and protein bioassay or immunoassay techniques which include membrane, solution, or chip-based technologies for the detection and/or quantification of nucleic acid or protein.
- the presence of a polynucleotide sequence encoding GRK5 can be detected by DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridization or amplification using probes or fragments or fragments of polynucleotides encoding GRK5.
- Nucleic acid amplification-based assays involve the use of oligonucleotides selected from sequences encoding GRK5 to detect transformants which contain a GRK5 polynucleotide.
- a variety of protocols for detecting and measuring the expression of GRK5, using either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies specific for the polypeptide, are known in the art. Examples include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS).
- ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- RIA radioimmunoassay
- FACS fluorescence activated cell sorting
- a two-site, monoclonal-based immunoassay using monoclonal antibodies reactive to two non-interfering epitopes on GRK5 can be used, or a competitive binding assay can be employed.
- Means for producing labeled hybridization or PCR probes for detecting sequences related to polynucleotides encoding GRK5 include oligolabeling, nick translation, end-labeling, or PCR amplification using a labeled nucleotide.
- sequences encoding GRK5 can be cloned into a vector for the production of an mRNA probe.
- RNA probes are known in the art, are commercially available, and can be used to synthesize RNA probes in vitro by addition of labeled nucleotides and an appropriate RNA polymerase such as T7, T3, or SP6. These procedures can be conducted using a variety of commercially available kits (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Promega, and US Biochemical). Suitable reporter molecules or labels which can be used for ease of detection include radionuclides, enzymes, and fluorescent, chemiluminescent, or chromogenic agents, as well as substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, magnetic particles, and the like.
- Host cells transformed with GRK5 polynucleotides can be cultured under conditions suitable for the expression and recovery of the protein from cell culture.
- the polypeptide produced by a transformed cell can be secreted or contained intracellularly depending on the sequence and/or the vector used.
- expression vectors containing GRK5 polynucleotides can be designed to contain signal sequences which direct secretion of soluble GRK5 through a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell membrane or which direct the membrane insertion of membrane-bound GRK5.
- purification facilitating domains include, but are not limited to, metal chelating peptides such as histidine-tryptophan modules that allow purification on immobilized metals, protein A domains that allow purification on immobilized immunoglobulin, and the domain utilized in the FLAGS extension/affinity purification system (Immunex Corp., Seattle, Wash.).
- cleavable linker sequences such as those specific for Factor XA or enterokinase (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA) between the purification domain and GRK5 also can be used to facilitate purification.
- One such expression vector provides for expression of a fusion protein containing GRK5 and 6 histidine residues preceding a thioredoxin or an enterokinase cleavage site. The histidine residues facilitate purification by IMAC (immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography) Maddox, (1983)], while the enterokinase cleavage site provides a means for purifying GRK5 from the fusion protein [Porath, (1992)].
- Sequences encoding GRK5 can be synthesized, in whole or in part, using chemical methods well known in the art.
- GRK5 itself can be produced using chemical methods to synthesize its amino acid sequence, such as by direct peptide synthesis using solid-phase techniques. Protein synthesis can either be performed using manual techniques or by automation. Automated synthesis can be achieved, for example, using Applied Biosystems 431 A Peptide
- fragments of GRK5 can be separately synthesized and combined using chemical methods to produce a full-length molecule.
- the newly synthesized peptide can be substantially purified by preparative high performance liquid chromatography.
- the composition of a synthetic GRK5 can be confirmed by amino acid analysis or sequencing. Additionally, any portion of the amino acid sequence of GRK5 can be altered during direct synthesis and/or combined using chemical methods with sequences from other proteins to produce a variant polypeptide or a fusion protein.
- codons preferred by a particular prokaryotic or eukaryotic host can be selected to increase the rate of protein expression or to produce an RNA transcript having desirable properties, such as a half-life which is longer than that of a transcript generated from the naturally occurring sequence.
- nucleotide sequences referred to herein can be engineered using methods generally known in the art to alter GRK5 polynucleotides for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to, alterations which modify the cloning, processing, and/or expression of the polypeptide or mRNA product.
- DNA shuffling by random fragmentation and PCR reassembly of gene fragments and synthetic oligonucleotides can be used to engineer the nucleotide sequences.
- site- directed mutagenesis can be used to insert new restriction sites, alter glycosylation patterns, change codon preference, produce splice variants, introduce mutations, and so forth.
- GRK5 analogs are variants having an amino acid sequence that is a mutation of the amino acid sequence disclosed herein.
- Another general class of GRK5 analogs is provided by anti-idiotype antibodies, and fragments thereof, as described below.
- recombinant antibodies comprising anti-idiotype variable domains can be used as analogs (see, for example, [Monfardini et al., (1996)]). Since the variable domains of anti-idiotype GRK5 antibodies mimic GRK5, these domains can provide GRK5 enzymatic activity.
- Methods of producing anti-idiotypic catalytic antibodies are known to those of skill in the art [Joron et al., (1992), Friboulet et al. (1994), Avalle et al., (1998)].
- Any type of antibody known in the art can be generated to bind specifically to an epitope of GRK5.
- Antibody as used herein includes intact immunoglobulin molecules, as well as fragments thereof, such as Fab, F(ab') 2 , and Fv, which are capable of binding an epitope of GRK5.
- Fab fragments thereof
- F(ab') 2 fragments thereof
- Fv fragments thereof
- epitopes which involve non-contiguous amino acids may require more, e.g., at least 15, 25, or 50 amino acid.
- An antibody which specifically binds to an epitope of GRK5 can be used therapeutically, as well as in immunochemical assays, such as Western blots, ELISAs, radio- immunoassays, immunohistochemical assays, immunoprecipitations, or other immunochemical assays known in the art.
- immunochemical assays such as Western blots, ELISAs, radio- immunoassays, immunohistochemical assays, immunoprecipitations, or other immunochemical assays known in the art.
- Various immunoassays can be used to identify antibodies having the desired specificity. Numerous protocols for competitive binding or immunoradiometric assays are well known in the art. Such immunoassays typically involve the measurement of complex forma- tion between an immunogen and an antibody which specifically binds to the GRK5 immunogen.
- an antibody which specifically binds to GRK5 provides a detection signal at least 5-, 10-, or 20-fold higher than a detection signal provided with other proteins when used in an immunochemical assay.
- antibodies which specifically bind to GRK5 do not detect other proteins in immunochemical assays and can immunoprecipitate GRK5 from solution.
- GRK5 can be used to immunize a mammal, such as a mouse, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, monkey, or human, to produce polyclonal antibodies. If desired, GRK5 can be conjugated to a carrier protein, such as bovine serum albumin, thyroglobulin, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Depending on the host species, various adjuvants can be used to increase the immunological response.
- a carrier protein such as bovine serum albumin, thyroglobulin, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin.
- various adjuvants can be used to increase the immunological response.
- Such adjuvants include, but are not limited to, Freund's adjuvant, mineral gels (e.g., aluminum hydroxide), and surface active substances (e.g., lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and dinitrophenol).
- mineral gels e.g., aluminum hydroxide
- surface active substances e.g., lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and dinitrophenol.
- BCG Bacilli Calmette-Guerin
- Cotynebacterium parvum are especially useful.
- Monoclonal antibodies which specifically bind to GRK5 can be prepared using any technique which provides for the production of antibody molecules by continuous cell lines in culture. These techniques include, but are not limited to, the hybridoma technique, the human B-cell hybridoma technique, and the EBV-hybridoma technique [Roberge, (1995)].
- chimeric antibodies the splicing of mouse antibody genes to human antibody genes to obtain a molecule with appropriate antigen specificity and biological activity
- Monoclonal and other antibodies also can be "humanized” to prevent a patient from mounting an immune response against the antibody when it is used therapeutically.
- Such antibodies may be sufficiently similar in sequence to human antibodies to be used directly in therapy or may require alteration of a few key residues. Sequence differences between rodent antibodies and human sequences can be minimized by replacing residues which differ from those in the human sequences by site directed mutagenesis of individual residues or by grating of entire complementarity determining regions.
- Antibodies which specifically bind to GRK5 can contain antigen binding sites which are either partially or fully humanized, as disclosed in U.S. 5,565,332.
- single chain antibodies can be adapted using methods known in the art to produce single chain antibodies which specifically bind to GRK5.
- Antibodies with related specificity, but of distinct idiotypic composition can be generated by chain shuffling from random combinatorial immunoglobin libraries.
- Single-chain antibodies also can be constructed using a DNA amplification method, such as PCR, using hybridoma cDNA as a template.
- Single-chain antibodies can be mono- or bispecific, and can be bivalent or tetravalent. Construction of tetravalent, bispecific single-chain antibodies is taught.
- a nucleotide sequence encoding a single-chain antibody can be constructed using manual or automated nucleotide synthesis, cloned into an expression construct using standard recombinant DNA methods, and introduced into a cell to express the coding sequence, as described below.
- single-chain antibodies can be produced directly using, for example, filamentous phage technology.
- Antibodies which specifically bind to GRK5 also can be produced by inducing in vivo production in the lymphocyte population or by screening immunoglobulin libraries or panels of highly specific binding reagents. Other types of antibodies can be constructed and used therapeutically in methods of the invention. For example, chimeric antibodies can be constracted as disclosed in WO 93/03151. Binding proteins which are derived from immunoglobulins and which are multivalent and multispecific, such as the "diabodies" described in WO 94/13804, also can be prepared.
- Antibodies according to the invention can be purified by methods well known in the art. For example, antibodies can be affinity purified by passage over a column to which GRK5 is bound. The bound antibodies can then be eluted from the column using a buffer with a high salt concentration.
- Antisense oligonucleotides are nucleotide sequences which are complementary to a specific DNA or RNA sequence. Once introduced into a cell, the complementary nucleotides combine with natural sequences produced by the cell to form complexes and block either transcription or translation. Preferably, an antisense oligonucleotide is at least 11 nucleotides in length, but can be at least 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 or more nucleotides long. Longer sequences also can be used. Antisense oligonucleotide molecules can be provided in a DNA construct and introduced into a cell as described above to decrease the level of GRK5 gene products in the cell.
- Antisense oligonucleotides can be deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, or a combination of both. Oligonucleotides can be synthesized manually or by an automated synthesizer, by covalently linking the 5' end of one nucleotide with the 3' end of another nucleotide with non-phosphodiester internucleotide linkages such alkylphosphonates, phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, alkylphosphonothioates, alkylphosphonates, phosphoramidates, phosphate esters, carbamates, acetamidate, carboxymethyl esters, carbonates, and phosphate triesters.
- Modifications of GRK5 gene expression can be obtained by designing antisense oligonucleotides which will form duplexes to the control, 5', or regulatory regions of the GRK5 gene.
- Oligonucleotides derived from the transcription initiation site are preferred. Similarly, inhibition can be achieved using "triple helix" base- pairing methodology. Triple helix pairing is useful because it causes inhibition ofthe ability ofthe double helix to open sufficiently for the binding of polymerases, transcription factors, or chaperons. Therapeutic advances using triplex DNA have been described in the literature [Nicholls, (1993)].
- An antisense oligonucleotide also can be designed to block translation of mRNA by preventing the transcript from binding to ribosomes.
- Antisense oligonucleotides which comprise, for example, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more stretches of contiguous nucleotides which are precisely complementary to a GRK5 polynucleotide, each separated by a stretch of contiguous nucleotides which are not complementary to adjacent GRK5 nucleotides, can provide sufficient targeting specificity for GRK5 mRNA.
- each stretch of complementary contiguous nucleotides is at least 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 or more nucleotides in length.
- Non-complementary intervening sequences are preferably 1, 2, 3, or 4 nucleotides in length.
- One skilled in the art can easily use the calculated melting point of an antisense-sense pair to determine the degree of mismatching which will be tolerated between a particular antisense oligonucleotide and a particular GRK5 polynucleotide sequence.
- Antisense oligonucleotides can be modified without affecting their ability to hybridize to a GRK5 polynucleotide. These modifications can be internal or at one or both ends ofthe antisense molecule.
- internucleoside phosphate linkages can be modified by adding cholesteryl or diamine moieties with varying numbers of carbon residues between the amino groups and terminal ribose.
- Modified bases and/or sugars such as arabinose instead of ribose, or a 3', 5 '-substituted oligonucleotide in which the 3' hydroxyl group or the 5' phosphate group are substituted, also can be employed in a modified antisense oligonucleotide.
- These modified oligonucleotides can be prepared by methods well known in the art.
- Ribozymes are RNA molecules with catalytic activity [Uhlmann, (1987)]. Ribozymes can be used to inhibit gene function by cleaving an RNA sequence, as is known in the art. The mechanism of ribozyme action involves sequence-specific hybridization of the ribozyme molecule to complementary target RNA, followed by endonucleolytic cleavage. Examples include engineered hammerhead motif ribozyme molecules that can specifically and efficiently catalyze endonucleo- lytic cleavage of specific nucleotide sequences.
- the coding sequence of a GRK5 polynucleotide can be used to generate ribozymes which will specifically bind to mRNA transcribed from a GRK5 polynucleotide.
- Methods of designing and constructing ribozymes which can cleave other RNA molecules in trans in a highly sequence specific manner have been developed and described in the art.
- the cleavage activity of ribozymes can be targeted to specific RNAs by engineering a discrete "hybridization" region into Hie ribozyme.
- the hybridization region contains a sequence complementary to the target RNA and thus specifically hybridizes with the target RNA.
- Specific ribozyme cleavage sites within a GRK5 RNA target can be identified by scanning the target molecule for ribozyme cleavage sites which include the following sequences: GUA, GUU, and GUC. Once identified, short RNA sequences of between 15 and 20 ribonucleotides corresponding to the region of the target RNA containing the cleavage site can be evaluated for secondary structural features which may render the target inoperable. Suitability of candidate GRK5 RNA targets also can be evaluated by testing accessibility to hybridization with complementary oligonucleotides using ribonuclease protection assays. The nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 and its complement provide sources of suitable hybridization region sequences.
- hybridizing and cleavage regions of the ribozyme can be integrally related such that upon hybridizing to the target RNA through the complementary regions, the catalytic region ofthe ribozyme can cleave the target.
- Ribozymes can be introduced into cells as part of a DNA construct. Mechanical methods, such as microinjection, liposome-mediated transfection, electroporation, or calcium phosphate precipitation, can be used to introduce a ribozyme-containing DNA construct into cells in which it is desired to decrease GRK5 expression. Alternatively, if it is desired that the cells stably retain the DNA construct, the construct can be supplied on a plasmid and maintained as a separate element or integrated into the genome of the cells, as is known in the art.
- a ribozyme-encoding DNA construct can include transcriptional regulatory elements, such as a promoter element, an enhancer or UAS element, and a transcriptional terminator signal, for controlling transcription of ribozymes in the cells (U.S. 5,641,673). Ribozymes also can be engineered to provide an additional level of regulation, so that destruction of mRNA occurs only when both a ribozyme and a target gene are induced in the cells.
- Regulators as used herein refer to compounds that affect the activity of GRK5 in vivo and/or in vitro. Regulators can be agonists and antagonists of GRK5 polypeptide and can be compounds that exert their effect on the GRK5 activity via the enzymatic activity, expression, post- translational modifications or by other means.
- Agonists of GRK5 are molecules which, when bound to GRK5, increase or prolong the activity of GRK5.
- Agonists of GRK5 include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, small molecules, or any other molecule which activate GRK5.
- Antagonists of GRK5 are molecules which, when bound to GRK5, decrease the amount or the duration of the activity of GRK5. Antagonists include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, antibodies, small molecules, or any other molecule which decrease the activity of GRK5.
- modulate refers to a change in the activity of GRK5 polypeptide. For example, modulation may cause an increase or a decrease in enzymatic activity, binding characteristics, or any other biological, functional, or immunological properties of GRK5.
- the terms “specific binding” or “specifically binding” refer to that interaction between a protein or peptide and an agonist, an antibody, or an antagonist. The interaction is dependent upon the presence of a particular structure of the protein recognized by the binding molecule (i.e., the antigenic determinant or epitope). For example, if an antibody is specific for epitope "A" the presence of a polypeptide containing the epitope A, or the presence of free unlabeled A, in a reaction containing free labeled A and the antibody will reduce the amount of labeled A that binds to the antibody.
- the invention provides methods (also referred to herein as "screening assays") for identifying compounds which can be used for the treatment of diseases related to GRK5.
- the methods entail the identification of candidate or test compounds or agents (e.g., peptides, peptidomimetics, small molecules or other molecules) which bind to GRK5 and/or have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on the biological activity of GRK5 or its expression and then determining which of these compounds have an effect on symptoms or diseases related to GRK5 in an in vivo assay.
- candidate or test compounds or agents e.g., peptides, peptidomimetics, small molecules or other molecules
- Candidate or test compounds or agents which bind to GRK5 and/or have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on the activity or the expression of GRK5 are identified either in assays that employ cells which express GRK5 (cell-based assays) or in assays with isolated GRK5 (cell-free assays).
- the various assays can employ a variety of variants of GRK5 (e.g., full-length GRK5, a biologically active fragment of GRK5, or a fusion protein which includes all or a portion of GRK5).
- GRK5 can be derived from any suitable mammalian species (e.g., human
- the assay can be a binding assay entailing direct or indirect measurement ofthe binding of a test compound or a known GRK5 ligand to GRK5.
- the assay can also be an activity assay entailing direct or indirect measurement of the activity of GRK5.
- the assay can also be an expression assay entailing direct or indirect measurement ofthe expression of GRK5 mRNA or GRK5 protein.
- the various screening assays are combined with an in vivo assay entailing measuring the effect ofthe test compound on the symptoms of diseases related to GRK5.
- the present invention includes biochemical, cell free assays that allow the identification of inhibitors and agonists of kinases suitable as lead structures for pharmacological drag development.
- assays involve contacting a form of GRK5 (e.g., full-length GRK5, a biologically active fragment of GRK5, or a fusion protein comprising all or a portion of GRK5) with a test compound and determining the ability of the test compound to act as an antagonist (preferably) or an agonist ofthe enzymatic activity of GRK5.
- GRK5 e.g., full-length GRK5, a biologically active fragment of GRK5, or a fusion protein comprising all or a portion of GRK5
- GRK5 molecules of the present invention can be measured using a variety of assays that measure GRK5 activity.
- GRK5 enzyme activity can be assessed by a standard in vitro kinase assay.
- GRK5 can be used in substantial and specific assays related to kinases.
- assays involve any of the known kinase functions or activities or properties useful for diagnosis and treatment of nase- related conditions that are specific for the subfamily of kinases that the one of the present invention belongs to, particularly in cells and tissues that express the kinase.
- GRK5 is also useful in drag screening assays, in cell-based or cell-free systems.
- GRK5 can be used to identify compounds that modulate kinase activity ofthe protein in its natural state or an altered form that causes a specific disease or pathology associated with the kinase.
- the present invention also relates to a method of screening compounds having inhibitory activity of kinase activity of the proteins of the present invention.
- This screening method consists of two steps. First, GRK5 is caused to contact a substrate to be phosphorylated by this protein in the presence of a test compound to detect the kinase activity of the protein of the present invention. Second, the kinase activity detected in step (a) is compared with that detected in the absence ofthe test compound, and a compound that lowers the kinase activity of the protein of the present invention is selected.
- the kinase activity of GRK5 can be detected, for example, by adding ATP having radioactively labeled phosphate to the reaction system containing the protein of the present invention and the substrate and measuring the radioactivity ofthe phosphate attached to the substrate.
- Both, GRK5 and appropriate variants and fragments can be used in high-throughput screens to assay candidate compounds for the ability to modulate the kinase activity. These compounds can be further screened against a functional kinase to determine the effect of the compound on the kinase activity. Further, these compounds can be tested in animal or invertebrate systems to determine activity/effectiveness. Compounds can be identified that activate (agonist) or inactivate (antagonist) the kinase to a desired degree. Further, GRK5 can be used to screen a compound for the ability to stimulate or inhibit interaction between the kinase protein and a molecule that normally interacts with the kinase protein, e.g.
- Such assays typically include the steps of combining the kinase protein with a candidate compound under conditions that allow the kinase protein, or fragment, to interact with the target molecule, and to detect the formation of a complex between the protein and the target or to detect the biochemical consequence of the interaction with the kinase protein and the target, such as any ofthe associated effects of signal transduction such as protein phosphorylation, cAMP turnover, and adenylate cyclase activation, etc.
- the invention further includes other end point assays to identify compounds that modulate
- the assays typically involve an assay of events in the signal transduction pathway that indicate kinase activity.
- the phosphorylation of a substrate, activation of a protein, a change in the expression of genes that are up- or down-regulated in response to the kinase protein dependent signal cascade can be assayed.
- any ofthe biological or biochemical functions mediated by the kinase can be used as an endpoint assay. These include all of the biochemical or biochemical/biological events described herein, in the references cited herein, inco ⁇ orated by reference for these endpoint assay targets, and other functions known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
- Binding and/or activating compounds can also be screened by using chimeric kinase proteins in which the amino terminal extracellular domain, or parts thereof, the entire transmembrane domain or subregions, such as any of the seven transmembrane segments or any of the intracellular or extracellular loops and the carboxy terminal intracellular domain, or parts thereof, can be replaced by heterologous domains or subregions.
- a substrate-binding region can be used that interacts with a different substrate then that which is recognized by the native kinase. Accordingly, a different set of signal transduction components is available as an end-point assay for activation.
- GRK5 is also useful in competition binding assays in methods designed to discover compounds that interact with the kinase (e.g. binding partners and/or ligands).
- a compound is exposed to a kinase polypeptide under conditions that allow the compound to bind or to otherwise interact with the polypeptide.
- Soluble kinase polypeptide is also added to the mixture. If the test compound interacts with the soluble kinase polypeptide, it decreases the amount of complex formed or activity from the kinase target.
- This type of assay is particularly useful in cases in which compounds are sought that interact with specific regions ofthe kinase.
- Agents that modulate GRK5 can be identified using one or more of the above assays, alone or in combination. It is generally preferable to use a cell-based or cell free system first and then confirm activity in an animal or other model system. Such model systems are well known in the art and can readily be employed in this context.
- Test compounds used for this screening methods are not particularly limited and are generally low- molecular-weight compounds, proteins (including antibodies), peptides, etc. Test compounds are either artificially synthesized or natural.
- an antibody is defined in terms consistent with that recognized within the art: they are multi-subunit proteins produced by a mammalian organism in response to an antigen challenge.
- the antibodies of the present invention include polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies, as well as fragments of such antibodies, including, but not limited to, Fab or F(ab').sub.2, and Fv fragments.
- an isolated peptide is used as an immunogen and is administered to a mammalian organism, such as a rat, rabbit or mouse.
- a mammalian organism such as a rat, rabbit or mouse.
- the full-length protein, an antigenic peptide fragment or a fusion protein can be used.
- Particularly important fragments are those covering functional domains, such as the domains identified in FIG. 2, and domain of sequence homology or divergence amongst the family, such as those that can readily be identified using protein alignment methods and as presented in the Figures.
- Antibodies are preferably prepared from regions or discrete fragments of the kinase proteins. Antibodies can be prepared from any region ofthe peptide as described herein. However, preferred regions will include those involved in function/activity and or kinase/binding partner interaction.
- Modulators of kinase protein activity identified according to these drag screening assays can be used to treat a subject with a disorder mediated by the kinase pathway, by treating cells or tissues that express the kinase.
- This invention further pertains to novel agents identified by the above-described screening assays. Accordingly, it is within the scope of this invention to further use an agent identified as described herein in an appropriate animal model.
- an agent identified as described herein e.g., a kinase-modulating agent, an antisense kinase nucleic acid molecule, a kinase-specific antibody, or a kinase-binding partner
- an agent identified as described herein can be used in an animal or other model to determine the efficacy, toxicity, or side effects of treatment with such an agent.
- an agent identified as described herein can be used in an animal or other model to determine the mechanism of action of such an agent.
- this invention pertains to uses of novel agents identified by the above- described screening assays for treatments as described herein.
- GRK5 proteins are also useful to provide a target for diagnosing a disease or predisposition to disease mediated by the peptide. Accordingly, the invention provides methods for detecting the presence, or levels of, the protein (or encoding mRNA) in a cell, tissue, or organism.
- a biological sample includes tissues, cells and biological fluids isolated from a subject, as well as tissues, cells and fluids present within a subject.
- the peptides of the present invention also provide targets for diagnosing active protein activity, disease, or predisposition to disease, in a patient having a variant peptide, particularly activities and conditions that are known for other members ofthe family of proteins to which the present one belongs.
- the peptide can be isolated from a biological sample and assayed for the presence of a genetic mutation that results in aberrant peptide. This includes amino acid substitution, deletion, insertion, rearrangement, (as the result of aberrant splicing events), and inappropriate post- translational modification.
- Analytic methods include altered electrophoretic mobility, altered tryptic peptide digest, altered kinase activity in cell-based or cell-free assay, alteration in substrate or antibody-binding pattern, altered isoelectric point, direct amino acid sequencing, and any other ofthe known assay techniques useful for detecting mutations in a protein.
- the diseases for which detection of kinase genes in a sample could be diagnostic include diseases in which kinase nucleic acid (DNA and/or RNA) is amplified in comparison to normal cells.
- amplification is meant increased numbers of kinase DNA or RNA in a cell compared with normal cells.
- kinases are typically found as single copy genes.
- the chromosomal location ofthe kinase genes may be amplified, resulting in multiple copies ofthe gene, or amplification.
- Gene amplification can lead to amplification of kinase RNA, or kinase
- RNA can be amplified in the absence of kinase DNA amplification.
- peptide detection techniques include enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), Western blots, immunoprecipitations and immunofluorescence using a detection reagent, such as an antibody or protein binding agent.
- a detection reagent such as an antibody or protein binding agent.
- the peptide can be detected in vivo in a subject by introducing into the subject a labeled anti-peptide antibody or other types of detection agent.
- the antibody can be labeled with a radioactive marker whose presence and location in a subject can be detected by standard imaging techniques. Particularly useful are methods that detect the allelic variant of a peptide expressed in a subject and methods which detect fragments of a peptide in a sample.
- Solution in vitro assays can be used to identify a GRK5 substrate or inhibitor.
- Solid phase systems can also be used to identify a substrate or inhibitor of a GRK5 polypeptide.
- a GRK5 polypeptide or GRK5 fusion protein can be immobilized onto the surface of a receptor chip of a commercially available biosensor instrument (BIACORE, Biacore AB; Uppsala, Sweden). The use of this instrument is disclosed, for example, by [Karlsson, (1991), and Cunningham and Wells, (1993)].
- a GRK5 polypeptide or fusion protein is covalently attached, using amine or sulfhydryl chemistry, to dextran fibers that are attached to gold film within a flow cell.
- a test sample is then passed through the cell. If a GRK5 substrate or inhibitor is present in the sample, it will bind to the immobilized polypeptide or fusion protein, causing a change in the refractive index ofthe medium, which is detected as a change in surface plasmon resonance of the gold film.
- This system allows the determination on- and off-rates, from which binding affinity can be calculated, and assessment of the stoichiometry of binding, as well as the kinetic effects of GRK5 mutation.
- This system can also be used to examine antibody-antigen interactions, and the interactions of other complement/anti-complement pairs.
- the invention provides assays for screening candidate or test compounds which bind to or modulate the activity of GRK5.
- assays can employ full-length GRK5, a biologically active fragment of GRK5, or a fusion protein which includes all or a portion of GRK5.
- test compound can be obtained by any suitable means, e.g., from conventional compound libraries.
- Determining the ability of the test compound to modulate the activity of GRK5 can be accomplished, for example, by determining the ability of GRK5 to bind to or interact with a target molecule.
- the target molecule can be a molecule with which GRK5 binds or interacts with in nature.
- the target molecule can be a component of a signal transduction pathway which facilitates transduction of an extracellular signal.
- the target GRK5 molecule can be, for example, a second intracellular protein which has catalytic activity or a protein which facilitates the association of downstream signaling molecules with GRK5.
- Determining the ability of GRK5 to bind to or interact with a target molecule can be accomplished by one of the methods described above for determining direct binding. In one embodiment, determining the ability of a polypeptide of the invention to bind to or interact with a target molecule can be accomplished by determining the activity ofthe target molecule.
- the activity of the target molecule can be determined by detecting induction of a cellular second messenger of the target (e.g., intracellular Ca 2+ , diacylglycerol, IP 3 , etc.), detecting catalytic/enzymatic activity of the target on an appropriate substrate, detecting the induction of a reporter gene (e.g., a regulatory element that is responsive to a polypeptide of the invention operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a detectable marker, e.g., luciferase), or detecting a cellular response.
- a reporter gene e.g., a regulatory element that is responsive to a polypeptide of the invention operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a detectable marker, e.g., luciferase
- GRK5 or a GRK5 target molecule
- Binding of a test compound to GRK5, or interaction of GRK5 with a target molecule in the presence and absence of a candidate compound can be accomplished in any vessel suitable for containing the reactants. Examples of such vessels include microtitre plates, test tubes, and micro- centrifuge tubes.
- a fusion protein can be provided which adds a domain that allows one or both of the proteins to be bound to a matrix.
- glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins or glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins can be adsorbed onto glutathione sepharose beads (Sigma Chemical; St. Louis, Mo.) or glutathione derivatized microtitre plates, which are then combined with the test compound or the test compound and either the non-adsorbed target protein or GRK5, and the mixture incubated under conditions conducive to complex formation (e.g., at physiological conditions for salt and pH). Following incubation, the beads or microtitre plate wells are washed to remove any unbound components and complex formation is measured either directly or indirectly, for example, as described above. Alternatively, the complexes can be dissociated from the matrix, and the level of binding or activity of GRK5 can be determined using standard techniques.
- GRK5 or its target molecule can be immobilized utilizing conjugation of biotin and streptavidin.
- Biotinylated polypeptide of the invention or target molecules can be prepared from biotin-NHS (N-hydroxy-succinimide) using techniques well known in the art (e.g., biotinylation kit, Pierce Chemicals; Rockford, HI.), and immobilized in the wells of streptavidin-coated plates (Pierce Chemical).
- antibodies reactive with GRK5 or target molecules but which do not interfere with binding of the polypeptide of the invention to its target molecule can be derivatized to the wells ofthe plate, and unbound target or polypeptide of the invention trapped in the wells by antibody conjugation.
- Methods for detecting such complexes include immunodetection of complexes using antibodies reactive with GRK5 or target molecule, as well as enzyme-linked assays which rely on detecting an enzymatic activity associated with GRK5 or target molecule.
- Another technique for drug screening which may be used provides for high throughput screening of compounds having suitable binding affinity to the protein of interest as described in published PCT application WO84/03564.
- large numbers of different small test compounds are synthesized on a solid substrate, such as plastic pins or some other surface.
- the test compounds are reacted with GRK5, or fragments thereof, and washed.
- Bound GRK5 is then detected by methods well known in the art.
- Purified GRK5 can also be coated directly onto plates for use in the aforementioned drag screening techniques.
- non-neutralizing antibodies can be used to capture the peptide and immobilize it on a solid support.
- the screening assay can also involve monitoring the expression of GRK5.
- regulators of expression of GRK5 can be identified in a method in which a cell is contacted with a candidate compound and the expression of GRK5 protein or mRNA in the cell is determined. The level of expression of GRK5 protein or mRNA the presence ofthe candidate compound is compared to the level of expression of GRK5 protein or mRNA in the absence of the candidate compound. The candidate compound can then be identified as a regulator of expression of GRK5 based on this comparison.
- the candidate compound when expression of GRK5 protein or mRNA protein is greater (statistically significantly greater) in the presence of the candidate compound than in its absence, the candidate compound is identified as a stimulator of GRK5 protein or mRNA expression.
- the candidate compound when expression of GRK5 protein or mRNA is less (statistically significantly less) in the presence of the candidate compound than in its absence, the candidate compound is identified as an inhibitor of GRK5 protein or mRNA expression.
- the level of GRK5 protein or mRNA expression in the cells can be determined by methods described below.
- Such screening can be carried out either in a cell-free assay system or in an intact cell.
- Any cell which expresses GRK5 polynucleotide can be used in a cell-based assay system.
- the GRK5 polynucleotide can be naturally occurring in the cell or can be introduced using techniques such as those described above. Either a primary culture or an established cell line can be used. Binding Assays
- the test compound is preferably a small molecule which binds to and occupies the active site of GRK5 polypeptide, thereby making the ligand binding site inaccessible to substrate such that normal biological activity is prevented.
- small molecules include, but are not limited to, small peptides or peptide-like molecules.
- Potential ligands which bind to a polypeptide ofthe invention include, but are not limited to, the natural ligands of known GRK5 kinases and analogues or derivatives thereof.
- either the test compound or the GRK5 polypeptide can comprise a detectable label, such as a fluorescent, radioisotopic, chemiluminescent, or enzymatic label, such as horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, or luciferase. Detection of a test compound which is bound to GRK5 polypeptide can then be accomplished, for example, by direct counting of radioemmission, by scintillation counting, or by determining conversion of an appropriate substrate to a detectable product. Alternatively, binding of a test compound to a GRK5 polypeptide can be determined without labeling either of the interactants.
- a detectable label such as a fluorescent, radioisotopic, chemiluminescent, or enzymatic label, such as horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, or luciferase.
- a microphysiometer can be used to detect binding of a test compound with a GRK5 polypeptide.
- a microphysiometer e.g., CytosensorTM
- LAPS light-addressable potentiometric sensor
- BIA Bimolecular Interaction Analysis
- a GRK5-like polypeptide can be used as a "bait protein" in a two-hybrid assay or three-hybrid assay [Szabo, (1995); U.S. 5,283,317), to identify other proteins which bind to or interact with GRK5 and modulate its activity.
- the two-hybrid system is based on the modular nature of most transcription factors, which consist of separable DNA-binding and activation domains.
- the assay utilizes two different DNA constructs.
- polynucleotide encoding GRK5 can be fused to a polynucleotide encoding the DNA binding domain of a known transcription factor (e.g., GAL-4).
- a DNA sequence that encodes an unidentified protein (“prey" or "sample” can be fused to a polynucleotide that codes for the activation domain of the known transcription factor.
- the DNA-binding and activation domains of the transcription factor are brought into close proximity. This proximity allows transcription of a reporter gene (e.g, LacZ), which is operably linked to a transcriptional regulatory site responsive to the transcription factor.
- a reporter gene e.g, LacZ
- Expression of the reporter gene can be detected, and cell colonies containing the functional transcription factor can be isolated and used to obtain the DNA sequence encoding the protein which interacts with GRK5.
- either the GRK5 (or polynucleotide) or the test compound can be bound to a solid support.
- suitable solid supports include, but are not limited to, glass or plastic slides, tissue culture plates, microtiter wells, tubes, silicon chips, or particles such as beads (including, but not limited to, latex, polystyrene, or glass beads).
- GRK5-like polypeptide or polynucleotide
- test compound any method known in the art can be used to attach GRK5-like polypeptide (or polynucleotide) or test compound to a solid support, including use of covalent and non-covalent linkages, passive abso ⁇ tion, or pairs of binding moieties attached respectively to the polypeptide
- test compounds are preferably bound to the solid support in an array, so that the location of individual test compounds can be tracked. Binding of a test compound to GRK5 (or a polynucleotide encoding for GRK5) can be accomplished in any vessel suitable for containing the reactants. Examples of such vessels include microtiter plates, test tubes, and microcentrifuge tubes.
- GRK5 is a fusion protein comprising a domain that allows binding of GRK5 to a solid support.
- glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins can be adsorbed onto glutathione sepharose beads (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, Mo.) or glutathione derivatized microtiter plates, which are then combined with the test compound or the test compound and the non-adsorbed GRK5; the mixture is then incubated under conditions conducive to complex formation (e.g., at physiological conditions for salt and pH). Following incubation, the beads or microtiter plate wells are washed to remove any unbound components. Binding ofthe interactants can be determined either directly or indirectly, as described above. Alternatively, the complexes can be dissociated from the solid support before binding is determined.
- GRK5 or a polynucleotide encoding GRK5
- a test compound can be immobilized utilizing conjugation of biotin and streptavidin.
- Biotinylated GRK5 (or a polynucleotide encoding biotinylated GRK5) or test compounds can be prepared from biotin-NHS (N-hydroxysuccinimide) using techniques well known in the art (e.g., biotinylation kit, Pierce Chemicals, Rockford, HI.) and immobilized in the wells of streptavidin- coated plates (Pierce Chemical).
- biotinylation kit Pierce Chemicals, Rockford, HI.
- streptavidin- coated plates Piereptavidin- coated plates
- antibodies which specifically bind to GRK5, polynucleotide, or a test compound, but which do not interfere with a desired binding site, such as the active site of GRK5 can be derivatized to the wells ofthe plate. Unbound target or protein can be trapped in the wells by antibody conjugation.
- Methods for detecting such complexes include immunodetection of complexes using antibodies which specifically bind to GRK5 polypeptide or test compound, enzyme-linked assays which rely on detecting an activity of GRK5 polypeptide, and SDS gel electrophoresis under non-reducing conditions.
- Screening for test compounds which bind to a GRK5 polypeptide or polynucleotide also can be carried out in an intact cell. Any cell which comprises a GRK5 polypeptide or polynucleotide can be used in a cell-based assay system. A GRK5 polynucleotide can be naturally occurring in the cell or can be introduced using techniques such as those described above. Binding of the test compound to GRK5 or a polynucleotide encoding GRK5 is determined as described above.
- Test compounds can be tested for the ability to increase or decrease GRK5 activity of a GRK5 polypeptide.
- the GRK5 activity can be measured, for example, using methods described in the specific examples, below.
- GRK5 activity can be measured after contacting either a purified GRK5 or an intact cell with a test compound.
- a test compound which decreases GRK5 activity by at least about 10, preferably about 50, more preferably about 75, 90, or 100% is identified as a potential agent for decreasing GRK5 activity.
- a test compound which increases GRK5 activity by at least about 10, preferably about 50, more preferably about 75, 90, or 100% is identified as a potential agent for increasing GRK5 activity.
- test compounds which increase or decrease GRK5 gene expression are identified.
- the term "correlates with expression of a polynucleotide” indicates that the detection of the presence of nucleic acids, the same or related to a nucleic acid sequence encoding GRK5, by northern analysis or realtime PCR is indicative of the presence of nucleic acids encoding GRK5 in a sample, and thereby correlates with expression of the transcript from the polynucleotide encoding GRK5.
- microarray refers to an array of distinct polynucleotides or oligonucleotides arrayed on a substrate, such as paper, nylon or any other type of membrane, filter, chip, glass slide, or any other suitable solid support.
- a GRK5 polynucleotide is contacted with a test compound, and the expression of an RNA or polypeptide product of GRK5 polynucleotide is determined.
- the level of expression of appropriate mRNA or polypeptide in the presence ofthe test compound is compared to the level of expression of mRNA or polypeptide in the absence ofthe test compound.
- the test compound can then be identified as a regulator of expression based on this comparison.
- test compound when expression of mRNA or polypeptide is greater in the presence ofthe test compound than in its absence, the test compound is identified as a stimulator or enhancer of the mRNA or polypeptide expression.
- test compound when expression ofthe mRNA or polypeptide is less in the presence ofthe test compound than in its absence, the test compound is identified as an inhibitor ofthe mRNA or polypeptide expression.
- the level of GRK5 mRNA or polypeptide expression in the cells can be determined by methods well known in the art for detecting mRNA or polypeptide. Either qualitative or quantitative methods can be used.
- the presence of polypeptide products of GRK5 polynucleotide can be determined, for example, using a variety of techniques known in the art, including immunochemical methods such as radioimmunoassay, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry.
- polypeptide synthesis can be determined in vivo, in a cell culture, or in an in vitro translation system by detecting inco ⁇ oration of labelled amino acids into GRK5.
- test compounds for use in the screening assays ofthe invention can be obtained from any suitable source, e.g., conventional compound libraries.
- the test compounds can also be obtained using any of the numerous approaches in combinatorial library methods known in the art, including: biological libraries; spatially addressable parallel solid phase or solution phase libraries; synthetic library methods requiring deconvolution; the "one-bead one-compound” library method; and synthetic library methods using affinity chromatography selection.
- the biological library approach is limited to peptide libraries, while the other four approaches are applicable to peptide, non-peptide oligomer or small molecule libraries of compounds [Lam, (1997)]. Examples of methods for the synthesis of molecular libraries can be found in the art. Libraries of compounds may be presented in solution or on beads, bacteria, spores, plasmids or phage. Modeling of Regulators
- Computer modeling and searching technologies permit identification of compounds, or the improvement of already identified compounds, that can modulate GRK5 expression or activity. Having identified such a compound or composition, the active sites or regions are identified. Such sites might typically be the enzymatic active site, regulator binding sites, or ligand binding sites.
- the active site can be identified using methods known in the art including, for example, from the amino acid sequences of peptides, from the nucleotide sequences of nucleic acids, or from study of complexes of the relevant compound or composition with its natural ligand. In the latter case, chemical or X-ray crystallographic methods can be used to find the active site by finding where on the factor the complexed ligand is found.
- the three dimensional geometric structure ofthe active site is determined. This can be done by known methods, including X-ray crystallography, which can determine a complete molecular structure. On the other hand, solid or liquid phase NMR can be used to determine certain intramolecular distances. Any other experimental method of structure determination can be used to obtain partial or complete geometric structures.
- the geometric structures may be measured with a complexed ligand, natural or artificial, which may increase the accuracy of the active site structure determined.
- the methods of computer based numerical modeling can be used to complete the structure or improve its accuracy.
- Any recognized modeling method may be used, including parameterized models specific to particular biopolymers such as proteins or nucleic acids, molecular dynamics models based on computing molecular motions, statistical mechanics models based on thermal ensembles, or combined models.
- standard molecular force fields representing the forces between constituent atoms and groups, are necessary, and can be selected from force fields known in physical chemistry.
- the incomplete or less accurate experimental structures can serve as constraints on the complete and more accurate structures computed by these modeling methods.
- candidate modulating compounds can be identified by searching databases containing compounds along with information on their molecular structure. Such a search seeks compounds having structures that match the determined active site structure and that interact with the groups defining the active site. Such a search can be manual, but is preferably computer assisted. These compounds found from this search are potential GRK5 modulating compounds. Alternatively, these methods can be used to identify improved modulating compounds from an already known modulating compound or ligand. The composition ofthe known compound can be modified and the structural effects of modification can be determined using the experimental and computer modeling methods described above applied to the new composition. The altered structure is then compared to the active site structure of the compound to determine if an improved fit or interaction results. In this manner systematic variations in composition, such as by varying side groups, can be quickly evaluated to obtain modified modulating compounds or ligands of improved specificity or activity.
- GRK5 is expressed in various human tissues.
- CNS disorders include disorders of the central nervous system as well as disorders of the peripheral nervous system.
- CNS disorders include, but are not limited to brain injuries, cerebrovascular diseases and their consequences, Parkinson's disease, corticobasal degeneration, motor neuron disease, dementia, including ALS, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, stroke, post-stroke, post-traumatic brain injury, and small-vessel cerebrovascular disease.
- Dementias such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal dementia and Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17, frontotemporal dementias, including Pick's disease, progressive nuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, Huntington's disease, thalamic degeneration, Creutzfeld-Jakob dementia, HIV dementia, schizophrenia with dementia, and Korsakoff s psychosis, within the meaning ofthe definition are also considered to be CNS disorders.
- CNS disorders such as mild cognitive impairment, age-associated memory impairment, age-related cognitive decline, vascular cognitive impairment, attention deficit disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, and memory disturbances in children with learning disabilities are also considered to be CNS disorders.
- Pain within the meaning of this definition, is also considered to be a CNS disorder. Pain can be associated with CNS disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, sciatica, failed back surgery syndrome, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, post-stroke, and vascular lesions in the brain and spinal cord (e.g., infarct, hemorrhage, vascular malformation).
- CNS disorders such as multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, sciatica, failed back surgery syndrome, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, post-stroke, and vascular lesions in the brain and spinal cord (e.g., infarct, hemorrhage, vascular malformation).
- Non-central neuropathic pain includes that associated with post mastectomy pain, phantom feeling, reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD), trigeminal neuralgiaradioculopathy, post-surgical pain, HIV/AIDS related pain, cancer pain, metabolic neuropathies (e.g., diabetic neuropathy, vasculitic neuropathy secondary to connective tissue disease), paraneoplastic polyneuropathy associated, for example, with carcinoma of lung, or leukemia, or lymphoma, or carcinoma of prostate, colon or stomach, trigeminal neuralgia, cranial neuralgias, and post-he ⁇ etic neuralgia. Pain associated with peri- pheral nerve damage, central pain (i.e.
- Headache pain for example, migraine with aura, migraine without aura, and other migraine disorders
- episodic and chronic tension-type headache tension-type like headache, cluster headache, and chronic paroxysmal hemicrania are also CNS disorders.
- Visceral pain such as pancreatits, intestinal cystitis, dysmenorrhea, irritable Bowel syndrome
- biliary colic e.g., biliary colic, ureteral colic, myocardial infarction and pain syndromes of the pelvic cavity, e.g., vulvodynia, orchialgia, urethral syndrome and protatodynia are also CNS disorders.
- a disorder of the nervous system are acute pain, for example postoperative pain, and pain after trauma.
- the human GRK5 is highly expressed in the following brain tissues: brain, cerebellum, parietal lobe, nucleus accumbens, putamen, posteroventral thalamus, dorsalmedial thalamus, spinal cord (ventral horn), spinal cord (dorsal horn), glial tumor H4 cells.
- the expression in brain tissues demonstrates that the human GRK5 or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose nervous system diseases. Additionally the activity of the human GRK5 can be modulated to treat nervous system diseases.
- Heart failure is defined as a pathophysiological state in which an abnormality of cardiac function is responsible for the failure ofthe heart to pump blood at a rate commensurate with the requirement of the metabolizing tissue. It includes all forms of pumping failures such as high-output and low- output, acute and chronic, right-sided or left-sided, systolic or diastolic, independent of the underlying cause.
- Myocardial infarction is generally caused by an abrapt decrease in coronary blood flow that follows a thrombotic occlusion of a coronary artery previously narrowed by arteriosclerosis.
- MI prophylaxis primary and secondary prevention is included as well as the acute treatment of MI and the prevention of complications.
- Ischemic diseases are conditions in which the coronary flow is restricted resulting in a perfusion which is inadequate to meet the myocardial requirement for oxygen.
- This group of diseases includes stable angina, unstable angina and asymptomatic ischemia.
- Arrhythmias include all forms of atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, atrio-ventricular reentrant tachycardia, preexitation syndrome, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular flutter, ventricular fibrillation, as well as bradycardic forms of arrhythmias.
- Hypertensive vascular diseases include primary as well as all kinds of secondary arterial hypertension, renal, endocrine, neurogenic, others.
- the genes may be used as drag targets for the treatment of hypertension as well as for the prevention of all complications arising from cardiovascular diseases.
- Peripheral vascular diseases are defined as vascular diseases in which arterial and/or venous flow is reduced resulting in an imbalance between blood supply and tissue oxygen demand. It includes chronic peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD), acute arterial thrombosis and embolism, inflammatory vascular disorders, Raynaud's phenomenon and venous disorders.
- PAOD peripheral arterial occlusive disease
- acute arterial thrombosis and embolism inflammatory vascular disorders
- Raynaud's phenomenon Raynaud's phenomenon
- Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease in which the vessel wall is remodeled, compromising the lumen of the vessel.
- the atherosclerotic remodeling process involves accumulation of cells, both smooth muscle cells and monocyte/macrophage inflammatory cells, in the intima ofthe vessel wall. These cells take up lipid, likely from the circulation, to form a mature atherosclerotic lesion.
- the formation of these lesions is a chronic process, occurring over decades of an adult human life, the majority of the morbidity associated with atherosclerosis occurs when a lesion ruptures, releasing thrombogenic debris that rapidly occludes the artery. When such an acute event occurs in the coronary artery, myocardial infarction can ensue, and in the worst case, can result in death.
- the formation of the atherosclerotic lesion can be considered to occur in five overlapping stages such as migration, lipid accumulation, recruitment of inflammatory cells, proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and extracellular matrix deposition.
- stages such as migration, lipid accumulation, recruitment of inflammatory cells, proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and extracellular matrix deposition.
- Each of these processes can be shown to occur in man and in animal models of atherosclerosis, but the relative contribution of each to the pathology and clinical significance ofthe lesion is unclear.
- Cardiovascular diseases include but are not limited to disorders of the heart and the vascular system like congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, ischemic diseases of the heart, all kinds of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, hypertensive vascular diseases, peripheral vascular diseases, and atherosclerosis.
- the risk to develop atherosclerosis and coronary artery or carotid artery disease (and thus the risk of having a heart attack or stroke) increases with the total cholesterol level increasing.
- hyperlipidemia abnormally high levels of fats (cholesterol, triglycerides, or both) in the blood, may be caused by family history of hyperlipidemia), obesity, a high-fat diet, lack of exercise, moderate to high alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, poorly controlled diabetes, and an underactive thyroid gland), hereditary hyperlipidemias (type I hyperlipoproteinemia (familial hyperchylomicronemia), type II hyperlipoproteinemia (familial hypercholesterolemia), type in hyperlipoproteinemia, type IV hyperlipoproteinemia, or type V hyperlipoproteinemia), hypolipoproteinemia, lipidoses (caused by abnormalities in the enzymes that metabolize fats), Gaucher's disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Fabry's disease, Wolman's disease, cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, sitosterolemia, Refsum's disease, or Tay-Sachs disease.
- hyperlipidemia abnormally high levels of fats (cholesterol, triglycer
- Kidney disorders may lead to hypertension or hypotension. Examples for kidney problems possibly leading to hypertension are renal artery stenosis, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, kidney tumors, polycistic kidney disease, injury to the kidney, or radiation therapy affecting the kidney. Excessive urination may lead to hypotension.
- the human GRK5 is highly expressed in the following cardiovascular related tissues: heart, heart, pericardium, heart atrium (right), heart atrium (left), heart ventricle (right), aorta, coronary artery, mesenteric artery, (caval) vein, coronary artery endothel cells, aortic endothel cells, HUVEC cells, adrenal gland, liver liver cirrhosis, adipose, fetal kidney.
- Expression in the above mentioned tissues demonstrates that the human GRK5 or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of cardiovascular diseases. Additionally the activity of the human GRK5 can be modulated to treat cardiovascular diseases.
- the human GRK5 is highly expressed in adipose tissues. Expression in adipose demonstrates that the human GRK5 or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of dyslipidemia diseases as an cardiovascular disorder. Additionally the activity of the human GRK5 can be modulated to treat - but not limited to - dyslipidemia diseases.
- the human GRK5 is highly expressed in liver tissues: liver liver cirrhosis. Expression in liver tissues demonstrates that the human GRK5 or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of dyslipidemia disorders as an cardiovascular disorder. Additionally the activity of the human GRK5 can be modulated to treat - but not limited to - dyslipidemia disorders.
- the human GRK5 is highly expressed in kidney tissues : fetal kidney. Expression in kidney tissues demonstrates that the human GRK5 or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of blood pressure disorders as an cardiovascular disorder. Additionally the activity of the human GRK5 can be. modulated to treat - but not limited to - blood pressure disorders as hypertension or hypotension.
- the human GRK5 is highly expressed in adrenal gland. Expression in adrenal gland tissues demonstrates that the human GRK5 or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of blood pressure disorders as an cardiovascular disorder. Additionally the activity of the human GRK5 can be modulated to treat - but not limited to - blood pressure disorders as hypertension or hypotension.
- Hematological disorders comprise diseases of the blood and all its constituents as well as diseases of organs and tissues involved in the generation or degradation of all the constituents ofthe blood. They include but are not limited to 1) Anemias, 2) Myeloproliferative Disorders, 3) Hemorrhagic Disorders, 4) Leukopenia, 5) Eosinophilic Disorders, 6) Leukemias, 7) Lymphomas, 8) Plasma
- Disorders of the Spleen in the course of hematological disorders include, but are not limited to anemias due to defective or deficient hem synthesis, deficient erythropoiesis.
- Disorders according to 2) include, but are not limited to polycythemia vera, tumor-associated erythrocytosis, myelofibrosis, thrombocythemia.
- Disorders according to 3) include, but are not limited to vasculitis, thrombocytopenia, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic pu ⁇ ura, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, hereditary and acquired disorders of platelet function, hereditary coagulation disorders.
- Disorders according to 4) include, but are not limited to neutropenia, lymphocytopenia.
- Disorders according to 5) include, but are not limited to hypereosinophilia, idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome.
- Disorders according to 6) include, but are not limited to acute myeloic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome.
- Disorders according to 7) include, but are not limited to Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, mycosis fungoides cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
- Disorders according to 8) include, but are not limited to multiple myeloma, macroglobuhnemia, heavy chain diseases.
- thrombocytopenic pu ⁇ ura iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency), aplastic anemia, thalassemia, malignant lymphoma bone marrow invasion, malignant lymphoma skin invasion, hemolytic uremic syndrome, giant platelet disease are considered to be hematological diseases too.
- the human GRK5 is highly expressed in the following tissues of the hematological system: erythrocytes, bone marrow CD71+ cells, bone marrow CD34+ cells, bone marrow CD 15+ cells, cord blood CD71+ cells, cord blood CD34+ cells, neutrophils cord blood, T-cells peripheral blood CD8+, B-cells peripheral blood CD19+, neutrophils peripheral blood, spleen liver cirrhosis.
- the expression in the above mentioned tissues demonstrates that the human GRK5 or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of hematological diseases. Additionally the activity of the human GRK5 can be modulated to treat hematological disorders.
- Gastrointestinal diseases comprise primary or secondary, acute or chronic diseases ofthe organs of the gastrointestinal tract which may be acquired or inherited, benign or malignant or metaplastic, and which may affect the organs ofthe gastrointestinal tract or the body as a whole. They comprise but are not limited to 1) disorders of the esophagus like achalasia, vigoruos achalasia, dysphagia, cricopharyngeal incoordination, pre-esophageal dysphagia, diffuse esophageal spasm, globus sensation, Barrett's metaplasia, gastroesophageal reflux, 2) disorders of the stomach and duodenum like functional dyspepsia, inflammation of the gastric mucosa, gastritis, stress gastritis, chronic erosive gastritis, atrophy of gastric glands, metaplasia of gastric tissues, gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers, neoplasms of the stomach, 3) disorders of the pancreas like acute
- Liver diseases comprise primary or secondary, acute or chronic diseases or injury of the liver which may be acquired or inherited, benign or malignant, and which may affect the liver or the body as a whole. They comprise but are not limited to disorders of the bilirubin metabolism, jaundice, syndroms of Gilbert's, Crigler-Najjar, Dubin- Johnson and Rotor; intrahepatic cholestasis, hepatomegaly, portal hypertension, ascites, Budd-Chiari syndrome, portal-systemic encephalopathy, fatty liver, steatosis, Reye's syndrome, liver diseases due to alcohol, alcoholic hepatitis or cirrhosis, fibrosis and cirrhosis, fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver due to inborn errors of metabolism or exogenous substances, storage diseases, syndromes of Gaucher's, Zellweger's, Wilson's - disease, acute or chronic hepatitis, viral hepatitis and its variants, inflammatory
- the human GRK5 is highly expressed in the following tissues of the gastroenterological system: stomach, stomach tumor, small intestine, ileum chronic inflammation, rectum, rectum tumor, liver liver cirrhosis.
- the expression in the above mentioned tissues demonstrates that the human GRK5 or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of gastroenterological disorders. Additionally the activity of the human GRK5 can be modulated to treat gastroenterological disorders.
- the endocrine system consists of a group of organs whose main function is to produce and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
- the major organs of the endocrine system are the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, the parathyroid glands, the islets ofthe pancreas, the adrenal glands, the testes, and the ovaries.
- the pituitary gland coordinates many functions of the other endocrine glands, but some pituitary hormones have direct effects.
- the insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas respond to glucose and fatty acids.
- Parathyroid cells respond to calcium and phosphate.
- the adrenal medulla (part of the adrenal gland) responds to direct stimulation by the parasympathetic nervous system.
- Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in which blood levels of glucose are abnormally high because the body doesn't release or use insulin adequately.
- type I diabetes more than 90 percent of the insulin-producing cells (beta cells) of the pancreas are permanently destroyed. The resulting insulin deficiency is severe, and to survive, a person with type I diabetes must regularly inject insulin.
- type II diabetes mellitus non-insulin-dependent diabetes
- the body develops resistance to insulin effects, resulting in a relative insulin deficiency.
- pancreas has two major functions: to secrete fluid containing digestive enzymes, into the duodenum and to secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon.
- Chronic pancreatitis is a longstanding inflammation ofthe pancreas.
- An insulinoma is a rare type of pancreatic tumor that secretes insulin.
- the symptoms of an insulinoma result from low blood glucose levels.
- a gastrinoma is a pancreatic tumor that produces excessive levels of the hormone gastrin, which stimulates the stomach to secrete acid and enzymes, causing peptic ulcers.
- the excess gastrin secreted by the gastrinoma causes symptoms, called the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
- a glucagonoma is a tumor that produces the hormone glucagon, which raises the level of glucose in the blood and produces a distinctive rash.
- Diabetes insipidus is a disorder in which insufficient levels of antidiuretic hormone cause excessive thirst (polydipsia) and excessive production of very dilute urine (polyuria). Diabetes insipidus results from the decreased production of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin).
- the body has two adrenal glands.
- the medulla of the adrenal glands secretes hormones such as adrenaline (epinephrine) that affect blood pressure, heart rate, sweating, and other activities also regulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
- the cortex secretes many different hormones, including corticosteroids (cortisone-like hormones), androgens (male hormones), and mineralocorticoids, which control blood pressure and the levels of salt and potassium in the body.
- a diseases characterized by underactive adrenal glands is Addison's disease (adrenocortical insufficiency).
- Adrenal Glands Several disorders are characterized by overactive Adrenal Glands. The causes can be changes in the adrenal glands themselves or overstimulation by the pituitary gland. Examples of these diseases are listed in the following.
- the thyroid is a small gland located under the Adam's apple. It secretes thyroid hormones, which control the metabolic rate. The thyroid gland traps iodine and processes it into thyroid hormones. The euthyroid sick syndrome is characterized by lack of conversion of the T4 form of thyroid hormone to the T3 form. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland, production of too much hormone) may have several causes. Thyroiditis (an inflammation of the thyroid gland), typically leads to a phase of hyperthyroidism. The inflammation may damage the thyroid gland, so that in later stages the disease is characterized by transient or permanent underactivity (hypothyroidism). Toxic thyroid nodules (adenomas) often produce thyroid hormone in large quantities.
- Toxic multinodular goiter is a disorder in which there are many nodules. Graves' disease (toxic diffuse goiter) is believed to be caused by an antibody that stimulates the thyroid to produce too much thyroid hormone. In toxic nodular goiter, one or more nodules in the thyroid produce too much thyroid hormone and aren't under the control of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Secondary hyperthyroidism may (rarely) be caused by a pituitary tumor that secretes too much thyroid-stimulating hormone, by resistance ofthe pituitary to thyroid hormone, which results in the pituitary gland secreting too much thyroid-stimulating hormone, or by a hydatidiform mole in women. Thyroid storm is a sudden extreme overactivity of the thyroid gland is a life-threatening emergency requiring prompt treatment.
- hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is underactive and produces too little thyroid hormone. Very severe hypothyroidism is called myxedema. In Hashimoto's thyroiditis (autoimmune thyroiditis) the thyroid gland is often enlarged, and hypothyroidism results because the gland's functioning areas are gradually destroyed. Rarer causes of hypothyroidism include some inherited disorders which are caused by abnormalities of the enzymes in thyroid cells. In other rare disorders, either the hypothalamus or the pituitary gland fails to secrete enough of the hormone needed to stimulate normal thyroid function.
- Thyroiditis are silent lymphocytic thyroiditis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, or subacute granulomatous thyroiditis.
- Thyroid cancer is any one of four main types of malignancy of the thyroid: papillary, follicular, anaplastic, or medullary.
- the pituitary is a pea-sized gland that sits in a bony structure (sella turcica) at the base ofthe brain.
- the sella turcica protects the pituitary but allows very little room for expansion. If the pituitary enlarges, it tends to push upward, often pressing on the areas of the brain that carry signals from the eyes, possibly resulting in headaches or impaired vision.
- the pituitary gland has two distinct parts: the anterior (front) and the posterior (back) lobes.
- the anterior lobe produces (secretes) hormones that ultimately control the function of the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and reproductive organs (ovaries and testes); milk production (lactation) in the breasts; and overall body growth. It also produces hormones that cause the skin to darken and that inhibit pain sensations.
- the posterior lobe produces hormones that regulate water balance, stimulate the letdown of milk from the breasts in lactating women, and stimulate contractions ofthe uterus.
- Examples for disorders of the pituitary gland are Empty Sella Syndrome; hypopituitarism (an underactive pituitary gland); acromegaly, which is excessive growth caused by oversecretion of growth hormone, which is almost always caused by a benign pituitary tumor (adenoma); galac- torrhea, which is the production of breast milk in men or in women who aren't breastfeeding, in both sexes, the most common cause of galactorrhea is a prolactin-producing tumor (prolactinoma) in the pituitary gland.
- prolactin-producing tumor prolactinoma
- the human GRK5 is highly expressed in the following tissues of the endocrinological system: adrenal gland, thyroid, thyroid tumor.
- the expression in the above mentioned tissues demonstrates that the human GRK5 or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of endocrinological disorders.
- the activity ofthe human GRK5 can be modulated to treat endocrinological disorders.
- Components of the musculoskeletal system are skeleton, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and other components of joints. Disorders of the musculoskeletal system often cause chronic pain and physical disability. They range from injures, infections, inflammation or other types of disorders. Examples of musculoskeletal disorders are presented in the following.
- osteoporosis examples are osteoporosis, postmenopausal osteoporosis, senile osteoporosis, secondary osteoporosis, idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis, Paget's disease of the bone, osteochondromas (osteocartilaginous exostoses), tumors of the bone (benign chondromas, chondroblastomas, chondromyxoid fibromas, osteoid osteomas, giant cell tumors of the bone, multiple myeloma, osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma), fibrosarcomas and malignant fibrous histiocytomas, chondrosarcomas, Ewing's tumor (Ewing's sarcoma), malignant lymphoma of bone (reticulum cell sarcoma, metastatic tumors ofthe bone), osteoarthritis, and gout and Pseudogout.
- osteochondromas osteocartilaginous exosto
- disorders of joints and connective tissue are rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, discoid lupus erythematosus, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma (systemic sclerosis), Sj ⁇ gren's syndrome, connective tissue disease, polymyositis and dermatomyositis, relapsing polychondritis, vasculitis, polyarteritis nodosa, polymyalgia rheumatica, temporal arteritis, Wegener's granulomatosis, Reiter's syndrome, Behcefs syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, or Charcot's joints (neuropathic joint disease).
- osteomyelitis examples for bone and joint infections are osteomyelitis, and infectious arthritis.
- Examples of disorders of muscles, bursas, and tendons are spasmodic torticollis, fibromyalgia syndromes (myofascial pain syndromes, fibromyositis), bursitis, tendinitis and tenosynovitis.
- Foot problems are, for example ankle sprain, foot fractures, heel spurs, Sever's disease, posterior achilles tendon bursitis, anterior achilles tendon bursitis, posterior tibial neuralgia, pain in the ball of the foot (caused by damage to the nerves between the toes or to the joints between the toes and foot), onychomycosis, or nail discoloration.
- the human GRK5 is highly expressed in the following muscle/skeleton tissues: adipose.
- the expression in muscle/skleleton tissues demonstrates that the human GRK5 or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of diseases of the muscle/skeleton system. Additionally the activity of the human GRK5 can be modulated to treat those diseases.
- Cancer disorders within the scope of this definition comprise any disease of an organ or tissue in mammals characterized by poorly controlled or uncontrolled multiplication of normal or abnormal cells in that tissue and its effect on the body as a whole.
- Cancer diseases within the scope of the definition comprise benign neoplasms, dysplasias, hype ⁇ lasias as well as neoplasms showing metastatic growth or any other transformations like e.g. leukoplakias which often precede a breakout of cancer.
- Cells and tissues are cancerous when they grow more rapidly than normal cells, displacing or spreading into the surrounding healthy tissue or any other tissues of the body described as metastatic growth, assume abnormal shapes and sizes, show changes in their nucleocytoplasmatic ratio, nuclear polychromasia, and finally may cease.
- Cancerous cells and tissues may affect the body as a whole when causing paraneoplastic syndromes or if cancer occurs within a vital organ or tissue, normal function will be impaired or halted, with possible fatal results.
- the ultimate involvement of a vital organ by cancer, either primary or metastatic, may lead to the death ofthe mammal affected. Cancer tends to spread, and the extent of its spread is usually related to an individual's chances of surviving the disease.
- Cancers are generally said to be in one of three stages of growth: early, or localized, when a tumor is still confined to the tissue of origin, or primary site; direct extension, where cancer cells from the tumour have invaded adjacent tissue or have spread only to regional lymph nodes; or metastasis, in which cancer cells have migrated to distant parts of the body from the primary site, via the blood or lymph systems, and have established secondary sites of infection.
- Cancer is said to be malignant because of its tendency to cause death if not treated. Benign tumors usually do not cause death, although they may if they interfere with a normal body function by virtue of their location, size, or paraneoplastic side effects. Hence benign tumors fall under the definition of cancer within the scope of this definition as well.
- cancer cells divide at a higher rate than do normal cells, but the distinction between the growth of cancerous and normal tissues is not so much the rapidity of cell division in the former as it is the partial or complete loss of growth restraint in cancer cells and their failure to differentiate into a useful, limited tissue ofthe type that characterizes the functional equilibrium of growth of normal tissue.
- Cancer tissues may express certain molecular receptors and probably are influenced by the host's susceptibility and immunity and it is known that certain cancers of the breast and prostate, for example, are considered dependent on specific hormones for their existence.
- cancer under the scope of the definition is not limited to simple benign neoplasia but comprises any other benign and malign neoplasia like 1) Carcinoma, 2) Sarcoma, 3) Carcinosarcoma, 4) Cancers ofthe blood-forming tissues, 5) tumors of nerve tissues including the brain, 6) cancer of skin cells.
- Cancer according to 1) occurs in epithelial tissues, which cover the outer body (the skin) and line mucous membranes and the inner cavitary structures of organs e.g. such as the breast, lung, the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, the endocrine glands, and the genitourinary system.
- Ductal or glandular elements may persist in epithelial tumors, as in adenocarcinomas like e.g. thyroid adenocarcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma, uterine adenocarcinoma.
- adenocarcinomas like e.g. thyroid adenocarcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma, uterine adenocarcinoma.
- Cancers of the pavement-cell epithelium of the skin and of certain mucous membranes, such as e.g. cancers ofthe tongue, lip, larynx, urinary bladder, uterine cervix, or penis, may be termed epidermoid or squamous-cell carcinomas of the respective tissues and are in the scope of the definition of cancer as well.
- Cancer according to 2) develops in connective tissues, including fibrous tissues, adipose (fat) tissues, muscle, blood vessels, bone, and cartilage like e.g. osteogenic sarcoma; liposarcoma, fibrosarcoma, synovial sarcoma.
- Cancer according to 3) is cancer that develops in both epithelial and connective tissue.
- Cancer disease within the scope of this definition may be primary or secondary, whereby primary indicates that the cancer originated in the tissue where it is found rather than was established as a secondary site through metastasis from another lesion.
- Cancers and tumor diseases within the scope of this definition may be benign or malign and may affect all anatomical structures ofthe body of a mammal.
- malignant osteogenic sarcoma benign osteoma, cartilage tumors; like malignant chondrosarcoma or benign chondroma; bone marrow tumors like malignant myeloma or benign eosinophilic granuloma, as well as metastatic tumors from bone tissues at other locations of the body;
- XTV the lymphatic tissue like lymphomas and other tumors of lymphoid origin, XV) the skin, XVI) cancers and tumor diseases of all anatomical structures belonging to the respiration and respiratory systems including thoracal muscles and
- the human GRK5 is highly expressed in the following cancer tissues: HUVEC cells, thyroid tumor, stomach tumor, rectum tumor, glial tumor H4 cells, lung tumor, ovary tumor.
- the expression in the above mentioned tissues and in particular the differential expression between diseased tissue thyroid tumor and healthy tissue thyroid, between diseased tissue stomach tumor and healthy tissue stomach, between diseased tissue rectum tumor and healthy tissue rectum, between diseased tissue ovary tumor and healthy tissue ovary demonstrates that the human GRK5 or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of cancer. Additionally the activity ofthe human GRK5 can be modulated to treat cancer.
- Inflammatory diseases comprise diseases triggered by cellular or non-cellular mediators of the immune system or tissues causing the inflammation of body tissues and subsequently producing an acute or chronic inflammatory condition.
- hypersensitivity reactions of type I - TV for example but not limited to hypersensitivity diseases of the lung including asthma, atopic diseases, allergic rhinitis or conjunctivitis, angioedema of the lids, hereditary angioedema, antireceptor hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune diseases, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Goodpasture's syndrome, pemphigus, myasthenia gravis, Grave's and Raynaud's disease, type B insulin-resistant diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, scleroderma, mixed connective tissue disease, polymyositis, sarcoidosis, glomerulonephritis, acute or chronic host versus
- the human GRK5 is highly expressed in the following tissues of the immune system and tissues responsive to components of the immune system as well as in the following tissues responsive to mediators of inflammation: ileum chronic inflammation, liver liver cirrhosis, bone marrow CD 15+ cells, neutrophils cord blood, neutrophils peripheral blood, spleen liver cirrhosis, lung COPD.
- the expression in the above mentioned tissues demonstrates that the human GRK5 or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of inflammatory diseases. Additionally the activity ofthe human GRK5 can be modulated to treat inflammatory diseases.
- Asthma is thought to arise as a result of interactions between multiple genetic and environmental factors and is characterized by three major features: 1) intermittent and reversible airway obstraction caused by bronchoconstriction, increased mucus production, and thickening of the walls of the airways that leads to a narrowing of the airways, 2) airway hyperresponsiveness, and 3) airway inflammation.
- Certain cells are critical to the inflammatory reaction of asthma and they include T cells and antigen presenting cells, B cells that produce IgE, and mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, and other cells that bind IgE. These effector cells accumulate at the site of allergic reaction in the airways and release toxic products that contribute to the acute pathology and eventually to tissue destruction related to the disorder.
- Other resident cells such as smooth muscle cells, lung epithelial cells, mucus-producing cells, and nerve cells may also be abnormal in individuals with asthma and may contribute to its pathology. While the airway obstraction of asthma, presenting clinically as an intermittent wheeze and shortness of breath, is generally the most pressing symptom of the disease requiring immediate treatment, the inflammation and tissue destruction associated with the disease can lead to irreversible changes that eventually make asthma a chronic and disabling disorder requiring long-term management.
- COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary (or airways) disease
- Emphysema is characterised by destruction of alveolar walls leading to abnormal enlargement ofthe air spaces ofthe lung.
- Chronic bronchitis is defined clinically as the presence of chronic productive cough for three months in each of two successive years.
- airflow obstraction is usually progressive and is only partially reversible. By far the most important risk factor for development of COPD is cigarette smoking, although the disease does also occur in non-smokers.
- the human GRK5 is highly expressed in the following tissues of the respiratory system: bone marrow CD 15+ cells, neutrophils cord blood, neutrophils peripheral blood, fetal lung, lung right upper lobe, lung right mid lobe, lung right lower lobe, lung tumor, lung COPD, trachea, primary bronchia, secondary bronchia, bronchial epithelial cells, bronchial smooth muscle cells.
- the expression in the above mentioned tissues demonstrates that the human GRK5 or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of respiratory diseases. Additionally the activity of the human GRK5 can be modulated to treat those diseases.
- Genitourinary disorders comprise benign and malign disorders of the organs constituting the genitourinary system of female and male, renal diseases like acute or chronic renal failure, immunologically mediated renal diseases like renal transplant rejection, lupus nephritis, immune complex renal diseases, glomerulopathies, nephritis, toxic nephropathy, obstructive uropathies like benign prostatic hype ⁇ lasia (BPH), neurogenic bladder syndrome, urinary incontinence like urge-, stress-, or overflow incontinence, pelvic pain, and erectile dysfunction.
- renal diseases like acute or chronic renal failure
- immunologically mediated renal diseases like renal transplant rejection, lupus nephritis, immune complex renal diseases, glomerulopathies, nephritis, toxic nephropathy, obstructive uropathies like benign prostatic hype ⁇ lasia (BPH)
- neurogenic bladder syndrome urinary incontinence like urge-, stress-, or overflow in
- the human GRK5 is highly expressed in the following urological tissues: spinal cord (ventral horn), spinal cord (dorsal horn), bladder, ureter, fetal kidney.
- the expression in the above mentioned tissues demonstrates that the human GRK5 or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of urological disorders. Additionally the activity of the human GRK5 can be modulated to treat urological disorders.
- the human GRK5 is highly expressed in spinal cord tissues: spinal cord (ventral horn), spinal cord
- spinal cord tissues demonstrate that the human GRK5 or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of incontinence as an urological disorder.
- the spinal cord tissues are involved in the neuronal regulation ofthe urological system. Additionally the activity ofthe human GRK5 can be modulated to treat - but not limited to - incontinence.
- Metabolic diseases are defined as conditions which result from an abnormality in any of the chemical or biochemical transformations and their regulating systems essential to producing energy, to regenerating cellular constituents, to eliminating unneeded products arising from these processes, and to regulate and maintain homeostasis in a mammal regardless of whether acquired or the result of a genetic transformation.
- a single defective transformation or disturbance of its regulation may produce consequences that are narrow, involving a single body function, or broad, affecting many organs, organ-systems or the body as a whole.
- Metabolic diseases often are caused by single defects in particular biochemical pathways, defects that are due to the deficient activity of individual enzymes or molecular receptors leading to the regulation of such enzymes. Hence in a broader sense disturbances of the underlying genes, their products and their regulation lie well within the scope of this definition of a metabolic disease.
- metabolic diseases may affect 1) biochemical processes and tissues ubiquitous all over the body, 2) the bone, 3) the nervous system, 4) the endocrine system, 5) the muscle including the heart, 6) the skin and nervous tissue, 7) the urogenital system, 8) the homeostasis of body systems like water and electrolytes.
- metabolic diseases according to 1) comprise obesity, amyloidosis, disturbances ofthe amino acid metabolism like branched chain disease, hyperaminoacidemia, hyperaminoaciduria, disturbances of the metabolism of urea, hyperammonemia, mucopolysaccharidoses e.g.
- Maroteaux-Lamy syndrom storage diseases like glycogen storage diseases and lipid storage diseases, glycogenosis diseases like Cori's disease, malabso ⁇ tion diseases like intestinal carbohydrate malabso ⁇ tion, oligosaccharidase deficiency like maltase-, lactase-, sucrase-insufficiency, disorders of the metabolism of fructose, disorders of the metabolism of galactose, galactosaemia, disturbances of carbohydrate utilization like diabetes, hypoglycemia, disturbances of pyruvate metabolism, hypolipidemia, hypolipoproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperlipoproteinemia, carnitine or carnitine acyltransferase deficiency, disturbances of the po ⁇ hyrin metabolism, po ⁇ hyrias, disturbances of the purine metabolism, lysosomal diseases, metabolic diseases of nerves and nervous systems like gangliosidoses, sphingolipidoses, sulfatidoses
- metabolic diseases according to 2) comprise osteoporosis, osteomalacia like osteoporosis, osteopenia, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteopetrosis, osteonecrosis, Paget's disease of bone, hypophosphatemia.
- metabolic diseases according to 3) comprise cerebellar dysfunction, disturbances of brain metabolism like dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's chorea, Parkinson's disease, Pick's disease, toxic encephalopathy, demyelinating neuropathies like inflammatory neuropathy, Guillain-Barre syndrome.
- metabolic diseases comprise primary and secondary metabolic disorders associated with hormonal defects like any disorder stemming from either an hyperfunction or hypofunction of some hormone-secreting endocrine gland and any combination thereof. They comprise Sipple's syndrome, pituitary gland dysfunction and its effects on other endocrine glands, such as the thyroid, adrenals, ovaries, and testes, acromegaly, hyper- and hypothyroidism, euthyroid goiter, euthyroid sick syndrome, thyroiditis, and thyroid cancer, over- or unde ⁇ roduction of the adrenal steroid hormones, adrenogenital syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease of the adrenal cortex, Addison's pernicious anemia, primary and secondary aldosteronism, diabetes insipidus, carcinoid syndrome, disturbances caused by the dysfunction of the parathyroid glands, pancreatic islet cell dysfunction, diabetes, disturbances of the endocrine system of the female like estrogen defic
- metabolic diseases comprise muscle weakness, myotonia, Duchenne's and other muscular dystrophies, dystrophia myotonica of Steinert, mitochondrial myopathies like disturbances of the catabolic metabolism in the muscle, carbohydrate and lipid storage myopathies, glycogenoses, myoglobinuria, malignant hyperthermia, polymyalgia rheumatica, dermatomyositis, primary myocardial disease, cardiomyopathy.
- metabolic diseases according to 5 comprise muscle weakness, myotonia, Duchenne's and other muscular dystrophies, dystrophia myotonica of Steinert, mitochondrial myopathies like disturbances of the catabolic metabolism in the muscle, carbohydrate and lipid storage myopathies, glycogenoses, myoglobinuria, malignant hyperthermia, polymyalgia rheumatica, dermatomyositis, primary myocardial disease, cardiomyopathy.
- metabolic diseases according to 6 comprise disorders ofthe ectoderm, neurofibromatosis, scleroderma and polyarteritis, Louis-Bar syndrome, von Hippel-Lindau disease, Srurge-Weber syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, amyloidosis, po ⁇ hyria.
- metabolic diseases according to 7 comprise sexual dysfunction of the male and female.
- metabolic diseases according to 8) comprise confused states and seizures due to inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone from the pituitary gland, Liddle's syndrome, Bartter's syndrome, Fanconi's syndrome, renal electrolyte wasting, diabetes insipidus.
- the human GRK5 is highly expressed in the following metabolic disease related tissues: thyroid, thyroid tumor, liver liver cirrhosis, spleen liver cirrhosis and adipose.
- the expression in the above mentioned tissues demonstrates that the human GRK5 or mRNA can be utilized to diagnose of metabolic diseases. Additionally the activity of the human GRK5 can be modulated to treat metabolic diseases.
- the present invention provides for both prophylactic and therapeutic methods for cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrinological diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, muscle skeleton diseases, neurological diseases and urological diseases.
- the regulatory method ofthe invention involves contacting a cell with an agent that modulates one or more of the activities of GRK5.
- An agent that modulates activity can be an agent as described herein, such as a nucleic acid or a protein, a naturally-occurring cognate ligand of the polypeptide, a peptide, a peptidomimetic, or any small molecule.
- the agent stimulates one or more of the biological activities of GRK5. Examples of such stimulatory agents include the active GRK5 and nucleic acid molecules encoding a portion of GRK5.
- the agent inhibits one or more of the biological activities of GRK5. Examples of such inhibitory agents include antisense nucleic acid molecules and antibodies.
- the present invention provides methods of treating an individual afflicted with a disease or disorder characterized by unwanted expression or activity of GRK5 or a protein in the GRK5 signaling pathway.
- the method involves administering an agent like any agent identified or being identifiable by a screening assay as described herein, or combination of such agents that modulate say upregulate or downregulate the expression or activity of GRK5 or of any protein in the GRK5 signaling pathway.
- the method involves administering a regulator of GRK5 as therapy to compensate for reduced or undesirably low expression or activity of GRK5 or a protein in the GRK5 signaling pathway.
- Stimulation of activity or expression of GRK5 is desirable in situations in which enzymatic activity or expression is abnormally low and in which increased activity is likely to have a beneficial effect. Conversely, inhibition of enzymatic activity or expression of GRK5 is desirable in situations in which activity or expression of GRK5 is abnormally high and in which decreasing its activity is likely to have a beneficial effect.
- This invention further pertains to novel agents identified by the above-described screening assays and uses thereof for treatments as described herein.
- compositions suitable for administration typically comprise the nucleic acid molecule, protein, or antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is intended to include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and abso ⁇ tion delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration.
- pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is intended to include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and abso ⁇ tion delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration.
- pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is intended to include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and abso ⁇ tion delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration.
- the use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the compositions is contemplated.
- Supplementary active compounds can also be inco ⁇ orated into the compositions.
- the invention includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising a regulator of GRK5 expression or activity (and/or a regulator of the activity or expression of a protein in the GRK5 signaling pathway) as well as methods for preparing such compositions by combining one or more such regulators and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Also within the invention are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a regulator identified using the screening assays of the invention packaged with instructions for use.
- the instructions would specify use ofthe pharmaceutical composition for treatment of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrinological diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, muscle skeleton diseases, neurological diseases and urological diseases.
- regulators that are agonists of GRK5 activity or which reduce GRK5 expression the instructions would specify use ofthe pharmaceutical composition for treatment of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrinological diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, muscle skeleton diseases, neurological diseases and urological diseases.
- the instructions would specify use of the pharmaceutical composition for treatment of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrinological diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, muscle skeleton diseases, neurological diseases and urological diseases.
- An inhibitor of GRK5 may be produced using methods which are generally known in the art.
- purified GRK5 may be used to produce antibodies or to screen libraries of pharmaceutical agents to identify those which specifically bind GRK5.
- Antibodies to GRK5 may also be generated using methods that are well known in the art. Such antibodies may include, but are not limited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, single chain antibodies, Fab fragments, and fragments produced by a Fab expression library. Neutralizing antibodies like those which inhibit dimer formation are especially preferred for therapeutic use.
- the polynucleotides encoding GRK5, or any fragment or complement thereof may be used for therapeutic pu ⁇ oses.
- the complement ofthe polynucleotide encoding GRK5 may be used in situations in which it would be desirable to block the transcription of the mRNA.
- cells may be transformed with sequences complementary to polynucleotides encoding GRK5.
- complementary molecules or fragments may be used to modulate GRK5 activity, or to achieve regulation of gene function.
- sense or antisense oligonucleotides or larger fragments can be designed from various locations along the coding or control regions of sequences encoding GRK5.
- Expression vectors derived from retroviruses, adenovirases, or he ⁇ es or vaccinia viruses, or from various bacterial plasmids, may be used for delivery of nucleotide sequences to the targeted organ, tissue, or cell population. Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art can be used to construct vectors which will express nucleic acid sequence complementary to the polynucleotides of the gene encoding GRK5. These techniques are described, for example, in [Scott and Smith (1990)].
- any of the therapeutic methods described above may be applied to any subject in need of such therapy, including, for example, mammals such as dogs, cats, cows, horses, rabbits, monkeys, and most preferably, humans.
- An additional embodiment of the invention relates to the administration of a pharmaceutical composition containing GRK5 in conjunction with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, for any of the therapeutic effects discussed above.
- Such pharmaceutical compositions may consist of GRK5, antibodies to GRK5, and mimetics, agonists, antagonists, or inhibitors of GRK5.
- the compositions may be administered alone or in combination with at least one other agent, such as a stabilizing compound, which may be administered in any sterile, biocompatible pharmaceutical carrier including, but not limited to, saline, buffered saline, dextrose, and water.
- the compositions may be administered to a patient alone, or in combination with other agents, drugs or hormones.
- a pharmaceutical composition of the invention is formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration.
- routes of administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation), transdermal (topical), transmucosal, and rectal administration.
- Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide.
- the parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
- compositions suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.
- suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor EMTM (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
- the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
- the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, a pharmaceutically acceptable polyol like glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyetheylene glycol, and suitable mixtures thereof.
- the proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance ofthe required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
- Prevention ofthe action of microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.
- isotonic agents for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride in the composition.
- Prolonged abso ⁇ tion of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays abso ⁇ tion, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
- Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by inco ⁇ orating the active compound (e.g., a polypeptide or antibody) in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization.
- dispersions are prepared by inco ⁇ orating the active compound into a sterile vehicle which contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.
- a sterile vehicle which contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.
- the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying which yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile- filtered solution thereof.
- Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. They can be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets. For the pu ⁇ ose of oral therapeutic administration, the active compound can be inco ⁇ orated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules. Oral compositions can also be prepared using a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash, wherein the compound in the fluid carrier is applied orally and swished and expectorated or swallowed.
- compositions can contain any ofthe following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.
- a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin
- an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch
- a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or sterotes
- a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide
- a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin
- the compounds are delivered in the form of an aerosol spray from a pressurized container or dispenser which contains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.
- a suitable propellant e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.
- Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or transdermal means.
- penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation.
- penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives.
- Transmucosal administration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories.
- the active compounds are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art.
- the compounds can also be prepared in the form of suppositories (e.g., with conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter and other glycerides) or retention enemas for rectal delivery.
- suppositories e.g., with conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter and other glycerides
- retention enemas for rectal delivery.
- the active compounds are prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems.
- a controlled release formulation including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems.
- Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
- the materials can also be obtained commercially from Alza Co ⁇ oration and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
- Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes targeted to infected cells with monoclonal antibodies to viral antigens) can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. 4,522,811.
- Dosage unit form refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier.
- the specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on the unique characteristics ofthe active compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment of individuals.
- the pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instractions for administration.
- the instractions for administration will specify use of the composition for cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrinological diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, muscle skeleton diseases, neurological diseases and urological diseases.
- compositions which include an agonist of GRK5 activity, a compound which increases expression of GRK5, or a compound which increases expression or activity of a protein in the GRK5 signaling pathway or any combination thereof
- the instructions for administration will specify use of the composition for cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrinological diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, muscle skeleton diseases, neurological diseases and urological diseases. Diagnostics
- antibodies which specifically bind GRK5 may be used for the diagnosis of disorders characterized by the expression of GRK5, or in assays to monitor patients being treated with GRK5 or agonists, antagonists, and inhibitors of GRK5.
- Antibodies useful for diagnostic pu ⁇ oses may be prepared in the same manner as those described above for therapeutics. Diagnostic assays for GRK5 include methods which utilize the antibody and a label to detect GRK5 in human body fluids or in extracts of cells or tissues.
- the antibodies may be used with or , without modification, and may be labeled by covalent or non-covalent joining with a reporter molecule.
- a wide variety of reporter molecules, several of which are described above, are known in the art and may be used.
- GRK5 A variety of protocols for measuring GRK5, including ELISAs, RIAs, and FACS, are known in the art and provide a basis for diagnosing altered or abnormal levels of GRK5 expression.
- Normal or standard values for GRK5 expression are established by combining body fluids or cell extracts taken from normal mammalian subjects, preferably human, with antibody to GRK5 under conditions suitable for complex formation. The amount of standard complex formation may be quantified by various methods, preferably by photometric means. Quantities of GRK5 expressed in subject samples from biopsied tissues are compared with the standard values. Deviation between standard and subject values establishes the parameters for diagnosing disease.
- the polynucleotides encoding GRK5 may be used for diagnostic pu ⁇ oses.
- the polynucleotides which may be used include oligonucleotide sequences, complementary RNA and DNA molecules, and PNAs.
- the polynucleotides may be used to detect and quantitate gene expression in biopsied tissues in which expression of GRK5 may be correlated with disease.
- the diagnostic assay may be used to distinguish between absence, presence, and excess expression of GRK5, and to monitor regulation of GRK5 levels during therapeutic intervention.
- Polynucleotide sequences encoding GRK5 may be used for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrinological diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, muscle skeleton diseases, neurological diseases and urological diseases associated with expression of GRK5.
- the polynucleotide sequences encoding GRK5 may be used in Southern, Northern, or dot-blot analysis, or other membrane-based technologies; in PCR technologies; in dipstick, pin, and ELISA assays; and in microarrays utilizing fluids or tissues from patient biopsies to detect altered GRK5 expression. Such qualitative or quantitative methods are well known in the art.
- the nucleotide sequences encoding GRK5 may be useful in assays that detect the presence of associated disorders, particularly those mentioned above.
- the nucleotide sequences encoding GRK5 may be labelled by standard methods and added to a fluid or tissue sample from a patient under conditions suitable for the formation of hybridization complexes. After a suitable incubation period, the sample is washed and the signal is quantitated and compared with a standard value.
- nucleotide sequences have hybridized with nucleotide sequences in the sample, and the presence of altered levels of nucleotide sequences encoding GRK5 in the sample indicates the presence ofthe associated disorder.
- assays may also be used to evaluate the efficacy of a particular therapeutic treatment regimen in animal studies, in clinical trials, or in monitoring the treatment of an individual patient.
- a normal or standard profile for expression is established. This may be accomplished by combining body fluids or cell extracts taken from normal subjects, either animal or human, with a sequence, or a fragment thereof, encoding GRK5, under conditions suitable for hybridization or amplification. Standard hybridization may be quantified by comparing the values obtained from normal subjects with values from an experiment in which a known amount of a substantially purified polynucleotide is used. Standard values obtained from normal samples may be compared with values obtained from samples from patients who are symptomatic for a disorder. Deviation from standard values is used to establish the presence of a disorder.
- a therapeutically effective dose refers to that amount of active ingredient which increases or decreases GRK5 activity relative to GRK5 activity which occurs in the absence ofthe therapeutically effective dose.
- the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially either in cell culture assays or in animal models, usually mice, rabbits, dogs, or pigs. The animal model also can be used to determine the appropriate concentration range and route of administration. Such information can then be used to determine useful doses and routes for administration in humans.
- Therapeutic efficacy and toxicity e.g., ED 50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population) and LD 50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population), can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals.
- the dose ratio of toxic to therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index, and it can be expressed as the ratio, LD 50 /ED50.
- compositions which exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred.
- the data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies is used in formulating a range of dosage for human use.
- the dosage contained in such compositions is preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED 50 with little or no toxicity.
- the dosage varies within this range depending upon the dosage form employed, sensitivity of the patient, and the route of administration. The exact dosage will be determined by the practitioner, in light of factors related to the subject that requires treatment. Dosage and administration are adjusted to provide sufficient levels of the active ingredient or to maintain the desired effect.
- Factors which can be taken into account include the severity of the disease state, general health of the subject, age, weight, and gender of the subject, diet, time and frequency of administration, drag combination(s), reaction sensitivities, and tolerance/response to therapy.
- Long-acting pharmaceutical compositions can be administered every 3 to 4 days, every week, or once every two weeks depending on the half-life and clearance rate ofthe particular formulation.
- Normal dosage amounts can vary from 0.1 micrograms to 100,000 micrograms, up to a total dose of about 1 g, depending upon the route of administration.
- Guidance as to particular dosages and methods of delivery is provided in the literature and generally available to practitioners in the art. Those skilled in the art will employ different formulations for nucleotides than for proteins or their inhibitors. Similarly, delivery of polynucleotides or polypeptides will be specific to particular cells, conditions, locations, etc.
- the reagent is a single-chain antibody
- polynucleotides encoding the antibody can be constructed and introduced into a cell either ex vivo or in vivo using well- established techniques including, but not limited to, transferrin-polycation-mediated DNA transfer, transfection with naked or encapsulated nucleic acids, liposome-mediated cellular fusion, intracellular transportation of DNA-coated latex beads, protoplast fusion, viral infection, electroporation, "gene gun", and DEAE- or calcium phosphate-mediated transfection.
- the expression product is mRNA
- the reagent is preferably an antisense oligonucleotide or a ribozyme.
- Polynucleotides which express antisense oligonucleotides or ribozymes can be introduced into cells by a variety of methods, as described above.
- a reagent reduces expression of GRK5 gene or the activity of GRK5 by at least about 10, preferably about 50, more preferably about 75, 90, or 100% relative to the absence of the reagent.
- the effectiveness of the mechanism chosen to decrease the level of expression of GRK5 gene or the activity of GRK5 can be assessed using methods well known in the art, such as hybridization of nucleotide probes to GRK5-specific mRNA, quantitative RT-PCR, immunologic detection of GRK5, or measurement of GRK5 activity.
- any of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be administered in combination with other appropriate therapeutic agents. Selection of the appropriate agents for use in combination therapy can be made by one of ordinary skill in the art, according to conventional pharmaceutical principles.
- the combination of therapeutic agents can act synergistically to effect the treatment or prevention of the various disorders described above. Using this approach, one may be able to achieve therapeutic efficacy with lower dosages of each agent, thus reducing the potential for adverse side effects.
- Any of the therapeutic methods described above can be applied to any subject in need of such therapy, including, for example, mammals such as dogs, cats, cows, horses, rabbits, monkeys, and most preferably, humans.
- Nucleic acid molecules of the invention are those nucleic acid, molecules which are contained in a group of nucleic acid molecules consisting of (i) nucleic acid molecules encoding a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, (ii) nucleic acid molecules comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, (iii) nucleic acid molecules having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, (iv)nucleic acid molecules the complementary strand of which hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid molecule of (i), (ii), or (iii); and (v) nucleic acid molecules the sequence of which differs from the sequence of a nucleic acid molecule of (iii) due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, wherein the polypeptide encoded by said nucleic acid molecule has GRK5 activity.
- Polypeptides of the invention are those polypeptides which are contained in a group of polypeptides consisting of (i) polypeptides having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, (ii) polypeptides comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, (iii) polypeptides encoded by nucleic acid molecules of the invention and (iv) polypeptides which show at least 99%, 98%, 95%, 90%, or 80% homology with a polypeptide of (i), (ii), or (iii), wherein said purified polypeptide has GRK5 activity.
- An object ofthe invention is a method of screening for therapeutic agents useful in the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrinological diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, muscle skeleton diseases, neurological diseases and urological diseases in a mammal comprising the steps of (i) contacting a test compound with a
- GRK5 polypeptide (ii) detect binding of said test compound to said GRK5 polypeptide.
- compounds that bind to the GRK5 polypeptide are identified potential therapeutic agents for such a disease.
- Another object of the invention is a method of screening for therapeutic agents useful in the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrinological diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, muscle skeleton diseases, neurological diseases and urological diseases in a mammal comprising the steps of (i) determining the activity of a GRK5 polypeptide at a certain concentration of a test compound or in the absence of said test compound, (ii) determining the activity of said polypeptide at a different concentration of said test compound.
- Another object of the invention is a method of screening for therapeutic agents useful in the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrinological diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, muscle skeleton diseases, neurological diseases and urological diseases in a mammal comprising the steps of (i) determining the activity of a GRK5 polypeptide at a certain concentration of a test compound, (ii) determining the activity of a GRK5 polypeptide at the presence of a compound known to be a regulator of a GRK5 polypeptide.
- compounds that show similar effects on the activity ofthe GRK5 polypeptide in (i) as compared to compounds used in (ii) are identified potential therapeutic agents for such a disease.
- test compound displaces a ligand which is first bound to the polypeptide.
- Another object of the invention is a method of screening for therapeutic agents useful in the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrinological diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, muscle skeleton diseases, neurological diseases and urological diseases in a mammal comprising the steps of (i) contacting a test compound with a
- GRK5 polynucleotide detect binding of said test compound to said GRK5 polynucleotide.
- Compounds that, e.g., bind to the GRK5 polynucleotide are potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of such diseases.
- Another object of the invention is the method of the above, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is RNA.
- Another object ofthe invention is a method ofthe above, wherein the contacting step is in or at the surface of a cell.
- Another object of the invention is a method of the above, wherein the contacting step is in a cell- free system.
- Another object ofthe invention is a method of the above, wherein the polynucleotide is coupled to a detectable label.
- Another object ofthe invention is a method ofthe above, wherein the test compound is coupled to a detectable label.
- Another object of the invention is a method of diagnosing a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrinological diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, muscle skeleton diseases, neurological diseases and urological diseases in a mammal comprising the steps of (i) determining the amount of a GRK5 polynucleotide in a sample taken from said mammal, (ii) determining the amount of GRK5 polynucleotide in healthy and/or diseased mammal.
- a disease is diagnosed, e.g., if there is a substantial similarity in the amount of GRK5 polynucleotide in said test mammal as compared to a diseased mammal.
- Another object of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrinological diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, muscle skeleton diseases, neurological diseases and urological diseases in a mammal comprising a therapeutic agent which binds to a GRK5 polypeptide.
- Another object of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrinological diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, muscle skeleton diseases, neurological diseases and urological diseases in a mammal comprising a therapeutic agent which regulates the activity ofa GRK5 polypeptide.
- Another object of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrinological diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, muscle skeleton diseases, neurological diseases and urological diseases in a mammal comprising a therapeutic agent which regulates the activity of a GRK5 polypeptide, wherein said therapeutic agent is (i) a small molecule, (ii) an RNA molecule, (iii) an antisense oligonucleotide, (iv) a polypeptide, (v) an antibody, or (vi) a ribozyme.
- a therapeutic agent which regulates the activity of a GRK5 polypeptide
- said therapeutic agent is (i) a small molecule, (ii) an RNA molecule, (iii) an antisense oligonucleotide, (iv) a polypeptide, (v) an antibody, or (
- Another object of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrinological diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, muscle skeleton diseases, neurological diseases and urological diseases in a mammal comprising a GRK5 polynucleotide.
- Another object of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrinological diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, muscle skeleton diseases, neurological diseases and urological diseases in a mammal comprising a GRK5 polypeptide.
- Another object of the invention is the use of regulators of a GRK5 for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrinological diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, muscle skeleton diseases, neurological diseases and urological diseases in a mammal.
- Another object of the invention is a method for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition useful for the treatment of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrinological diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, muscle skeleton diseases, neurological diseases and urological diseases in a mammal comprising the steps of (i) identifying a regulator of GRK5, (ii) determining whether said regulator ameliorates the symptoms of a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrinological diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, muscle skeleton diseases, neurological diseases and urological diseases in a mammal; and (iii) combining of said regulator with an acceptable pharmaceutical carrier.
- Another object of the invention is the use of a regulator of GRK5 for the regulation of GRK5 activity in a mammal having a disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrinological diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, muscle skeleton diseases, neurological diseases and urological diseases.
- the uses, methods or compositions ofthe invention are useful for each single disease comprised in a group of diseases consisting of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrinological diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, inflammation, hematological diseases, respiratory diseases, muscle skeleton diseases, neurological diseases and urological diseases.
- human GRK5 in hematological and respiratory related tissues suggests a particular - but not limited to - utilization of GRK5 for diagnosis and modulation of hematological diseases and respiratory diseases. Furthermore the above described expression suggest a — but not limited to - utilization of GRK5 to cardiovascular diseases, cancer, endocrinological diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, inflammation, muscle skeleton diseases, neurological diseases and urological diseases.
- cardiovascular diseases cancer, endocrinological diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, inflammation, muscle skeleton diseases, neurological diseases and urological diseases.
- examples below are provided to illustrate the subject invention. These examples are provided by way of illustration and are not included for the pmpose of limiting the invention.
- the degree of homology can readily be calculated by known methods. Preferred methods to determine homology are designed to give the largest match between the sequences tested. Methods to determine homology are codified in publicly available computer programs such as
- BestFit BestFit, BLASTP, BLASTN, and FASTA.
- the BLAST programs are publicly available from NCBI and other sources in the internet.
- NCBI non-redundant database
- DERWENT patent database Geneseq
- Total cellular RNA was isolated from cells by one of two standard methods: 1) guanidine isothiocyanate/Cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation [Kellogg, (1990)]; or with the Tri- Reagent protocol according to the manufacturer's specifications (Molecular Research Center, Inc., Cincinatti, Ohio). Total RNA prepared by the Tri-reagent protocol was treated with DNAse I to remove genomic DNA contamination. For relative quantitation of the mRNA distribution of GRK5, total RNA from each cell or tissue source was first reverse transcribed.
- RNA was reverse transcribed using 1 ⁇ mole random hexamer primers, 0.5 mM each of dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), 3000 U RnaseQut (Invitrogen, Groningen, Netherlands) in a final volume of 680 ⁇ l.
- the first strand synthesis buffer and Omniscript reverse transcriptase (2 u/ ⁇ l) were from (Qiagen,
- the reaction was incubated at 37°C for 90 minutes and cooled on ice. The volume was adjusted to 6800 ⁇ l with water, yielding a final concentration of 12.5 ng/ ⁇ l of starting RNA.
- GRK5 For relative quantitation ofthe distribution of GRK5 mRNA in cells and tissues the Perkin Elmer ABI Prism RTM. 7700 Sequence Detection system or Biorad iCycler was used according to the manufacturer's specifications and protocols. PCR reactions were set up to quantitate GRK5 and the housekeeping genes HPRT (hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase), GAPDH (glyceralde- hyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), ⁇ -actin, and others. Forward and reverse primers and probes for GRK5 were designed using the Perkin Elmer ABI Primer ExpressTM software and were synthesized by TibMolBiol (Berlin, Germany). The GRK5 forward primer sequence was: Primerl
- Probel SEQ ID NO: 5
- FAM carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester
- TAMRA carboxyteframethylrhodamine
- the following reagents were prepared in a total of 25 ⁇ l : lx TaqMan buffer A, 5.5 mM MgCl 2 , 200 nM of dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dUTP, 0.025 U/ ⁇ l AmpliTaq GoldTM, 0.01 U/ ⁇ l AmpErase and
- Probel SEQ ID NO: 5
- GRK5 forward and reverse primers each at 200 nM
- 200 nM GRK5 FAM/TAMRA-labelled probe and 5 ⁇ l of template cDNA.
- Thermal cycling parameters were 2 min at 50°C, followed by 10 min at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of melting at 95°C for 15 sec and annealing/extending at 60°C for 1 min.
- the CT (threshold cycle) value is calculated as described in the "Quantitative determination of nucleic acids" section.
- the CF-value (factor for threshold cycle correction) is calculated as follows :
- PCR reactions were set up to quantitate the housekeeping genes (HKG) for each cDNA sample.
- CT ⁇ G -values threshold cycle for housekeeping gene
- CTi ⁇ G - n -mean value (CTu KG i-value + CT HKG2 - alue +... + CT ⁇ KG - n -value) / n
- CT cDNA-n CT value of the tested gene for the cDNA n
- CF cDNA - n correction factor for cDNA n
- CT cor-cDNA-n corrected CT value for a gene on cDNA n
- GRK5 The expression of GRK5 was investigated in the tissues in table 1.
- Table 1 Relative expression ofGRK5 in various human tissues.
- esophagus 29 esophagus tumor 9 stomach 1468 stomach tumor 247 colon 115 colon tumor 100 small intestine 2419 ileum 39 ileum tumor 141 ileum chronic inflammation 241 rectum 355 rectum tumor 1287 fetal liver 7 liver 15 liver 59 liver 25 liver liver cirrhosis 280 liver lupus disease 12 liver tumor 32
- leukocytes peripheral blood
- HeLa cells 10 placenta 14 uterus 19 uterus tumor 11 ovary 8540 ovary tumor 62 breast 331 breast tumor 215 mammary gland 4
- prostate 214 prostate 124 prostate 8 prostate BPH 119 prostate tumor 217 bladder 174 bladder 12 bladder 40 ureter 4153 penis 140 co ⁇ us cavernosum 135 fetal kidney 294 kidney 3 kidney 7 kidney 11 kidney tumor 18 renal epithelial cells 1
- cDNA sequence coding for GRK5 enables its use as a tool for antisense technology in the investigation of gene function.
- Oligonucleotides, cDNA or genomic fragments comprising the antisense strand of a polynucleotide coding for GRK5 are used either in vitro or in vivo to inhibit translation ofthe mRNA.
- antisense molecules can be designed at various locations along the nucleotide sequences.
- the function ofthe gene is ascertained by observing behavior at the intracellular, cellular, tissue or organismal level (e.g., lethality, loss of differentiated function, changes in mo ⁇ hology, etc.).
- Expression of GRK5 is accomplished by subcloning the cDNAs into appropriate expression vectors and transfecting the vectors into expression hosts such as, e.g., E. coli.
- the vector is engineered such that it contains a promoter for ⁇ -galactosidase, upstream of the cloning site, followed by sequence containing the ammo-terminal Methionine and the subsequent seven residues of ⁇ -galactosidase.
- an engineered bacteriophage promoter useful for artificial priming and transcription and for providing a number of unique endonuclease restriction sites for cloning.
- the cDNA is not in the proper reading frame, it is obtained by deletion or insertion ofthe appropriate number of bases using well known methods including in vitro mutagenesis, digestion with exonuclease UJ or mung bean nuclease, or the inclusion of an oligonucleotide linker of appropriate length.
- the GRK5 cDNA is shuttled into other vectors known to be useful for expression of proteins in specific hosts.
- Oligonucleotide primers containing cloning sites as well as a segment of DNA (about 25 bases) sufficient to hybridize to stretches at both ends ofthe target cDNA is synthesized chemically by standard methods. These primers are then used to amplify the desired gene segment by PCR. The resulting gene segment is digested with appropriate restriction enzymes under standard conditions and isolated by gel electrophoresis. Alternately, similar gene segments are produced by digestion of the cDNA with appropriate restriction enzymes. Using appropriate primers, segments of coding sequence from more than one gene are ligated together and cloned in appropriate vectors. It is possible to optimize expression by construction of such chimeric sequences.
- Suitable expression hosts for such chimeric molecules include, but are not limited to, mammalian cells such as Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) and human 293 cells., insect cells such as Sf9 cells, yeast cells such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and bacterial cells such as E. coli.
- a useful expression vector also includes an origin of replication to allow propagation in bacteria, and a selectable marker such as the ⁇ -lactamase antibiotic resistance gene to allow plasmid selection in bacteria.
- the vector may include a second selectable marker such as the neomycin phosphotransferase gene to allow selection in transfected eukaryotic host cells.
- Vectors for use in eukaryotic expression hosts require RNA processing elements such as 3' polyadenylation sequences if such are not part ofthe cDNA of interest.
- the vector contains promoters or enhancers which increase gene expression.
- promoters are host specific and include MMTV, SV40, and metallothionine promoters for CHO cells; frp, lac, tac and T7 promoters for bacterial hosts; and alpha factor, alcohol oxidase and PGH promoters for yeast.
- Transcription enhancers such as the rous sarcoma virus enhancer, are used in mammalian host cells. Once homogeneous cultures of recombinant cells are obtained through
- GRK5 • standard culture methods, large quantities of recombinantly produced GRK5 are recovered from the conditioned medium and analyzed using chromatographic methods known in the art. For example, GRK5 can be cloned into the expression vector pcDNA3, as exemplified herein. This product can be used to transform, for example, HEK293 or COS by methodology standard in the art. Specifically, for example, using Lipofectamine (Gibco BRL catalog no. 18324-020) mediated gene transfer.
- Lipofectamine Gibco BRL catalog no. 18324-020
- Example 5 Isolation of Recombinant GRK5 GRK5 is expressed as a chimeric protein with one or more additional polypeptide domains added to facilitate protein purification.
- purification facilitating domains include, but are not limited to, metal chelating peptides such as histidine-tryptophan modules that allow purification on immobilized metals [Appa Rao, 1997] and the domain utilized in the FLAGS extension affinity purification system (lmmunex Co ⁇ ., Seattle, Washington).
- the inclusion of a cleavable linker sequence such as Factor Xa or enterokinase (Invitrogen, Groningen, The Netherlands) between the purification domain and the GRK5 sequence is useful to facilitate expression of GRK5.
- the following example provides a method for purifying GRK5.
- GRK5 is generated using the baculovirus expression system BAC-TO-BAC (GIBCO BRL) based on Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) infection of Spodoptera frugiperda insect cells (Sf9 cells).
- cDNA encoding kinases cloned into either the donor plasmid pFASTBACl or pFASTBAC-HT which contain a mini-Tn7 transposition element.
- the recombinant plasmid is transformed into DHIOBAC competent cells which contain the parent bacmid bMON14272 (AcNPV infectious DNA) and a helper plasmid.
- the mini-Tn7 element on the pFASTBAC donor can transpose to the attTn7 attachment site on the bacmid thus introducing the kinase gene into the viral genome.
- Colonies containing recombinant bacmids are identified by disruption of the lacL gene.
- the kinase/bacmid construct can then be isolated and infected into insect cells (Sf9 cells) resulting in the production of infectious recombinant baculovirus particles and expression of either unfused recombinant enzyme (pFastbacl) or GRK5-His fusion protein (pFastbacHT).
- the kinase-His fusion protein is detected due to the interaction between the Ni-NTA HRP conjugate and the His-tag which is fused to GRK5.
- denatured protein from reverse phase HPLC separation is obtained in quantities up to 75 mg. This denatured protein is used to immunize mice or rabbits using standard protocols; about 100 ⁇ g are adequate for immunization of a mouse, while up to 1 mg might be used to immunize a rabbit.
- the denatured protein is radioiodinated and used to screen potential murine B- cell hybridomas for those which produce antibody. This procedure requires only small quantities of protein, such that 20 mg is sufficient for labeling and screening of several thousand clones.
- the amino acid sequence of an appropriate GRK5 domain is analyzed to determine regions of high antigenicity.
- Oligopeptides comprising appropriate hydrophilic regions are synthesized and used in suitable immunization protocols to raise antibodies.
- the optimal amino acid sequences for immunization are usually at the C-terminus, the N-terminus and those intervening, hydrophilic regions of the polypeptide which are likely to be exposed to the external environment when the protein is in its natural conformation.
- selected peptides typically, about 15 residues in length, are synthesized using an Applied Biosystems Peptide Synthesizer Model 431 A using fmoc-chemistry and coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH; Sigma, St. Louis, MO) by reaction with M-maleimidobenzoyl-N- hydroxysuccinimide ester, MBS. If necessary, a cysteine is introduced at the N-terminus of the peptide to permit coupling to KLH. Rabbits are immunized with the peptide-KLH complex in complete Freund's adjuvant.
- KLH keyhole limpet hemocyanin
- the resulting antisera are tested for antipeptide activity by binding the peptide to plastic, blocking with 1% bovine serum albumin, reacting with antisera, washing and reacting with labeled (radioactive or fluorescent), affinity purified, specific goat anti-rabbit IgG.
- Hybridomas are prepared and screened using standard techniques. Hybridomas of interest are detected by screening with labeled GRK5 to identify those fusions producing the monoclonal antibody with the desired specificity. In a typical protocol, wells of plates (FAST; Becton- Dickinson, Palo Alto, CA) are coated during incubation with affinity purified, specific rabbit anti- mouse (or suitable antispecies 1 g) antibodies at 10 mg/ml.
- the coated wells are blocked with 1% bovine serum albumin, (BSA), washed and incubated with supematants from hybridomas. After washing the wells are incubated with labeled GRK5 at 1 mg/ml. Supematants with specific antibodies bind more labeled GRK5 than is detectable in the background. Then clones producing specific antibodies are expanded and subjected to two cycles of cloning at limiting dilution. Cloned hybridomas are injected into pristane-treated mice to produce ascites, and monoclonal antibody is purified from mouse ascitic fluid by affinity chromatography on Protein A. Monoclonal antibodies with affinities of at least
- 10 8 M “1 preferably 10 9 to 10 10 M "1 or stronger, are typically made by standard procedures.
- GRK5 antibodies are useful for investigating signal transduction and the diagnosis of infectious or hereditary conditions which are characterized by differences in the amount or distribution of GRK5 or downstream products of an active signaling cascade.
- Diagnostic tests for GRK5 include methods utilizing antibody and a label to detect GRK5 in human body fluids, membranes, cells, tissues or extracts of such.
- the polypeptides and antibodies of the present invention are used with or without modification. Frequently, the polypeptides and antibodies are labeled by joining them, either covalently or noncovalently, with a substance which provides for a detectable signal.
- labels and conjugation techniques are known and have been reported extensively in both the scientific and patent literature. Suitable labels include radionuclides, enzymes, substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, fluorescent agents, chemilumines- cent agents, chromogenic agents, magnetic particles and the like.
- GRK5 A variety of protocols for measuring soluble or membrane-bound GRK5, using either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies specific for the protein, are known in the art. Examples include enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA) and fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS). A two-site monoclonal-based immunoassay utilizing monoclonal antibodies reactive to two non-interfering epitopes on GRK5 is preferred, but a competitive binding assay may be employed.
- ELISA enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay
- RIA radioimmunoassay
- FACS fluorescent activated cell sorting
- a two-site monoclonal-based immunoassay utilizing monoclonal antibodies reactive to two non-interfering epitopes on GRK5 is preferred, but a competitive binding assay may be employed.
- Example 8 Purification of Native GRK5 Using Specific Antibodies
- Native or recombinant GRK5 is purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using antibodies specific for GRK5.
- an immunoaffinity column is constructed by covalently coupling the anti-TRH antibody to an activated chromatographic resin.
- Polyclonal immunoglobuhns are prepared from immune sera either by precipitation with ammonium sulfate or by purification on immobilized Protein A (Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology, Piscataway N.J.).
- monoclonal antibodies are prepared from mouse ascites fluid by ammonium sulfate precipitation or chromatography on immobilized Protein A.
- Partially purified immunoglobulin is covalently attached to a chromatographic resin such as CnBr-activated Sepharose (Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology). The antibody is coupled to the resin, the resin is blocked, and the derivative resin is washed according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- Such immunoaffinity columns are utilized in the purification of GRK5 by preparing a fraction from cells containing GRK5 in a soluble form. This preparation is derived by solubilization of whole cells or of a subcellular fraction obtained via differential centrifugation (with or without addition of detergent) or by other methods well known in the art. Alternatively, soluble GRK5 containing a signal sequence is secreted in useful quantity into the medium in which the cells are grown.
- a soluble GRK5-containing preparation is passed over the immunoaffinity column, and the column is washed under conditions that allow the preferential absorbance of GRK5 (e.g., high ionic strength buffers in the presence of detergent). Then, the column is eluted under conditions that disrupt antibody/protein binding (e.g., a buffer of pH 2-3 or a high concentration of a chaotrope such as urea or thiocyanate ion), and GRK5 is collected.
- a buffer of pH 2-3 or a high concentration of a chaotrope such as urea or thiocyanate ion
- This invention is particularly useful for screening therapeutic compounds by using GRK5 or fragments thereof in any of a variety of drag screening techniques.
- the following example provides a system for drug screening measuring the kinase activity.
- the recombinant kinase-His fusion protein can be purified from the crude lysate by metal-affinity chromatography using Ni-NTA agarose. This allows the specific retention of the recombinant material (since this is fused to the His-tag) whilst the endogenous insect proteins are washed off. The recombinant material is then eluted by competition with imidazol.
- the activity of GRK5 molecules ofthe present invention can be measured using a variety of assays that measure GRK5 activity. For example, GRK5 enzyme activity can be assessed by a standard in vitro kinase assay.
- the kinase activity ofthe kinase can be detected, for example, by adding ATP having radioactively labeled phosphate to the reaction system containing the protein of the present invention and the substrate and measuring the radioactivity ofthe phosphate attached to the substrate.
- the goal of rational drag design is to produce structural analogs of biologically active polypeptides of interest or of small molecules with which they interact, agonists, antagonists, or inhibitors. Any of these examples are used to fashion drags which are more active or stable forms of the polypeptide or which enhance or interfere with the function of a polypeptide in vivo.
- the three-dimensional stracture of a protein of interest, or of a protein-inhibitor complex is determined by x-ray crystallography, by computer modeling or, most typically, by a combination of the two approaches. Both the shape and charges of the polypeptide must be ascertained to elucidate the stracture and to determine active site(s) of the molecule. Less often, useful information regarding the stracture of a polypeptide is gained by modeling based on the structure of homologous proteins. In both cases, relevant structural information is used to design efficient inhibitors. Useful examples of rational drug design include molecules which have improved activity or stability or which act as inhibitors, agonists, or antagonists of native peptides.
- a target-specific antibody selected by functional assay, as described above, and then to solve its crystal structure.
- This approach in principle, yields a pharmacore upon which subsequent drag design is based. It is possible to bypass protein crystallography altogether by generating anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-ids) to a functional, pharmacologically active antibody. As a mirror image of a mirror image, the binding site ofthe anti-ids is expected to be an analog of the original receptor. The anti-id is then used to identify and isolate peptides from banks of chemically or biologically produced peptides. The isolated peptides then act as the pharmacore.
- anti-ids anti-idiotypic antibodies
- Labeled GRK5 is useful as a reagent for the purification of molecules with which it interacts.
- GRK5 is covalently coupled to a chromatography column.
- Cell-free extract derived from synovial cells or putative target cells is passed over the column, and molecules with appropriate affinity bind to GRK5.
- GRK5 -complex is recovered from the column, and the GRK5-binding ligand disassociated and subjected to N-terminal protein sequencing. The amino acid sequence information is then used to identify the captured molecule or to design degenerate oligonucleotide probes for cloning the relevant gene from an appropriate cDNA library.
- antibodies are raised against GRK5, specifically monoclonal antibodies.
- the monoclonal antibodies are screened to identify those which inhibit the binding of labeled
- Example 12 Use and Administration of Antibodies, Inhibitors, or Antagonists
- LSTs Antibodies, inhibitors, or antagonists of GRK5 or other treatments and compunds that are limiters of signal transduction (LSTs), provide different effects when administered therapeutically.
- LSTs are formulated in a nontoxic, inert, pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous carrier medium preferably at a pH of about 5 to 8, more preferably 6 to 8, although pH may vary according to the characteristics of the antibody, inhibitor, or antagonist being formulated and the condition to be treated. Characteristics of LSTs include solubility of the molecule, its half-life and antigenicity/immunogenicity. These and other characteristics aid in defining an effective carrier. Native human proteins are preferred as LSTs, but organic or synthetic molecules resulting from drug screens are equally effective in particular situations.
- LSTs are delivered by known routes of administration including but not limited to topical creams and gels; transmucosal spray and aerosol; transdermal patch and bandage; injectable, intravenous and lavage formulations; and orally administered liquids and pills particularly formulated to resist stomach acid and enzymes.
- routes of administration including but not limited to topical creams and gels; transmucosal spray and aerosol; transdermal patch and bandage; injectable, intravenous and lavage formulations; and orally administered liquids and pills particularly formulated to resist stomach acid and enzymes.
- the particular formulation, exact dosage, and route of administration is determined by the attending physician and varies according to each specific situation.
- Such determinations are made by considering multiple variables such as the condition to be treated, the LST to be administered, and the pharmacokinetic profile of a particular LST. Additional factors which are taken into account include severity of the disease state, patient's age, weight, gender and diet, time and frequency of LST administration, possible combination with other drugs, reaction sensitivities, and tolerance/response to therapy. Long acting LST formulations might be administered every 3 to 4 days, every week, or once every two weeks depending on half-life and clearance rate ofthe particular LST.
- Normal dosage amounts vary from 0.1 to 10 5 ⁇ g, up to a total dose of about 1 g, depending upon the route of administration.
- Guidance as to particular dosages and methods of delivery is provided in the literature; see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,657,760; 5,206,344; or 5,225,212.
- Those skilled in the art employ different formulations for different LSTs.
- Administration to cells such as nerve cells necessitates delivery in a manner different from that to other cells such as vascular endothelial cells.
- abnormal signal transduction, trauma, or diseases which trigger GRK5 activity are treatable with LSTs. These conditions or diseases are specifically diagnosed by the tests discussed above, and such testing should be performed in suspected cases of viral, bacterial or fungal infections, allergic responses, mechanical injury associated with trauma, hereditary diseases, lymphoma or carcinoma, or other conditions which activate the genes of lymphoid or neuronal tissues.
- Animal model systems which elucidate the physiological and behavioral roles of the GRK5 are produced by creating nonhuman transgenic animals in which the activity of the GRK5 is either increased or decreased, or the amino acid sequence of the expressed GRK5 is altered, by a variety of techniques.
- these techniques include, but are not limited to: 1) Insertion of normal or mutant versions of DNA encoding a GRK5, by microinjection, electroporation, retroviral transfection or other means well known to those skilled in the art, into appropriately fertilized embryos in order to produce a transgenic animal or 2) homologous recombination of mutant or normal, human or animal versions of these genes with the native gene locus in transgenic animals to alter the regulation of expression or the structure of these GRK5 sequences.
- the technique of homologous recombination is well known in the art. It replaces the native gene with the inserted gene and hence is useful for producing an animal that cannot express native GRK5s but does express, for example, an inserted mutant GRK5, which has replaced the native GRK5 in the animal's genome by recombination, resulting in underexpression of the kinase.
- Microinjection adds genes to the genome, but does not remove them, and the technique is useful for producing an animal which expresses its own and added GRK5, resulting in overexpression ofthe GRK5.
- One means available for producing a transgenic animal is as follows: Female mice are mated, and the resulting fertilized eggs are dissected out of their oviducts. The eggs are stored in an appropriate medium such as cesiumchloride M2 medium. DNA or cDNA encoding GRK5 is purified from a vector by methods well known to the one skilled in the art. Inducible promoters may be fused with the coding region ofthe DNA to provide an experimental means to regulate expression of the transgene. Alternatively or in addition, tissue specific regulatory elements may be fused with the coding region to permit tissue-specific expression ofthe transgene. The DNA, in an appropriately buffered solution, is put into a microinjection needle
- microinjection is not the only method for inserting DNA into the egg but is used here only for exemplary pu ⁇ oses.
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Endocrinology (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Cell Biology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Reproductive Health (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
Abstract
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP04012035.4 | 2004-05-21 | ||
EP04012035 | 2004-05-21 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2005113799A1 true WO2005113799A1 (fr) | 2005-12-01 |
Family
ID=34966099
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2005/004899 WO2005113799A1 (fr) | 2004-05-21 | 2005-05-06 | Moyens diagnostiques et therapeutiques pour maladies associees a la kinase 5 des recepteurs couples aux proteines g (grk5) |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
WO (1) | WO2005113799A1 (fr) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2677031A1 (fr) * | 2010-09-03 | 2013-12-25 | Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. | Kinases en tant que cibles pour thérapie antidiabétique |
US9458463B2 (en) | 2010-09-03 | 2016-10-04 | MAX-PLANCK-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. | Method for treatment of diabetes by a small molecule inhibitor for GRK5 |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20020102587A1 (en) * | 2000-10-02 | 2002-08-01 | Allen Delaney | G protein coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) and its uses |
-
2005
- 2005-05-06 WO PCT/EP2005/004899 patent/WO2005113799A1/fr active Application Filing
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20020102587A1 (en) * | 2000-10-02 | 2002-08-01 | Allen Delaney | G protein coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) and its uses |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
METAYE T ET AL.: "Expression and Activity of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma", THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM, vol. 87, no. 7, 2002, pages 3279 - 3286, XP002337369, ISSN: 0021-972X * |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2677031A1 (fr) * | 2010-09-03 | 2013-12-25 | Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. | Kinases en tant que cibles pour thérapie antidiabétique |
AU2011297893B2 (en) * | 2010-09-03 | 2016-03-31 | Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Zur Forderung Der Wissenschaften E.V. | Kinases as targets for anti-diabetic therapy |
US9458463B2 (en) | 2010-09-03 | 2016-10-04 | MAX-PLANCK-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. | Method for treatment of diabetes by a small molecule inhibitor for GRK5 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
WO2005114195A1 (fr) | Diagnostic et therapeutique de pathologies en rapport avec la kinase 4 associee au recepteur couple une proteine g (grk4) | |
US20090136920A1 (en) | Diagnostics and therapeutics for diseases associated with serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (sgk1) | |
WO2005083436A1 (fr) | Methodes diagnostiques et therapeutiques destinees au traitement de maladies associees a la kinase 1 liee a l'integrine (ilk1) | |
WO2005118833A2 (fr) | Agents diagnostiques et therapeutiques pour des maladies associees a une kinase a motif sterile-alpha et a motif de type glissiere a leucine (zak) | |
WO2006010514A2 (fr) | Diagnostic et traitement therapeutique des maladies associees a la proteine kinase kinase 5 activee par les mitogenes (map2k5) a double specificite | |
WO2005085466A2 (fr) | Agents diagnostiques et therapeutiques pour maladies associees a la proteine kinase 2 associee a rho (rock2) | |
WO2005095976A1 (fr) | Agents diagnostiques et medicaments pour des maladies associees a la proteine kinase 3 activee par p21 (cdkn1a) (proteine pak3) | |
US20080050314A1 (en) | Diagnostics and Therapeutics for Diseases Associated With Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta (Gsk3b) | |
WO2005105987A1 (fr) | Diagnostics et therapeutique de maladies associees a la caseine kinase 1, delta, isoforme 2 (csnk1d iso 2) | |
US20080050315A1 (en) | Diagnostics and Therapeutics for Diseases Associated with Protein Kinase, Cgmp-Dependent, Type I (Prkg1) | |
WO2005103240A1 (fr) | Agents diagnostiques et therapeutiques pour maladies associees a la caseine kinase1, delta, isoforme1 (csnk1d iso 1) | |
WO2005095977A1 (fr) | Agents de diagnostic et therapeutiques pour des maladies associees a proteine kinase p21/cdc42/rac1 | |
WO2005113799A1 (fr) | Moyens diagnostiques et therapeutiques pour maladies associees a la kinase 5 des recepteurs couples aux proteines g (grk5) | |
WO2005113788A2 (fr) | Diagnostics et therapeutiques pour des maladies associees a la kinase 6 associee au recepteur couple a une proteine g (grk6) | |
WO2006010496A1 (fr) | Diagnostics et therapeutiques pour des maladies associees a dipeptidase 1 (dpep1) | |
WO2006040047A2 (fr) | Diagnostics et therapeutiques pour des maladies associees a la kinase citron agissant sur rho/rac | |
WO2005085469A2 (fr) | Agents diagnostiques et therapeutiques pour maladies associees a la proteine kinase 1 associee a rho (rock1) | |
WO2006005462A2 (fr) | Diagnostic et therapeutique de maladies associees a la tyrosine kinase wee1 (wee1) | |
WO2005083111A1 (fr) | Diagnostic et therapie pour affections associees au gsk3a | |
EP1714154A2 (fr) | Agents diagnostiques et therapeutiques pour des maladies associes a la glutamate carboxypeptidase (pgcp) plasmatique | |
WO2006010497A2 (fr) | Diagnostics et therapeutiques pour des maladies associees a choline kinase (chk) | |
WO2005083437A1 (fr) | Methodes diagnostiques et therapeutiques destinees au traitement de maladies associees a la kinase 2 liee a l'integrine (ilk2) | |
WO2005118832A2 (fr) | Agents diagnostiques et therapeutiques pour des maladies associees a une proteine de type kinase regulee par serum/glucocorticoide (sgkl) | |
WO2005095631A2 (fr) | Diagnostics et therapies pour maladies associees a la kinase 4 alpha de lignee mixte (mlk4 alpha) | |
WO2005095637A1 (fr) | Diagnostics et produits therapeutiques relatifs a des maladies associes a kinase 4 beta de lignee melangee (mlk4 beta) |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AK | Designated states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BW BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EC EE EG ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KM KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NA NI NO NZ OM PG PH PL PT RO RU SC SD SE SG SK SL SM SY TJ TM TN TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VC VN YU ZA ZM ZW |
|
AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): GM KE LS MW MZ NA SD SL SZ TZ UG ZM ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IS IT LT LU MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GQ GW ML MR NE SN TD TG |
|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application | ||
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
WWW | Wipo information: withdrawn in national office |
Country of ref document: DE |
|
122 | Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase |