WO2005086853A2 - Procede de fabrication de materiaux polycarbure et utilisation - Google Patents

Procede de fabrication de materiaux polycarbure et utilisation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005086853A2
WO2005086853A2 PCT/US2005/007743 US2005007743W WO2005086853A2 WO 2005086853 A2 WO2005086853 A2 WO 2005086853A2 US 2005007743 W US2005007743 W US 2005007743W WO 2005086853 A2 WO2005086853 A2 WO 2005086853A2
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Prior art keywords
particles
carbide
tungsten
spheres
titanium
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PCT/US2005/007743
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English (en)
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WO2005086853A3 (fr
WO2005086853A8 (fr
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Robert Dobbs
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Primet Precision Materials, Inc.
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Priority claimed from US10/797,343 external-priority patent/US7140567B1/en
Application filed by Primet Precision Materials, Inc. filed Critical Primet Precision Materials, Inc.
Publication of WO2005086853A2 publication Critical patent/WO2005086853A2/fr
Publication of WO2005086853A3 publication Critical patent/WO2005086853A3/fr
Publication of WO2005086853A8 publication Critical patent/WO2005086853A8/fr

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/0009—Use of binding agents; Moulding; Pressing; Powdering; Granulating; Addition of materials ameliorating the mechanical properties of the product catalyst
    • B01J37/0027—Powdering
    • B01J37/0036—Grinding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/40—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by dimensions, e.g. grain size
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K3/00—Materials not provided for elsewhere
    • C09K3/14—Anti-slip materials; Abrasives
    • C09K3/1409—Abrasive particles per se

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to the field of multi-carbide materials, and more specifically to the use of grinding media formed of multi-carbide materials in the shape of spheres or other shaped media to produce very small particles, and to the use of those very small particles produced using the multi-carbide grinding media.
  • Carbide materials are well known in the art of material science. They include a range of compounds composed of carbon and one or more carbide- forming elements such as chromium, hafnium, molybdenum, niobium, rhenium, tantalum, thallium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, and others. Carbides are known for their extreme hardness with high temperature tolerance, properties rendering them well-suited for applications as cutting tools, drilling bits, and similar uses. Multi-element carbides are known for their improved toughness and hardness relative to single element carbides. Single element carbides are typically used with a metal binder to impart toughness.
  • Multi-carbides are formed by combining two or more carbide-forming elements with carbon. Some multi-carbides have other non-carbide forming elements in the composition, such as nitrogen, but are here referred to simply as multi-carbides since the dominant components are carbide-forming elements. For example, a combination of tungsten and titanium with carbon and nitrogen would be such a multi-carbide material. Some multi-carbide compositions are formed with a deficiency of carbon resulting in some small percentage of carbide-forming element not being converted to a carbide and instead remaining as uncombined elemental metal. These combinations can enhance certain ofthe favorable qualities of carbides, with some combinations increasing hardness, others increasing toughness, and so forth. Very small variations in composition can greatly affect the material's properties. Many of these variations are well understood by practitioners ofthe art and are amply published.
  • a primary manufacturing method used to manufacture carbides is to place the elements to be fused on the recessed surface of a large electrode. A very high current is passed from that electrode through the material and into another electrode in proximity, subjecting the material to the heat of an electric arc. This process is effective in fusing the materials, but causes inconsistent mixing ofthe elements in the compound and some uncontrolled loss of material due to vaporization, phenomena that can greatly compromise the properties ofthe resulting compound in uncontrolled and unpredictable ways. Hardness is also a challenge, as the manufacturing process results in an irregularly-shaped lump of resulting compound that is generally a few inches in diameter, colorfully known as a "cow chip".
  • the "chip” is very hard, and is worked into smaller shapes only by percussive shocking or other crushing method that cleaves the chip into useful sizes. These processes leave small cracks in the finished product that greatly reduce both its hardness and its mechanical toughness. Re-melting ofthe material after crushing imposes high cost, and cannot efficiently achieve regular particle sizes or shapes. Consequently, although carbide is available in small spheres and other preferred shapes, those spheres are not optimally composed, they are irregularly sized, they are expensive, and they are lacking in effectiveness. [07] The known art currently does not have a process whereby multi-carbide materials can be formed into small and regular shapes without loss of optimized properties due to process variation in manufacture or degradation of material during shaping.
  • grinding media spheres, rods or more irregular objects
  • product material material to be reduced
  • grinding media range greatly in size, from ore crushers that are several inches in diameter, down to micron- sized particles that are themselves used to mill much smaller particles. Grinding media also vary greatly in shape, including spherical, semi-spherical, oblate spherical, cylindrical, diagonal, rods, and other shapes (hereinafter "shaped media"), and irregular natural shapes such as grains of sand.
  • Grinding media are used in various devices such ball mills, rod mills, attritor mills, stirred media mills, pebble mills, etc. Regardless of their differences in design, all mills operate by distributing product material around the grinding media and by causing collisions to occur between grinding media units such that product material particles are positioned between the colliding grinding media units. These collisions cause fracturing of product material particles into to smaller dimensions, an effect known descriptively as "size reduction” or "comminution.”
  • the materials used as grinding media also are frequently used as applied abrasives.
  • such materials are aggregated in molds and held together by a binder such as molten metal that is poured into the mold and cooled, rendering a "hard body” that is impregnated by the binder material.
  • Hard body materials also known as “hard bodies”
  • Similar processes are used to impregnate the materials in grinding discs and wheels.
  • Various adhesives are used to bind the materials to textiles, papers and other strata for use as sandpapers, sanding belts, and similar products.
  • Hard materials transfer energy efficiently in collisions with product material for effective milling high-density materials increase the energy transfer per collision with product material and thus increase milling efficiency, especially for small-dimension grinding media, and tough materials can be used for longer periods before they fail and contaminate the product material or otherwise require replacement.
  • An ideal milling material is thus very hard, of very high mass density, and very tough. Preferably, those qualities will hold as the size ofthe grinding media is reduced, and regardless of the chosen shape ofthe grinding media.
  • the history of engineering materials for grinding media is a history of accepting tradeoffs among these material properties, as improvement in one of these factors has previously produced an offsetting reduction in one or more ofthe others.
  • yttria-stabilized zirconia shows good mechanical toughness, but with low mass density.
  • Various metal media have relatively high mass density, but low mechanical toughness.
  • Carbides showed extreme hardness and mass density, even in small dimensions, but with unavoidable media failures that cause unacceptable product contamination and more general process failures that are incompatible with many applications.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,407,564 (Kaliski) is illustrative. Kaliski discloses a range of high mass density, single-element carbides selected from tungsten, thallium, niobium, and vanadium in sizes ranging between 10 and 100 microns with a requirement of high theoretical density. As Kaliski explains, high theoretical density, nonporous materials are needed. These materials showed impressive results in producing fine and regular product material in small quantities under controlled laboratory conditions. Duplication of his example showed his invention to cause contamination ofthe milled product, as longer- term and higher- volume production attempts failed due to lack of mechanical toughness that caused metallic and other contamination of product material.
  • High density ceramics without metal binders such as tungsten carbide combined with tungsten di-carbide
  • Kaliski specifically recommends choosing among his claimed materials to select those whose contaminants provide the most good, or at least do the least damage, to the milled product. These materials changed the nature of but did not resolve the product material contaminant issue, and did not solve the mechanical toughness problem. Rather, these materials tended to fail by degradation into hard, fine and irregular shards that acted as abrasives in the media mill, contaminating the product and on one occasion seriously damaging the mill itself.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,704,556 discloses ceramic grinding media without metal binders in dimensions of less than 100 microns diameter. While these materials are acceptably hard, and show greater mechanical toughness than those disclosed in Kaliski, they lack adequate density for many applications or for optimum efficiency in others.
  • the inventor ofthe present invention made an effort to make suitable grinding media from available spherical carbides, of which only single element carbides are known in the art.
  • Tungsten carbide/tungsten di-carbide spheres were purchased in conformance to Kaliski 's specification and used in a shaker mill, but comminution to the degree cited by Kaliski was not evident.
  • Plasma-processed spherical tungsten carbide/tungsten di-carbide was also purchased from another source, in conformance to Kaliski's specification, in sufficient quantity to test on a production scale. This grinding media fractured due to insufficient mechanical toughness, contaminating the product and extensively damaging the media mill.
  • Tungsten carbide failed due to the lack of mechanical toughness despite experimental variation of media velocity, flow rate, material volume, and other milling variables. Grinding media material in conformance to Kaliski's specification was obtained from several difference sources worldwide, but differences in sourcing produced no significant difference in results. In all attempts with all materials supplied to the Kaliski specification, the level of product contamination was a limitation on usefulness.
  • U.S. Patent No. 2,581,414 (Hochberg), U.S. Patent No. 5,478,705 (Czekai), and U.S. Patent No. 5,518,187 (Bruno) disclose polymer grinding media which show high mechanical toughness and cause relatively benign product material contamination upon grinding media failure. However, they show low hardness and density relative to ceramics. Polymer grinding media thus can be useful in milling relatively soft product materials that are sensitive to product contamination, and in industries that are relatively insensitive to processing cost, such as in drug processing or in dispersing biological cells for analysis, but they are not appropriate for the majority of industrial applications.
  • U.S. Patent Nos. 3,690,962, 3,737,289, 3,779,745, and 4,066,451 disclose certain multi-carbides for use as cutting tools. Although the multi-carbides disclosed showed a combination of hardness, density and mechanical toughness that promised to be useful for milling, the known geometries for available multi-carbide materials rendered them incompatible with such use. Difficulties included the large size of multi-carbide material that is produced by current manufacturing methods, and difficulty in machining or otherwise manipulating the material into sizes and shapes useful for milling due in part to its hardness and mechanical toughness.
  • the grinding media ofthe prior art all suffer some technical disadvantage resulting in a proliferation of grinding media materials creating a significant economic burden and also resulting in technically inferior milled products due to contamination.
  • grinding media include multiple carbide-forming elements, with carbon, having a density greater than 8 gm/cc and a combination of hardness and toughness sufficient to permit use in a media mill without contamination ofthe milled product to an amount greater than 300 ppm.
  • a method for making spheres and particles ofthe grinding media is presented, as is the use ofthe particles as an abrasive medium. Also presented are unique particles of intermetallic compounds or catalysts, as well as the method of making the particles of intermetallic compounds or catalysts.
  • grinding media of any geometry coinclude multiple carbide-forming elements, with carbon, having a density greater than 8 gm/cc and a combination of hardness and toughness sufficient to permit use in a media mill without contamination ofthe milled product to an amount greater than 300 ppm.
  • a method for making spheres from a multi-carbide material includes the steps of (a) providing fine particles of the multi- carbide material; (b) admixing the fine particles of the multi-carbide material to form a mixture; (c) binding the fine particles ofthe multi-carbide material using an inert binding agent; (d) subdividing the bound mixture into a plurality of aggregates each having a mass approximately equal to that of a desired sphere to be formed; (e) applying heat to the plurality of aggregates sufficient to cause the fine particles ofthe multi-carbide material to fuse into the spheres; and (f) cooling the fused spheres such that the fused spheres retain their spherical shape below their melting point.
  • a method for making an abrasive medium includes the step of forming spheres from a multi-carbide material comprising carbon and at least two different carbide forming elements.
  • a method for making an abrasive medium includes the step of forming spheres from a carbide comprising carbon and one element selected from the group consisting of chromium, hafnium, molybdenum, niobium, rhenium, tantalum, thallium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, and zirconium, along with the elemental metal ofthe carbide.
  • a method for making an abrasive medium includes the step of forming the particles from a carbide comprising carbon and one element selected from the group consisting of chromium, hafnium, molybdenum, niobium, rhenium, tantalum, thallium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, and zirconium, along with the elemental metal of the carbide.
  • a method for making spheres for shotblasting or sandblasting includes the step of forming the spheres from a multi-carbide material comprising carbon and at least two different carbide forming elements.
  • a method for making spheres for shotblasting or sandblasting includes the step of forming spheres from a carbide comprising carbon and one element selected from the group consisting of chromium, hafnium, molybdenum, niobium, rhenium, tantalum, thallium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, and zirconium, along with the elemental metal ofthe carbide.
  • a method for making particles for shotblasting or sandblasting includes the step of forming the particles from a carbide comprising carbon and one element selected from the group consisting of chromium, hafnium, molybdenum, niobium, rhenium, tantalum, thallium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, and zirconium, along with the elemental metal ofthe carbide.
  • a plurality of particles of an intermetallic compound are characterized in that the particles are less than 30 x 10 " meters in all dimensions; the particles have surface features having a preponderance of cleavage facets and/or cleavage steps; the particles have a preponderance of intersecting surfaces in which an arc length of an edge is less than a radius ofthe edge; the particles have a plurality of surface concavities which are greater than five percent of a diameter of the particles; and the particles have a preponderance of intersecting surfaces in which an included angle ofthe radius ofthe edge is less than or equal to an included edge ofthe intersecting surfaces.
  • a method of making a plurality of particles of an intermetallic compound from a feed material of said intermetallic compound comprising the step of processing said feed material in a media mill using spheres of a multi-carbide material with a mass density greater than 8 gm/cc and a hardness and toughness sufficient so as not to introduce contamination of resulting milled particles to a degree greater than about 200 ppm; said processing being at an energy intensity to cause size reduction of said feed material, in said media mill, for a period of time sufficient to reduce a particle size of said feed material to a size less than 30 x 10 "9 meters.
  • a plurality of particles of a catalyst are characterized in that the particles are less than 30 x 10 "9 meters in all dimensions; the particles have surface features having a preponderance of cleavage facets and/or cleavage steps; the particles have a preponderance of intersecting surfaces in which an arc length of an edge is less than a radius ofthe edge; the particles have a plurality of surface concavities which are greater than five percent of a diameter ofthe particles; and the particles have a preponderance of intersecting surfaces in which an included angle ofthe radius ofthe edge is less than or equal to an included edge ofthe intersecting surfaces.
  • a method of increasing a reactive rate per mass of a catalyst by making a plurality of catalytic particles from a feed material, wherein the feed material is of a same material as the particles of the catalyst includes the step of processing the feed material in a media mill using spheres of a multi- carbide material with a mass density greater than 8 gm/cc and a hardness and toughness sufficient so as not to introduce contamination of resulting milled particles to a degree greater than about 200 ppm; the processing being at an energy intensity to cause size reduction ofthe feed material, in the media mill, for a period of time sufficient to reduce a particle size ofthe feed material to a preferred size, wherein the preferred size is of a size less than 30 x 10 "9 meters.
  • Fig. 1 shows particles produced according to the prior art.
  • Fig. 2 shows particles produced according to an embodiment ofthe present invention.
  • a compound is formed from a combination of carbon and two or more different carbide-forming elements ("multi-carbide material", defined more fully below).
  • Multi-carbide materials have extreme hardness, extreme density, and extreme mechanical toughness.
  • the selection of carbide-forming elements ofthe multi-carbide materials, and the precise proportional composition for any combination of those elements, is modified to alter the properties of the material.
  • Multi-carbide material is combined with one or more elemental metals of the chosen carbide to alter ductility and other properties ofthe material.
  • Multi-carbide material is formed effectively and efficiently into a variety of shaped media, preferably into spheres, by the use of novel manufacturing methods.
  • the manufacturing method of the present invention maintains proper element composition to optimize desired material properties, produces useful shaped media, avoids crushing or other degradation ofthe material to create said shaped media, and greatly lowers manufacturing cost to produce shaped media formed from such material while improving the quality ofthe material obtained.
  • the manufacturing method produces small and regular spheres of optimized multi-carbide material that is suitable for use as grinding media in media mills ("multi-carbide grinding media").
  • the multi- carbide grinding media ofthe present invention are used in shaped media ranging in size from 100 mm or more down to 0.5 microns or less while maintaining their effective material properties.
  • the multi-carbide grinding media are used in media mills and other extant milling processes of varying design and capacity. By such use of such multi- carbide grinding media, greater product material size reduction, size regulation, and purity can be achieved than by utilization of extant milling media materials.
  • the multi-carbide grinding media ofthe present invention are used effectively in a variety of applications other than media mills, such as the manufacture of hard bodies, grinding wheels, abrasive papers and textiles, cladding materials, and hard coating materials.
  • the invention permits the manufacture of materials in dimensions and purities that previously were unattainable ("ultra-fine particles"). Ultra-fine particles will enable the manufacture of products previously unattainable, or attainable only by less effective or more expensive methods. Examples include sub-micron sized oxides, such as oxides of titanium. Reduction of certain oxides of titania with sufficiently low impurities causes that compound to exhibit special properties including high transparency. Fine size reduction of pigments improve the efficiency of color distribution in dyes and paints.
  • Ultra-fine particles of certain metals and other materials such as cobalt, hydrides, molybdenum, nitrides, titanium, tungsten, and various alloys and other compounds ofthe same, will permit the manufacture of those materials at previously-unachieved economic or performance properties and in superalloy and other combinations not previously obtainable.
  • Diamond particles can be reduced to dimensions not previously obtainable due to their hardness relative to known grinding media, permitting more efficient use of diamond particles at reduced cost.
  • Ultra-fine particles will become available that can be formed by molding, electrostatic deposition and other known methods into microelectromechanical products and other micron-scale devices that previously were obtainable only by etching of glass or silicon or other semiconductors. Ultra- fine particles can be introduced to certain liquids to form fluids that exhibit special properties of heat transmission, solubility and other qualities.
  • the invention also permits the manufacture of ultra-fine particles with geometries superior to those achieved by known manufacturing methods.
  • chemical precipitation can create particles of certain materials in extremely small dimensions. Those particles, however, generally exhibit smooth and rounded shapes.
  • Fig. 1 shows particles that were assembled atomistically by precipitation. Such particles are also typical of those particles produced by known means such as sol gel, vapor phase condensation, etc.
  • the science dealing with the surface topography of particles speaks in terms of a fractured surface which has discernible cleavage facets and cleavage steps. These two features are specifically absent from the particles produced by the known processing methods for producing very small particles.
  • Another missing feature in particles produced according to prior art methods is concavity. Concavity is defined as that condition where some portion ofthe surface lies beneath the surrounding surface. In precipitated particles, the surface is bulbulous, meaning that a portion ofthe surface protrudes above the surrounding surface such as is always true in the case ofa sphere.
  • ultra-fine particles produced by milling according to the present invention exhibit more angular geometries with cleaved surfaces and angular intersecting surfaces that exhibit higher activity relative to the materials formed by other means, causing ultra-fine milled particles to tend to exhibit superior chemical and mechanical properties over particles of similar size and dimension that are manufactured by precipitation and similar methods. Note the corners, flat edges, etc. ofthe very small particles produced by the milling method ofthe present invention.
  • a catalyst produced according to the present invention is less than 30 x 10 "9 meters in all dimensions and possesses cleaved surfaces, the catalyst being uniquely distinguishable by its particle surface features having a preponderance of cleavage facets and/or cleavage steps, the catalyst alternatively being uniquely distinguishable by the acutance of a preponderance of intersecting surfaces in which the arc length ofthe edge is less than the radius ofthe edge, the catalyst alternatively being uniquely distinguishable by surface concavities greater than 5% ofthe particle diameter, the catalyst alternatively being uniquely distinguishable by the acutance of a preponderance of intersecting surfaces in which the included angle ofthe edge radius is about, or less than, the included angle ofthe intersecting surfaces.
  • Intermetallic particles produced according to the present invention have less than 30 x 10 "9 meters in all dimensions and possess cleaved surfaces.
  • the product is uniquely distinguishable by its particle surface features having a preponderance of cleavage facets and/or cleavage steps, the product alternatively being uniquely distinguishable by the acutance of a preponderance of intersecting surfaces in which the arc length ofthe edge is less than the radius ofthe edge, the catalyst alternatively being uniquely distinguishable by surface concavities greater than 5% ofthe particle diameter, the product alternatively being uniquely distinguishable by the acutance of a preponderance of intersecting surfaces in which the included angle ofthe edge radius is about, or less than, the included angle ofthe intersecting surfaces.
  • the grinding media ofthe present invention are also useful in other fields. Examples include the manufacture of "hard bodies" for drilling or grinding, laser cladding and other cladding processes, use as surface materials, and other applications. For instance, grinding media are used without media mills as a component of alloys to be applied to surfaces for improved wear resistance. Two common methods of applying such protective coatings are known as cladding and surfacing. Each of these have many methods employed, the choice of which depending on the object and alloy to be treated. Generically, binder materials such as polymers or metals are used to hold grinding media onto the surface ofthe object being treated by cladding or surfacing. The binder materials are melted or cast into place along with the grinding media material which itself is not melted during the cladding or surfacing operation.
  • Typical melting methods include laser, furnace melting, welding tubes and plasma heat sources.
  • the binder material itself often cannot withstand the wear imposed on the surface by the operating environment such as in oil well drilling. This binder wear exposes the grinding media to the surface, thereby providing a wear resisting surface protection. These same surfaces are often exposed to very high shock impacts which the grinding media is able to withstand.
  • multi-carbide material a compound formed from carbon and at least two carbide-forming elements.
  • U.S. Patent Nos. 3,690,962, 3,737,289, 3,779,745, and 4,066,451 (all to Rudy), incorporated herein by reference, disclose how to make such multi-carbide materials for use as cutting tools.
  • the multi-carbide material is formed from carbon and carbide- forming elements selected from the group consisting of chromium, hafnium, molybdenum, niobium, rhenium, tantalum, thallium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, and any other carbide forming element.
  • Multi-carbide material can be formed either with or without some ofthe carbide-forming elements not being fully carburized and thus remaining in the material in its elemental state.
  • the multi-carbide material can contain a certain amount of impurities and other extraneous elements without significantly affecting its material properties.
  • the production of spheres from irregular shaped particles can be achieved by various means.
  • One common method of processing ultrahigh melting point materials into spheres is with the use of a thermal plasma torch. Such a torch can operate at temperatures well beyond the melting point of all multi-carbide materials.
  • Other methods, such as melt atomization or arc melting, are known to those familiar with the art and there is no intention to limit the practice to just the use of these named methods. In short, any known technique for applying heat which brings the material to its melting point will work. How to form other shaped media is also known in the art.
  • the known methods of forming spheres from carbides also form spheres when the known methods are applied to multi-carbide materials, but the acceptable spheres amount to approximately 40 % ofthe total produced.
  • a new method for producing spheres from multi-carbide materials was therefore developed.
  • the method for producing spheres from multi-carbide materials is as follows.
  • the multi-carbide material is formed into spheres preferably by admixing fine particles of the elements intended to comprise the multi-carbide material in appropriate ratios, by adequately mixing the components, by maintaining the stability ofthe mixture by introduction of an inert binding agent, by subdividing the mixture into aggregates each having a mass approximately equal to that ofthe desired sphere to be formed, by applying heat to the subdivided aggregate sufficient to cause its elements to fuse, and by cooling the fused sphere in a manner that preserves its spherical shape.
  • This manufacturing process is used to make small and regular spheres that are composed of multi-carbide material. Spheres of very small diameters, i.e., less than 500 microns diameter and down to 0.5 microns diameter, with regular geometries and predictable, optimized compositions can be produced.
  • Spheres of multi-carbide material can be formed in this manner by the use of a thermal plasma torch or vertical thermal tube to raise the temperature ofthe multi-carbide particles above their melting point as they pass through the plasma or down the tube.
  • Such spheres can be utilized as grinding media in media mills ("multi-carbide grinding media"), as the grinding medium in a hard body drill bit or grinding wheel, as the abrasive medium for "sand blasting" shaping techniques, and in other applications.
  • Shapes other than spheres can be formed.
  • a variety of shapes can be formed by molding and sintering sufficiently small particles ofthe multi-carbide material.
  • the geometry of such shapes can be varied nearly arbitrarily to achieve different grinding properties.
  • the manufacturing process is an improvement over the current art in that it forms multi-carbides by processes that better mix and do not vaporize elements during manufacture, improving predictability and performance characteristics ofthe produced material; and that do not crack or otherwise degrade the material as it is formed into useful shapes, to improve the mechanical toughness ofthe produced material.
  • the multi-carbide grinding media of whatever shape, can be used in media mills to achieve efficient and thorough comminution of materials with high purity due to the extreme hardness, extreme density, and extreme mechanical toughness ofthe material, independent of size or shape.
  • particles of product material to be reduced in size are admixed with the colliding grinding media.
  • the product material particles, interspersed between the grinding media units, are rapidly reduced in size. Reductions to controlled dimensions as small as 10 "9 meters can be achieved and readily reproduced with the right combination of initial source material, grinding media and media mill or other reduction process.
  • the wear rates ofthe grinding media units are extremely low and their grinding effectiveness is very high, enabling the efficient conversion of coarse particles into extremely small product size while maintaining high purity. That is, the multi-carbide grinding media deliver virtually no contamination to the product material.
  • the media ofthe present invention include mill media of any geometry composed of multiple carbide-forming elements, with carbon, having a density greater than 8 gm/cc and a combination of hardness and toughness sufficient to permit use in a media mill without contamination ofthe milled product to an amount greater than 800 ppm.
  • a method for making spheres, composed of multiple carbide-forming elements, with carbon, for use as mill media, or in cladding material, as surfacing material, or in hard body materials containing these spheres includes the steps of: (a) obtaining fine particles of appropriate compositions to form the desired composition; (b) admixing the particles in appropriate ratios to form the desired composition and for adequate mixing of components; (c) subdividing the mixture into aggregates each having a weight about that ofthe desired sphere size range; and (d) fusing the aggregates to at least 90% theoretical density by any means providing temperature, and time at temperature, appropriate for fusion ofthe components.
  • a method for producing fine oxides of any metal but in particular titanium, being of a size less than 3 microns and including down to 1 x 10 '9 using larger particles of oxides of titanium includes the steps of: (a) obtaining large particles of oxides, especially of titanium, because such oxide particles are typically much cheaper to procure than fine particles of oxides of titanium, hereinafter such particles being termed feed oxides; (b) processing the feed oxides in a media mill using spheres of multi-carbide materials with a mass density greater than 8 gm/cc and a hardness and toughness sufficient so as not to contaminate the milled oxides of titamum to a degree greater than 200 ppm; and (c) processing the feed oxides at an energy intensity to cause size reduction of the feed oxide, in a dry or wet media mill, for a period of time sufficient to reduce the particle size to the preferred size.
  • Such oxides are useful for applications such as pigments, fillers, gas sensors, optr
  • a method for producing highly transparent oxides of titanium includes the steps of: (a) obtaining a slurry of not adequately transparent titania; (b) processing the titania slurry in a media mill using spheres of multi-carbide material with a mass density greater than 8 gm/cc and a hardness and toughness sufficient to not contaminate the milled oxides of titanium to a degree greater than 100 ppm; and (c) processing the slurry until the size distribution ofthe particles has a D100 of 90 xlO "9 meters or less.
  • a method for producing titanium metal includes the steps of: (a) obtaining titania feed material, where the feed material is from a high purity source such as readily available chloride processed titania; (b) processing the titania in a media mill using spheres of multi-carbide material with a mass density greater than 8 gm/cc and a hardness and toughness sufficient not to contaminate the milled oxides of titanium to a degree greater than 800 ppm; (c) processing the titania at an energy intensity to cause size reduction ofthe feed oxide, in a dry or wet media mill, for a period of time sufficient to reduce the particle size to about 200 x 10 "9 meters or less; (d) chemically reducing the titania to titanium metal using a reducing agent such as hydrogen in combination with another reducing agent, if needed, such as a carbothermic reduction agent such as CO or carbon under conditions suitable for oxide reduction without the formation of titanium carbide; (e) either removing the titanium metal from the steps of: (a) obtaining titan
  • the present invention can be used for producing diamond particles of less than about 100 x 10 "9 meters in all dimensions and, if desired, of a tight particle size distribution, with the diamond particles being usable for CMP (chemical mechanical polishing) and other polishing applications.
  • CMP chemical mechanical polishing
  • a method for producing such diamond includes the steps of: (a) obtaining industrial diamonds of suitable feed material size; (b) processing the diamonds in a media mill using spheres of multi-carbide material with a mass density greater than 8 gm/cc and a hardness and toughness sufficient cause size reduction ofthe diamond material; (c) processing the diamonds at an energy intensity to cause size reduction ofthe diamond particles, in a dry or wet media mill, for a period of time sufficient to reduce the particle size to between about 100 x 10 "9 meters and about 2 x 10 "9 meters; (d) purifying the processed diamonds, if necessary to remove contaminants, by chemical dissolution of impurities or by other methods known in the art.
  • a method for producing devices of silicon or other semiconductors or other materials, of micro or nanoscale dimensions, typically called MEMS, by building the device with ultrafine particles rather than substractively forming the device from solid semiconductor material with etching or other methods includes the steps of: (a) obtaining particulate feed material ofthe desired composition or combinations of particulate materials to be composed into a target composition; (b) processing the feed material in a media mill using spheres of multi-carbide material with a mass density greater than 8 gm/cc and a hardness and toughness sufficient not to contaminate the milled feed material to a degree greater than 200 ppm; (c) processing the feed material at an energy intensity to cause size reduction, in a dry or wet media mill, for a period of time sufficient to reduce the particle size to about 200 x 10 "9 meters or less and more preferably to 50 x 10 "9 meters or less; (d) forming the processed particulates into a molded article, by means
  • a method for producing fine SiC ofa size less than 1 micron and including down to 0.001 microns using larger particles of SiC includes the steps of: (a) obtaining large particles of SiC because such large particles are typically much cheaper to procure than fine particles of SiC, these particles being termed feed particles; (b) processing the feed particles in a media mill using spheres of multi-carbide material with a mass density greater than 8 gm/cc and a hardness and toughness sufficient not to contaminate the milled particles to a degree greater than 600 ppm; and (c) processing the feed particles at an energy intensity to cause size reduction of the feed particles, in a dry or wet media mill, for a period of time sufficient to reduce the particle size to the preferred size; with such particles being useful for the manufacture of silicon carbide ceramic bodies, ceramic bodies containing silicon carbide in the composition, applications such as pigments, polishing compounds, polymer fillers, sensors, catalyst, and the manufacture of ceramics, manufacture of components and also
  • a method for producing fine A12O3 being of a size less than 1 micron and including down to 0.001 microns using larger particles of A12O3 includes the steps of: (a) obtaining large particles of A12O3. Such large particles are typically much cheaper to procure than fine particles of A12O3.
  • feed particles These particles are termed "feed particles.” (b) processing the feed particles in a media mill using spheres of multi-carbide materials with a mass density greater than 8 gm/cc and a hardness and toughness sufficient not to contaminate the milled particles to a degree greater than 600 ppm; and (c) processing the feed particles at an energy intensity to cause size reduction of the feed particles, in a dry or wet media mill, for a period of time sufficient to reduce the particle size to the preferred size.
  • Such particles are useful for the manufacture of alumina ceramic bodies, ceramic bodies containing alumina in the composition, applications such as pigments, polishing compounds, polymer fillers, sensors, catalyst, and the manufacture of ceramics, manufacture of components and also are more economic than that obtained by other methods.
  • a method for producing fine tungsten particles ofa size less than 400 x 10 *9 meters and including down to 1 x 10 "9 meters using larger particles of tungsten including the steps of: (a) obtaining large particles of tungsten because large particles are typically much cheaper to procure than fine particles of tungsten, with the particles being termed feed particles; (b) nitriding the feed material, such nitride being known to be brittle, by known methods of nitriding such as heating tungsten in dissociated ammonia at 500 degrees C for a length of time proportionate to the feed material size but sufficient to cause nitridation; (c) processing the nitrided feed particles in a media mill using spheres of multi- carbide material with a mass density greater than 8 gm/cc and a hardness and toughness sufficient not to contaminate the milled particles to a degree greater than 900 ppm; (d) processing the feed particles at an energy intensity to cause
  • Such particles are useful for the manufacture of tungsten bodies, tungsten alloy bodies, ceramic bodies containing tungsten in the composition, applications such as pigments, polishing compounds, electronic inks, metallo-organic compounds, polymer fillers, sensors, catalyst, and the manufacture of metal-ceramics, manufacture of components and are also more economic than that obtained by other methods.
  • a method for producing tungsten components, or tungsten alloy components, from the fine tungsten particles produced by the method detailed in the preceding paragraph includes the steps of: (a) obtaining nitrided tungsten milled product of a size less than 400 x 10 "9 meters and more preferably less than 100 x 10 "9 meters and most preferably of less than 50 x 10 '9 meters; (b) producing tungsten metal components by powder metallurgy processing by consolidation and forming the tungsten nitride prior to denitridation; (c) denitriding the tungsten nitride component during heating to sintering temperatures with the release of nitrogen contributing to flushing residual gases from between the particles; and (d) sintering the formed component at temperatures proportionate to the particle size, with these temperatures being substantially less than now required in the art for commercially available tungsten powders.
  • a method for producing fine molybdenum particles of a size less than 400 x 10 "9 meters and including down to 1 x 10 "9 meters using larger particles of molybdenum includes the steps of: (a) obtaining large particles of molybdenum, such large particles typically being much cheaper to procure than fine particles of molybdenum, said particles being termed feed particles; (b) nitriding the feed material, such nitride being known to be brittle, by known methods of nitriding such as heating molybdenum in dissociated ammonia at about 500 degrees C for a length of time proportionate to the feed material size but sufficient to cause nitridation; (c) processing the nitrided feed particles in a media mill using spheres of multi- carbide material with a mass density greater than 8 gm/cc and a hardness and toughness sufficient to not contaminate the milled particles to a degree greater than 900 ppm; (d)
  • Such particles are useful for the manufacture of molybdenum bodies, molybdenum alloy bodies, ceramic bodies containing molybdenum in the composition, electronic inks, metallo-organic compounds, applications such as pigments, polishing compounds, polymer fillers, sensors, catalyst, and the manufacture of metal-ceramics, manufacture of components and also are more economic than particles obtained by other methods.
  • a method for producing molybdenum or molybdenum alloy components from particles produced according to the method ofthe preceding paragraph include the steps of: (a) obtaining nitrided molybdenum milled product ofa size less than 400 x 10 "9 meters and more preferably less than 100 x 10 "9 meters and most preferably of less than 50 x 10 "9 meters; (b) producing molybdenum metal or alloy components by powder metallurgy processing by consolidation and forming the molybdenum nitride prior to denitridation; (c) denitriding the molybdenum nitride during heating to sintering temperatures with the release of nitrogen contributing to flushing residual gases from between the particles; and (d) sintering the formed component at temperatures proportionate to the particle size, where these temperatures are substantially less than now required in the art for commercially available molybdenum powders.
  • a method for producing fine cobalt particles or cobalt nitride particles being of a size less than 5 microns and including down to 1 x 10 "9 meters using larger particles of cobalt includes the steps of: (a) obtaining large particles of cobalt or cobalt nitride, such large particles typically being gas atomized and therefore much cheaper to procure than fine particles of cobalt or cobalt nitride, with such particles being termed feed particles; (b) nitriding the feed material, if not already nitrided, such nitride being known to be brittle, by known methods of nitriding such as heating cobalt in dissociated ammonia at about 600 degrees C for a length of time proportionate to the feed material size but sufficient to cause nitridation; (c) processing the nitrided feed particles in a media mill using spheres of multi- carbide material with a mass density greater than 8 gm/c
  • Such particles are useful for the manufacture of catalyst, alloy bodies containing cobalt, ceramic bodies containing cobalt in the composition, electronic inks, metallo-organic compounds, applications such as pigments, polishing compounds, polymer fillers, sensors, catalyst, promoters, the manufacture of superalloy components containing cobalt, for use in the hard metals industries where cobalt is a binder metal and also are more economic to produce than those obtained by other methods.
  • Such particles are useful for the manufacture of catalyst, alloy bodies containing metals, ceramic bodies containing metals in the composition, electronic inks, metallo-organic compounds, applications such as pigments, polishing compounds, polymer fillers, sensors, catalyst, promoters, the manufacture of superalloy components, the manufacture of metal components combimng various metals processed by this claim, for use in the hard metals industries where metals is a binder metal and also are more economical to produce than those obtained by other methods.
  • a method for producing fine metal particles or metal hydride particles from metal hydrides such as titanium and tantalum, being of a size less than 300 x 10 "9 meters and including down to 1 x 10 "9 meters using larger particles of metals includes the steps of: (a) obtaining large particles of metal hydrides from that group of metals forming hydrides that dissociate when heated, such large particles typically being pressure hydrided and therefore much cheaper to procure than fine particles of metals or metal hydrides, with such particles being termed feed particles; (b) processing the hydrided feed particles in a media mill using spheres of multi- carbide material with a mass density greater than 8 gm/cc and a hardness and toughness sufficient not to contaminate the milled particles to a degree greater than 900 ppm; (c) processing the feed particles at an energy intensity to cause size reduction of the feed particles, in a dry or wet media mill, for a period of time sufficient to reduce the particle size to
  • Such particles are useful for the manufacture of catalyst, alloy bodies containing metals, ceramic bodies containing metals in the composition, electronic inks, metallo-organic compounds, applications such as pigments, polishing compounds, polymer fillers, sensors, catalyst, promoters, the manufacture of superalloy components, the manufacture of metal components combining various metals processed by this claim, for use in the hard metals industries where metals is a binder metal and also being more economic than that obtained by other means
  • Spheres according to the present invention were formed by taking material composed of Ti, W, and C and preparing spheres 150 microns in diameter.
  • the test composition in this example was 86.7 wt% tungsten, 4.5 wt% carbon, and the balance titanium. Agglomerates of particulates of this test composition were spheridized in an RF Plasma spray unit. The density ofthe material was confirmed as being the same as the multi- carbide material that was sought to be made.
  • the multi-carbide spheres ofthe present invention were then subjected to hardness testing.
  • a compression test was employed in which a single small sphere was isolated between two pieces of ground tungsten plate and a force was applied to one of the plates. The intention was to increase the applied pressure until the sphere fragmented due to the extreme load at the point contact between the plate and the sphere.
  • spheres ofthe test composition did not fracture, but instead embedded into the tungsten plate, demonstrating hardness ofthe test material well above that of pure tungsten.
  • several spheres were positioned between two tungsten plates and the top plate was struck with a weight so as to induce high transitory g-forces on the spheres.
  • the multi-carbide spheres were also subjected to testing by use in standard industry processes.
  • the spheres were used in a high- volume media mill and operated under nominal industrial production conditions used to mill titania. Titania is particularly sensitive to discoloration from contamination and was chosen to be a sensitive indicator to see if the microspheres were able to impart wear without themselves wearing significantly.
  • Billions of particles of titania were processed to a final particle size of approximately 7 x 10 " meters without perceptible evidence of grinding media degradation.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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  • Crushing And Grinding (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne des matériaux de broyage contenant des éléments de formation de polycarbures et du carbone, présentant une densité supérieure à 8 gm/cc et une combinaison entre dureté et rigidité leur permettant une utilisation dans un broyeur sans contamination du produit broyé, à une quantité supérieure à 300 ppm. L'invention concerne également un procédé de fabrication de sphères et de particules réalisées dans ledit matériau de broyage, ainsi que l'utilisation de particules en tant qu'éléments abrasifs. L'invention concerne par ailleurs des particules uniques de composés ou catalyseurs intermétalliques, ainsi que des procédés de fabrication de particules ou de composés ou catalyseurs intermétalliques.
PCT/US2005/007743 2004-03-10 2005-03-09 Procede de fabrication de materiaux polycarbure et utilisation WO2005086853A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US10/797,343 2004-03-10
US10/797,343 US7140567B1 (en) 2003-03-11 2004-03-10 Multi-carbide material manufacture and use as grinding media

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CA2801670A1 (fr) * 2010-07-07 2012-01-12 Leanna Renee Staben Composes antiviraux heterocycliques

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2113353A (en) * 1937-12-13 1938-04-05 Philip M Mckenna Tungsten titanium carbide, wtic
US5663512A (en) * 1994-11-21 1997-09-02 Baker Hughes Inc. Hardfacing composition for earth-boring bits
US6663688B2 (en) * 2001-06-28 2003-12-16 Woka Schweisstechnik Gmbh Sintered material of spheroidal sintered particles and process for producing thereof

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EP1280604B1 (fr) * 2000-05-10 2008-03-19 Jagotec AG Procede de broyage
CA2420597C (fr) * 2000-08-31 2011-05-17 Rtp Pharma Inc. Particules broyees

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2113353A (en) * 1937-12-13 1938-04-05 Philip M Mckenna Tungsten titanium carbide, wtic
US5663512A (en) * 1994-11-21 1997-09-02 Baker Hughes Inc. Hardfacing composition for earth-boring bits
US6663688B2 (en) * 2001-06-28 2003-12-16 Woka Schweisstechnik Gmbh Sintered material of spheroidal sintered particles and process for producing thereof

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