WO2005103698A2 - Methods and antibodies for nitrofuran detection - Google Patents
Methods and antibodies for nitrofuran detection Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005103698A2 WO2005103698A2 PCT/US2005/012898 US2005012898W WO2005103698A2 WO 2005103698 A2 WO2005103698 A2 WO 2005103698A2 US 2005012898 W US2005012898 W US 2005012898W WO 2005103698 A2 WO2005103698 A2 WO 2005103698A2
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- 0 CC(*)C(C=NN(CC(CN1CCOCC1)O1)C1=O)=O Chemical compound CC(*)C(C=NN(CC(CN1CCOCC1)O1)C1=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- FSUOFGHZSJZXOT-OVCLIPMQSA-N CC1=CCC(/C=N/N(CC(CN2CCOCC2)O2)C2=O)O1 Chemical compound CC1=CCC(/C=N/N(CC(CN2CCOCC2)O2)C2=O)O1 FSUOFGHZSJZXOT-OVCLIPMQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGHJSBPYQOBMMZ-NTBXYKKJSA-N NC(N/N=C/C(/C=C/C#N)=O)=O Chemical compound NC(N/N=C/C(/C=C/C#N)=O)=O QGHJSBPYQOBMMZ-NTBXYKKJSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/94—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving narcotics or drugs or pharmaceuticals, neurotransmitters or associated receptors
- G01N33/9446—Antibacterials
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/44—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material not provided for elsewhere, e.g. haptens, metals, DNA, RNA, amino acids
Definitions
- Nitrofurans are synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are used in animal, aquaculture and honey production. Nitrofurans have antibacterial, antiprotozoan and growth promotion properties. In animal studies the parent drugs and their metabolites showed carcinogenic and mutagenic characteristics. That led to the prohibition of nitrofuran use in the treatment of animals used for food production. Despite those bans residues continue to appear in the food supply. In particular, metabolites of nitrofurans can be tissue or protein bound resulting in residue remaining long after administration of the parent drug.
- the structures are as follows: nitrofurantoin
- Nitrofurans are known to be rapidly metabolized. The in situ half-life can be less than two hours. During metabolism, the nitrofuran parent may be reduced, such as by one or more nitroreductases. In one such scenario, the basic nitrofuranyl moiety (the common portion attached to the R group), is transformed into a different chemical group, while the R group (on the right hand side of the nitrofuran parent structure) remains intact.
- LC-UV liquid chromatography with ultra violet detection
- LC-MS liquid chromatography with mass spectrometer detection
- LC-MS/MS liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometer detection
- immunodiagnostics The metabolite can be protein bound and, therefore, a hydrolysis step is used to cleave the side chain.
- the released side chain can form a hydrazone derivative with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde.
- hydrazones with the acronyms of NPAOZ and NPAMOZ, respectively, are formed by the above process. It is the hydrazones - NPAOZ and NPAMOZ - not the actual metabolite, that are targeted for detection. Those hydrolysis and derivatization reactions require 16-24 hours prior to sample detection.
- a method and test kit which can rapidly detect the use of a nitrofuran in food and/or food producing animals. Test times can be less than one to two hours including any required extraction procedures.
- a related aspect is rapid detection of a nitrofuran parent drug and/or nitrofuran metabolite, for example the protein or tissue bound metabolite of one or more nitrofuran metabolites, in a sample.
- Another aspect is to provide antibodies and methods of producing antibodies that have affinity to a nitrofuran metabolite, such as tissue or protein bound metabolite. Such antibodies may also have affinity to nitrofuran parent drug.
- antibody and antibodies we include polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies and antibody fragments. Tests or methods to detect multiple nitrofurans or metabolites may include combinations of antibodies. The antibodies can have affinity to particular nitrofurans or in some cases be cross-reactive to multiple nitrofuran metabolites.
- Another aspect is to provide an immunogen for raising antibodies to nitrofurans and/or metabolites of a nitrofuran, such as the tissue or protein bound metabolites of a nitrofuran.
- the immunogen can have a structural moiety common to at least two nitrofuran metabolites, for example a common structural portion relative to at least two protein or tissue bound nitrofuran metabolites.
- the antibody may have cross-reactivity to multiple metabolites or be relatively specific to a single nitrofuran and/or metabolite. That is, antibody to the region common to multiple metabolites may be cross-reactive whereas antibody to the uncommon region may be relatively specific.
- An example of an immunogen can include a portion deriving from an acrylonitrile, such as a 4-oxo-pent-2-enenitrile derivative of a nitrofuran, the structure of which is:
- P can be a peptide, protein, nucleic acid, polysaccharide or small molecular biochemical covalently linked to a protein
- Ri can be H or part
- Another aspect is an immunogen for raising antibodies to a nitrofuran and/or metabolites thereof, such as a tissue or protein bound metabolite, the immunogen produced by enzymatically derivatizing a nitrofuran parent.
- Enzymatic derivatization can include use of enzymes, such as nitroreductase enzymes, that may be part of the natural metabolic breakdown of nitrofurans in vivo.
- enzymes such as nitroreductase enzymes
- Such an enzymatic derivative, or enzymatic metabolite can be combined with a carrier protein for use as an immunogen.
- test kit such as a lateral flow chromatographic assay, for the detection of a nitrofuran and/or nitrofuran metabolite, such as a tissue or protein bound metabolite, in an animal derived biological sample such as honey, shrimp, shrimp homogenate or an extract thereof.
- the test kit and method can include a mobile phase composition having a first labeled antibody capable of binding to at least one nitrofuran and/or metabolite.
- the labeled first antibody can be produced using an immunogen comprising a chemical structure with a structural moiety common to at least two nitrofuran metabolites, such as an acrylonitrile derivative.
- the labeled first antibody can also be produced using an enzymatically derived nitrofuran metabolite such as a protein bound nitrofuran metabolite.
- a stationary-phase membrane can be in contact or contacted with the mobile-phase composition.
- the stationary-phase membrane can have a first end and a second end.
- a test zone on the membrane can have a binder bound to the membrane.
- the binder can have affinity to the first labeled antibody and be capable of competing with nitrofuran and/or metabolite in the sample for binding to the first labeled antibody.
- the binding of said first labeled antibody to the membrane bound binder in the test zone can provide a detectable signal.
- the test kit and method may also include a control zone having a second binder bound to the membrane.
- the second binder can have affinity to said first labeled antibody, to provide a signal that the test is complete and for comparison to the signal of the test zone.
- the labeled first antibody can be capable of binding with multiple nitrofurans and/or metabolites, for example two protein or tissue bound nitrofuran metabolites.
- multiple antibodies can be used each with affinity to individual nitrofuran metabolites.
- the method and test kit may also be in the form of an enzyme linked i munosorbant assay (ELISA) in which the herein described antibodies are used to bind nitrofuran metabolite.
- ELISA assays can include a multiwell assay in which multiple antibodies are used, one in each well, or combined together in a well, including a combination of enzymatically derived and synthetically derived antibodies in separate wells.
- Another aspect is a compound and a method of synthesizing a compound, with the formula:
- a compound is useful in creating an immunogen for raising antibody to the various nitrofuran metabolites.
- Methods of synthesizing the above compounds (I-IV) can include a condensation reaction in the presence of 5-azido-2-furaldehyde and at least one of the following side chains: 1-aminohydantoin; 3-amino-2-oxazolidone; 5-morpholinomethyl-3- amino-2-oxazolidone; and or semicarbazide.
- Tissue or protein bound metabolites of nitrofuran may include the general base structure of acrylonitrile or 4-oxo-pent-2-enenitrile derivatives. Acrylonitrile derivatives are reactive and can bind covalently to an active nucleophilic group.
- Such active nucleophilic groups include the -SH, -NH and -OH groups of biochemicals or biopolymers including proteins, nucleic acid and polysaccharides.
- the acrylonitrile binds covalently to cysteine-containing proteins or peptides (such as glutathione) to form the acrylonitrile-Cys-protein or acrylonitrile-glut- protein adduct.
- cysteine-containing proteins or peptides such as glutathione
- the acrylonitrile derivatives may also form adducts with other amino acid residues, for example to the primary amine group of a lysine side-chain.
- An embodiment includes a chemical compound, and method of producing a chemical compound, which is structurally similar, or identical, to a naturally occurring tissue or protein bound nitrofuran metabolite.
- a compound and method can be used in or as an immunogen in raising antibodies to various nitrofurans and their metabolites.
- 5-azido-2-furaldehyde can be condensed, using hydrochloric acid at room temperature or with heating, with: 1-aminohydantoin (AHD), 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), 3-amino-5- morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), or semicarbazide (SEM) as follows:
- the above condensation reactions can occur in acidic media and can occur with the hydrochloride salt forms of AHD, AOZ, AMOZ and SEM, in an alcohol/water mixture.
- Each individual condensation reaction forms an unstable intermediate, the form of which is shown in brackets, that can undergo structural rearrangement of the furanyl ring opening to give the corresponding acrylonitrile derivatives: NFTM (1), NFZM (2), FZDM (3), and FTDM (4).
- the resulting products, compounds 1-4 are the acrylonitrile derivatives of the corresponding nitrofuran drugs. Except for the reaction of 5-azido-2-furaldehyde with AHD, which may require heating at between 50-60 degrees C to speed up the reaction, the above reactions can be formed at room temperature within one day.
- Another embodiment includes the corresponding amino acid, peptide or protein adducts of compounds 1-4 (NFTM, NFZM, FZDM and FTDM).
- NFTM, NFZM, FZDM and FTDM structures of N-acetyl-L-cysteine and N-acetyl-glutathione adducts, including NFTM-Cys (5a), NFTM-Glut (5b), NFZM-Cys (6a) NFZM-Glut (6b), FZDM-Cys (7a), FZDM-Glut (7b), FTDM-Cys (8a) and FTDM-Glut (8b) are as follows: NFTM-Cys adduct (5a) NFZM-Cys adduct (6a) NFTM-Glut adduct (5b) NFZ -Glut adduct (6b)
- FZDM-Cys adduct (7a) FTD -Cys adduct (8a) FZDM-Glut adduct (7b) FTDM-Glut adduct (8b) where Z
- amino acid, peptide or protein adducts can be used to form conjugates to protein carriers to be used in or as an immunogen and include the general structure of:
- Y can be -NH or -O- when enclosed in a heterocyclic ring, or -NH 2 as part of a linear side chain;
- X can be -S-, -NH- or -O-.
- P can include a biopolymer including peptide, protein, nucleic acid, or polysaccharide, that originally contains free sulfhydryl (-SH) or amino (-NH 2 ) or hydroxyl (-OH) groups that contributes the X linkage in forming the adducts with the metabolites.
- acrylonitrile-lysine-peptide/protein adducts and acrylonitrile beta alanine adducts, and methods of forming such adducts.
- the adducts can be combined, with appropriate coupling agents such as dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (DCC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide ( ⁇ HS), to produce the corresponding protein conjugates for use as or as part of an immunogen.
- DCC dicyclohexyl carbodiimide
- ⁇ HS N-hydroxysuccinimide
- a bifunctional cross-linker for example having a thiol group at one end and another reactive chemical group at the other end, can be used to form the acrylonitrile-cross-I inker adduct.
- Many suitable bifunctional cross-linkers are well known and commercially available.
- the acrylonitrile-cysteine adducts can be replaced isosterically, such as with an acrylonitrile-amino compound adduct.
- an acrylonitrile-beta- alanine adduct is formed, as shown below, to produce compounds lla-d.
- the acrylonitrile- beta-alanine adducts carry a free carboxylate group useful for forming protein/peptide conjugates such as compounds 13a-d shown below.
- direct conjugates between the acrylonitriles and cationized BSA are formed, as shown below, to produce compounds 12a-d.
- n _R O R a AHD NC b, SEM HN, c, AOZ ⁇ CONH-Protein d, AMOZ N-linked acrylonitriles beta-Ala-protein conjugate (13a-d)
- Conjugates can also be formed using, for example, N-Succinimidyl 3-(2- pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP) or 2-iminothiolane (2-IT) to form the bridges.
- SPDP and/or (2-IT) can react with the protein carriers first.
- the 2-pyridyldisulfide terminus can be deprotected with DTT (dithiolthreitol) to expose the free thiol end, followed by desalting to remove the excess of thiol-containing DTT and coupling with the acrylonitrile.
- Another approach to preparing an acrylonitrile derivative for immunogen preparation is by a hydrogenation reaction of the parent nitrofurans, catalyzed by a metal such as palladium, nickel, rhodium or platinum, or in accordance with hydrogenation procedures well known by those skilled in the art.
- the hydrogenation reaction is preferably stoichiometrically controlled so that only two moles of hydrogen per mole of nitrofuran are taken up to form the acrylonitriles.
- 4-cyano-2-oxobutyraldehyde semicarbazone derivative product can be converted back to the acrylonitrile derivative, for example by bromination using N-bromosuccinimide, followed by dehydrohalogenation (elimination of the bromine and double bond formation) as follows:
- a protein-bound nitrofuran metabolite such as for use as or in an immunogen, is obtained through enzymatic derivatization of a parent nitrofuran and binding of the derivative to a protein.
- reductase enzymes including those known as nitroreductases, are useful. Such enzymes can be from prokaryotic or eukaryotic sources. In an example, Diaphorase from Clostridium kluyveri was used.
- Other well known useful sources of nitroreductases enzyme includes Salmonella typhimurium; hepatocytes such as pig hepatocytes, microsomes such as pig-liver microsomes or rat-liver microsomes,
- Some specific useful enzymes are known as microsomal NADPH cytochrome P-450-reductase, mitochondrial and microsomal NADH-cytochrome-b5 -reductase, cytosolic xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, DT-Diaphorase (NADPH-dehydrogenase) and Lipoyldehydrogenase
- nitrofuran can be nitroreduced, for example into an open-chain acrylonitrile, while being incubated with a protein such as KLH or BTI to produce the protein bound metabolite that can be used as or in an immunogen.
- a protein-bound nitrofuran metabolite for use as or in an immunogen is biologically derived and isolated using an affinity column or other chromatographic methods.
- the source of said biologically derived protein-bound nitrofuran metabolites can be the protein fraction of nitrofuran incurred or known contaminated samples, for example samples from seafood such as shrimp or honey, poultry and other animal tissues. Protein fractions from nitrofuran incurred samples can be obtained through a variety of methods including: enzyme digestion, centrifugation, dilution, precipitation, filtration, desalting, and concentration.
- affinity column preparation and isolation of biological materials via specific binding are well known to those skilled in the art.
- One such technique includes immobilizing (via covalent attachment) onto affinity resin an antibody or natural receptor binder that recognizes and binds specifically to a nitrofuran R group.
- a water soluble protein fraction obtained from an incurred sample (an exemplified procedure of protein fraction preparation is described herein below), it is possible to: (a) capture the protein-bound nitrofuran metabolites on a column packed with said antibody-bound affinity resin; (b) wash away proteins and other biopolymers that are not associated with nitrofuran metabolites; and (c) release the protein-bound nitrofuran metabolites from the affinity column thereby achieving isolation and enrichment of the desired protein-bound nitrofuran metabolite.
- the target protein can be eluted and the non-target proteins and other non-target molecules bound to the column.
- a protein conjugate immunogen with multiple attachments of individual R groups can be prepared.
- the protein conjugates can be prepared via (a) direct condensation of whole molecules of AHD, SEM, AOZ or AMOZ with an aldehyde compound that also contains, preferably, an additional functional group (for the ease of further derivatization and coupling to protein carriers), or (b) acid hydrolysis of a parent hydrazone compound containing an AHD, SEM, AOZ or AMOZ side chain (such as in the nitrofuran drugs) to release the side chain which then condenses with said aldehyde compound present in large excess to obtain the functionalized derivatives of those R groups.
- functionalized aldehyde compounds include a benzaldehyde substituted with an electron-withdrawing (EW) group such as nitro (e.g. 2- or 4-nitrobenzyaIdehyde), carboxylate, halogens and cyano groups.
- EW electron-withdrawing
- the above EW group not only can facilitate the condensation of free or released AHD, SEM, AOZ and AMOZ with the aldehyde in an acid-catalysis reaction, but also can allow the resulting new hydrazones to be directly or indirectly (via additional conversion steps) coupled with protein carriers.
- Techniques and methods of those conversions are well known in organic chemistry.
- One such technique is the conversion of the nitro group in the resulting nitrobenz-hydrazones to an amino group by catalytic hydrogenation. Said amino group can then react with a cyclic anhydride (e.g.
- succinamido- benzhydrazone can be coupled to protein carriers via the use of coupling reagents well known to those skilled in the arts. 4-nitrobenzhydrazone 4-aminobenzhydrazone
- any of the immunogens described below can be used to immunize rabbits or other appropriate animals, such as mice, in accordance with standard immunization protocols for polyclonal antisera or monoclonal antisera production.
- the antibodies produced through the herein described methods may be useful for immunoassays for veterinary drug monitoring of nitrofurans.
- Various immunoassay formats and methods that are well known in the art can be adopted including ELISA's, visibly labeled lateral flow chromatographic, cytochemical and fluorescent, direct or indirect methods and sandwich and competitive inhibition assays.
- Various embodiments include an ELISA format.
- ELISA formats are possible including adsorbing the antibody to an inert surface, for example a 96-well polystyrene plate. After adsorption of the antibody, the surface is washed with a solution of an appropriate blocking agent, for example casein from non-fat dry milk powder.
- Sample can be added to the well, after adsorption and washing as described above, followed by the nitrofuran-metabolite tracer or sample can be combined with nitrofuran-metabolite tracer and added with tracer to the plate.
- the tracer can be either nitrofuran metabolite directly labeled with an enzyme or indirectly, for example utilizing a biotin/avidin bridge.
- avidin-enzyme conjugate preparations are commercially available. Such a preparation can be used with a synthetically prepared biotin-X-nitrofuran-metabolite conjugate (X referring to a bi-functional cross-linker).
- X referring to a bi-functional cross-linker.
- Analyte in the sample (nitrofuran metabolite) competes with tracer to bind to the immobilized (or coated) antibody. After washing, the surface is treated with a substrate that forms a colored product when contacted with the bound enzyme tracer. Color intensity is inversely related to the amount of analyte present.
- an analyte competitor such as nitrofuran metabolite-Cys-BSA
- Enzyme labeled antibody can be mixed with sample and applied to the plate. Uncaptured labeled antibody is then washed off the surface. After substrate is added the color development is observed. In this example, there is an inverse relationship between the color intensity and the amount of antigen present.
- ELISA plates can include wells for detection of specific nitrofurans and/or metabolites, protein bound or otherwise. Multiple wells can be used to detect a variety of nitrofurans and/or metabolites. Such wells can include antibodies generated using one or more of the immunogens and/or techniques described herein.
- Another embodiment utilizes antibody produced in accordance with various embodiments in a lateral flow assay test device and method including those described in U.S. Patent 6,319,466, issued November 20, 2001, which is incorporated herein.
- antibody described herein can bind to nitrofuran parent and/or metabolite from a sample to form an analyte-antibody complex.
- the method and device can utilize a membrane strip, such as a nitrocellulose strip.
- a membrane strip such as a nitrocellulose strip.
- One example utilizes colloidal gold particles as a label bound to the antibody.
- the size of the particle can be adapted to the porosity of the membrane strip.
- the particles are preferably sufficiently small to be transported along the membrane by capillary action of a fluid sample.
- the number of particles present in the test strip may vary, depending on the size and composition of the test strip and the desired level of sensitivity of the assay. For example, using fewer particles may help increase test sensitivity.
- any one of a variety of labels may be employed including colloidal gold particles.
- Other useful labels include, but are not limited to, colloidal sulphur particles; colloidal selenium particles; colloidal barium sulfate particles; colloidal iron sulfate particles; metal iodate particles; silver halide particles; silica particles; colloidal metal (hydrous) oxide particles; colloidal metal sulfide particles; colloidal lead selenide particles; colloidal cadmium selenide particles; colloidal metal phosphate particles, colloidal metal ferrite particles, any of the above-mentioned colloidal particles coated with an organic or inorganic layer; protein or peptide molecules; liposomes; or organic polymer latex particles, such as polystyrene latex beads.
- Still other labels may also be used including, but not limited to, luminescent labels; fluorescent labels; or chemical labels, such as electroactive agents (e.g., ferrocyanide); enzymes; radioactive labels; or radiofrequency labels.
- the test device can include a support strip and a sample-absorbing matrix, for example composed of a cellulosic, sponge-like material. Such a sample absorbing matrix allows for absorbing an amount of the sample and can also filter unwanted substances from the sample prior to the sample contacting test reagents.
- the test device also can include a mobile-phase support attached to the support strip and in contact with the sample-absorbing matrix.
- a mobile-phase composition is disposed within or on the mobile phase support and has one or more labeled receptors, such as one or more gold labeled antibodies with affinity to a nitrofuran and/or metabolite thereof.
- kits may also include various combinations of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies.
- the mobile-phase composition can be applied prior to test operation, for example by spraying and drying onto a porous surface such as polyethylene membrane.
- a useful membrane is POREX® (POREX is a registered trademark of Porex Technologies Corp. of Fairburn, Georgia) membrane.
- the mobile phase composition can be carried in the sample flow together with the sample.
- the sample flows and the antibody binds to nitrofuran and/or metabolite present in the sample to form antibody-analyte complexes.
- the mobile phase can be combined with sample prior to application to the test strip or other solid support.
- the test strip includes a stationary-phase support strip, which may be part of the same strip as the mobile-phase composition, or on a separate strip in fluid flow contact with the first strip.
- the support strip has a first membrane end in contact with the mobile-phase composition and a second membrane end that may be in contact with an optional disposal zone. Lateral-capillary flow of the sample is from the first membrane end to the second membrane end.
- the one or more test zones may include a binder, such as a representative analyte or analogue thereof, which capture unbound labeled receptor.
- One or more optional control zones may also be on the stationary-phase membrane.
- the control zone may contain receptor for the analyte receptor, for example, antibody to the particular receptor, such as anti-species antibody, for binding with both analyte-bound receptor and excess unbound receptor.
- the control zone may be involved in an independent reaction that informs the user that the test is complete and includes consistent visual indicators, such as color development, for comparison to the test zone.
- the control zone may can generate signal either on contact with sample or on contact with specific test material, such as labeled receptor, such as when the control zone includes an anti-species antibody or one of the several useful antibody binders known in the art including protein A, protein G or recombinant varieties of proteins A and G.
- test zone binders examples include nitrofurans, nitrofuran metabolites, acrylonitrile derivatives of a nitrofuran, or analogues thereof.
- nitrofurantoin metabolite (NFTM)-Cys-adduct nitrofurazone (NFZM)-Cys adduct
- furazolidone (FZDM)-Cys adduct furaltadone (FTDM)-Cys adduct
- FTDM furaltadone
- Suitable attachment proteins are known to those skilled in the art to be proteins that bind readily to solid supports, such supports that include nitrocellulose.
- a useful attachment protein includes a carrier protein, i.e., a protein commonly used in conjunction with an immunogen, such as generally water soluble proteins with multiple accessible amino groups including albumin, e.g., bovine serum albumin (BSA), ovalbumin (OVA), keyhole limpet hemocyanin ( LH) and thyroglobulin (THG).
- BSA bovine serum albumin
- OVA ovalbumin
- LH keyhole limpet hemocyanin
- TGF thyroglobulin
- the lateral flow test device and method can also be in a sandwich assay format or an inhibition/competitive format. Multiple test zones can be utilized, for example to detect the presence of multiple analytes using multiple specific antibodies. In such multiple analyte tests, multiple control lines may or may not be required.
- An embodiment includes a lateral flow assay that is capable of rapidly detecting one or more nitrofurans and/or metabolites such as tissue bound metabolites of nitrofurans in a sample.
- lateral flow assay formats can include those described in U.S. Patents 6,319,466; 6,475,805; 5,985,675; and U.S Patent Application 09,961/988, the teachings of which U.S. patents and U.S. patent applications are incorporated herein by this reference.
- Lateral flow test results can be interpreted visually or by use of a reader, or analyzer, such as a ROSA reader (ROSA is a registered trademark of Charm Sciences, Inc. Lawrence, MA).
- a reader or analyzer
- Other reader/analyzer examples include fluorometers, luminometers, bar code readers, radiation detectors (such as scintillation counters), UV detectors, infrared detectors, electrochemical detectors or optical readers, such as spectrophotometers.
- the reader can be used to distinguish between one or more test zones and one or more control zones or simply to determine a relative change in the test zone.
- the reader is a ROSA reader.
- the analyzer is an optical reader, e.g., the reader described in U.S. Patent No. 6,124,585, issued September 26, 2000, hereby incorporated by reference.
- a radiolabeled tracer can be employed with the antibody.
- an IGGSORB tablet (IGGSORB is a registered trademark of The Enzyme Center, Lawrence, Massachusetts) containing a lyophilized preparation of protein A fixed to the cell walls of inactivated Staphylococcus aureas, is added to a test tube along with 300 ⁇ L of deionized water. An appropriate amount of antibody is added to the tube and the tube is mixed.
- an amount of buffer for example 5ml of MSU-EB (from Charm Sciences, Inc.) is added to the tube along with 5 ⁇ L of appropriate radiolabeled tracer and the tube is again mixed.
- the tube is incubated for five minutes at 40°C and then centrifuged for 5 minutes at 3400rpm.
- the supernatant is poured off, OPTIFLUOR scintillation fluid (PerkinElmer) is added to the tube and the tube is counted in a scintillation counter, for example a photomultiplier based system such as a Charm 6600 reader (Charm Sciences, Inc.).
- a scintillation counter for example a photomultiplier based system such as a Charm 6600 reader (Charm Sciences, Inc.).
- nitrofuran metabolites acrylonitrile or 4-oxo- pent-2-enenitrile nitrofuran derivatives
- the systematic chemical nomenclatures of the individual nitrofuran metabolites are suggested in the following examples.
- a 4-letter acronym system, abbreviated names and numbering were adopted and correlated to the chemical nomenclatures in parentheses in the following examples.
- the nitrofurantoin metabolite may be referred to as NFTM.
- the N-acetyl cysteine adduct of NFTM may be referred to as NFTM-Cys.
- the absolute configuration of the newly generated asymmetric center at C-3 position of the pentanenitrile moiety was a mixture of (R) and (S) configurations based on the NMR chemical shifts pattern.
- the adduct 6a thus prepared was used without further purification for the protein conjugate preparation as described in Example 6 below.
- the example provides a general method of conjugating NF metabolites-cys adducts (compounds 5a, 6a, 7a and 8a; 5b, 6b, 7b and 8b) to protein carriers including cationized BSA (cBSA), LH, thyroglobulin (THG) and ovalbumin.
- cBSA cationized BSA
- TGF thyroglobulin
- the procedure includes stepwise adduct activation, protein coupling reactions, column sizing (Sephadex G-25 Fine of Pharmacia, now Amersham Biosciences) purification, dialysis of the protein conjugate fractions and protein concentration analysis. Where possible, the molecular weight of the protein conjugates were determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrophotometry.
- Activation In the activation step, the molar ratio between the adducts and the coupling reagents, DCC (1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) and NHS (N-hydroxysuccinimide) was chosen preferably in 1 :1.7-2.2:1.1-1.2, respectively. DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide) anhydrous was the preferred solvent. All the reactants were stored in a dessicator before use or pre-dried thoroughly in a vacuum oven or by prolonged rota-evaporation to ensure dryness. The activation reaction was set up in an ice bath by adding DCC and NHS in DMF solution sequentially to the adduct also in DMF solution.
- DCC 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
- NHS N-hydroxysuccinimide
- the total volume of DMF should be maintained preferably not to exceed 20% (v/v), preferably around 10%, of the solvent mix (DMF plus buffer) used in the next coupling reaction.
- the reaction was allowed to proceed from several hours to overnight, optionally treated with equimolar of glacial acetic acid to scavenge the excess of DCC for at least another hour, then filtered to remove the DCU (dicyclohexyl urea) reaction by-product. The filtrate was used directly for protein coupling.
- Coupling In the protein coupling step, BSA that has been derivatized with ethylene diamines (cationized BSA or SuperCarrier Immuno Modulator from Pierce Biotech) was preferred over regular BSA.
- the molecular weight of cationized BSA was estimated to be in the range of 67,000-69,000. The average of 68,000 was used for molar calculation.
- the molar input ratio of NF metabolites-cys adducts to cationized BSA can be chosen between 30:1 to 150: 1, preferably 60-90:1.
- KLH from Pierce Biotech
- KLH because of the high heterogeneity of the protein, a very rough estimate of the molecular weight of 5,000,000 was used for molar calculation.
- thyroglobulin MW 670,000, purchased from Sigma
- the range of molar ratio between 500-1500:1, preferably 1000:1 was chosen.
- ovalbumin MW 43,000-45,000 conjugates the molar input ratio between 20-60:1 were chosen.
- the coupling reactions can be carried out in 0.02 to 0.2 M PBS with or without saline at pH 7.0 - 8.5, preferably 7.2-8.0.
- the protein concentrations can range from 2 -10 mg/ml, preferably 4-8 mg/ml.
- the coupling reaction was allowed to proceed for several hours to overnight at room temperature with gentle shaking.
- the coupling reaction mixture normally shows some level of turbidity, or minor precipitate, which can be removed by filtration or centrifugation followed by removal of the supernatant.
- the supernatant can then be equilibrated with phosphate buffer, pH 1.2-1 A and purified through a Sephadex G-25 Fine column.
- the supernatant can be can be cleaned by dialyzing using dialysis tubing with molecular weight cut off of 12, 400 equilibrated with phosphate buffer, pH 7.2-7.4
- Mass determination Protein conjugates with masses estimated to be less than 200 KDa was submitted externally for MALDI-TOF mass spectral analysis. Samples were desalted prior to submission. Results were reported as the average of the molecular ion peak clusters from at least 3 separate determinations.
- Example 7 A representative preparation of NFTM-Cys-cBSA conjugate (9a)
- the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight in a brown vial, treated with glacial acetic acid (3 ⁇ l) in 10 ⁇ l of DMF for a few hours and filtered through glass wool to obtain filtrate which was added directly to a cBSA (20 mg, 0.3 umole) solution in 4 ml of 20 mM phosphate, pH 7.2.
- the conjugation reaction was shaken at room temperature overnight, filtered through glass wool, purified through Sephadex G-25 Fine column, dialyzed against 1 liter of 20 mM phosphate, pH 7.2, and quantified as described above.
- NFTM-Cys-cBSA conjugate had an average molecular weight of 75,137 amu, an increase of about 7,000 mass unit, corresponding to the attachment of about 19 molecules of NFTM-Cys to cBSA.
- a solution of FZDM-Glut (compound 7b, 81.2 mg, 150 umole) in 0.9 ml of DMF was chilled in an ice bath, treated with a solution of DCC (52.5 mg, 255 umole) in 0.3 ml of DMF for 10 minutes, followed by a solution of NHS (20.7 mg, 180 umole) in 0.3 ml of DMF.
- the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight in a brown vial, treated with glacial acetic acid (9 ⁇ l) for one hour and filtered through glass wool to obtain filtrate which was added directly to a thyroglobulin (100 mg, 0.15 ⁇ mole) solution in 20 ml of 0.1 M phosphate, pH 8.0.
- the more polar solvent system (b) was employed to view the generation of polar NFTM-beta-Ala adduct.
- the crude product was taken up with 400 ⁇ l of water:methanol:acetonitrile (2:1 :1) and purified on a silica gel 60F TLC plate (EM Science, Cat # 5715-7, 20x20 cm), developed with the same chloroform:methanol:water (20:92:8) solvent system.
- the major UV band at around Rf of 0.60 was stripped and eluted with same solvent system.
- the eluted product solution was evaporated (3.5 mg, 66% yield).
- NFTM compound 1, 4.0 mg, 18 umole
- cBSA 0.1 mM phosphate, pH 7.4.
- the conjugation reaction was shaken gently at room temperature overnight, purified, dialyzed and assayed as described in example 6.
- MALDI-TOF mass spectral analysis showed the N- linked NFTM-cBSA conjugate had an average molecular weight of 70,992 amu, an increase of about 3,000 mass unit, corresponding to the attachment of about 14.6 molecules of NFTM to cBSA.
- Example 11 Enzymatically derived immunogens.
- Diaphorase (SIGMA D-5540, EC 1.8.1.4) was reacted with a nitrofuran parent compound to facilitate the attachment of the enzymatically-reduced parent compound to a protein.
- nitrofuran parent compounds (nitrofurantoin, nitrofurazon, and furaltadone) were separately dissolved at 40mg/ml using DMF (N, N- Dimethylformamide, Aldrich 27,054-7) while furazolidone was dissolved at 0.3mg/ml in water.
- Enzymatic reduction and conjugation of nitrofurans to proteins The reduction of the nitrofuran compounds and subsequent conjugation to the proteins were initiated by adding 125 ⁇ l of the individual nitrofuran/DMF mixture to each of the corresponding protein/FMN/ ⁇ -NADH/Diaphorase mixture in the conical tubes. For the reactions of furazolidone protein/FMN/ ⁇ -NADH/Diaphorase mixtures were transferred to a 50-ml conical tube and 30 ml of the furazolidone aqueous solution was added. These reactions (two for each nitrofuran compound : one KLH conjugation and one Bti conjugation) were incubated overnight at 37°C.
- Furazolidone - KLH (FZDM-KLH) Furaltadone - KLH (FTDM-KLH) Nitrofurantoin - KLH (NFTM-KLH) Nitrofurazone - KLH (NFZM-KLH)
- Furazolidone - Bti Furaltadone - Bti (FTDM-Bti) Nitrofurantoin - Bti (NFTM-Bti) Nitrofurazone - Bti (NFZM-Bti)
- the KLH conjugates were quantified using the Bradford protein determination method.
- the Bti conjugates were quantified using the Lowry protein determination method. After protein content determination, the conjugates were diluted to a concentration of 1 mg/mL.
- the KLH immunogens were stored frozen. The Bti immunogens were freeze-dried and stored in 5mg/bottle.
- Results in the following tables were generated using an ELISA assay.
- Within the well of each plate was dried 5 micrograms of target metabolite-cysteine-BSA (tables 1-4) or metabolite-glutathione-BSA (tables 5-9) at a ratio of metabolite-cysteine to BSA or metabolite-glutathione to BSA of (60:1).
- a 50 ⁇ l sample (buffer) was added to each well along with 50 ⁇ l of antibody solution.
- the mixture was mixed on a plate shaker for 10 minutes at room temperature.
- the well was then washed with a solution of 0.01% TWEEN- 20 (Sigma) in phosphate buffer saline (Washing Solution).
- Phosphate buffered saline is a solution of 137mM NaCl, 3mM KCl,10mM Na2HPO4, 2mM KH2PO4.
- 100 ⁇ l goat-anti-rabbit horseradish peroxidase (GAR-HRP) conjugate (1 : 1000 dilution) was added to the bottom of each well and mixed on a plate shaker for 10 minutes at room temperature. The well was then washed again with Washing Solution. 100 ⁇ l of 3, 3', 5,5'- Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate was added to each well. The plate was covered with plate sealing tape and shaken form 5 minutes at room temperature. 100 ⁇ L of stopping solution (2 M H 3 PO ) was then added to each well and the absorbance measured at 450 nm after 5 minutes or longer.
- stopping solution (2 M H 3 PO ) was then added to each well and the absorbance measured at 450 nm after 5 minutes or longer.
- Results for percentage inhibition compare negative to positive results at particular ppb levels. For example, a negative result may give an OD of 1.237 while a positive result gives an OD of 0.702. The percent inhibition of antibody binding to the ELISA well, as reflected by that reduction in OD, is 43%.
- Columns 1 and 2 include data from rabbit number 3220 from which the serum was diluted 1/1000. Column 1 shows negative sample results and column 2 shows results at 2 ppb. Columns 3 and 4 include data from rabbit number 2998 from which the serum was diluted 1/500. Column 3 shows negative sample results and column 4 shows results at 2 ppb.
- Columns 1 and 2 include data from rabbit number 3220 from which the serum was diluted 1/1000. Column 1 shows negative results and column 2 shows results at 10 ppb. Columns 3 and 4 include data from rabbit number 2998 from which the serum was diluted 1/500. Column 3 shows negative results and column 4 shows results at 10 ppb.
- Table 3 [0084] The following results compare serum antibody binding of six different rabbits injected with the enzymatically derived FTDM-Bti immunogen produced as described in Example 1 1.
- the column heading pooled refers to serum pooled from previous rabbit bleeds and is used to compare the results from current rabbit bleeds. All data is unblanked raw data.
- Table 4 [0085] The following results compare serum antibody binding of five different rabbits injected with the enzymatically derived NFTM-Bti immunogen produced as described in Example 1 1. Results are from fifth month rabbit serum samples. All serum was diluted 1 :2000 prior to testing.
- Table 5 [0086] The following results compare serum antibody binding of four different rabbits injected with the enzymatically derived NFTM-KLH immunogen produced as described in Example 11. Table 5 reflects results from fifth month rabbit serum samples. All serum was diluted 1 :2000 prior to testing.
- Example 13 - ELISA plate for detecting nitrofuran and/or metabolites in a competitive assay.
- Plate Coating [0087] Appropriate conjugate solution (any one of NFTM-Cys-BSA, NFZM-Cys-BSA, FTDM-Cys-BSA, FZDM-Cys-BSA depending upon the corresponding anti-nitrofuran metabolite antibody to be added to the well) was diluted to 0.05 mg/ml using the room temperature ZEPTOBIND buffer (Zeptometrix Corp., Buffalo, NY). Into each well, 100 ⁇ l of the conjugate solution was pipetted.
- the plate was covered with plastic plate sealing tape and incubated overnight (minimum of 16 hours) at 4°C.
- the plastic plate sealing tape was removed the next day and the wells washed with Washing Solution (as described in Example 17).
- To each well was added 300 ⁇ l of blocking buffer (5% BSA, 5% Sucrose in 0.1M Sodium Bicarbonate buffer pH 9.5).
- the plate was covered with a new plastic plate sealing tape and incubated at 37°C for 2 hours.
- the plastic plate sealing tape was then removed and the wells washed with Washing Solution.
- the plate was placed (not sealed with plastic sealing tape) into a low humidity 21 °C incubator and allowed to dry for 4 hours.
- Sequential competitive assay Assay sample was first prepared by mixing rabbit serum and sample (1 :1), on the vortex mixer, capped, and incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes. To the appropriate wells, 100 ⁇ l of each prepared sample was pipetted. The plate was covered with the plastic plate sealing tape and incubated for 2 hours at 37°C. The plastic plate sealing tape was then removed and the wells washed with Washing Solution. After washing, 100 ⁇ l of goat-anti-rabbit-horseradish peroxidase antibody conjugate, diluted 1 : 10,000 with PBS, was added to the bottom of each well, and the plate covered with a new plastic plate sealing tape, incubated at 37°C for 1 hour.
- the plastic plate sealing tape was removed and the wells washed with Washing Solution and added 200 ⁇ l of TMB substrate.
- the plate was covered with a new plastic plate sealing tape, mixed gently on a plate shaker for 15 minutes at room temperature and the absorbance at 650 nm measured.
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US5086068A (en) * | 1988-02-26 | 1992-02-04 | Alberta Cancer Board | Immunochemical detection of hypoxia in normal and tumor tissue |
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EP1745289A2 (en) | 2007-01-24 |
WO2005103698A3 (en) | 2006-04-13 |
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